‫‪ -----‬ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﻓﺩﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ ‪ ،16‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ‪ 1‬ﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺎﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪----- 2005 ،11- 5‬‬

‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻜل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﺴﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﻱ ﻟﺴﺒﻴﻜﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻭﻻﺫ ﺍﻷﻭﺴﺘﻨﺎﻴﺘﻲ ﻨﻭﻉ ‪321‬‬

‫ﻴﺤﻴﻰ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻴﻡ ﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺀ ‪ -‬ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل‬

‫)ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻼﻡ ‪ ، 2003/9/23‬ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻭل ‪(2004/1/17‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺨﺹ‬
‫ﺘﻬﺩﻑ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺴﻠﻭﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﻻﺫ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓـﺔ‬
‫ﻨﻭﻉ )‪ (321‬ﺍﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﺴﺩ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺀ ﺒﺎﻻﻟﻤﻨﻴﻭﻡ ﻭﻨﻴﻜل – ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻴـﻭﻡ ﺒﻤﺭﺤﻠـﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻨﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻴﺎﺩﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ‪ 1000Co‬ﻭﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺀ ﻭﻨﻭﺍﺘﺞ ﺍﻷﻜﺎﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﻭﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺀ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﺘﻌﺯﻴﺯ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﻗﺸﺭﺓ ﺍﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻗﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻻ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﺒـﺎﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻤـﻥ ﻫـﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺀﺍﺕ ﻻ ﺘﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﺴﺩ ﻜﻠﻴﺎ ﻟﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺀ ﺒـ ﻨﻴﻜل – ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻴﻭﻡ ﺃﻅﻬﺭ ﺍﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻜﺴﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻌـﺯﻯ ﺫﻟـﻙ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ‪ NiO‬ﺘﺤﺕ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻻﻟﻭﻤﻴﻨﻲ ‪ Al2O3‬ﺍﻟﻠﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﻌﻤﻼﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﺴﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
‫‪The Effect of Nickel Concentration on Cyclic Oxidation Resistance‬‬
‫‪of Austaintic Stainless Steel Alloy 321‬‬

‫‪Yahya A. Salman‬‬
‫‪Department of Physics‬‬
‫‪College of Science‬‬
‫‪Mosul University‬‬

‫‪ABSTRACT‬‬
‫‪Experimental studies have been made to determine the oxidation be havior of‬‬
‫‪several coatings system on commercial stainless steel alloy (S.S. 321). The oxidation‬‬
‫‪kinetics of a single stage coating such as Aluminized and Nickel - Aluminzed alloy have‬‬
‫‪been under atmospheric studies pressure at 1000Co using a thermal cyclic oxidation. X-‬‬
‫‪ray technique was used to identify the coating structure and oxide scale.‬‬

‫‪5‬‬
 ‫ﻴﺤﻴﻰ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻴﻡ ﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪6‬‬

‫‪Most coating use to enhance the formation of protective oxid scale, the results‬‬
‫–‪showed that non of the coating was totally resistant to cyclic oxidation. But Nickel‬‬
‫‪Aluminized coating, exhibited the greatest resistance to oxidation . The superiority‬‬
‫‪protection of Nickel – Aluminzed coating can be due to the formation of NiO and Al2O3.‬‬
‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺘﺼﻤﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﺌﻙ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﺎﺕ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺔ ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟـﺴﺒﺎﺌﻙ‬
‫ﻟﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻗﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻋﻤﺭ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺘﻠﻔﻬﺎ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺘﺄﻜﺴﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﻊ ﻭﺨﺎﺼـﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺒﻌﺽ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺭﻴﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠﻭﺭ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺙ )‪ (Shankar and Ali ,1994‬ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺔ ﺴﺒﺎﺌﻙ ‪ 7-18‬ﻭﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻴﻜﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺀ ﺍﻻﻟﻭﻤﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﺫ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻻﻟﻤﻨﺔ ﺒﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﻁﺌـﺔ ‪ low activity process‬ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻤﻠـﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ‪ 1273 K‬ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻻﻤﻭﻨﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻠﻭﺭﺍﻴﺩ ﻜﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻨﺸﻁﺔ ﻭﻤﺴﺤﻭﻕ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪Ni-Al 50 wt‬‬
‫‪) %‬ﻨﺴﺏ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻟﻤﻨﻴﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻴﻜل( ﻭﺒﻔﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ‪ 1 ،2‬ﺴﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻻﺤﻅ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴـﺏ ﺍﻟـﺩﻗﻴﻕ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻁﻼﺀ ﻴﺘﺄﻟﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺭ ‪ ،NiAl‬ﻭﻻﺤﻅ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺍﻥ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺴﺏ ﺃﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻋﻼﻗـﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻁـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﻤﻭ ﻟﺤﺩ )‪ (2 hr‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻥ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﻗﺩ ﺘﺒﺎﻁﺄ ﻭﻻﺤﻅ ﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﺨﺫ ﻭﻀﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺯ ﻀﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﻭﺘﻘﻠل ﻤﻥ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺀ ﺍﻻﻟﻭﻤﻴﻨﻲ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﺒـﺎﺭ ﺘـﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻜﻭﻨـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻴﻜﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﻭﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺀ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ )‪ (Shahrour, 1994‬ﺍﺫ ﻭﺠﺩ ﺒﺎﻥ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺒﻠﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺭﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺴﺒﺎﺌﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻜل ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻔﻠﻴل ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻻﺤﻅ ﺒـﺎﻥ ﺍﻭﻁـﺄ‬
‫ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﺨﺘﺯﺍل ﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ‪ Ni2Al3‬ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴل ‪ NiAl, Ni3Al‬ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﺌﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺒﻠﺕ ‪.Co‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﻡ ﻓﻘﺩ ﻭﺠﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺴﺒﺎﺌﻙ ‪ Ni-Cr‬ﺒﺎﻥ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻴﻜﺔ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻘﻠﻴل ﺍﻻﻟﻤﻨﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺴﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺀ ﺒﺴﺴﺏ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺘﺭﺴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻁـﻼﺀ‪ ،‬ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﻤﻨﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻁﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺀ ﺘﺴﻤﺢ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺒﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺨـﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻴﻜـل ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟـﺴﺒﻴﻜﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﺎﻥ )‪ (Seal and Roy, 2000‬ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺭﻴﻭﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﺴﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﺴﺩ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺔ )‪ ( Isothermal oxidation‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺒﻁﻼﺀ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤـﻥ ﺴـﺒﺎﺌﻙ ﺍﻟﻔـﻭﻻﺫ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻟﻠﺼﺩﺃ )‪ (304 , 321 , 316‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﻐﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﺭﻗﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻡ ﻤـﻥ ‪ CeO2‬ﻭﻻﺤـﻅ ﺒـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻴﻜﺔ ‪ 321‬ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﺄﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺭﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﺒﺩﺕ ﺍﻓﻀل ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻜﺴﺩ ﻭﺘﺘﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﺌﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻴﻜﺔ ‪ 321‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺒﺩﻱ ﺍﻓﻀل ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻜﺴﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺘﺸﻜﻴل ‪ TiO ,FeTiO3‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻭل ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻻﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻴﻜﺔ ‪ 321‬ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ‪.Ti‬‬
‫‪7‬‬ ‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻜل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﺴﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﻱ …‬

‫ﻭﺃﻜﺩ ﺒﺎﺤﺜﻭﻥ ﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺴﺒﻴﻜﺔ )‪ (Ni-Cr‬ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤـﺔ ﺩﺭﺠـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤـﻥ ﺴـﺒﻴﻜﺔ‬
‫)‪ ،(Fe-Cr‬ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻑ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺩﻭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﻜﺭﻭﻡ‪-‬ﺃﻟﻤﻨﻴﻭﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺴﻴﻠﻜﻭﻥ‪-‬ﺃﻟﻤﻨﻴﻭﻡ ﻟﻪ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻜﺴﺩ‪.(Vossen, 1995) ،‬‬
‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺴﺒﻴﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﻻﺫ ﺍﻷﻭﺴﺘﻴﻨﺎﻴﺘﻲ ﻨـﻭﻉ )‪ (321‬ﻭﺫﻟـﻙ ﺒﻁﻼﺌـﻪ‬
‫ﺒﺄﻟﻤﻨﻴﻭﻡ‪-‬ﻨﻴﻜل ﻭﺒﻨﺴﺏ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺀ ﺒﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺴﺒﻴﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺩ )ﻓﻭﻻﺫ ﺃﻭﺴﺘﻴﻨﺎﻴﺘﻲ( ﻨﻭﻉ )‪ (321‬ﻭﺒﺄﺒﻌﺎﺩ )‪ (2×1‬ﺴﻡ‪ .‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻔﹰﺎ ﺠﻴﺩﹰﺍ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴل ﻻﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻭﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻑ ﺘﻡ ﻭﺯﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﺩﻗـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﻴﺯﺍﻥ ﺤﺴﺎﺱ‪ .‬ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﻤﺴﺤﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (2‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻴﻜﺔ ﻨﻭﻉ )‪ (321‬ﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل )‪.(1‬‬

‫ﺠﺩﻭل ‪ :1‬ﻨﺴﺏ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﺴﺤﻭﻕ ﺴﺒﻴﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﻻﺫ ﺃﻭﺴﺘﻴﻨﺎﻴﺘﻲ )‪.(321‬‬

‫‪Alloy Type oR321‬‬ ‫‪C % MN % NI % CR % S %‬‬ ‫‪FE %‬‬
‫‪Stainless steal‬‬ ‫‪0.0544‬‬ ‫‪1.477‬‬ ‫‪18.636 8.962 0.604 Balance‬‬

‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺀ ﻭﺍﻷﻜﺴﺩﺓ‪:‬‬

‫ﺘﻤﺕ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺀ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺘﺘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺀ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺜﻡ ﻏﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﻁﻼﺌﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺯﻴﺞ ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﺎﺩ ﹰﺓ ﺘﺘﻜـﻭﻥ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﻜﻠﻭﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﻨﻴﻭﻡ )‪ (NH4Cl‬ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻟﻭﻤﻴﻨﺎ‪ .‬ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺤﻭﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﻁﻼﺌﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻭﺩﻗـﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺜﻡ ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺩﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺭﻥ ﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻲ ﻤﻔﺭﻍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺒﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (1000-950 Co‬ﻭﻟﻤـﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺴﺎﻋﺘﻴﻥ ﻭﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (2‬ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺤﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺀ‪.‬‬

‫ﺠﺩﻭل ‪ :2‬ﻨﺴﺏ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺤﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺀ‪.‬‬

‫‪M AL2O3 % NH4CL % AL % NI %‬‬
‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪72‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪12.5‬‬ ‫‪12.5‬‬

‫ﺘﺘﻡ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻜﺴﺩﺓ ﺒﺘﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺘﻨﻅﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻔﹰﺎ ﺠﻴﺩﹰﺍ ﺜـﻡ ﺘـﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤـﺎﺫﺝ ﺒﻤﻴـﺯﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺤﺴﺎﺱ‪ .‬ﻴﺴﺨﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ) ‪ .(1000 C °‬ﺘﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺍﺨـل ﺍﻟﻔـﺭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﻌـﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻨﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﺘﺨﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻥ ﻟﺘﺒﺭﺩ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻓـﺔ ﻭﻴﻌـﺎﺩ ﻭﺯﻨﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﻤﺠﺩﺩﹰﺍ ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﺘﺘﻜﺭﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻁﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺘـﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺘﺘﻌـﺭﺽ ﻟﻬـﺎ‬
 ‫ﻴﺤﻴﻰ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻴﻡ ﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪8‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨــﺔ ﻟﻸﻜــﺴﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻗــﺩ ﺘــﻡ ﺍﻜــﺴﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨــﺎﺕ ﻟﻔﺘــﺭﺓ )‪ (160 hr‬ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘــﺔ ﺍﻟــﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴــﺔ‬
‫)‪.(Thermal Cyclic Oxidation‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺀ ﻭﺍﻻﻜﺴﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻭﺍﻻﻁـﻭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﻭﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (1‬ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل )‪.(4 ، 3‬‬
‫ﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (1‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻲ ﺒـ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻴﻭﻡ – ﻨﻴﻜل ‪ ،‬ﻟﻡ ﻴﻔﻘﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺇﻻ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴل ﺤﻴـﺙ‬
‫ﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺩﺍﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ )‪ (0.2 mg / cm2‬ﺨﻼل ‪ 150‬ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻜﺴﺩﺓ ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻤـﻭﺫﺝ ﻤـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻲ ﺒﺎﻻﻟﻤﻨﻴﻭﻡ ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﻓﻘﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺤـﻭﺍﻟﻲ )‪ (12 mg/ cm2‬ﻟـﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﺘـﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻜﺴﺩﺓ ﻭﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻨﻴﻭﻡ ‪ +‬ﻨﻴﻜل ﻫﻭ ﺃﻓﻀل ﺒﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻨﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﺒﺩﺕ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻜﺒﺭ ﻟﻠﺴﺒﻴﻜﺔ ﻭﺍﻁﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻴﻜﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻜﺴﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺤﻴﻭﺩ ﺍﻻﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ )‪ (XRD‬ﺘﺒـﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﻁـﻭﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺀ ﻫﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺱ )‪ (Ni3Al, NiAl‬ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل )‪.(3‬‬

‫ﺠﺩﻭل ‪ :3‬ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ )‪ (x‬ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺤﻴﻭﺩ ﺍﻷﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺀ‪.‬‬
‫‪HKL‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺩﺓ‬ ‫‪D AO‬‬ ‫‪2θ‬‬
‫‪110‬‬ ‫‪Ni3 Al‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪1.17‬‬ ‫‪40.5‬‬
‫‪110‬‬ ‫‪NiAl‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪2.87‬‬ ‫‪31‬‬
‫‪102‬‬ ‫‪Ni3Al‬‬ ‫‪W‬‬ ‫‪2.01‬‬ ‫‪45.2‬‬
‫‪018‬‬ ‫‪NiAl‬‬ ‫‪W‬‬ ‫‪1.61‬‬ ‫‪55‬‬

‫ﻭﻤــﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﺴــﺔ ﻨﺘــﺎﺌﺞ ﺤﻴــﻭﺩ ﺍﻻﺸــﻌﺔ ﺍﻟــﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﻌــﺩ ﻋﻤﻠﻴــﺔ ﺍﻻﻜــﺴﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨــﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻴــﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻷﻟﻤﻨﻴﻭﻡ ‪ +‬ﻨﻴﻜل ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺭ )‪ ( NiO, Al2O3‬ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻰ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﻁﻭﺭ )‪ ( NiAl‬ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل )‪.(4‬‬

‫ﺠﺩﻭل ‪ :4‬ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ )‪ (x‬ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺤﻴﻭﺩ ﺍﻷﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻜﺴﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪HKL‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺩﺓ‬ ‫‪D AO‬‬ ‫‪2θ‬‬
‫‪111‬‬ ‫‪NiO‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪2.41‬‬ ‫‪47‬‬
‫‪200‬‬ ‫‪NiO‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪2.09‬‬ ‫‪55‬‬
‫‪006‬‬ ‫‪Al2O3‬‬ ‫‪Vw‬‬ ‫‪3.78‬‬ ‫‪29.8‬‬
‫‪111‬‬ ‫‪NiAl‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪1.5‬‬ ‫‪1.60‬‬
‫‪114‬‬ ‫‪Al2O3‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪2.51‬‬ ‫‪45.1‬‬
‫‪9‬‬ ‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻜل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﺴﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﻱ …‬

‫‪20‬‬ ‫)‪T(hr‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪-50‬‬ ‫‪-20 0‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪150‬‬ ‫‪200‬‬
‫‪W mg/cm^2‬‬
‫‪-40‬‬ ‫‪Ni +AL‬‬
‫‪-60‬‬ ‫‪uncoted‬‬
‫‪-80‬‬
‫‪AL‬‬
‫‪-100‬‬
‫‪-120‬‬
‫‪-140‬‬
‫‪-160‬‬
‫)‪T(hr‬‬

‫ﺸﻜل ‪ :1‬ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﻷﻜﺴﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻴﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﻟﻤﻨﻴﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻴﻜل‪-‬ﺃﻟﻤﻨﻴﻭﻡ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻴﻜﺔ )‪ (SS.321‬ﻤﺼﻤﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻴﺔ ‪ Cr2O3‬ﺤﻴﻥ ﺘﺎﻜﺴﺩﻫﺎ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻻﺤﺘﻭﺍﺌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫‪18 %‬ﻜﺭﻭﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﻨﻤﻭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺭﺓ ﺒﻔﻌل ﺍﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻭﻡ ﺒﺎﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﻴﺴﺒﺏ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻨﺎﻗﺹ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻴﻜﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻜﺎﺴﻴﺩ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭﺓ ‪ (FeCr)2O4‬ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﻬل‬
‫ﺍﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻴﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻟﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ‪ Fe3O4‬ﺍﺴﻔل ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﻴﺼﺎﺤﺏ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﻤﻌﺩل ﺘﺄﻜﺴﺩﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺒﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﻟﻴﺔ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻴﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻻﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﻤﻊ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﺽ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺼـﻠﺔ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻻﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻴﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺴﺒﺒﻪ ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺤﻴﺎﻥ ﻴﺼﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻘﻕ )‪ (Cracking‬ﻓﻴﺨﻠﻕ ﻤﻤﺭ ﺴﻬﻼ ﻟﺩﺨﻭل ﺍﻻﻭﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻴﻜﺔ ﻭﻴﺅﻜﺴﺩ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭﻫﺎ ﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺎ ﻓﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﺴﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ )‪ (Internal oxidation‬ﻭﻤﻊ ﺘﺴﺎﻗﻁ ﺍﻟﻘـﺸﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴـﺔ ‪Cr2o3‬‬
‫ﺘﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩ ﻤﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﺴﺩ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﻁﺭﺩ ﻭﻴﺭﺍﻓﻕ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺯﺍﻑ ﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻴﻜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺴﻭﺀﹰﺍ ﻫـﻭ‬
‫ﺘﺴﺎﻗﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻴﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﻌﺭﻀﻬﺎ ﻟﻜل ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﻤﻥ)ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ‪(1‬‬
‫ﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ‪ 150‬ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺒﻠﻎ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﺭﺏ ‪ 140 mg /cm2‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﺒﻴﻜﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﺒﻴﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻻﻟﻤﻨﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗﺹ ﺒﺎﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻻﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﻋﻥ )‪.(12 mg/cm2‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺀ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻴﺔ )‪ (α -Al2O3‬ﻭﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﻟﻤﻨﻴﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻻﻭﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻜﺎﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻻﻟﻤﻨﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻨﻭﻋﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﺍﻷﻭل ﻫﻭ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭ )‪ (α- Al2O3‬ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﺜـل ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘـﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺨـﺭ ﻏﻴـﺭ ﻤـﺴﺘﻘﺭ ﻭﻫـﻭ ﻤـﻥ ﻨـﻭﻉ‬
‫)‪ (γ - Al2O3‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﻻ ﻴﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺭﻤﻭﺩﺍﻴﻨﻤﻴﻙ‪ (Procayo,1999) ،‬ﻭﻴﺘﻘﺸﺭ ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﺍﻻﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻜﺴﺩﺓ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺘﻨﺎﻗﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ‬
‫ﻴﺘﺤﻭل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﻤﻊ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻲ )‪ .(α- Al2O3‬ﻭﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﻗﺸﺭﺓ ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺘﻐﻁﻲ ﻜﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﻗﺩ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻭﻗﺕ ﻁﻭﻴل ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﺴﺩ ﺒﺎﺴـﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺘـﺔ‬
‫)‪ (Isothermal‬ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ )‪ (thermal cyclic‬ﺍﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘـﺸﺭﺓ ﻻ ﻴﻜﺘﻤـل‬
 ‫ﻴﺤﻴﻰ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻴﻡ ﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪10‬‬

‫ﻨﻤﻭﻫﺎ ﺨﻼل ﻤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻔﺴﺭ ﺘﻨﺎﻗﺹ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ‪) ،‬ﻴﺤﻴﻰ‪ (1998 ،‬ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﻌـﺩ‬
‫ﻜل ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﻭﺘﺴﺎﻗﻁﻪ ﺴﻴﻨﻔﺫ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻟﻤﻨﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﻫـﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺘﺴﺎﻗﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ )‪ (Al2O3‬ﺍﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﻊ ﻟﻠﺴﺒﻴﻜﺔ ﺍﺫ ﺒﻠﻎ‬
‫ﻤﻌﺩل ﻓﻘﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺒﺤﺩﻭﺩ )‪ (12mg/cm2‬ﺨﻼل ‪ 150‬ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻴﻜﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪(1‬‬
‫ﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻭﻓﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺀ ﺍﻻﻟﻭﻤﻴﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﺒﻴﻜﺔ ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻌﹰﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻴﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺒـ ﻨﻴﻜل – ﺍﻟﻤﻨـﻴﻭﻡ ﻓـﻲ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤـﺭﺍﺓ ‪ 1000C °‬ﻨﻼﺤـﻅ ﺃﻥ ﻓــﻘﺩﺍﻥ ﻭﺯﻨـﻬــﺎ ﻻ ﻴــﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ‬
‫)‪ .(0.2mg/cm2‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻤﺎ ﺍﻜﺩﺘﻪ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻓﺤﺹ ﺤﻴﻭﺩ ﺍﻻﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (3‬ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴـﺴﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻴﻜل )‪ (Ni3Al‬ﻓﻲ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻥ ﺴﺒﺏ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺭ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﻟﻤﻨﻴـﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺍﺴﺭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻜل ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻻﻥ ﻨﺼﻑ ﻗﻁﺭ ﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻟﻤﻨﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﺼﻐﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺼﻑ ﻗﻁـﺭ ﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻜـل ﻭﻫـﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻴﺠﻌل ﺍﻻﻟﻤﻨﻴﻭﻡ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﺒﻴﻜﺔ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻜل‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻻﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﻤﻊ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺅﻴﺩ ﺍﻥ ﻁﻭﺭ ‪ NiAl‬ﻁﻭﺭ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭ ﻭﻟـﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻨﺼﻬﺎﺭ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ )‪ (Salvatore, 1972‬ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻥ ﻁﻭﺭ )‪ (Ni2Al3‬ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻁـﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻁﺌﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﻋﺎل ﻟﻼﻟﻤﻨﻴﻭﻡ ﻟﻜﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺕ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ )‪ (1000‬ﻤﻊ ﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻼﻟﻤﻨﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﺄﻥ ﻁﻭﺭ )‪ (NiAl‬ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻲ ﺒﺎﻻﻟﻤﻨﻴﻭﻡ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﺫ‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻁﻭﺭ )‪ (Ni2Al3‬ﺍﻟﻰ ﻁﻭﺭ )‪ ،(NiAl‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻓﺤﺹ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻴﻜﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻜﺴﺩﺓ ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (4‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﻁﻭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻫـﻲ ﺍﻷﻟﻭﻤﻴﻨـﺎ ‪Al2O3‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻜل ‪ . NiO‬ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩﻴﺔ ‪ Al2O3‬ﺍﺴﺘﻁﺎﻋﺕ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻤـﻭﺫﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻲ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﻨﻴﻜل – ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻴﻭﻡ ﻭﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪ 1000 C °‬ﻗﺩ ﻜﻭﻨﺕ ﻗﺸﺭﺓ ﺍﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﻭﻓﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﻁﻴﻠﺔ ﻤﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻜﺴﺩﺓ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻟﻡ ﺘﻔﻘﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺯﻨﻬﺎ ﺸﻲﺀ ﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻴﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻻﻟﻤﻨﻴﻭﻡ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻜل ﻴﺘﺄﻜﺴﺩ ﺒﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩﻩ ﻗﺒل ﻏﻴﺭﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻜﺎﺴﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻴﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﺽ‪ .‬ﻴﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻜل ‪ NiO‬ﻗﺩ ﺤﺴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺎﻕ ﻗﺸﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻟﻭﻤﻴﻨﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻴﻜﺔ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻨـﻭﺍﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺒﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺒﻴﻜﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺀ ﻴﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﺒﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻻﻭﻜـﺴﻴﺩ‬
‫ﻭﻤﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﺘﻜﻭﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﺍﻻﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻴﻠﻌﺏ ﺩﻭﺭﺍ ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﻘﺒﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻜﺎﺴـﻴﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﺩ ﻤﺩﻯ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻤﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺍﻻﺤـﻭﺍل ﻓـﺎﻥ ﻫـﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺀ ﻗﺩ ﻭﻓﺭ ﻟﻠﺴﺒﻴﻜﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺠﻴﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻜﺴﺩ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺘﻪ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻏﻴـﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻴـﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺤﺘـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻻﻟﻤﻨﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻘﻁ‪.‬‬
11 … ‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻜل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﺴﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﺍﻁﺭﻭﺤﺔ ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ‬،‫ ﺍﻜﺴﺩﺓ ﺴﺒﺎﺌﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﻤﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬.1998 ،‫ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻴﻡ ﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥ‬،‫ﻴﺤﻴﻰ‬
.‫ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل‬/ (‫)ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻷﺠﻨﺒﻴﺔ‬
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