BIOGRAPHY OF LIONEL MESSI

Full Name: Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini

Nickname: Leo, Lionel Messi, or La Messiah
Date of Birth: Wednesday, June 24th, 1987
Place of Birth: Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
Zodiac: Cancer
Mother: Celia María Cuccittini
Father: Jorge Horacio Messi
Son: Thiago Messi
Relatives: Maxi Biancucchi (cousin) and Emanuel Biancucchi (cousin)
Nationality: Argentina
Religion: Catholic
Profession: Football player
Height: 169 cm
Weight: 67 Kg
Squad Number: 10
Clubs: FC Barcelona
National Team: Argentina
Position: Striker or Winger
Dominant Leg: Left
Facebook Account: fb.com/LeoMessi
Twitter Account: @TeamMessi
Instagram Account: @leomessi
Official Site: www.leomessi.com
Lionel Messi is a football player who came from Argentina. Currently, Messi played as the
striker for the Spanish football club, FC Barcelona.

Messi was born on June 24th, 1987 in Rosario, Santa Fe province, Argentina. His mother,
Celia María Cuccittini, is a part-time cleaner. His father was a worker in the steel factory is
Jorge Horacio Messi. Messi has two elder brothers named Rodrigo and Matías, and a sister
named María Sol.

Messi started his football career at the age of 5 years. At that time, he played for the club
Grandoli where his father was the coach of the football club. In 1995, Messi joined Newell’s
Old Boys in his hometown, Rosario.

At the age of 11, Messi was diagnosed with a growth hormone deficiency. The football club
River Plate was interested in his talent, but they didn’t want to pay Messi’s therapy.

Carles Rexach, the sports director of FC Barcelona, had discovered Messi’s talents offered to
pay for his treatment if he wanted to move to Spain. Messi and his father decided to move to
Barcelona, Spain.

On 16 November, 2003, Messi finally appeared officially for the first time in a friendly match
against FC Porto at the age of 16 years 145 days.

Meanwhile, in La Liga debut for Messi was on 16 October 2004 when Barcelona against
RCD Espanyol. The opportunity given by Frank Rijkaard, made him into the third youngest
player for Barcelona.

Messi said to Frank Rijkaard, “I will never forget the fact that he’d started my career, which
gave me the confidence I had at the age of 16 and 17 years”.

By the ability of his fantastic left leg, now Messi had won many titles with Barcelona. The
most unforgettable title was the best player in the world for four consecutive years, namely in
2009, 2010, 2011, and 2012.
 ELECTRIC CAR
An electric car, battery electric car, or all-electric car is an automobile that is propelled by
one or more electric motors, using only energy stored in batteries. Compared to internal
combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, electric cars are quieter, have no exhaust emissions, and
lower emissions overall.In the United States and the European Union, as of 2020, the total
cost of ownership of recent electric vehicles is cheaper than that of equivalent ICE cars, due
to lower fueling and maintenance costs.Charging an electric car can be done at a variety of
charging stations; these charging stations can be installed in both houses and public areas.[4]

Worldwide, 6.6 million plug-in electric cars were sold in 2021, more than doubling 2020
sales, and achieving a market share of 9% of the global new car market. All-electric cars
represented 71% of plug-in car sales in 2021.As of December 2021, there were 16 million
plug-in electric cars were on the world's roads. Many countries have established government
incentives for plug-in electric vehicles, tax credits, subsidies, and other non-monetary
incentives while several countries have legislated to phase-out sales of fossil fuel cars,[7][8] to
reduce air pollution and limit climate change.

The Tesla Model 3 became the world's all-time best-selling electric car in early 2020,and in
June 2021, became the first electric car to pass 1 million global sales. Earlier models with
widespread adoption include the Japanese Mitsubishi i-MiEV and the Nissan Leaf.

HISTORY
Early developments

Gustave Trouvé's personal electric vehicle (1881), the world's first publicly presented full-
scale electric car

Early electric car built by Thomas Parker - photo from 1895[14]

"La Jamais Contente", 1899

NASA's Lunar Roving Vehicles were battery-driven

The General Motors EV1, one of the cars introduced due to a California Air Resources Board
(CARB) mandate, had a range of 260 km (160 miles) with NiMH batteries in 1999

The Tesla Roadster helped inspire the modern generation of electric vehicles

Robert Anderson is often credited with inventing the first electric car some time between
1832 and 1839.

The following experimental electric cars appeared during the 1880s:

  In 1881, Gustave Trouvé presented an electric car at the Exposition internationale
d'Électricité de Paris.
 In 1884, over 20 years before the Ford Model T, Thomas Parker built an electric car
in Wolverhampton using his own specially-designed high-capacity rechargeable
batteries, although the only documentation is a photograph from 1895.
 In 1888, the German Andreas Flocken designed the Flocken Elektrowagen, regarded
by some as the first "real" electric car.

Electricity was among the preferred methods for automobile propulsion in the late-19th and
early-20th centuries, providing a level of comfort and an ease of operation that could not be
achieved by the gasoline-driven cars of the time.The electric vehicle fleet peaked at
approximately 30,000 vehicles at the turn of the 20th century.

In 1897, electric cars first found commercial use as taxis in Britain and in the United States.
In London, Walter Bersey's electric cabs were the first self-propelled vehicles for hire at a
time when cabs were horse-drawn. In New York City, a fleet of twelve hansom cabs and one
brougham, based on the design of the Electrobat II, formed part of a project funded in part by
the Electric Storage Battery Company of Philadelphia. During the 20th century, the main
manufacturers of electric vehicles in the United States included Anthony Electric, Baker,
Columbia, Anderson, Edison, Riker, Milburn, Bailey Electric, and Detroit Electric. Their
electric vehicles were quieter than gasoline-powered ones, and did not require gear changes.

Six electric cars held the land speed record in the 19th century. The last of them was the
rocket-shaped La Jamais Contente, driven by Camille Jenatzy, which broke the 100 km/h
(62 mph) speed barrier by reaching a top speed of 105.88 km/h (65.79 mph) in 1899.

Electric cars remained popular until advances in internal-combustion engine (ICE) cars and
mass production of cheaper gasoline- and diesel-powered vehicles led to a decline. ICE cars'
much quicker refueling times and cheaper production-costs made them more popular.
However, a decisive moment came with the introduction in 1912 of the electric starter
motor[30] that replaced other, often laborious, methods of starting the ICE, such as hand-
cranking.

MODERN ELECTRIC CARS

In the early 1990s the California Air Resources Board (CARB) began a push for more fuel-
efficient, lower-emissions vehicles, with the ultimate goal of a move to zero-emissions
vehicles such as electric vehicles. In response, automakers developed electric models. These
early cars were eventually withdrawn from the U.S. market.

California electric-auto maker Tesla Motors began development in 2004 of what would
become the Tesla Roadster, first delivered to customers in 2008. The Roadster was the first
highway-legal all-electric car to use lithium-ion battery cells, and the first production all-
electric car to travel more than 320 km (200 miles) per charge. The Mitsubishi i-MiEV,
launched in 2009 in Japan, was the first highway-legal series production electric car,[35] and
also the first all-electric car to sell more than 10,000 units. Several months later, the Nissan
Leaf, launched in 2010, surpassed the i MiEV as the best selling all-electric car at that time.

Starting in 2008, a renaissance in electric vehicle manufacturing occurred due to advances in

batteries, and the desire to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions and to improve urban air
quality.During the 2010s, the electric vehicle industry in China expanded greatly with
government support.The subsidies introduced by the Chinese government will however be
cut by 20 to 30% and phased out completely before 2023. Several automakers marked up the
prices of their electric vehicles in anticipation of the subsidy adjustment, including Tesla,
Volkswagen and Guangzhou-based GAC Group, which counts Fiat, Honda, Isuzu,
Mitsubishi, and Toyota as foreign partners.

In July 2019 US-based Motor Trend magazine awarded the fully-electric Tesla Model S the
title "ultimate car of the year".In March 2020 the Tesla Model 3 passed the Nissan Leaf to
become the world's all-time best-selling electric car, with more than 500,000 units
delivered;it reached the milestone of 1 million global sales in June 2021.

In the third quarter of 2021, the Alliance for Automotive Innovation reported that sales of
electric vehicles had reached six percent of all US light-duty automotive sales, the highest
volume of EV sales ever recorded at 187,000 vehicles. This was an 11% sales increase, as
opposed to a 1.3% increase in gasoline and diesel-powered units. The report indicated that
California was the US leader in EV with nearly 40% of US purchases, followed by Florida –
6%, Texas – 5% and New York 4.4%.[

The most expensive part of an electric car is its battery. The price decreased from €605 per
kWh in 2010, to €170 in 2017, to €100 in 2019.When designing an electric vehicle,
manufacturers may find that for low production, converting existing platforms may be
cheaper, as development cost is lower; however, for higher production, a dedicated platform
may be preferred to optimize design, and cost.

In the EU and USA, but not yet China, the total cost of ownership of recent electric cars is
cheaper than that of equivalent gasoline cars, due to lower fueling and maintenance costs.

The greater the distance driven per year, the more likely the total cost of ownership for an
electric car will be less than for an equivalent ICE car.The break even distance varies by
country depending on the taxes, subsidies, and different costs of energy. In some countries
the comparison may vary by city, as a type of car may have different charges to enter
different cities; for example, in England, London charges ICE cars more than Birmingham
does.

Purchase cost
Several national and local governments have established EV incentives to reduce the
purchase price of electric cars and other plug-ins.
As of 2020, the electric vehicle battery is more than a quarter of the total cost of the
car.Purchase prices are expected to drop below those of new ICE cars when battery costs fall
below US$100 per kWh, which is forecast to be in the mid-2020s.
Leasing or subscriptions are popular in some countries, depending somewhat on national
taxes and subsidies, and end of lease cars are expanding the second hand market.

Running costs
Electricity almost always costs less than gasoline per kilometer travelled, but the price of
electricity often varies depending on where and what time of day the car is charged. Cost
savings are also affected by the price of gasoline which can vary by location.
PERFORMANCE
Acceleration and drivetrain design

Typical "skateboard" layout with the battery as floor and a motor at one or both axles

Electric motors can provide high power-to-weight ratios. Batteries can be designed to supply
the electrical current needed to support these motors. Electric motors have a flat torque curve
down to zero speed. For simplicity and reliability, most electric cars use fixed-ratio gearboxes
and have no clutch.

Many electric cars have faster acceleration than average ICE cars, largely due to reduced
drivetrain frictional losses and the more quickly-available torque of an electric motor.
However, NEVs may have a low acceleration due to their relatively weak motors.

Electric vehicles can also use a motor in each wheel hub or next to the wheels, this is rare but
claimed to be safer. Electric vehicles that lack an axle, differential, or transmission can have
less drivetrain inertia. Some direct current motor-equipped drag racer EVs have simple two-
speed manual transmissions to improve top speed. The concept electric supercar Rimac
Concept One claims it can go from 0–97 km/h (0–60 mph) in 2.5 seconds. Tesla claims the
upcoming Tesla Roadster will go 0–60 mph (0–97 km/h) in 1.9 seconds.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Main article: Electric car energy efficiency

Energy efficiency of electric cars in towns and on motorways according to the DoE.

Internal combustion engines have thermodynamic limits on efficiency, expressed as a fraction

of energy used to propel the vehicle compared to energy produced by burning fuel. Gasoline
engines effectively use only 15% of the fuel energy content to move the vehicle or to power
accessories; diesel engines can reach on-board efficiency of 20%; electric vehicles have
efficiencies of 69-72%, when counted against stored chemical energy, or around 59-62%,
when counted against required energy to recharge.

Electric motors are more efficient than internal combustion engines in converting stored
energy into driving a vehicle. However, they are not equally efficient at all speeds. To allow
for this, some cars with dual electric motors have one electric motor with a gear optimised for
city speeds and the second electric motor with a gear optimised for highway speeds. The
electronics select the motor that has the best efficiency for the current speed and acceleration.
Regenerative braking, which is most common in electric vehicles, can recover as much as one
fifth of the energy normally lost during braking.[31][86]

CABIN HEATING AND COOLING

While heating can be provided with an electric resistance heater, higher efficiency and
integral cooling can be obtained with a reversible heat pump, such as on the Nissan Leaf.
PTC junction cooling is also attractive for its simplicity — this kind of system is used, for
example, in the 2008 Tesla Roadster.

To avoid using part of the battery's energy for heating and thus reducing the range, some
models allow the cabin to be heated while the car is plugged in. For example, the Nissan
Leaf, the Mitsubishi i-MiEV, Renault Zoe and Tesla cars can be pre-heated while the vehicle
is plugged in

Some electric cars (for example, the Citroën Berlingo Electrique) use an auxiliary heating
system (for example gasoline-fueled units manufactured by Webasto or Eberspächer) but
sacrifice "green" and "Zero emissions" credentials. Cabin cooling can be augmented with
solar power external batteries and USB fans or coolers, or by automatically allowing outside
air to flow through the car when parked; two models of the 2010 Toyota Prius include this
feature as an option

SAFETY

Side impact test of a Tesla Model X

The safety issues of BEVs are largely dealt with by the international standard ISO 6469. This
document is divided into three parts dealing with specific issues:

 On-board electrical energy storage, i.e. the battery

 Functional safety means and protection against failures
 Protection of persons against electrical hazards