Lou is C hu rbo n n ea, - I-rr r.y

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A l"g"rJu.y *ork of ."ligio.,.

,lu..lrip rrá rrt lrirtory, ^,uil^tl.
.Lolu..1rip
^ruil,
;" E"gli.l, tle
for first time
TL; *,,,-.t;"-y-,,J ""r,...Ji,.,Íy L".,til,l-,J-." i,t,"á.*"
A--i-" *.J-, b , ""-p""Ji,- .I *i-J ,y-LJ;"- tL.r *"k .itl' tL.
s-,t-t .f J*"r-l ."J -.Jn"J kÍi".ns. Tl'" B^ti.,1 .l Cl,;"t *^ i,.
lÍ": *-t J '" F-*L C"tLJi. *1J", L"i" C1".t."".,"-L...y. *t.
-^1",i tl," *lúi"", k"diti.". J "".i."r &)pr, J*"i.J C--- "", R"-.,
*Jy ""J "*di""J CL,i,ii."irÍ, G"",ri.i,-, K"ttJJ,, -á J.L..y t .-
*-.1 n. fn p"Lli"L"J i" F-*" x t1," *ü^.t .í W..lá W". II ."á
.*,ly J*t..y.J i" rL. --i J."*hri"", tli" --t".pi"* .f *LJ-"l,ip L*
t*, t,-J"t.J ""J .t.iJs.J (t-" ir" -isiiJ rl."*"J-p,g" l""srl,) Ly
D.M. D..li"s, tL" f.-á* ."J .Jn".iJ Ji*.t.. "f P,,.1,"1",T4"
M.s*i^" "f l\Á *l T-Jiri",, ,"J ;"J,á- 4.. *.J."t, ty ú" ""tL*.
"À uu". t""" r, -t"L. * i""p;"J - L. *^
"t " 'r,..-sl, - p-l;-ã *
L. *^ -,Jn.. . À**;t1. r. t.À ".1,.L.,"J "r.J*t. Jil". it tJ."s"
* t[",l,JlJ*-y *"J- i.t *"t.J
.W.r,
i".*pL,i"s tL. J"-"i" "l rl,. "pnit. '
-.L1, ÀnL*y -tL* "i A T-*11",', K.t b A-i" Espt
"À,*-",
"f *. *ul"- J.)-1"1,, kJJ., J*.i" "r*-*r_T:,f".;,,:^

C*- J-i^ À" .L-- S".L' -J Íü,1" M.-"-

c"*. rú-"-ü", 'Ít"I",;-ryr, " *-"1- 1,, L;n cl-l-."-,1-,-]

,'9
A PAFiABOLA BOOK

PRINTED IN USA
 

+
EBSflAAY OF CI,IRI§T
"HE
Lu Ouú6*áu-L rey (187t-t946) wü s Frú[ Grhotic
.rchr6losilt/ÂiúGie wió a profoud howt.dcÉ oí n.diGt
OEàtiú . t *id ry6foú6ía Hê ê., Íibur.d r. ül+h $ LâJiís
.eot rLiolríil. ofú. dàÍ itud'ii'f. dit 4na Éh&i :Fddnih-
,cí.r ald Àihúlí .AiEd (ú. anid.d lt,:Í@.,'6,, rrnlÍ..rr.I, uilil
ú..adi,.d oÍs..õd'wortd wa,

D. lr. Dsoli & d'. íoledêr r d. G&ôtàt ú .cior ofÀ6.úoe n 48d-

zb,, i, tÁ. .r;w of A W oÍW,*i"F Tt c Srdià/zl Dillkkn qCruÍ
.ÀTlp $$ oÍ tbê W&á. sz6i Ík í ú. I4leí4, úÁ. @-
diror (wi h ed JorJ{§iliú) df r tu.^,.
'líitieh* ôí.t,, Sdod Drn^-
liôs ia Ndtiw turdí.d' I;t,
 

Loui, Clu.Lon n"o, - Lurroy

ThE
B ESTNÀIRY
OF
ChRilST
Wrtl' W..J.,t, by tl" A,tl'".
T,.'''l"t"J * A[.rJs"J
Iy D.M D..lr.3
A P...,t.,t. B".r
--§
ARKANA
 

À,únkt t ll eisinôEüP
üú knsiq r diviffi Dl P.lsum B.ol USA ,nc ,
\
1_1Hü$n 6««,Nà YorI, \a Yo* ri0l{.U.s A.
p.nsdnrô.k L d, ?7 li,ftirhB ljq r.ídôn í8 Elslâqd
86 . ABE Ia LÀ4' li sr".d. \4doris'Tz,
 'rrlÉ
CONTE}ílfS
P.tr.Uin
p..'"- 8""L, Cú.d; Lid. lo ÂL"h adú, S"its rm. Toro o Onht'o Ce&M4v r8'?
Booll (N.2.) Ild, rs2.l{ U: Eu P&d. Aucu{d lo, 7'rl'nd
P.4uin B.ok LtJ, RlsüEr.d Ô6.41
HÍmid,.dh, MiAd.Í& Enshnd
Fn* p"ElLlÉd in d'. Uú?d &au orAffn.. br EIi6.L B@ reel
PuUi,h.A iI tukao. BoôÊ I e02
l]t79103ó{2 Fotewotd I
T':nrl ion
P.Éh.lr Bôott, l'e l
Introduction v
CoPÊeh @
Àl risib .&N.a
L rnJrirtr dr C/"rr ôiajn lly pu6lá.a by &sr., D. B.oM. & ari., Éud' le40' PART I THE TETRAMORPH
Ch{6ou.ru_Lr*Y, L.uir, llTl Ie'16. The Tetramo4h 1
t8slii4 dú cÀà Éng&h] The Lioo 6
-Ih. C'lrií / Lôq C[arloidtr_l-õev; klniacd &
6.tú t
À6úd*..1
of
hy D. M. Dlot.sr *nh b/ rl. rúh""
p. .fr. 'oodcus
Thc Bull It
'Ear{ion oÍ L Bdtiain CI úL le{o.
The Eagle 2'
I
J§
úaã SibliogrspÀi.il nf.rcm.r The Man B
l.Chü 8 ã({d rynlolird z. AniírL-n.lsio§ r+..6 -
chrütisi.r. r. A"ioú -Syh ôli. sP..À. 4. h .r. PART II DOMESTIC ANIMALS
I- Dmlinc, D M. Il Iid.. ^,in'15
BVl63,AtCí31' ls? The Horn ,1
716-Àc?i 914042L
The Bovines
P.i.i.ai ú. Unn /S,a6"aÂr. Õ
6l
S.r ii ClokEr The Sheep 67
D.,iÉ.J 6y laú6 s:Éti ud (4hY MsÉlo
The Goat E}
EÍ.pl.n ú. UnEJ sEê al Ânrtr a úú The Horse
beL tr Dld 3Jb.« h ú. óndNq úi tr 94
sha nôi bv *lv ôfúd. o.ôú.úir' h< l'hi The Acs 106
r+old. hiê .ut' or ôúeie .i cul*'d The Dog
{nhoú ,h. Puol6liri P'ior . *1' D {v tur Lt2
oÍ b,tniíg or cryt dlEr dún tlú ií wli'h n
n pul,li5l,.d lnd üifiar & "iíilff cÔ'dnlôn
ilJudins lln .onditiôn Srhg inDed on t]. PART III 1ÜíILD ANIMALS
5ubsc 'nr Pu óã'i
The Deet tt7
The Panther aad Other Wildcats, 127
the Hyena and the Mole
The Wolf 138
 

I he óoar, the óear, t4, The Ichneumon Wasp and the 312
end the Hedgehog Grasshopper
The \Jíeasel t47 The Mantis and the Spider 3r6
The Snake t13
The Ftog and the Toad 165
t7, PART VII FABULOUS BEASTS
The Salamander
The Crocodile 180 The Unicorn )65
The Winged Horse 376
PART IV BlRDS The Centaur
The Lion of the Sea and the
381
191
The Vulrure 189
Manticore
The Falcon t9, The Hippogriff 194
The Owl 209
The Grif6n 397
The Swallow 215
The Dragon 410
The Nightingale 22' The Basilisk 420
The LarL 226
The Ouroboros and rhe 427
The Dove and the Raven, 229
Amphisbaena
the Crow and the Sperrow
The Swan 24' The Phoenix 441
The Pelican 218 The Sphinx 453
',Jíading Bitds 267
The Ostrich 275 Epilogue 46'
The Egg 278 Bibliographical Appendix 464
Wings and Feathets 248

PART V SEA CREATURES

The Fish 295
The Dolphin t06
The Sea Urchin ]09

PART VI INSECTS
The Bee and rhe Fly I l9
The Scarab and the ScorPion )34
The Caterpillar and the ButterflY ,45
 

FOR]EWOITD
Í E BrsltAtRE DU cHRIst was otginally a book ofa thou-
L.rnd p.e", and over a thousand of rhe author woodcuts.
It was published in Brussels just afrer the ouibreak of the
Second §íorld üar: one of four uolumes planned by Louis
Charbonneau-Lassay, all putsuing his interest in religious sym-
bolism- The others were b Floraire du Chfit, b htnéraire du
Christ, anà b Í,apidane dn Chrnt. All the material was gath-
ered for them, but he did not live o 6nish and publish anv of
the three. fu Bestiaie alone has survived, and barely. The firm
of Desclée, De Brouwer et Cie. Published it ih a limitêd edi-
tion of five hundted copies, almost all of which, along with
the woodblocLs for the illustrations, were lost when a bomb
set 6re to rhe warehouse where rhey *ere stored. Four other
printings of tve hundred copies each were printed in Milan
from surviving copies of the first edition. That is the entire
publishing history of úis extraordinary book until its present
aPPeârance.
Evidentlg not meny people have had a chance to read it;
yet the rumor of it has spread slowly, almost secretly, as if the
magic of the old symbols, reinvested thtough the love and
sensitivity of the âuthor with the power of their ancient meah-
ings, traveled on some unknown wavelengths to reach ou ,
fifty-odd years later, to another audience. Bits and traces of
the original book were found here and there; I knew of ic
long before I held a copy in my hands-and úer that, slowlv
but ine,itably, it became necessary to pass it on to oçhers.
 

INTR.ODUCTXON
(t,-FAr(Ê. cARE, ABovE all, nor to reveal the secrets of the
I holy myst"ri.r, and do not allow them to be indis-
creetly exposed to the daylight of the profane world '.. Only
the saints-not everyone-mey lift a corner of rhe veil which
covers the things which ate holy....Our most saintly
foundcrs . . . charged the celebration [of the mysteties] wiú so
many symbolic rites that whât is in itself one and indivisible
can âppear only little by little, as if by parts, and under an in-
6nite variety of details. Howe"er, this is not simply because of
the profane multitude, who must not glimpse even the cover-
ing of holy things, but also because of the weakness of our
own senses and spitit, zÁici rcquire sign: and matenal means to
ruie theln to the understanding of the immaterial anl the subümet."
These words, attributed to St. Dionysius the AreoPagite,
âre a vety exect statement of the principal reasons for the use
of symbolism. Ir is to remedy the weatness of out nature and
ro satisfy its need that all religions and mysteries have felt the
obligation to creete for themselves codes of symbols kept se-
cret by a sttict discipline of caution. It was in this way that
the mysteries of Eleusis, of Delphi, of Ephesus end othets
were protected, and the same Practice held in the Mithraic
cula and in the Orphic schools. Everyone recognized not only
the danger of persecution but also the mysterious, hierarchical
authority whose validity Pythagoras affirmed with the words:
"It is nor good to tevcal everything to everyone."
 

  BüS,I'IARY OI CHRIST INTEODUCTION

sance inro chubby. naked ctrerubs;

rhe goars, rams, doves,
*d cocks
:::::,.1 *o:*, :el:ed to atrude io some of the mosr fas_
NOTES
chrisr
::::,Í]:9.sensuâl and quite inÍerior became onty ,rr.s",i.;';;;
and Tme Fisur: TIP Gilfn-Clúi't.
purery
order. t. Ir Ttdití d. lo Hi,íarthn \ÊnglisÉ: CeletriaL Hierarchb),.ttribut.d to St.
of archaeology and sacred atr made in rfie past Dcnü (Dionysius tfic Armpagitc). Cf. Lecoinu, "Lâ nrique d. la M.$.."
..--Srudies
t-ury have restoted.ro symbolism, cen_ ií Rew du Mo"de Cothalir@, 16ó6, VôI. xIV No. llr, p. 226.
, Í". ,h".. *.ll_.;jJ;';: 2- Gcserr, L'HétuAqu., p- 37 -
l::l:::. p,l, oí rhe very Âigh esteem d." ,.;,. r,
;,;;.:
gteater tecognition: ir stroutd 6e k"",;,;;
,- Htrsnú., 12 CdthAtuh, vol- I, p- 297 -
4- &'riàn. ditin, p- ,4 Íture)-
::y:I"
ÍoersroodT,*more precisely, of all by artisrs, ,.a U, ,i"
t. Glanú, IntÍo.lktiú to tk SatT of the Hndu Docties, Chau W.
lergy- and,serious Chrisrians, at 6. Mâ],, L'dn ftliai* Íll, p. 491.
"ff
leasr, since *. +p."pri","
a source oÍ Jigrrr f.. ,h" .,d;;",;;;;;
::: ::::l"b.k
ehd or substanrial:rÊ*
nourishmenr for rhe spirit.

l:_,ll:,1:*. I have tried to presenr rhe exact meanings of

ymr,olrc
.rhages which, in tlre course of rhe Chri.;;;l;
ruries and in very differenr places.
have been tak.. ,. -i;;.
rou-s.represehrâtions oÍ_the person
.f -...-
vaÍro,s especrs. Among tfiese ideograms J""r" Chr;,
ihere
outd provide marerial for a whole-book. ";;;.h";
I Â"r""r"hJ;con.-
dense and. ro keep to the essentials
of úeir Ci.t;il; ;;.:
hrisrian Âisrory.

**$;;i;1."'JJ,::"."í,Ii",.fl T:::..:i;:il:I.,;
h. wishes. Trre images of rhe *,ri,r.
:T:" ::l':.:,rr
res whrch illusrrâle rhe text tL" "_,-_
"".,i."-*..J *l,i-,i""",,"r,"',j",'.'i,llor1;;:'fi
wood engraver-s: I have nor been "..,;,i:
so presumptuous
ãsprre ro.â .orl ofart, but only ro
.c^entury as
::trerr rmperíecrions, the crude suppon,t., h.p"',hr; ;í:;i;;;;
wrr be enough ro malce a betrer und.rstrnjingt*,,.,í.',._,
assages they âccompany. oÃ";lf" "f,n.

L. C-L.
 

T -.,]

I
THE
TE']TRAÀ{ORPH
 

T HI ]E T tr T R,,.\ "U O R. ]IT ]F{

YN THF sEFrEs of living beings clajmed bu Christian svmbol-
Iirrn ro fo.- the mysterious crown of Christ' a group of
four animals is notable for the large place it held, and con-
tinues to hold, in sacred art and in mystical literarure. §íe see
them represented et dmes seParately from one another and at
times united, blended together in the form of a unique being
thar would be strange indeed and disconcerting ro anvone ig-
norant of ecclesiasticel svmbolism (Fig. l).
These celestial animals are the ones that the Hebrew
prophet Ezekiel, towards the end of the seventh century B c',
the .uangelist St. John in the first years of the Church,
"nJ
saw come to life in visions, of which they have left us extraor-
dinary and troubling ac-
counts: the lion, the ox, the
eagle, and man. They form
-hrt sacred art has nâmed
the Tetramorph, "the Four
Forms."
These are the words of
Ezekiel: "Now it came to
pass... âs I was among the
caprives by che tiver of
Chebar, that the heavens were
opened, and I saw visions of
God.... And I looked, and,
behold, a whirlwind came out Fis. 1 Tún üPh k ttu Ltuê M84e
 

  r t rx .

lE. Nuúe.ou5 inr.rprêt.d rh. lame ,dêa: th. swâsrilá, rh. rosr, rl,.
pom.grãnâre,'ymbok
ihe pine .ône and €sp€cia y tll. râm, rhe sras, â.d the .ftk.
19. See H. d. Moírfiertarq u, B6tàne,, .
20. Biblioihàque National., no. r0l, 6869.
21. Cà los Jôspà B*r. frankÍuí. lclz: ch. tvt. p. ,oo.
22. LevÍicus l8:2t
21. I Kin$ ll:7 ánd II Kinss 2l ad 21.
24. E Lenúna r, Aúi.Juitét d. l,A$/i. et áe Bdbtane,Il.
2\. L oê-Villênê. I? ltrhi dc. Jruúd/... t . pp.
26. Glov. cn'lrdnon És@ae. L 7.2, p_ 2e2.
l\l .r,.9. lTFlI ]E E,\G]LE
Lnd Fieuft: old Gtec* .oin.
ÍN THE T,§VELTTH centurv the Archbishop of Tours' Hil-
ld"b"* d" La,ardin, wrote the following'
Chtistus HOMO, Christus VITULUS' Chrbtus LEO'
Chtisrus est AVIS, in Chrisro cuhcto ooiore potesr'

Chistus est ÁV,IS. ' . Chtist is a bird He is in fact por-

orr"i. in Ct'.i",i* svmbolism' in the forms of a dove a peli-
.rn. a swan. an ibis. e crâne' e stotk' and in many
f."t *"ff-f.".*' Íorms. Howe'er, here it is the noblest'
"'oho.ni*,
",i".
.i. ti"' .f birds that we are speaking of' the roval eagle'
*h.se Ãaracteristics have st.uck manlind since the begimin3
- time and won its admiration'
of
t" hi" d"u. Ézekiel saw it like burning coals oÍ 6re; and on
Evan-
of
the solitary island oÍ Patmos. when the eves John- the
*"i;* .p.""a to the infinite horizons of rhe erernal kingdom'
i" i' fi',r'. gazed upon *hat the old prophet had onlv
if,," É"et",na,l" three orher animals appeared
'i-r""a.
ã;;.;;.;ir,," long"er as lighrning flashes along the rugged
"lile the noise
i*ks .f a't" Cheb-ar while their wings soundedwings'
.inr.", *.,"."'," bur bearing those quiveringllrmamenton -hich
n,i.Í'.f.'*t""a. of "v.", *hll" the *hole hailed
the triumohant Lamb.
fi.r"',i.ion" of and St Johna are the ptincipal
as for
Cf,ti".i", S** for the svmbolism of the eagle, as wellwith
,ruli"t,"a the o,; all ih.." were alreadv endowed the
riches of the past.
 
  , c ,t.

,. Da,iêl li24-2E. 4t. Ibià-, p- 142, ç,e- )4.

6. ZecÀáriú l:8_ll. 44. Ci. iden, Guide,'f. Íll, p. 279, pl. Xry, 2-
7. Sr. JoÁn ljt_r. 4t- lbid., pl. XXll, ).
L D|drcn, HAon. dc D@, and Je SaD I_:u.., .1ó. St. John l4:2ó.
17. Eúde oÍJ.m.s
r: L)«lr. rro;E),; ;;.'"'J';H'"^t *ttai\.'.. :n Butta,; M.a. 8. Cf. Di P Fri.dd-Le6álpin,
':6. "La déco.ation mon*rueuse dans I'Art
. -tukl.
( i. .ten," in AtÍow à Ck.hü, -f.II, no. l0 (Máy l9rl), pp. l7rl78.
'u. JôwalDubEuit. árt
,,, Lr. Í,oré, /i«Á.(,46. pài tI tosr, T i.p.2n hE_t.
r- vÍ - ,l^ l:nd Figur: Tk Hanl oflutie í tlx Fre".h ,.ins', k Lç t Nre
12. Tomb { Er-Ah h.. cr e_nli"l,l;:,, MBdf,; 12th .útury-
."-,rr* a-" i*";."i re."íJ:'Xll;I
)Lii.il B.:ff,lfi
]. M.rci M\tàre\ IV, D,200. pl Vrr , ":;11.,;,
il :;í,,i1,u:_)*"*;_:*
:^ lL ' ÔÉ h P,o ,4L.k, "-*Ji*,"
," ,.*",
Xxxvlj-xx\\,llr (ro2 41. p. t2t, t1e ,.
reild & Chipi., * ra" a"^ ra*r$ui.; í;1. ili";
l:  :rd. d? MúÁ , AttrunHi*r,
de ta ,ie d. CêaÍ. o. z>.
'" ii,*;; ,if,, l:, in*ndL . yrr. p..íia. ^. ,66, áhd Euse.ius. r,r o/
19- AcB 8:lZJ8j 9:t2,17: êr.
:l rasc. Lxvrr,Lxlx, cor re 4rl
22. ^T]",jfi."11,y**;".àe@,
CÍ d Sr -Láúút, or. dL G.e nore s abôve), T. ry, p. 4$ úd M kt,
k i de Dâ n k ., de \
," íiii lií,l,r6,,
.,, , ,'ry. l\o al nl'lú\, Bk, x|.f ,IÓ9,l:k,lj:H,,;,, t(
.,_ Íêy, õP ot., o. lt7.
26. Cí Mor.t, RóiÍ./ /iar. n 6a
.z' ra*-.,azr a,". tr, .r. úraFre du verb. C,eãkur..,pp. to?-irs.

il "omr
,,. ,.1_T_.,:l-:,:o
,.1,,I. vor r. cor.2-ó a.d p,ss,m.
ore,u,x ofú« for Hotv Sar.d,,
Jr. Mrirh* 26:40
,1. Pstms 8:2. Douar-Rhehs rc6n"
ll i::,Plill",,,- .,ô,..r,o L..i?r.e. op./, rás( 7í 5..or r,7B 80.
17. Si. lo[" lJ4.
]i 3,:::,:: .t,,',"..,._2rábôve. r. »(xvn, ra... ra7, p. r4o.
r'úer ro Eu)'Àrus'i op'''.,-,r".a
;; ã:,i'i:Ti. s,',i. ü""i", o,o
,2. Cí de Sãinilãurent, Lídnkt, p. t4t,
Ãs. tr.
 

DOÀ{E,STNC
ANNÀ{ALS
 

T ll-.1 lE F{ O It i\
.-T't HF. aNcrENT s\ MBol IsM of a numbe. oÍ rhe horned
I *i-a" rhe bull, the ram. rhe wild sheep. rhe buck goar,
the deer, the oryx, the unicorn-presents a common charactet
in addition to aspects peculiar to each one; the horn expresses
active force, strength, domination, rhe
power oÍ command. This is indeed one
oÍ the earliest known manifestations of
symbolism: in the oldesr human societies
rhât we know of in the epochs known as
Aurignacian, Chellian, Magdalenian, and
Solutrian, the staff of authority, at once
rragic wand and scepter, was made of
reindeer horn, and Déchelerre mentions a,údúkt 6 ío;fua sê.
rhat during the petiod when the last
great dolmens were built "symbolic bulls'
horns had an importânce in European
lerishism equal to rhat of rhe axe1" with
uhich it is somerimes associated2
(Fig. l).
A recently-discoveted piece oí Elamite
pottery worked moÍe rhan rhree thousand
years before our era câtries the stylized
image of an ibexr; the animalt horns are
so huge that their exaggeration can only Fis. 2 Snbol]. úü oa
mean to elpress tLeir symbolic impor-
tance (Fig. 2). Much larer, the Gauls of
 Irsr,^,i.t, ()t
 

tHat throws youth in the parh of violent passions?o-,, Frorn an-

other ângle, rhe coi, was at .imes taken as the svmbol of lacl
of inrelligence. of srupidirvr and *hen seen walLing aíter a
bull -ho refuses the yoLe, it is the symbol of rhe soul rhat
follows blindly rhe instigetors of schisms and heresies, which
rebel against rhe yoke of rhe Church. It has also been one of
the signs for abject passionsrr.

NOTES
-f l:Í l,: S ljl I) 1;, P
Tii. fiÉwe: CalÍ m the fá.áde oí t'. .hüth oÍ tÉ CdLê-Bnérc.
L I Kin8s 7:2r. .frHr r\4AcE or rhe ram. inherited lrom primiri,e peoples.
2. Ct Hush of Sr. Victoi, ,Ín.eltz,.d, tV, tl_ I "âs one oÍ the favoritc religious symbol' oÍ ancient cirili-
t Ci St. Ar-no D'A,u. in l"'rr, : Hu8À oi S,. v,cto,, oÊ,,,.. llt,5o, ú..
4. Rrbanu§ Maurus, D. U,»eJ.. VIL s. zárions. In Egypr, from rhe rime of the most ancienr Phar-
ronic dynasties, the god Amon-Ra, the all-powerful Sun, was
6. See L.cler.q ând Mâron, Did,oridir., s.dion CXIV .ôt. 2ó60-2668.
-. N.Éi. shnôrfirl.. l,bnrv or sâ, teàre à \en6ê. Ms. 45-. \ llt, 6. rvorshipped in the forrn of a ram. crowned with the solar disk
E- RihuLê Amenôtun, Oxtotd, leor, p. rí.
(Fig. 1). The ram wâs rhe symbolic animal of Kneph, one of
r0. Cl Bárbier de Moi6uh, Tdité,T.1, p.2]6.

Rábánus Mâ .us, ,4/L8o'id.

]t I, p. i87.
14. De cuôernânr, ,[.í),rólogk,
ri. C[ Ràmâ Pr]n. l, ,.,ã,, dL routfe d k phlo,apik de, /,hd, (telo,.
r6. C-1. MJiprrc, i Uea. n..io1. d,t. l,c1td* au Cdtre. T. V. pp. 440.,ti,:
virey, R.lúio,, p. 140.
17. Sre Lepàs. Penor,, 7 h" Lí. wotl, vot- I, p. 7\b.
t10. Sêê
..91h. d. o|,. ..1 L p. rir. & pt,e vl. iis. 7i.
H. de Monrheriánr. t4 8êrddn.J. Vt.
2A. Fel- ia Reflê d? t'A .haia,2à s.íi.,. T. XiI, (lBB0), p. 26.
21. Hueh ol Sr. Vi.tó.. op .ir, Boo[ IV 9.
E-,1 l'$*e: Ft*, d t\th.dt"tr Anlk-Sdxon údnlildry, in tA. Bibliathégw ri 1H d .í rt" dn ol fio FiR.2 Th. h 'h.ddA sad Krl,h
Núiondle, pün. , p.nl;\,i ri -krnb\ ^ndt,
aÍTh.6e:. th? kngb al R M 11.

rhe oldest representatiors of the creator-godr, who was gener-

ally pictured with a ram's head (Fig. 2). The image of Osiris
had lour heads and four horns. one head and one horn for
each of the cardinal points2. Larer the ram became, like the
bird, the sign of the idea of human survival, and hence of the