KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY, KUMASI

INSTITUTE OF DISTANCE LEARNING

(MSc FOOD QUALITY MANAGEMENT)

FQM 573: FOOD SYSTEMS RISKS & MANAGEMENT

[Credit: 3]

Isaac W. Ofosu, PhD

Associate Professor
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 Contents
TOXICOLOGICAL SAFETY ................................................................................................................................................................. 5
Food Systems ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 5
Food Additives............................................................................................................................................................................ 6
Pesticide Residues..................................................................................................................................................................... 6
Veterinary Residues .................................................................................................................................................................. 6
Environmental Contaminants............................................................................................................................................... 7
Biogenic Contaminants........................................................................................................................................................... 7
Phytotoxins ................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Neurotoxin.................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Food Processing Contaminants .......................................................................................................................................... 8
Food Contact Materials .......................................................................................................................................................... 8
Novel Food and Novel Food Technologies .................................................................................................................. 8
Beneficial Food Chemicals .................................................................................................................................................... 9
Risk Analysis........................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
UNIT 1: HAZARD IDENTIFICATION .......................................................................................................................................... 11
Identifying hazards ..................................................................................................................................................................... 12
Guidelines ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
Self-Assessment ................................................................................................................................................................................ 14
UNIT 2: HAZARD CHARACTERIZATION ................................................................................................................................. 15
Preparing for the Dose-Response Test .................................................................................................................................. 18
Study design and power.......................................................................................................................................................... 18
Species selection ......................................................................................................................................................................... 18
Dose selection .............................................................................................................................................................................. 18
Route of administration ........................................................................................................................................................... 19
Biomarkers of effect ................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Data Quality ................................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Sources of Uncertainty in Hazard Characterization ......................................................................................................... 20
The dose-response assessment ................................................................................................................................................. 20
The One-Hit Model .................................................................................................................................................................... 22
The Multistage Model ............................................................................................................................................................... 22
The Multihit Model..................................................................................................................................................................... 22
The Probit Model ........................................................................................................................................................................ 22
The Linear Multistage Model................................................................................................................................................. 23

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Health-Based Reference Values ................................................................................................................................................. 24
Self-Assessment ................................................................................................................................................................................ 25
UNIT 3: EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT ............................................................................................................................................. 26
Exposure Routes and Pathway ................................................................................................................................................... 26
Estimation of Dietary Intake of Food Chemicals and Approaches ........................................................................... 28
World Health Organization Tiered Approaches ................................................................................................................. 29
Tier 1 of WHO Approach: Calculation of Theoretical Maximum Daily Intake (TMDI) ........................... 29
Tier 2 of WHO Approach: Calculation of Estimated Maximum Daily Intake (EMDI) ............................. 31
Tier 3 of WHO Approach: Calculation of Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) ........................................................ 32
Tier 4 of WHO Approach: Direct Analysis ................................................................................................................ 32
Food Consumption Survey Tools and Method .................................................................................................................. 33
Retrospective Method ............................................................................................................................................................... 33
Recall Method .......................................................................................................................................................................... 33
Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) ........................................................................................................................... 33
Diet History ............................................................................................................................................................................... 34
Prospective Food Consumption Studies .......................................................................................................................... 34
Food Diaries / Food Record.............................................................................................................................................. 34
Uncertainty In the Intake Assessment .................................................................................................................................... 34
Validity, Reliability and Sources of Error in Food Consumption Survey Data ................................................ 35
Methods for Obtaining Data from Survey Respondents .................................................................................... 35
Intake of Multiple Chemicals and Toxicity Equivalency Factor ................................................................................... 36
The Basis for the TEF Approach ........................................................................................................................................... 37
WHO Recommendation on Harmonized Early Life Age Groups ............................................................................... 39
Probabilistic Method in Food Chemical Intake Estimation .......................................................................................... 41
Self-Assessment ................................................................................................................................................................................ 42
UNIT 4: RISK CHARACTERIZATION .......................................................................................................................................... 44
Elements of Risk Characterization ............................................................................................................................................ 44
Quantitative Estimates of Risk .............................................................................................................................................. 44
Cancer Risks ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 45
Noncancer Risks ................................................................................................................................................................................ 48
Hazard Quotient .......................................................................................................................................................................... 48
The Margin of Exposure (MoE) ............................................................................................................................................. 48
Uncertainty Analysis ........................................................................................................................................................................ 49
Deminimis Risk .................................................................................................................................................................................. 50

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Calculating Risks ............................................................................................................................................................................... 51
Deterministic Approach ............................................................................................................................................................ 51
Probabilistic Approach .............................................................................................................................................................. 53
The output results ............................................................................................................................................................................ 59
The Minimum (min) and The Maximum (max)............................................................................................................ 59
The Mean, Median and Mode .............................................................................................................................................. 60
The 5th and the 95th Percentile ............................................................................................................................................. 60
The Final Phase: Reporting Population Risk ........................................................................................................................ 68
Self-Assessment ................................................................................................................................................................................ 74

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TOXICOLOGICAL SAFETY
To paraphrase the IUPAC glossary, safety in the toxicological sense is the probability that
adverse effects will not be the outcome of the exposure to a hazard under defined conditions
of quantity and use. Experience has shown that no single substance, natural or synthetic,
proven to be harmless to live beings.

The term “toxicological safety” is used transitorily before more evidence accumulates to
discount a previously declared substance to be safe. For instance, once, a substance was
considered safe if it did not cause immediate death or at least any acute severe adverse effect
upon exposure. A substance is currently relatively harmless if it does not elicit any adverse
effects in definite biological systems either at the level of organs or physiological systems or
at the level of macromolecules or single links of the metabolic system.

Indeed, today, a substance is declared hazardous even if it alters the activity of one single
enzyme. Technically, adverse effects include such situations as carcinogenicity, embryotoxicity,
teratogenicity, and other adverse properties of a substance. Again, the narrative of
toxicological safety must indicate the conditions (such as the test animals, experimental
method carried out) in which the safety of a substance was confirmed.

However, some substances have been described by the US FDA as GRAS (generally recognized
as safe). These compounds have derived this status because they have been used without
adverse effects for many years or centuries.

Caution must be the watchword because a foodstuff can be toxic for some risk groups for
the spectrum of consumers: male, female, toddlers, infants and children, teenagers, young
adults, adults, and the aged. So, quite normal and safe food for adults may have a fatal effect
on babies.

Food Systems
Food systems sum up all the components and their interactions along the food value chain,
starting from the input supply in food production (crops, livestock, fish, and other
commodities), transportation, processing, retailing, wholesaling, and food preparation
consumption and disposal.

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Modern food systems with toxicological undertones would include food additives, pesticide
residues, veterinary residues, environmental contaminants, biogenic contaminants,
phytotoxins, food processing contaminants, food contact materials, novel food, and novel
food technologies, beneficial food chemicals.

Food Additives
They are often added to food to modify the colour, flavour, shelf life of a food product. They
are usually regarded as foreign substances in food. They are usually products of the chemical
industry, many of which are pure analogues of their natural counterparts.

The use trend is that their consumption is shifting from synthetic to natural additives, probably
driven by the advantage of the advertiser’s claim of ‘no artificial additives. Extensive mandatory
testing of additives before licenses are granted for use in food and their sales require strict
labelling requirements. This strict requirement is to ensure that consumers eat what they
wanted to buy. While the licensing regimes may vary from country to country tough two key
things required; 1) Proof of safety and quality of additives. 2) Genuine need or requirement.

Pesticide Residues
Pesticides are regulated through maximum residue levels (MRLs), which are permitted in food
on sale through these MRLs are not strictly 'safety limits' since they instead reflect good
agricultural practice (optimum performance in field trials).

However, the MRLs are monitored to ensure that; they will not result in excessive intakes of
pesticide residues exceeding approval rates. There is also mandatory extensive toxicological
testing to identify acceptable levels of intake of pesticides.

Veterinary Residues
These veterinary residues enter the food chain through meat after being slaughtered or
through milk/ eggs when the animal is alive. They are administered by injection or added to
feed. While these residues are controlled to acceptable levels, they fall naturally following;
the sufficiently long period between administration and slaughter in tissues. The residues are
also regulated through MRLs in much the same way as pesticides.

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Environmental Contaminants
Such chemicals as Pb, Cd, Hg, As, and others present in the environment can find their way
into food as natural soil-borne traces of heavy metals. Others may also become foodborne
through sewage sludge, especially industrial effluents when used as a soil treatment. In mining
areas, the concentrations can be much higher.

The animal is particularly prone to such products because they may enter through any of the
following routes: Ingestion of vegetation with high metal concentrations and consuming small
amounts of contaminated soil whilst grazing. The presence of metallothionein in the kidney
and livers of animals can concentrate many heavy metals. Also, the drainage of areas of
mineralization or urbanization into estuaries can make shellfish also concentrate heavy metals.

Industrial products or by-products can also pass into the food chain. For instance, DDT
accumulates in high-fat tissues; Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) also concentrate in fatty
food. Dioxins, furans, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), produced as by-products
of combustion, may enter food as well.

Biogenic Contaminants
These are the results of the activities of living organisms, including; microorganisms such as
bacteria, fungi, and other organisms that can produce toxins that intoxicate food and persist
after cooking. Aflatoxins have been established as present in cereals and nuts, of which AFB1
has been identified as liver cancer-causing. Also, ochratoxin occurs in grains and even cocoa
beans and can cause adverse effects, the presence of patulin indicates poor quality of fruits.
Again, algal toxins are responsible for paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) and amnesiac shellfish
poisoning (ASP) after shellfish consumption.

Phytotoxins
Many substances are present in plants for the benefit of the plant rather than its consumers.
Some of these substances have roles, such as; pesticides such as pyrethroid found naturally
in the Pyrethrum spp. Also, gum exudates released after damage are thought to prevent
fungal attacks.

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Neurotoxin
The free non-protein amino acid β-ODAP/BAPN in plants such as Chickpea, garbanzos,
Lathyrus sp. are known to be devastating. Mucuna sp has substantial levels of an amino acid
called levodopa (L-dopa) needed for your brain to produce dopamine which may have an
antidepressant effect. However, very few regulations are in place to regulate such inherent
plant substances, though they may present a potential risk compared to their synthetic
counterparts.

Food Processing Contaminants

These are simply contamination that occurs during processing and cooking. Leaks of machine
lubricants and coolants cause these contaminants, including material absorption from
utensils/cooking pans. There may also be the misuse of cleaning agents and other
carelessness.

Again, interactions between reactive components of food (Maillard reaction) leading to such
hazard as acrylamide may occur. The same interactions can lead to mutagenic heterocyclic
amines, such as azaarenes, produced on the surface of meat cooked at high temperatures
through grilling, roasting, and broiling.

Food Contact Materials

These are indirect food additives which are unintentional materials that come into contact
with food. For instance, some plastics can leach their monomers (bisphenol A) into the layers
of food at the interface if not stored properly. Waxes, inks, and other substances used in
packaging materials can also migrate into food. The best-quality cut glass requires a high lead
content which can leach into food when used.

Novel Food and Novel Food Technologies

Novel food can relate to many types of material, such as; a selected strain of an existing food
organism, a new strain selected by traditional breeding techniques, a new strain produced by
genetic modification, and an organism never consumed by humans before. Also, novel food
may contain potentially toxic substances comparable to inherent toxicants; thus,
biotechnologically-based food products are of particular concern; therefore, novel approaches
to risk assessment may need to be developed to ensure those novel food present no more
significant hazard than traditional food.

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Novel technologies also have the potential to alter the chemical characteristics of food. There
are examples such as; irradiation to control microbiological growth, ohmic heating (passing
an electrical current through food). Such technologies need evaluation to ensure that the
chemicals formed do not present unacceptable risks to consumers.

Beneficial Food Chemicals

Many components of food are described as beneficial once they contribute to sustaining the
metabolism. Among such beneficial chemicals are vitamins, mineral supplements, trace
elements, plant extracts (garlic oil, ginseng, evening primrose oils) and animal products such
as fish oils. One should, however, note that chemicals may be conventionally beneficial only
within certain defined limits above which they may be hazardous. For instance, Vitamin A, can
cause damage to the foetus (thus, one should avoid liver and vitamin A supplements
simultaneously). Also, the trace elements, copper, zinc, iron, selenium, can be toxic at higher
doses.

Some antioxidants used to prevent the chemical breakdown of food have also been shown to
prevent human illnesses. Common among these are precursors of vitamin A (β-carotene),
vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and vitamin E (α-tocopherol)

Risk Analysis
The scientific evaluation of the probability of occurrence of a known or potential adverse
health effect (risk assessment) to be able to weigh policy alternatives in the light of all
available information and identify optimal control options (risk management), and to
exchange information among risk assessors, risk managers and all other stakeholders(risk
communication).

Risk analysis has been traditionally considered to comprise three distinct but related phases:
risk assessment, risk management and risk communication. Risk assessment has been defined
as:

The scientific evaluation of the probability of known or potential adverse health

effects resulting from exposure to hazard or chemicals in food.

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Thus, the policy of food safety is based on a versatile and integrated risk analysis along the
whole food chain, whereby its three essential components are risk assessment, risk
management, and risk communication.

Questions
Honey has caused the sudden death of infants younger than six months. The reason for it lies
in the contamination of honey with the spores of the bacterium Clostridium botulinum,
causing botulism. Discuss.

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UNIT 1: HAZARD IDENTIFICATION
It is the first step in the risk assessment process. It identifies the types of adverse health effects
that a chemical or physical agent may exert. The aim is to identify potential hazard to humans
that a substance in food may pose. Potential hazard can be identified from data including in-
silico analysis of structure-activity relationships, read-across from toxicity data on closely
structurally related substances, laboratory studies on the substance itself and in-vitro or in-
vivo studies in laboratory or farm animals, human and domestic animal case reports, and other
human observations and epidemiological studies.

Risk assessors consider all of the available data on chemical structure, physicochemical
properties, kinetics and metabolism of the ingested substance in the body, and toxicity. In this
manner, as much information as possible is assembled on the nature and severity of any toxic
or adverse health effects observed, the affected target organs and tissues, and, if toxicity is
evident, any information that may be available on the mode of action of the substance. All
the components are integrated as in Figure 1.1, to illustrate the risk assessment process.

Figure 1.1: The nexus of hazard identification and risk characterization

According to the Codex Alimentarius Commission (2018), the hazard identification process
involves identifying biological, chemical, and physical agents capable of causing adverse health
effects and which may be present in a particular food or group of food. These agents include
pathogenic microorganisms, substances unintentionally added to food (food additives,

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agricultural chemicals, and veterinary medicines), and substances that occur in food
(environmental contaminants, heavy metals, and naturally occurring toxins).

Identifying hazards
Data sources for such information include the scientific literature, food analysis databases,
surveillance data, epidemiological studies, grey literature, and evidence gathered through
expert elicitation.

The process seeks to collate information on the physicochemical properties of chemical

hazard, including extensive details relating to, for example, food additives including
preservatives, processing aid, and colours, and on chemicals such as pesticides and agricultural
medicines used in primary production.

The challenge is when new food additives are proposed or if a previously unknown
contaminant is identified. There is limited scientific knowledge regarding its properties, routes
of exposure, and any adverse effects on animals or humans.

Potential hazard is often made known when producers file for applications of their product
approvals and subsequent licences. During the process, the applicant must supply all the
information required to complete a risk assessment of the product.

However, even though potential hazard exists for some plant-based extracts, it is challenging
to set limits simply because of inadequate data. Such products include; natural flavouring and
colouring substances and natural constituents of food.

Another way to identify potential hazard is during food surveillance activities. There are also
the occasional problems occurring overseas or even reported in scientific journals, which may
also be used. Another way is to monitor public concerns about specific food.

After hazard have been identified and prioritized, the risk assessment procedure splits into
two separate strands, the first of these being hazard characterization.

The hazard identification component of a pollution risk assessment consists of reviewing all
relevant biological and chemical information bearing on whether or not an agent poses a
specific threat.

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Guidelines
Guidelines are set, for example, using the Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S.
EPA, 2005), the following information is evaluated for a potential carcinogen:

• Critical analysis of available information as the starting point for evaluation mode of
action
• Weight of evidence narrative
• Dose-response assessment
• Susceptible populations and life-stages
• Evaluating risks from childhood exposures
• Emphasis on characterization

Table 1.1: US EPA (2005) Classifications of carcinogens

Groups
A Human Carcinogen
B1 Probable Human Carcinogen
B2 Probable Human Carcinogen
C Possible Human Carcinogen
D Not Classifiable as to
Human Carcinogenicity
E Evidence of Non-
Carcinogenicity for Humans
Explanation
There is enough evidence to conclude that it can
cause cancer in humans.
There is limited evidence that it can cause cancer in
humans, but at present, it is not conclusive.
There is inadequate evidence that it can cause cancer
in humans, but it is far from conclusive.
There is limited evidence that it can cause cancer in
animals in the absence of human data, but at present,
it is not conclusive.
There is no evidence at present that it causes cancer
in humans.
There is strong evidence that it does not cause
cancer in humans.

Once these data are reviewed, the animal and human data are both separated into groups
characterized by the degree of evidence: Sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity; Limited
evidence of carcinogenicity; Inadequate evidence; No data available; and No evidence of
carcinogenicity.

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Clinical studies of disease can be used to identify considerable risks of between 1/10 up to
1/100. However, most epidemiological studies can detect risks down to 1/1,000, and up to
1/10,000 range. However, risks lower than 1/10,000 cannot be studied with much certainty
using epidemiological approaches. Such available information can help categorize hazard into
five carcinogenic groups as published by EPA (1986) (Table 1.1)

Self-Assessment
1. How does hazard identification networks with risk characterization? Explain as far as
possible.

2. Discuss the reliable methods available to risk assessors for the identification of hazards.

3. In hazard identification, what role does the mechanism of disease outcomes help shape
the hazard identification process? Use cadmium contaminating rice to explain.

4. Hazard identification is the first step towards risk assessment of food and water. During
this period, potential hazards can be identified from studies including in-silico, in-vitro,
and in-vivo studies. Discuss ways that food risk assessors have used to identify hazards
so far. What exactly is hazard identification? What do food risk assessors look out for
during hazard identification?

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UNIT 2: HAZARD CHARACTERIZATION
Having identified a toxicological endpoint, it is then necessary to characterize the dose-
response relationship. Hazard characterization is the second step in the risk assessment
process. It involves the qualitative and, where possible, the quantitative evaluation of the
adverse health effects that have been identified in the first step. For chemicals, this is
sometimes termed dose-response assessment. It describes the relationship between the
magnitude of the administered dose of (or exposure to) a chemical and the incidence and
severity of an adverse health effect. Where possible, risk assessors will try to identify from the
range of studies available a dose or exposure below which no adverse effects have been
observed.

During hazard characterization, each observation identified will be assessed for human
relevance. Some effects observed in animal studies are not considered relevant for humans.
Usually, a critical effect of potential relevance to humans will be identified. The critical effect
is the first significant adverse effect that appears as dose or exposure is increased. This
observation generally forms the focus of the risk assessment, but other identified adverse
effects occurring at higher doses may also need to be considered. For most toxic effects, it is
generally assumed that there is a dose/exposure below which adverse effects will not occur
(i.e., a threshold) in animals or humans.

There are two general models used to characterize dose-response relationships. The linear
model assumes that the toxicological effect (response) is directly related to the dose. It is
believed that the dose-response curve passes directly through the origin (that no dose has
no effect, but even the smallest dose has some, though small, effect). The potency of the
toxicological impact is related to the slope of the curve at any given point. This model is used
to describe such endpoints as genotoxicity (direct damage to genetic material), where there
is assumed to be no 'safe' dose.

Many potentially toxic chemicals which enter the body are deactivated by enzyme systems
located mainly in the liver. These systems have evolved over many human generations to cope
with the intake of chemicals naturally in food. A characteristic of these systems is that they
have only a finite capacity. This observation means that they can render chemicals harmless
up to a limit, but there is a threshold above which they are unable to cope. The threshold
dose-response model, therefore, shows a sigmoidal-shaped curve (Figure). Point X in the

15
Figure is the no-observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) determined in the most sensitive
mammalian species.

For toxic effects with a threshold, a no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL)or a no-

observed-effect level can usually be identified from animal studies. NOAEL is the preferred
term used nowadays because it indicates that the effect observed at doses higher than the
NOAEL is considered adverse and relevant to humans. Whether or not the NOAEL closely
approximates the true threshold for the onset of toxic action of a particular substance in the
system or species under investigation depend very much on study design aspects, such as the
duration of the study, the number of animals or human subjects per dose group, the dose
intervals selected, the range of the toxicity parameters investigated, and the sensitivity of the
method used to detect changes in the body.

For chemical substances, the goal of hazard characterization is to identify, if possible, a

numerical reference point or point of departure (POD) from which a health-based guidance
value (HBGV) can be derived at the risk characterization stage. The reference point or POD is
often the NOAEL. If a NOAEL cannot be identified, it may be possible to locate the lowest-
observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL), which can then be used as the reference point or POD.

The NOAEL is usually expressed in terms of a quantity ingested per d per unit body weight
(e.g., 10 mg/kg(bw)-d). This value is converted to an ADI or 'reference dose' (RfD) for humans.
The ADI is also expressed on a bodyweight basis (e.g., 0.1 mg/kg(bw)-d). For everyday use,
risk assessors refer to reference intake values such as the “Provisional Tolerable Intake” (PTI),
which can be expressed on a daily (PTDI), weekly (PTWI), or monthly (PTMI) basis.

More recently, risk assessors have introduced an approach in which the dose-response data
for each potentially critical effect are mathematically modelled to derive a ‘benchmark dose’
(BMD) for a particular incidence of the outcome. The incidence selected is usually near the
lower end of the observed range of data (e.g., a 5% or 10% incidence) and is termed the
benchmark response.

To allow for uncertainty, the computed lower 95% confidence limit on the modelled
BMD(BMDL), rather than the BMD itself, is usually used as the reference point or POD to
derive an HBGV. The critical effect to be taken forward for the risk characterization is typically
the lowest BMDL. The BMD approach is considered preferable nowadays to the NOAEL

16
approach because it makes the best use of the available dose-response data and is not unduly
influenced by the dose interval selection.

For some toxic responses, such as genotoxicity or cancer caused by a genotoxic mode of
action, it cannot be assumed that a biological threshold exists. For these types of effect, it is
assumed that there is some probability of harm at any level of exposure. In the case of
substances that are avoidable in food (e.g., a proposed food additive, pesticide, and veterinary
drug), which are shown to be genotoxic in-vivo, a decision may be taken not to allow their
use.

In other cases, in which an unavoidable substance in food (e.g., a contaminant) is shown to

be both genotoxic and carcinogenic, the BMDL derived from animal cancer bioassay may be
used as the reference point or PoD for risk characterization.

Hazard characterization describes the adverse health effects to the consumer that may result
from exposure to the hazard. Therefore, this step considers demographics and health status
information, among other characteristics of the consumer or specific consumer groups in the
population related to their vulnerability to the hazard. For chemical hazard, this step develops
detailed information regarding the nature of the chemical and how it causes adverse health
effects.

When possible, this step includes quantitative information in the form of a dose-response
relationship between hazard concentration and the level of consumer health effect, as well as
probabilistic estimates of adverse outcomes. Data sources for hazard characterization include
animal toxicity studies, cell line studies, clinical human exposure studies, and epidemiological
data from investigations of outbreaks and illness.

The relationship between the magnitude of exposure (dose) to a chemical, biological, or

physical agent and the severity and frequency of associated adverse health effects (response)
defines the dose-response relationship.

The dose-response curve is the primary health-consequence model used to characterize the
adverse human health effects of chemicals, toxins, and microbes in food, but specific data
may not always be available. When data are available, they are often characterized by
variability and uncertainty.

17
Preparing for the Dose-Response Test
Study design and power
The reliance that can impact animal-based studies for hazard characterization depend on the
power of the studies to detect treatment-related effects and enable the risk assessor to set
aside nontreatment-related responses. The power of an individual research is critically
dependent on the number of animals used and the use of a good statistical design. Reducing
animal numbers to an agreed minimum should not unduly compromise the overall integrity
of the hazard identification process.

Species selection
The use of animal surrogates for hazard characterization in human risk assessment is far from
ideal but is still widely considered the best approach currently available. While the general
biological and toxicological relevance of other mammalian species to man is acknowledged,
the selection of species used for hazard characterization may be focused on practicality rather
than any knowledge about their relevance to humans concerning the chemical in question.
Thus, investigating the toxicokinetics and metabolism of a compound in any selected test
species and comparative information from humans should be seen as a necessary prerequisite
for reliable interpretation of the relevance for man, for hazard identified in animal-based
toxicity studies.

Dose selection
The selection of appropriate doses for the testing of food chemicals as single entities is
reasonably well established, but, unlike the testing of human therapeutic drugs, it tends to
follow the recommendations for chemicals in general. It may include maximum tolerated doses
(MTD), which can be up to several orders of magnitude above anticipated dietary exposures.
The majority of hazard characterization studies are designed to demonstrate the nature of
any adverse effect and effect- and no-effect dose levels, the overall no-observed-adverse-
effect level (NOAEL) being central for the derivation of acceptable or tolerable daily intakes.
As an alternative, Crump in 1984 advocated for calculating benchmark doses (BMD) rather
than NOAELs.

18
Route of administration
It is often considered desirable for food chemicals that test substance is administered to
resemble more closely intake in humans. Administration in drinking water may be acceptable
and, indeed, more appropriate for chemicals found only in beverages. Administration by oral
gavage may be a good alternative and is often used, for example, in developmental toxicity
studies, though less convenient in studies of longer duration.

However, dosing by oral gavage may be advantageous in that higher doses can be given,
there can be avoidance of the consequences of aversive effects from the ingestion of
substances with an unpleasant taste, and it may also be particularly appropriate for
micronutrients or other substances intended for use as food supplements since humans will
generally take them as tablets or capsules that provide bolus doses. However, the
toxicokinetics of such materials may differ following gavage relative to dietary administration,
and it may not be possible to reproduce some effects at equivalent daily doses.

Biomarkers of effect
Biomarkers of effect may reflect pathological changes in the animal, acting as a general
indicator of changes caused by various chemicals or specific substances. Their value in a
particular study is critically dependent on the animal species being used, the extent to which
the biomarker may indicate specific or non-specific disturbances to normal physiology, the
time to manifest the biomarker's response, and the persistence of this response. Biomarkers
of effect may become the endpoints used in identifying hazard from food chemicals and
ingredients in the course of toxicity testing under harmonized guidelines.

Data Quality
The reliability of the results of hazard characterization studies also depends on the integrity
of the conduct of the studies. Factors contributing to data quality are the variability and health
of the animal stock, the laboratory experience with that stock and the nutritional adequacy
and standardization of the diet. The extent to which the laboratory undertaking a study is
familiar with that type of study and the experience and qualifications of the staff involved also
play a critical role, particularly in observing unexpected or subtle changes. The quality and
level of detail in the data analysis and reporting also influence the likelihood of adequately
identified hazard.

19
Sources of Uncertainty in Hazard Characterization
There are two sources of uncertainty in risk assessment. Firstly, there is uncertainty which is
derived from the natural variability inherent in all systems. Examples are variability in body
weight and individuals' ability to detoxify chemicals. With this type of uncertainty, it is essential
to measure the degree of variability and ensure that values used in calculations are
representative. If a conservative approach is adopted to use the most extreme values
throughout, then unrealistically high-risk estimates will result. A method is therefore needed
to handle multiple sources of variability and to create realistic estimates of the actual upper
level of risk.

Secondly, the source of uncertainty derives from a lack of understanding of the system being
studied. Questions such as- “Are the animal models appropriate” may arise. Other questions
such as- “Are we studying all relevant toxicological endpoints” is also valid. This kind of
uncertainty is much more challenging to measure and control, and in the absence of new
knowledge, conservative safety factors must continue to be used.

The dose-response assessment

Gerba (1999) explained that the goal of a dose-response assessment is to obtain a
mathematical relationship between the amount (concentration) of a toxicant or microorganism
to which a human is exposed and the risk of an adverse outcome from that dose. The data
resulting from experimental studies are presented as a dose-response curve, as shown in
Figure 2.1.

The abscissa describes the dose, while the ordinate measures the risk that some adverse
health effect will occur. For instance, in the case of a pathogen, the ordinate may represent
the risk of infection and not necessarily illness.

Dose-response curves derived from animal studies must be interpreted with care because the
data for these curves are necessarily obtained by examining the effects of large doses on test
animals. Due to the costs involved, researchers are limited in the numbers of test animals they
can use-it is both impractical and cost-prohibitive to use thousand of animals to observe just
a few individuals that show adverse effects at low doses (e.g., risks of 1:1,000 or 1:10,000).

20
Researchers must therefore extrapolate low-dose responses from their high-dose data making
use of mathematical models.

Figure 2.1 Relationship between a threshold and nonthreshold response.

This challenge revolves around the choice of several mathematical models that have been
proposed for extrapolation to low doses. Unfortunately, no model can be proved or disproved
from the data, so there is no way to know which model is the most accurate.

Therefore, the choice of models is strictly a policy decision, which is usually based on
understandably conservative assumptions to err on the side of protecting consumers' health.
Thus, for noncarcinogenic chemical responses, the assumption is that some threshold exists
below which there is no toxic response; that is, no adverse effects will occur below some
shallow dose (say, one in a million).

However, Carcinogens are considered non-threshold-that; the conservative assumption is that

exposure to any amount of carcinogen creates some likelihood of cancer. This means that the
only "safe" amount of carcinogen is zero, so the dose-response plot is required to go through
the origin (0). The many mathematical models to choose from including the following:

21
The One-Hit Model
It is the simplest model of carcinogenesis in which it is assumed: 1) That a single chemical
/toxicant “hit,” or exposure, is capable of inducing malignant change (i.e., a single hit causes
irreversible damage of DNA, leading to tumour development). Once the biological target is
hit, the process leading to tumour formation continues independently of dose. 2)That this
change occurs in a single stage.

The Multistage Model

It assumes that tumours are the result of a sequence of biological events or stages. In simplistic
terms, the biological rationale for the multistage model is that there are a series of biological
stages that a chemical must pass through (e.g., metabolism, covalent bonding, DNA repair,
and so on) without being deactivated before the expression of a tumour is possible. The rate
at which the cell passes through one or more of these stages is a function of the dose rate.
The multistage model also has the desirable feature of producing a linear relationship between
risk and dose.

The Multihit Model

It assumes that several dose-related hits are needed before a cell becomes malignant. The
most crucial difference between the multistage and multihit model is that all hits must result
from the dose in the multihit model, whereas in the multistage model, passage through some
of the stages can occur spontaneously. The practical implication is that the multihit models
are generally much flatter at low doses and consequently predict a lower risk than the
multistage model.

The Probit Model

It is not derived from mechanistic assumptions about the cancer process. It may be thought
of as representing distributions of tolerances to carcinogens in a large population. The model
assumes that the probability of the response (cancer) is a linear function of the log of the
dose (log-normal). Note that these models may be appropriate for acute toxicity. They are
considered questionable for carcinogens.

22
The Linear Multistage Model
It is a modified version of the multistage model. It is the EPA's model of choice because this
agency chooses to err on the side of safety and overemphasize risk.

Figure 2.2: Relationship between life time daily dose and life time risk

Table 2.1: Some chemical hazards and their potency factors

Hazard Potency factor oral route (mg/kg-d)-1

Arsenic 1.75
Benzene 2.9×10-2
Carbon tetrachloride 0.13
chloroform 6.1×10-3
DDT 0.34
Dieldrin 30
Heptachlor 3.4
Methyl chloride 7.5×10-3
PCBs 7.7
Dioxins 1.56×105
Tetrachloroethylene 5.1×10-2
Trichloroethylene 1.1×10-2
Vinyl chloride 2.3

23
This model assumes multiple stages for cancer (i.e., a series of mutations or biotransformation)
involving many carcinogens, co-carcinogens, and promoters that a series of mathematical
functions can provide the best model.

At low doses, the slope of the dose-response curve produced by the linear multistage model
is called the potency factor (PF) or slope factor (SF) (Figure 2.2). It is the risk created by a
lifetime average dose of 1 mg/ kg-d. The potency factors of some hazard are listed in the
Table 2.1(see appendix for more). Thus, the dose-response equation for a carcinogen is:
Lifetime Risk =AD × PF

The probability of getting cancer (not the probability of dying of cancer) and the associated
dose comprise an average taken over an assumed 70-y human lifetime. This dose is called
the lifetime average daily dose from the chronic daily intake when integrated with the body
weight.

Health-Based Reference Values

The reference dose represents the threshold, or RfD, of a substance, which is the intake or
dose of the substance per unit bodyweight per day (mg /kg-d) that is likely to pose no
appreciable risk to human populations, including such sensitive groups as children (Table
2.2)(see appendix for more).

Table 2.2: Health-based guidance values (RfD) of some selected chemical hazards.

Hazard RfD(mg/kg-d)
Acetone 0.1
Cadmium 0.0005
Chloroform 0.01
Methylene chloride 0.06
Phenol 0.4
Polychlorinated biphenyl 0.0001
Toluene 0.3
Xylene 2.0

24
A dose-response plot for carcinogens, therefore, goes through this reference point. Substances
with relatively high slope factors and low reference doses tend to be associated with higher
toxicities. The RfD is obtained by dividing the NOAEL by an appropriate uncertainty factor,
sometimes called a safety factor or uncertainty factor.

A 10-fold uncertainty factor is used to account for differences in sensitivity between the most
sensitive individuals in an exposed human population. These include pregnant women, young
children, and the elderly, who are more sensitive than “average” people. Another factor of 10
is added when the NOAEL is based on animal data extrapolated to humans. In addition,
another factor of 10 is sometimes applied when questionable or limited human and animal
data are available.

Self-Assessment
1. What sources of uncertainties are likely to be observed during hazard characterization?

2. Carcinogens are considered non-thresholded hazards meaning one is only safe when
the amount of carcinogen in a media is zero. Many mathematical models have been
used to describe such thresholded models. Discuss the one hit and multi hit models
and contrast them with the linear multi-stage model.

3. The health-based values (reference dose) of chloroform, chlorpyrifos, and mercury in

drinking water for a 10 kg weight child are reported as 0.01 mg/kg bodyweight/d,
0.0003 mg/kg bodyweight/d, and 0.0003 mg/kg bodyweight/d respectively. Which one
would be most toxic, assuming the same volume of water is ingested per day?

25
UNIT 3: EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
The US EPA guidelines define exposure assessment as the process of measuring or estimating
the intensity, frequency, and duration of human exposure to an environmental agent. Exposure
to contaminants can occur via inhalation, ingestion of water or food, or absorption through
the skin upon dermal contact. Contaminant sources, release mechanisms, transport, and
transformation characteristics are essential aspects of exposure assessment, as are the nature,
location, and activity patterns of the exposed population. For these reasons, it is critical to
understand the two factors (exposure pathway and exposure route) and processes influencing
the transport and fate of a contaminant.

The exposure pathway traces the course that a hazardous agent follows from its source to the
target (e.g., human or animal) via environmental carriers or media, generally air (volatile
compound, particulates) or water (soluble compound). The exposure route (intake pathway),
on the other hand, is the mechanism (inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact) by which the
transfer occurs.

Exposure Routes and Pathway

To assess exposure rates through different exposure pathway, we have to consider and weigh
many factors. To illustrate, assume estimating exposure to a substance via drinking water.
Firstly, we have to determine the average daily consumption of that water. However, this is a
difficult task.

Studies have shown significant variabilities in the intake of fluid daily among individuals. Again,
water intake depends on how much one consumes fluid as tap water and how much is
ingested as soft drinks and other fluid. Studies have also shown that water intake changes
significantly with age, body weight, diet, and climate. Because these factors are variable, the
EPA has suggested several very conservative “default” exposure values that can be used when
assessing contaminants in tap water, vegetables, soil, and the like (Table 3.1).

Another important route of exposure is through the food supply. Toxic substances often
bioaccumulate or concentrate, in plant and animal tissues, thereby exposing humans who

26
ingest those tissues as food. Also, many toxic substances tend to be biomagnified along the
food chain so that animal tissues contain relatively high concentrations of toxins.

Table 3.1 US EPA(2005) recommended values for default intake, exposures and exposure durations
for specific land use.

For example, it is relatively straightforward to estimate concentrations of fish in contaminated

water using a bioconcentration factor (BCF).

Bioconcentration factor (BCF) is the ratio of the chemical concentration in an

organism to the concentration of the chemical in the surrounding environment. BCF is
expressed as the ratio of the hazard (in mg per kg) of an organism to the hazard (in
mg per litre) of water.

Table 3.2: BCFs of several common organic and inorganic chemicals

27
The concentration of a chemical in fish can then be estimated by multiplying its water
concentration by the BCF. The greater the BCFs value, the greater the concentration of the
chemical in the fish, and the higher the risk of exposure to humans. In Table 3.2, we see the
BCFs of several common organic and inorganic chemicals. Note the high values of BCF for
the chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides such as DDT and PCBs.

Estimation of Dietary Intake of Food Chemicals and Approaches

Exposure Assessment is the evaluation of the likely intake of substances. It involves predicting
concentrations or doses of substances to which the population of interest may be exposed.
In simple terms, Equation (1) guides all types of exposures.

mg
Concentration of hazard ( g ) × Mass of food taken(g)
Exposure = (1)
Body weight (kg)

There are several approaches; however, common among these include the following.

a) Supervised trials: Traditionally, the primary source of pre-regulation residue data in food
has been supervised trial data that must be submitted to support the registration of a
pesticide. A manufacturer or other parties usually perform the trials. A "worst-case" usage
scenario (concerning application rates, number of applications, preharvest or withdrawal
intervals) is simulated. They are designed to determine maximum residues that may be present
in food and feed of animal and plant origin at the earliest point where these food commodities
could enter commerce and are used to establish legally enforceable residue limits. These data
often overestimate (residue degradation that sometimes occurs during the interval between
the farm and the market) the residues that are likely to occur in food as consumed because
they reflect the maximum application rate and shortest preharvest interval. Thus, these data
should not be the first choice when assessing actual dietary exposure but are the first choice
for assessing the safety implications for consumers of a proposed MRL calculated based on
GAP.

28
b) Monitoring and surveillance: This method provides data reflective of food chemical
concentrations available in food samples closer to consumption in the chain of commerce.
These data generally give better characterization of food chemicals in food purchased by
consumers.

c) Refinement of concentration: The incorporation of processing factors into dietary

exposure assessments can be routinely used to make the results more reflective of actual
exposures. Specifically, the processing of agricultural commodities can increase or decrease
chemical concentrations or alter the nature of chemicals in food. Processing studies are usually
regarded as specific for the food, the active substance and also the process. In cases where
processing studies are not available, standard mass balance assumptions, based on general
information of the effects of some processing operations, such as drying of grapes to make
raisins, may sometimes be used.

d) Total diet studies: Representative samples of food are chosen to represent the food supply.
These are collected a predetermined number of times each y from a specified number of
designated cities in each selected region. Samples are then composited before for analysis.
Because TD uses only a few hundred foods to represent thousands of foods, it is not
appropriate to extrapolate from the amounts of contaminants in the sampled food to the
quantities consumed by individuals.

World Health Organization Tiered Approaches

The objective of the assessment determines the data required for assessing dietary exposure.
Dietary exposure can be assessed for a chemical;

1) Before it has been approved for use (i.e., pre-regulation),

2) After it has potentially been in the food supply for y (post-regulation), or
3) That is present naturally in food or as a result of contamination.
The WHO, in 1989, provided guidelines from the primary screening purposes requiring less
cost to the more accurate purposes that are expensive. Four tiers are proposed for intake
estimation, beginning with screening calculations and more realistic intake predictions.

Tier 1 of WHO Approach: Calculation of Theoretical Maximum Daily Intake (TMDI)

The residue concentration data and food consumption data used in WHO TMDI analyses are
highly theoretical, leading to very conservative estimates of pesticide residue intake.

29
Pesticide residue concentration data: The pesticide residue concentration data used in TMDI
calculations are MRLs issued by the Codex Alimentarius Committee on Pesticide Residues or
national authorities. In calculating the TMDI for a pesticide residue, it is assumed that 100%
of each relevant crop is treated with the pesticide.

There are uncertainties since the proportion of crop treated with a particular chemical will be
far less than 100%. In addition, it is doubtful that any pesticide would be present at maximum
levels allowed on a crop, even if the crop is treated at the maximum allowed rate, the
maximum allowed frequency, and the shortest pre-harvest interval.

In calculating the TMDI, it is also assumed that the pesticide is present at maximum food as
consumed. However, during food processing, pesticide residues are generally reduced. Two
studies support this stance. It has been reported that pesticide residues in processed food
amounted to 81.2% of a total of 85000 raw and finished products with no detectable residues.
Also, 93% of 20310 processed food products had no detectable residues.

Elkins has also observed in 1989 that commercial washing appears to be the primary cause
for the decrease in residues during processing. However, it is also known that some processes
concentrate hazard in food during processing, especially when moisture is lost during the
process.

Food consumption data: Food consumption data used in TMDI calculations are national food
balance sheet data or food cluster diets data based on food balance sheets published by FAO
or UN Food balance sheets that describe the supply of staple food in countries around the
world is derived using the following Equation:

Food availability = (Food production + imports + beginning inventory)-

(exports + ending inventory + non-food uses*)
*Non-food uses include animal feed, pet food, seed, and industrial use.

The Food cluster diets, developed by WHO, based on FAO Supply Utilization Account data
and represent average per capita food consumption for 17 groups globally, may also be used.
The amount of food available for consumption in each country is divided by total population

30
numbers (weighted to account for individual country populations in each region). A statistical
cluster analysis approach is used in their operations, where countries with similar food

consumption patterns are grouped, resulting in 17 cluster diets.

While these Food cluster diets are used to assess chronic dietary exposure to chemicals in
food, they are suitable only for estimating mean dietary exposure for the general population.
They are not suited to assess dietary exposure of specific subpopulations groups such as
children or to evaluate exposure shorter than a lifetime.

Finally, the estimates of pesticide residue intake are obtained by multiplying MRLs (or
tolerance levels) and food balance sheet (or cluster diet) intakes for each food consumed
using a bodyweight of 60 kg. Since TMDIs are expected to be overestimated, it is assumed
that the population intake of a pesticide is not a health or safety hazard if the TMDI is below
the ADI. Thus, population intakes of chemicals with the TMDI greater than the ADI are re-
evaluated using Tier 2 calculation of an estimated maximum daily intake (EMDI), which is
expected to account for the uncertainties in Tier 1.

Tier 2 of WHO Approach: Calculation of Estimated Maximum Daily Intake (EMDI)

Pesticide residue concentration data: In calculating the EMDI, MRLs or tolerances are corrected
to reflect each food's edible portion and account for reduction or concentration of residues
during processing and preparation. Correction factors to be used are to be derived from
information provided by WHO. The EMDI is a more realistic estimate of intake than the TMDI.
However, it remains an overestimate because it is assumed that 100% of the crop is treated
and pre-processing residues are at MRLs or tolerance levels.

Food consumption data: The EMDI may be based on Food cluster diets data or national food
balance sheet data. If both the TMDI and the EMDI for a pesticide residue exceed the ADI,
intake is recalculated to produce an EDI.

31
Tier 3 of WHO Approach: Calculation of Estimated Daily Intake (EDI)
Pesticide residue concentration data: The WHO Specifications for EDI calculation require
considering the following factors in compiling pesticide residue concentration data. These
include;
• known uses of the pesticide,
• known residue levels proportion of crop treated,
• the ratio of the amount of home-grown to imported food,
• reduction in the level of pesticide during storage,
• processing, and cooking.

The most comprehensive data sources on pesticide residue concentrations in food include
manufacturers' data and government monitoring or surveillance programs. National regulatory
approval requirements for pesticides generally include field trial data, documenting the extent
to which the pesticide and pesticide by-products remain on the crop after harvest. Since the
purpose is to determine the maximum residue concentration level resulting from the legal use
of the product, field trials are conducted under extreme conditions (maximum application rate,
maximum application frequency and minimum preharvest interval) of the pesticide use. Most
countries conduct various monitoring or surveillance for toxic chemicals in commodities or
food, and these data may be used in EDI analyses. Monitoring and surveillance studies are
conducted to assess compliance with state, federal or international regulations governing
pesticide use.
Food consumption data: WHO specifications for EDI calculation require 'data on food
consumption, including that of subgroups of the population. Food consumption is defined as
'an estimate of the daily average per capita quantity of a food or group of food consumed
by a specified population'.

Tier 4 of WHO Approach: Direct Analysis

Tier 4 of the WHO approach represents measured pesticide residue intake, presumably
through laboratory analysis of duplicate portions of food consumed by representative samples
of the population. In theory, duplicate portion studies based on actual consumption by
individuals in a population could be conducted to provide pesticide intake data. However,
these studies are rarely undertaken outside clinical settings due to the high costs involved
and the excellent potential for respondent biases.

32
Food Consumption Survey Tools and Method
There are many tools available for the collection of food consumption. Traditionally many of
these are paper-based method that had people record the types and quantities of food eaten
(e.g., food record, food frequency questionnaires, diet histories). However, there are also
technology-assisted tools that have evolved from paper-based tools. These technology-
assisted dietary assessments can improve the evaluation of food and nutrient intake.

A few samples of paper-based and technology-assisted tools are discussed. While all paper-
based tools are printed hard copies, the technology-assisted instruments are interactive
computer-based technologies, web-based technologies, mobile devices, specialized cameras
and tape recorders, and scan and sensor technologies. Method used for collecting data on
food consumption by household or individuals may be categorized as retrospective method
or prospective method.

Retrospective Method
These focus on food consumed during a period that has already passed. Commonly used
retrospective method include 24-h or other short-term recalls, food frequencies, and diet
histories.

Recall Method
These require that survey respondent identify and quantify food and beverages consumed
during a specific period, usually the preceding d. Pictures, household measures or two- or
three-dimensional food models may be used to help respondents quantify the food
consumed. To aid recall memories, the interviewer may 'probe' for certain food or beverages
that are frequently forgotten; however, such probing has also been shown to introduce bias
by encouraging respondents to report items not consumed. Many nationwide food
consumption survey have been conducted using short-term recall method (See appendix).

Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ)

It is a checklist that determines the frequency of consuming a limited number of food, usually
less than 100. FFQ food lists are in many cases developed to allow the collection of data
relevant to a particular food-based issue.

In its operation, respondents (usually individuals rather than household) are asked how many
times a d, week or month each food on the list is generally consumed. Also, semi-quantitative

33
FFQs allow estimation of amounts consumed by asking subjects to indicate whether their
usual portion size is small, medium or large compared to a stated reference portion. The size
of the reference portion is usually based on modal or mean intakes of large populations but
may be standardized for various age/gender groups.

Diet History
It is used to obtain information from individuals about the usual eating pattern over an
extended period. Usually applied in epidemiological research, the method is a relatively more
in-depth and time-consuming procedure. A recall or FFQ. may be included as a diet history
component.

Prospective Food Consumption Studies

Survey participants are asked to provide information on food as the food are consumed.
Prospective data useful in intake assessment may be obtained from respondents using.

Food Diaries / Food Record

Respondent household or individuals are asked to record food and beverages as the food are
consumed during a specific period. Quantities of food and beverages consumed are entered
in the record, usually after weighing, measuring or recording package sizes. Occasionally,
subjects are asked to photograph food before consumption to aid researchers in identifying
food consumed.

In general, data from 24-h and other short-term recalls and from food diaries, which collect
detailed information on the kind and quantities of food consumed, are the most accurate and
flexible data to assess the intake of food chemicals. Data from this survey can be used to
estimate either acute or chronic intake; averages and distributions can be calculated; and
intake estimates can be calculated for subpopulations based on age, sex, ethnic background,
socio-economic status, and other demographic variables, provided that such information is
collected for each individual.

Uncertainty In the Intake Assessment

There are many uncertainties connected with an intake assessment. Thus, these should be
evaluated and presented in all food chemical intake assessments. Uncertainty can be
characterized qualitatively as:

34
 • missing or incomplete data,
• measurement error,
• sampling error,
• use of surrogate data,
• gaps in scientific theory used to make predictions,
• and how well the theory or model represents the situation being assessed.
Analysis of uncertainty provides decision-makers with information concerning potential
variability in intake estimates and the effects of data gaps on intake estimates.

Validity, Reliability and Sources of Error in Food Consumption Survey Data

It is difficult to measure the extent to which food consumption survey capture data reflective
of actual dietary intake; thus, secrete observation of actual food consumption has been used
to validate 24-h recall, diaries and FFQ.

Methods for Obtaining Data from Survey Respondents

Biological markers in urine, faeces, blood and other tissues have also been used to validate
survey method. However, the validity of a survey method for obtaining accurate food
consumption data is usually tested using another standard survey method. The FFQ., for
example, has been validated by a comparison of results from food record.

The reliability of a method for yielding reproducible results depend somewhat on the number
of days of dietary intake data collected for each population. Again, the number of days of
food consumption data required for reliable estimation of population intakes is related to
each subject's day-to-day variation in diet (intraindividual variation) and the degree to which
subjects differ from each other in their diets (interindividual variation).

Errors in individual food consumption survey may be due to chance or to measurement

factors. Data variability due to chance may be related to the survey sample; any sample
randomly drawn from a population will differ from any other sample, with the degree of
difference depending upon the size of the sample and the homogeneity of the population

35
from which it was drawn. Errors due to chance also arise from data collection at different
times of the day, on different day of the week, or at different seasons of the year.

Measurement error may be introduced by the survey instrument, the interviewer or the
respondent. The tool may bias results if questions are either not straightforward or probes
'lead the subject' to give the desired answer. Similarly, if questions are culture-specific or do
not follow a logical sequence same challenges are encountered. For self-administered
questionnaires, responses will be influenced by the readability level, the use of abbreviations
or unfamiliar jargon, clarity of instructions, and the amount of space provided for answers.
Interviewer bias may be introduced if interviewers make the respondent uncomfortable, judge,
or do not use a standard method and standard probes.

Respondents may introduce bias if they omit to report food, they ate but are reluctant to
report certain food or beverages (alcoholic beverages are a good example) or if they are
forgetful. Alternatively, they may register the food but understate the quantity consumed.
Food consumed away from home, mainly when attention is on the event rather than on the
food, is challenging for people to remember. Quantities may be underestimated for similar
reasons. Food and beverages that were not consumed may be reported as consumed because
of faulty memories, desire to impress the interviewer, or confusion with similar food.

Measurement errors also include errors in coding due to unclear handwritten record or
erroneous data entry. It is essential when using food consumption data from survey that have
already been conducted to be aware of the potential for error when making decisions based
on those data. When designing food consumption research, the potential for error should be

minimized by standardizing and testing all instruments for validity and reliability.

Intake of Multiple Chemicals and Toxicity Equivalency Factor

Because chemicals with similar toxic effects may have different potencies, residues of chemicals
cannot be simply summed for an intake assessment. In calculating a combined EDI for multiple
hazardous chemicals, concentrations are standardized to a standard potency by applying a

36
toxicity equivalency factor to residue levels for one of the chemicals. The TEF for benzo[a]
pyrene is illustrated.

The Basis for the TEF Approach

The TEF approach requires several assumptions:

1. A reasonably well-characterized compound can be selected to serve as a surrogate or

reference compound for all class members.
2. The toxic effects of all class members are qualitatively similar to those of the surrogate
compound and may be characterized quantitatively using a relative potency or TEF.
3. TEFs for different toxic end-points are similar so that limited information on relative
toxic potencies in one or a few assay systems can be used to assign TEFs to single
compound or subclasses for other end-points.
4. The toxic effects of different compound of the mixtures are additive.

For the PAH family, the assumption is satisfied by selecting B[a]P as the reference compound.
B[a]P is one of the most potent carcinogens in the group and has been tested for
carcinogenicity and related effects in several different assay systems. Its mechanisms of action
have been investigated in detail. Moreover, carcinogenic slope factors for B[a]P have been
derived for both oral ingestion and inhalation exposure to fairly reasonable reference points.

The second assumption is simplified for PAHs because the primary concern for risk assessment
is carcinogenicity. Many of the PAHs have been tested for carcinogenicity or related toxic
effects in the same assay systems (e.g., mouse skin, bacterial mutagenicity assay, or DNA-
binding assay), and at least the more potent compound is known to have similar effects having
been classified for carcinogenicity by IARC in 1983. The basis for assumption three is based
on a reasonably close concordance between relative potencies for different end-points.

The basis for assumption four on the additivity of effects is based on experimental studies
where B[a]P was applied alone and combined with mixtures of other PAHs to the shaved skin
of mice. Pfeiffer in injected mice subcutaneously with B[a]P, dibenzo(ah)anthracene (DBA), a
mixture of noncarcinogenic PAHs, and two combinations of these agents. The results showed
that the mix of B[a]P and DBA induced more tumours than did either when administered

37
alone. Other studies involving mixtures of noncarcinogenic PAHs showed some carcinogenic
activity at a very high dose.

Table 3.3 Toxicity Equivalency Factors (TEFs) for Individual PAHs

Compound TEF
Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene 5
Benzo[a] pyrene 1
Benzo[a]anthracene 0.1
Benzo[b]fluoranthene 0.1
Benzo[k]fluoranthene 0.1
Indeno[123-c,d]pyrene 0.1
Anthracene 0.01
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene 0.01
Chryene 0.01
Acenaphthene 0.001
Acenaphthylene 0.001
Fluoranthene 0.001
Fluorene 0.001
2-Methylnaphthalene 0.001
Naphthalene 0.001
Phenanthrene 0.001
Pyrene 0.001

Using a TEF is very simple. If there are mixtures of a family of PAHs of known concentrations,
we multiply the concentrations of the individual PAHs with their corresponding TEFs (Table
3.3). A summation of the integrated PAHs is done to derive the final total concentration of
the mixtures. Apart from PAHs, other families of chemical hazard include dioxins and
polychlorinated biphenyls. The calculation of total PAH is presented (Table 3.4) for a sample
of soil in a food processing area.

38
Table 3.4 Application of TEF in the Calculation of total PAH from a family of PAH concentrations

PAH Measured Soil Toxicity Toxicity Equivalent

Concentration Equivalency Factor Soil Concentration
(mg/kg) (TEF, Unitless) (mg/kg)
Benzo(a)pyrene 0.05 1.00 0.05
Benzo(a)anthracene 0.15 0.10 0.015
Benzo(b)fluoranthene 0.20 0.10 0.02
Benzo(k)fluoranthene 0.10 0.10 0.01
Chryene 0.80 0.01 0.008
Dibenzo(ah,h)anthracene 0.20 0.10 0.02
Indeno[123-c,d]pyrene 0.10 0.10 0.01
Sum 1.60 0.133

WHO Recommendation on Harmonized Early Life Age Groups

Concerns have been raised by food and diet-related research councils regarding food
chemicals regulations to foster the protection of infants and children's health. The concerns
for the young are not just about the body size but also about the varying sensitivity to risk
agents. Infants and children differ from adults physiologically and developmentally. Rapid
growth and functional development mark the first 2-3 y of life. These developmental changes
affect how the body handles and respond to xenobiotics.

Young individuals also differ from adults in exposure to chemical toxicants in the environment
and food. Regarding exposures to food chemicals, infants and children generally have higher
exposures due to the higher food intake rates per unit bodyweight. The younger sub-
populations may also have preferences for certain food or forms of food. The human adult

model is inadequate for the evaluation of risk in infants and children.

To harmonize exposure assessment for comparison across time, place and culture, we need
to define a standard framework to analyze population-specific information. Defining legal age

39
ranges for children, for example, will also facilitate the collection of data and analyses of
aggregate exposure and cumulative risk.

Table 3.5 WHO-recommended early life age groups

Life stage descriptor Age groups

Preconception Preconception
Fetal Prenatal
Newborn (neonatal) Birth to <1 month
Infant 1 to <3 months
3 to <6 months
6 to <12 months
Toddler 1 to <2 years
Early childhood 2 to <3 years
3 to <6 years
Middle childhood 6 to <11 years
Early adolescence 11 to <16 years
Late adolescence 16 to <21 years

Given the range of scientific and policy-related need for a harmonized set of age groups,
Table 3.5 groups early life age groups that are recommended for international use to facilitate
some level of consistency with recently developed age grouping guidance currently in use in
some regions:

US EPA recommend that it is desirable to integrate age-specific values for exposure and
toxicity/potency when assessing long-term exposure to environmental toxicants, where such
data are available and appropriate. Historically, cancer risks have been evaluated, assuming
that risk is proportional to the lifetime average daily dose for a ‘‘typical’’ adult who is 70 y. A
life-stage integrative approach is a departure from this approach because it assesses risk by
summing time-weighted exposures or risks across all relevant age groups, including childhood,
adulthood, old age, maternal-fetal exposures during pregnancy, and then averages across the
total exposure period. For example, when assessing risks from exposure to carcinogens with
a mutagenic mode of action, the US EPA applies different toxic potency adjustments for

40
children less than two year of age and between 2 and 16 y of age. Table 6.0 is presented the
exposure duration and potency adjustments for the US EPA-recommended guidance on
selecting age groups for monitoring and assessing childhood exposures to environmental
contaminants.

Table 3.6 The US EPA's guidance for assessing susceptibility from early-life exposure to carcinogens.

Exposure age groupings Exposure duration (y) Age-dependent adjustment

factor (ADAF)

Birth to <1 month 0.083 10x

1 to <3 months 0.167 10x

3 to< 6 months 0.25 10x

6 to <12 months 0.5 10x

1 to <2 y 1 10x

2 to <3 y 1 3x

3 to <6 y 3 3x

6 to <11 y 5 3x

11 to <16 y 5 3x

16 to <21 y 5 1x

>21 y (21 to <70 y) 49 1x

Probabilistic Method in Food Chemical Intake Estimation

Deterministic method (also referred to as point estimates) determine the intakes of food
chemicals in a population. However, probabilistic method provides the advantage of
estimating the probability with which different intake levels will occur. The probabilistic
analysis permits the exposure assessor to model the variability (true heterogeneity) and
uncertainty (lack of knowledge) that may exist in the exposure variables, including food
consumption data. In this way, the assessor can examine the entire distribution of possible
resulting exposures.

41
Figure 3.1 Probabilistic estimation of food chemical intake. The uncertainties and variabilities values are
derived from the central tendency indices; min, max, mode, median mean and the percentiles.

The most widely used probabilistic method for food chemical intake estimation is the Monte
Carlo analysis. In Monte Carlo analyses, actual or hypothetical distributions are generated from
available food consumption and residue concentration data. In generating distributions based
on limited data, it is assumed that the residue and consumption data distributions each belong
to a parametric family (e.g., normal or log-normal), relying on data distribution. The results
are often interpreted as min, 5th percentile, 50th percentile (median), mean, mode, 95th
percentile and max. Note that the uncertainty in probabilistic estimates of intake can be
quantified as the confidence intervals related to the mean, mode or median that has been
determined by the distribution fitted for that data. Statistical software is available for
performing calculations in Microsoft Excel using the distributions of the individual data
collected (food consumption and chemical hazard concentration), as shown in Figure 3.1.

Self-Assessment
1. Account for the uncertainties and variabilities during exposure assessment as far as
food consumption survey is concerned.

42
2. Distinguish between exposure routes and exposure pathways. Why is it necessary that
EPA should recommend guidelines for intake, exposure frequency and duration in
specific anthropogenic conditions?
3. The bio-concentration factor for DDT is 54,000 L/kg. What does it mean?
4. Discuss supervised trials and total diet as an approach in the estimation of dietary
intake of food chemicals.
5. Explain the WHO tiered approaches I, 2 and 3, by discussing how pesticide residue
concentrations and their food consumption data are obtained. Identify the
uncertainties in the collection of the said data that justify the tier 4 approach.
6. Discuss the modern methods which have been built on the previous tools for food
consumption survey.
7. Are there any justifications for determining the validity and reliability of food
consumption data? Explain.
8. Explain the justification for the toxicity equivalency factor in the determination of
multiple chemicals intake.

43
UNIT 4: RISK CHARACTERIZATION

Characterization of risk is the final step in health risk assessment. In risk

characterization, the assessor integrates the exposure assessment and the dose-
response, which lead to hazard characterization, to determine the likelihood that
exposure could cause harm to consumers. The results of risk characterization are then
communicated to the risk manager with an overall assessment of the quality of the
information in that analysis. Thus, the goal of risk characterization is to understand
the type and magnitude of an adverse health effect that a hazard could cause under
particular circumstances. The risk manager then makes decisions based on the public-
health impact determined by the risk characterization and other criteria outlined in
the appropriate statute.

Elements of Risk Characterization

EPA's risk-characterization step has four elements: generation of a quantitative
estimate of risk, qualitative description of uncertainty, presentation of the risk estimate,
and communication of the results of risk analysis.

Quantitative Estimates of Risk

To determine the likelihood of an adverse effect in an exposed population, quantitative
information on exposure is integrated with information on the dose-response
relationships of the hazard in question. This process is different for carcinogens and
noncarcinogens. For noncarcinogens, the exposure estimate is divided by the health-
based reference value, the RfD, to obtain a hazard quotient (HQ) for a single hazard.
When exposure to more than one agent co-occurs, the risk estimates obtained for
each agent can be combined in an additive manner for each route of exposure. Thus,
the algebraic sum of the hazard quotient (HQ) of hazard present in a food material is
referred to as hazard index (HI). If the value of the hazard quotient or hazard index is

44
less than 1, then the hazard exposure under consideration is regarded as unlikely to
lead to adverse health effects.

If the hazard index is greater than 1, adverse health effects are more likely, and some
remedial action is warranted. Note that the hazard quotient or index value of 1 is thus
not an objective measure of risk but a reference point to be used to estimate the
likelihood of risk.

For carcinogens, the excess lifetime risk is calculated by multiplying the exposure
estimate by a potency factor. The result is a value that represents an upper bound on
the probability that lifetime exposure to an agent, under the specified conditions of
exposure, will lead to excess cancer risk.

This value is usually expressed as a population risk corresponding to a deminimis such

as 10-6, which means that no more than one in 1 million exposed persons is expected
to develop cancer. Risk estimates obtained in this way are not scientific estimates of
actual cancer risk; they are upper bound on real cancer risk useful to regulators for
setting priorities and setting exposure limits.

Quantitative risks are calculated for appropriate media and pathway. For example, the risks of
lead in water are estimated over a lifetime, assuming: (1) that the exposure of 2 L of water
per d is ingested over a 70-y lifetime; and (2) that different concentrations of lead occur in
the drinking water.

Cancer Risks
If the dose-response curve is assumed to be linear at low doses for a carcinogen, then the
Incremental lifetime risk of cancer:

𝑹𝒊𝒍𝒄 = 𝑪𝒉𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒊𝒄 𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 × 𝑷𝑭 (1)

45
The linearized multistage model assumptions estimate the risk of getting cancer, which is not
necessarily the same as the risk of dying of cancer, so it should be even more conservative as
an upper-bound estimate of cancer deaths. Potency factors can be found in the EPA database
on toxic substances called the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). The mean exposure
concentration of contaminants is used with exposed population variables, and the assessment
determined variables to estimate contaminant intake. The general equation for chronic
exposure is:

𝑪 × 𝑴𝑭 𝑬𝑭𝑫
𝑪𝒉𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒊𝒄 𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 = × ( 𝟐)
𝑩𝒘 𝑨𝑻
where:
• Chronic exposure = the amount of chemical at the exchange boundary (mg/kg-d)
• C = average exposure concentration over the period (e.g., mg/L for water or mg/g of
food)
• MF = the amount of contaminated medium ingested per d

• EFD= exposure frequency and duration, a variable that describes how long and how
often exposure occurs. Used in the combined form, it is practical in situations where
chemicals pass through water ingestion since water is ingested every d round the y.
The EFD is usually divided into two terms:

• EF=exposure frequency (d/y) and

• ED=exposure duration (y)

• BW=average body mass over the exposure period (kg)

• AT=averaging time; the period over which the exposure is averaged (d)

This equation is usually seen in two parts; the average exposure part,
𝑪 × 𝑴𝑭
𝑩𝒘
and what makes it chronic (sometimes known as exposure level).
𝑬𝑭𝑫
𝑨𝑻

Note that acquiring accurate intake data is sometimes difficult; for example, exposure
frequency and duration vary among individuals and must often be estimated; site-specific
information may be available, and professional judgment may be necessary. Equations for
calculating daily contamination intake rates from drinking water, the air, contaminated food,
and dermal exposure while swimming have been reported by the EPA. Two of the most

46
common routes of exposure are through drinking contaminated water and breathing polluted
air. The chronic exposure of chemicals in food is;

𝑪𝒎 × 𝑰𝑹 𝑬𝑭 × 𝑬𝑫
𝑪𝒉𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒊𝒄 𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 = × (𝟑)
𝑩𝒘 𝑨𝑻

where
• Cm=chemical concentration in food (mg/g)
• IR = ingestion rate (g/d)
• EF=exposure frequency (d/y)
• ED=exposure duration (y)
• Bw=body weight (kg)
• AT=averaging time (period over which the exposure is averaged—d)

Some of the values used in Equation 3 are

• CW: site-specific measured or modelled value
• IR: 2 L/d (obtained from guidelines-adult, 90th percentile or 1.4 L/d for adult, average)
• EF: exposure pathway-specific value (dependent on the frequency of exposure-related
activities)
• ED: Guidelines: 70 y (lifetime); 30 y (national upper-bound time (90th percentile) at one
residence); 9 y (national median time (50th percentile) at one residence)
• BW: 70 kg (adult, average); Age-specific values
• AT: a pathway-specific period of exposure for noncarcinogenic effects at 30 -and 70-y
lifetime for carcinogenic effects.

Again, this equation is usually seen in two parts; the average exposure part,
𝑪𝒎 × 𝑰𝑹
𝑩𝒘

and what makes it chronic (sometimes known as exposure level).

𝑬𝑭 × 𝑬𝑫
𝑨𝑻

47
Noncancer Risks
Hazard Quotient
Noncancer risks are expressed in a hazard quotient (HQ) for a single substance or hazard
index (HI) for multiple substances and exposure pathway.

𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆𝑨𝒗𝒆 𝑫𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒚 𝑫𝒐𝒔𝒆

𝑯𝒂𝒛𝒂𝒓𝒅 𝑸𝒖𝒐𝒕𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 = (𝟒)
𝑹𝒆𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝑫𝒐𝒔𝒆 (𝑹𝒇𝑫)

Unlike a carcinogen, the toxicity is essential only during exposure, which may be one
d, a few d, or y. The HQ has been defined so that if it is less than 1.0, there should
be no significant risk or systemic toxicity. Ratios above 1.0 could represent a potential
risk, but there is no way to establish that risk with any certainty. When exposure
involves more than one chemical, the sum of the individual hazard quotients for each
chemical is used to measure the potential for harm. This sum is called the hazard
index (HI):

𝑯𝒂𝒛𝒂𝒓𝒅 𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒙 = ∑ 𝑯𝑸𝟏 + 𝑯𝑸𝟐 + 𝑯𝑸𝟑+ . . . . . . . . . 𝑯𝑸𝒙 (𝟒)

The Margin of Exposure (MoE)

The MoE is defined as a reference point on the dose-response curve (e.g., a benchmark dose
lower confidences limit derived from a rodent carcinogenicity study) divided by the estimated
human intake. Mathematically, the margin of exposure is:

𝐵𝑀𝐷𝐿
𝑀𝑜𝐸 = (5)
𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒

For a thresholded hazard, an MoE >100 is generally considered to be protective. Generally,

the bigger the value, the better the safety and the low public health concern. An MoE >
10,000 is deemed protective and less public health concern for genotoxic and carcinogenic
compound. This, a small MoE indicates a more serious concern than a very large MoE. While
the MoE cannot be directly equated to risk, it supports the prioritization of substances for
further research or possible regulatory action. It provides a basis for communicating to the
public. So far, the MoE approach has been confined to substances for which carcinogenicity

48
data are available. Table 1 lists some benchmark dose lower bound values (1% and 10%)
which have been reported.

Table 4.1 Benchmark dose lower bound values for selected hazards

Hazard Health-based reference value Adverse Response

Lead, Pb BMDL01 0.50 µg/kg bw-d Developmental neurotoxicity
Lead, Pb BMDL01 1.50 µg/kg bw-d Systolic blood pressure
Lead, Pb BMDL10 0.63 µg/kg bw-d Chronic kidney disease (nephrotoxicity)
Acrylamide BMDL10 0.17 mg/kg bw-d Tumorigenesis
Acrylamide BMDL10 0.43 mg/kg bw-d Neurotoxicity
Acrylamide BMDL10 0.31 mg/kg bw-d Carcinogenicity (mammary tumors in rats)
Acrylamide BMDL10 0.18 mg/kg bw-d Carcinogenicity (Harderian gland tumors in mice)
Furan BMDL10 1.23 mg/kg bw-d Hepatocellular tumors
Benzene BMDL10 17.6 mg/kg-bw-d Female Zymbal gland carcinoma

Uncertainty Analysis
Uncertainty is inherent in every step of the risk assessment process. Thus, before we can
characterize any risk, we need some idea of the nature and magnitude of uncertainty in the
risk estimate. Sources of uncertainty include:
• Extrapolation from high to low doses
• Extrapolation from animal to human responses
• Extrapolation from one route of exposure to another
• Limitations of analytical method
• Estimates of exposure

Although the uncertainties are generally much more significant in estimates of exposure and
the relationships between dose and response, it is essential to include the uncertainties
originating from all steps in a risk assessment in risk characterization. One solid approach
commonly used to characterize uncertainty is Monte Carlo simulations. In a Monte Carlo
simulation, however, we assume that all parameters are random or uncertain. Thus,
distributions are used instead of point estimates. The resulting output can be used to identify

49
values of exposure or risk corresponding to a specified probability, say, the 50th percentile or
95th percentile.

Deminimis Risk
In a couple of decades past, there was the assumption that public health could be protected
by chemical risk management developed in the US for food additives. As time went by, an act
was put forward to support the concept that some chemicals might have no toxic threshold,
subsequently, a law was promulgated to prohibited the addition of any chemical that can
cause cancer.

It was also recognized that it was impossible to completely remove carcinogens from the food
supply and, as a result, the US FDA put forth the proposal that if risks calculated under the
no-threshold assumption were below some small value, then the carcinogen was effectively
absent in the food.

A virtually safe dose (one in one hundred million or 10-8) to limit cancer risk was proposed
but was found to be an almost impossible burden on regulators. Therefore, an alternative
level for food additives was proposed at one in a million (10-6), a level considered negligible
by most people. This level became the criterion for acceptable risk in the United States when
cancer risks from environmental exposures became recognized in the late 1960s and early
1970s.

By the 1990s, it was recognized that the one-in-one-million risk level was very stringent and
the idea of a lesser risk level of one-in-ten-thousand (10-4) was introduced. Eventually
evolution of a risk range of 10-4 to 10-6 was developed.

A de minimis or essentially negligible risk is one

that is so small that no action needs to be taken.

By declaring a risk to be de minimis it is usually implied that the risk is so small that it should
be ignored. That is, a de minimis risk is so small that it is beyond concern, or equivalent (from
a decision perspective) to no risk at all. Examples of risks that have been suggested as de
minimis are doses of radiation smaller than one per cent of the natural background level.

50
The phrase 'de minimis' is derived from the Latin sentence de minimis non curat lex, which is
a well-established principle in American common law, meaning that the court should not
concern itself with trifles.

Calculating Risks
Before risks are reported, first those risks must be calculated. There are two methods:
deterministic/point estimates approach and probabilistic/stochastic approach.

Deterministic Approach
1. Estimating chronic oral exposure

The mean concentration of 1,2-dichlorobenzene in a water supply is 1.7 µg/L. Estimate the
chronic daily exposure for a 70-kg adult, assuming 2 L of water are consumed per day.

Solution

The chronic exposure may be calculated using;

𝑪𝑾 × 𝑰𝑹 𝑬𝑭 × 𝑬𝑫
𝑪𝒉𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒊𝒄 𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 = ×
𝑩𝒘 𝑨𝑻

Where

Cw =1.7 µg/L = 0.0017 mg/L IR =2 L/d EF = 365 d/y

ED =30 y (standard exposure duration for an adult exposed to a noncarcinogenic)

BW = 70 kg AT =365 d/y × 30 y =10,950 d

Substituting, we have;

0.0017 × 2 365 × 30
chronic Exposure = × = 4.86 × 10−5 𝒎𝒈/𝒌𝒈 − 𝒅𝒂𝒚
70 365 × 30

2. Application of hazard index and incremental carcinogenic risk associated with chemical
exposure

A drinking water supply contains 0.1 mg /L of acetone and 0.1 mg /L of chloroform. A 70-kg
adult drinks 2 L per day of this water for 5-y. What would be the hazard index and the
carcinogenic risk from drinking this water?

51
 [From guidelines, the RfD for acetone is given as 0.1 mg/kg-d, and for chloroform is given
as 0.01 mg/kg-d.]

Solution

Determining average exposure for acetone, we use;

𝑪𝑾 × 𝑰𝑹
𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 =
𝑩𝒘

Substituting, we have;
𝟎. 𝟏 × 𝟐
𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 = = 𝟐. 𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒎𝒈/𝒌𝒈 − 𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝟕𝟎

Thus, the Hazard quotient is calculated as:

𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆𝑨𝒗𝒆 𝑫𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒚 𝑫𝒐𝒔𝒆

𝑯𝒂𝒛𝒂𝒓𝒅 𝑸𝒖𝒐𝒕𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 =
𝑹𝒆𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝑫𝒐𝒔𝒆 (𝑹𝒇𝑫)

Substituting, we have;

𝟐. 𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑
𝑯𝑸 𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒕𝒐𝒏𝒆 = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟗
𝟎. 𝟏

Similarly, determining the average exposure for chloroform and using its reference dose, we
have;
𝟎. 𝟏 × 𝟐
𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 = = 𝟐. 𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑
𝟕𝟎
𝟐. 𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑
𝑯𝑸 𝒄𝒉𝒍𝒐𝒓𝒐𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎 = = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟗
𝟎. 𝟎𝟏

Thus, the hazard index comes out as;

HI= 0.029 + 0.29=0.319

Since the hazard index is less than 1.0, the water is safe for consumption.

The incremental carcinogenic risk associated with chloroform is determined using the total
period of ingestion of the water as follows;

Risk = Average exposure × Potency Factor

52
The chronic exposure is calculated as before;

𝟎. 𝟏 × 𝟐 𝟑𝟔𝟓 × 𝟓
𝑪𝒉𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒊𝒄 𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 = × = 𝟒. 𝟏𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝒎𝒈/𝒌𝒈 − 𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝟕𝟎 𝟕𝟎 × 𝟑𝟔𝟓

From guidelines, the potency factor of chloroform is 6.1 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 . Therefore the risk is calculated
as;

Risk = 𝟒. 𝟏𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 × 𝟔. 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 (𝒎𝒈/𝒌𝒈 − 𝒅𝒂𝒚)−𝟏

From the deminimis cancer risk standpoint, the risk over this period of exposure is less than
the 10-6 (1 in 1 million) goal, thus the risk of carcinogenesis from chloroform is negligible.

Probabilistic Approach
A researcher undertook the following study to determine the probabilistic exposures of
acrylamide in bread and its risks in the community.

Step 1: Exposure assessment

Samples of three commonly consumed bread in a community Mall were collected every other
day, stored in plastic bags, and refrigerated over three weeks from June 25th to July 25th 2019.
A random sampling procedure was also used to collect responses from willing participants on
their bread consumption habits, including the quantity of bread consumed per day, their ages,
gender, and bodyweight.

53
Figure 4.1: Arrangement of dataset of elements of estimated exposure and factors to determine on a
spreadsheet

To facilitate the sampling, a 24-hour recall questionnaire was administered by two experienced
and ten trained assistants using the local dialects (Twi and Ga) until 301 respondents were
covered. Using the QuECHERS method, acrylamide extract from the bread was made and
cleaned and quantified using HPLC with all protocols observed. The data obtained were
assembled in an Excel spreadsheet. Here is how the determinations were presented.

On the Excel spreadsheet, and using the data collected for the adults, acrylamide
concentration, the mass of bread consumed, and the bodyweight were each presented in their
respective columns as shown (Figure 4.1). The items to be calculated and the health-based

54
guidance values obtained from the database were also presented. With the Excel sheets still
opened, the Palisade@Risk software, located on the Desktop, is then clicked. The @Risk

software is opened in the Excel sheet as shown (Figure 4.2).

Figure 4.2: Interface of the @Risk software when opened

55
Step 2: Fitting distributions and storing the fitted data
Note that the key @Risk tools to use are: “Fit”, ”Output”, “Simulations where there are
"Iterations", and “Explore”. Next, since a population of data representing acrylamide
concentrations in bread, the mass of bread consumed per d, and the bodyweight of
respondents are being studied, distributions must be fitted for each element required for
calculating exposure. The operations are as follows:
1. The dataset for acrylamide concentration is selected as shown (Figure 4.3). While the desired
distribution is fitted on it by “dropping down” on “Fit” and clicking “Fit”. A dialogue box is

opened, as shown (Figure 4.4).

Figure 4.3: Selection of dataset for acrylamide Figure 4.4: Dialogue box

From this dialogue box (Figure 4.4), you observe that the “Data type” is selected as
“Continuous sample data". Note that two primary sample data are collected from exposure
survey: continuous data and discrete data. While continuous data are completely randomized
items, discrete data only vary within a limited set of values. For example, in a survey, if the
respondent is requested to select the number of times they consume certain products from
a finite set; such data obtained is described as a discrete data. It is essential to choose the

56
correct data type for fitting a distribution; otherwise, a wrong distribution fit would yield
unreliable outputs. A typical distribution for discrete data includes the Binomial fitting. In such
a situation, during the exposure survey, respondents would be asked to select from a limited
of two options (this or that; 0 or 1). You click "Ok" from the dialogue box, and the fitted
results are obtained (Figure 4.5).

Figure 4.5: Fitted results obtained

57
Step 3: The statistics
There are three main sections of the dialogue box. The “Name” of the distribution, the
“Method” was used to determine the distribution, the “Diagram” of the distribution itself, and
the accompanying statistics. The accompanying “Statistics” show three columns: the type of
statistics, the raw input obtained from the survey, and the fitted distribution.

Figure 4.6: Dialogue box showing properties of fitted distribution

Step 4: Uncertainties and variabilities

To account for uncertainties and variabilities, the statistics selected include “minimum” (min),
“maximum” (max), “mean”, “mode”, “median”, “5th percentile”, and “95th percentile”. The “min”
and the “max” are usually selected from the input column, whereas all the other statistics are
selected from the fitted column. The reason is simple.

58
The output results
From Figure 4.11, we have the accompanying statistics; as presented in Table 3. There are a
number of statistics that can be used to write the output report. However, the frequently used
ones include min, max, median mode, mean, 5th and 95th percentiles.

Table 3. The statistics of the hazard

quotient obtained from the study area.
Statistics Input Pearson5 The Minimum (min) and The Maximum (max)
Minimum 6.58×10-5 -6.86×10-5 For this raw data showing acrylamide concentrations
Maximum 0.001597 +∞ it is the value in the dataset that is the least (6.58×
Mean 0.000473 0.000476 10-5 mg/g) among all other values in the set of data.
Mode ≈0.0003122 0.000273 If we were to order all values in a dataset in
Median 0.000315 0.000385 ascending order, then the minimum would be the
Std Dev 0.000315 0.000353 first number. The min could repeat several times in a
Skewness 1.5197 4.489
dataset, but it is still the minimum value. From Table
Kurtosis 4.9436 130.4802
3, you can see that the min corresponding to the
Left X 0.000179 0.000179
distribution is -6.86×10-5 mg/g. Take note of the
Left P 5.00% 8.60%
negative sign and understand that one cannot have
Right X 0.001173 0.001173
a value of acrylamide that has a negative value.
Right P 95.00% 96.00%
Dif. X 0.000995 0.000995
Dif. P 90.00% 87.40% Again, from Table 3 the raw input max is the value in

1% 9.81×10-5 0.000104 the dataset that is greatest (0.001597 mg/g) of a

2.50% 0.000108 0.000128 dataset. If we were to order all of our data in
5% 0.000179 0.000153 ascending order, then the maximum would be the
10% 0.000218 0.000187 last number listed. On the distribution side, however,
20% 0.000261 0.000239 the max is +∞, again, such a value was determined
25% 0.000278 0.000262 as a value of acrylamide in the field.
30% 0.000288 0.000285
35% 0.000295 0.000309
Note that the min and max are point estimates,
40% 0.000301 0.000333
meaning they are single observations made in the
45% 0.000311 0.000358
study area; thus, they are robust but very sensitive to
50% 0.000315 0.000385
outliers. Therefore, we can only truly have point
55% 0.00035 0.000415
estimates that are prone to outliers only when they
60% 0.000408 0.000447
are picked from the input or raw data before fitting
65% 0.00046 0.000484

59
 70% 0.000545 0.000526 the distribution. It is recommended that apart
75% 0.00062 0.000577
from the min and the max, which must be
80% 0.00072 0.00064
selected from the raw input data, the rest of the
90% 0.000856 0.00085
statistics must be selected from the fitted
95% 0.001174 0.001088
97.50% 0.001381 0.001362 distribution.
99% 0.001439 0.001792

The Mean, Median and Mode

A measure of central tendency is a single value that attempts to describe a set of data by
identifying the central position within that set of data. Thus, mean, median and mode attempts
to describe a dataset and they are all valid, except that depending on the situation, some of
these central tendency values are not used appropriately.

The mean or average of a dataset is found by simply adding all values in the dataset and then
dividing by the number of values in the set. It is quite deceptive since it will not represent any
value of acrylamide determined in the field. Also, the mean is particularly susceptible to the
influence of outliers.

The median is the middle number or value when the dataset is sorted in an ascending or
descending order. It is the center value of the dataset showing one-half of the values observed.
For instance, for this study, the median is 0.000385 mg/g. The median is sometimes used as
opposed to the mean when there are outliers that might skew the average of the values.

The mode is the number that occurs most often in a dataset. The value of the modal
acrylamide in this study (0.000273 mg/g) represent the most frequently occurring value
determined in the field. It means this is the value one is likely to obtain when one goes to
the field at any moment. Thus, it is more representative relative to the other central tendency
metrics.

The 5th and the 95th Percentile

A percentile is the position of an observation in the dataset relative to the other observations.
Specifically, the percentile represents the percentage of the sample that falls below this
observation. That is the reason why in Table 3, one sees that these percentiles values are

60
represented as percentages. The 5th percentile must be seen as a fitted min 5% of the nominal
or scale running up to 100% of observations made. In this study the 5th percentile value is
0.000153 mg/g, meaning at 5% of the scaling of observation, the fitted min at this point is
0.000153 mg/g acrylamide.

Figure 4.7: Selecting a cell to store and storing information

Similarly, when 50% of the observations have been made, the value at the 50 th position on
the scale running up to 100 is 0.000385 mg/g. The 50th percentile is the same as the median because
it represents the center of the data of the percentiles. The 95th percentile must again, be seen as

61
a fitted max when 95% of the observations have been made. It is indeed the modelled max
at when 95% of the observations when running up to the 100th observation.

On the central diagram (Figure 4.5), Y and X axes are displayed, showing a smooth curve over
a histogram background. While the histogram background represents the raw input collected
from the research area, the smooth curve represents the distribution of the raw data collected
from the field. There are methods that are used to determine how best these smooth curves
should be obtained. One such method, trendy among the others, is called the Akaike
information criterion. It determines the loss of information following fitting distributions over
raw data collected. It is the most popular because fitted curves are considered reliable when
there is the most negligible loss of data when converting from the raw input data to the final
fitted data. The best distribution fitted among others, in this case, is Pearson 5 as ticked
(Figure 4.5). By default, three displays are presented on the curve: the 5th percentile, the mode,
and the 95th percentile. On top of the graph is the distribution signature of the distribution,
in this case, Pearson 5 [4.3725, 0.0018349, shift (-6.86099⨯10-5)].

62
Figure 4.8: Calculation in Excel

Step 5: Editing the graph

Down the graph, one can click on the “Settings” to edit the graph (labelling the axis and
editing the title). On the dialogue box, a click on “Write to excel” opens yet another dialogue
box, requesting the specification of the process of storing the information into an Excel “Cell”
(Figure 4.6). A click on “Next” selects a random space for the information to be stored.
However, the precise space to store the distribution for the hazard must be “$B$4", as shown
(Figure 4.7). A click on “Ok” selects the “Cell”, and another click on the "Output” tool defines
the “Cell” where precisely to receive the information to be store. By clicking on the “Output”
tool a final, the data is stored in this “Cell”. By repeating these operations, distributions can
similarly be fitted for the “mass of bread consumed” and “the bodyweight) as shown in the
highlights (Figure 4.7).

63
Step 6: Determinations of exposures and outputs
Calculations in Excel are usually done by introducing an “=” as shown (Figure 4.8).

Figure 4.9: Calculation of estimated exposure

From our studies, exposure is the concentration of the hazard multiplied by the mass of media
consumed, divided by the bodyweight. However, this exposure must NOT be merely calculated
using the point estimate displayed in the Excel, as in Equation 1:

0.004755 ⨯ 193.46659
𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = = 0.141628 𝑚𝑔/𝑘𝑔(𝑏𝑤) − 𝑑 . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1)
6.4954

64
Thus, in Excel, the same calculation would rather be done using the cells; $B$4, $B$5, and
$B$6. Note that the three values observed in these “Cells”; hazard “$B$4 (0.0004755 mg/g)”,
mass consumed “$B$5 (193.46659 g/d)” and body weight “$B$6 (6.4954 kg)”; must be taken
notice as point estimates. These estimates each represents a single item out of a population
of “concentration of acrylamide” determined, “mass of bread consumed”, and “bodyweight”
of consumers determined in the field. Similarly, the exposure value calculated in Equation 1
(0.14168 mg/kg(bw)-d) also represents just one item out of many exposures on the field, is
treated similarly by clicking on the “Output” button to store the exposure information at $B$8.

Calculation of the hazard quotient can then proceed using the usual formula of dividing the
exposure ($B$8) by the reference dose ($B$11). The calculated hazard quotient is again stored
at $B$17 by clicking on the output tool as usual. MoE (genotoxicity and carcinogenicity) and
MoE (neurotoxicity) are calculated as BMDL per exposure using their health-based reference
values and the calculated values stored in the appropriate cells as usual. The estimated cancer
risk is calculated as exposure ($B$8) multiplied by the potency factor ($B$14) and the
estimated value stored as usual.

The sample bread of 105 pieces was collected from a large population of unknown number.
Again, the mass of bread consumed collected from the field also represented a small number
out of a large unknown population, so is the bodyweight. The final exposure values
determined in the study area become a true representative of the real, when simulation is

65
performed. There are two critical items at this stage; iterations and simulation. A "drop down"
on the iteration menu reveals values ranging from 100 to 100,000.

Figure 4.10: Output of hazard quotient showing histogram format

During iterations, the software (Palisade@Risk) collects randomized values from columns E
(acrylamide concentration), F (mass of bread consumed), and G (bodyweight) to perform all
the activities presented in column B for each item and the final values integrated. The values
obtained at the end of the last iteration is described as the simulated values. However, running
the iteration is called simulation and the greater the number of iterations, the more significant
the accuracy. When the cell $B$17 is selected, iterations are performed at 100,000 by clicking
on "Simulate". By using the "Explore" tool, the distributions of the final outputs; Hazard

66
quotient, MoE genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, MoE neurotoxicity, and estimated cancer risk, can
be seen by clicking on the cells; $B$17, $B$18, $B$19, and $B$20 respectively.

Figure 4.11: Cumulative ascending of hazard quotient showing key statistics

A click on $B$17 gives an outlook in the dialogue box, as shown (Figure 4.10). By clicking on
the “Settings” button and selecting the “Graph formatting option”, the output graph can be
edited by changing the “Distribution" format, the “Title”, labelling the X and Y axes, and also

67
changing the “Nature” of the curves and the “Legend”. Other options can be explored using
the buttons; “Delimiters”, “Markers”, and “Others”.

In this study, however, “Cumulative ascending” is selected, and the “Settings” button is once
again used to label the X and Y axes. “Scaling” can be done by changing the "Auto" to the
“Log” values on the X-axis. “Log” values usually run in quantized values of 10. In this
presentation, a minimum of 0.01 and a maximum of 100 is used. Again, using the “Tick label
orientation”, "Vertical" can be changed into "Horizontal" to display the labelled values
horizontally. A click on “Ok” presents the outlook in Figure 11. Similar edits can be made of
the various outputs determined by going through the same operation and simply clicking on
$B$18, $B$19 and $B$20.

Step 7: Organizing the statistics into tables and report presentation

In this study, the researcher collected information from adults, children, males, and females.
A table showing the statistical distributions of the elements for calculating acrylamide
exposures (Table 1) and the hazard quotient, margin of exposure, and estimated cancer risk
in all the population sub-group studied, are presented (Table 2).

The Final Phase: Reporting Population Risk

There are guidelines to follow.
• How many cases of adverse health effect might be probabilistically estimated
for a population of interest during a specified period?
• For noncarcinogens, what portion of the population exceed the reference dose
(RfD), the reference concentration (RfC), or other health-based reference value?
For carcinogens, how many persons are above a certain risk level such as the
deminimis:10-6 or a series of risk levels such as 10-5, 10-4, may be studied.
• Questions relating to how various subgroups fall within the distributions of
exposure, dose, and risk may be studied as well.
• Others are; what is the risk for a particular population segment (infants and
children, male and female?

68
 • Also, a question such as "Do any particular subgroups experience a high
exposure, dose, or risk?" is relevant.

In presenting the result and discussing it, one has to show the result obtained, usually, the
concentration of the hazard, the mass of medium consumed, the exposures, hazard quotient,
margin of exposures and estimated cancer risk subpopulations studied in the research area.
Three key steps are usually followed.
1) Presentation of the result for each population sub-group showing the values obtained and
accounting for the uncertainties and variabilities using min, max, 5th, 95th percentiles, median
and so on.

2) Each result is compared to reported values where similar studies have been made.
Depending on the skills of the one reporting, literature study can reveal a global scope where
similar studies have been done. Thus, the results obtained in this particular study are compared
with the results obtained in other areas where similar studies have been made and showing

whether the results are similar and which one is higher or lower.

3) Discussion of the results obtained is achieved when reasons are offered to account for the
similarities or differences observed, based on literature.

Typically, the report on this study was reported as;

The simulated acrylamide exposure to consumers through bread (Table 2),

ranged from a low of 1.8×10-4 mg/g (5th percentile) to a high of 1.17×10-3
mg/g (95th percentile). The mean acrylamide concentration in the sampled
bread was 0.47×10-3 mg/g, though the most prevalent (modal) acrylamide
concentration was lower (0.31×10-3 mg/g). The concentrations obtained in this
study compares generally with what were obtained in other studies. A recent
study in Europe indicated that breakfast cereals such as bread, crackers and
other cereal-based products, contributed up to 25% acrylamide (Diane et al.,
2015). However, a survey of commonly eaten snacks show that bread

69
 contribute 10-30% of acrylamide ingestion in European diets (Gillespie et al.,
2012).
Table 4.2: Statistical distribution of the elements of acrylamide exposures in respondents

Central tendencies and percentiles

Variable Statistical distribution Min Max 5th Mean Mode 95th

Acrylamide (×10-3 Pearson5 (4.3725,0.0018349, Shift 0.066 15.90 0.18 0.47 0.31 1.17
mg/g) (-0.0000686099))
Adults

Kumaraswamy 60.00 365.00 80.00 194.25 60.00 300.00

Mass of bread (g)
(1.1781,1.5698,58.982,368.53)
Lognorm (123.93,19.00, Shift (-
BW (kg) 22.00 116.00 34.00 64.95 45.00 110.00
58.976))

Acrylamide (×10-3 Pearson5 (4.3725,0.0018349, 0.066 15.90 0.18 0.47 0.31 1.17
mg/g) RiskShift (-0.0000686099))
Children

Invgauss (103.36,443.57, Shift (- 20.00 300.00 50.00 101.93 50.00 200.00

Mass of bread (g)
1.432))
BW (kg) Loglogistic (7.1683,9.3666,2.5847) 8.00 68.00 11.00 19.39 10.00 42.00

Pearson5 (4.3725,0.0018349, Shift 0.066 15.90 0.18 0.47 0.31 1.17

Acrylamide (×10-3
(-0.0000686099))
mg/g)
Males

Triang (16.705, 70, 373.27) 20.00 350.00 50.00 157.29 50.00 300.00
Mass of bread (mg)
Kumaraswamy (0.68381,1.2710,
BW (kg) 8.00 116.00 12.00 45.91 12.00 89.00
8.0000, 117.03)

Pearson5 (4.3725,0.0018349, Shift 0.066 15.90 0.18 0.47 0.31 1.17

Acrylamide (×10-3
(-0.0000686099))
mg/g)
Females

Triang (38.045,50,379.31) 40.00 365.00 50.00 148.12 50.00 300.00

Mass of bread (mg)
Kumaraswamy (0.65936,1.2686,
BW (kg) 8.00 110.00 12.00 43.05 12.00 89.00
8.0000, 111.34)

Indeed, a monitoring report in Europe revealed that acrylamide levels ranged

from 3×10-5-4.7×10-3 mg/g depending on the product type (Gillespie et al.,
2012). In the case of adults, estimated average ingestions range from about
3×10-5 to 6×10-5 mg/kg(bw)-d. Infants and children are known to be exposed
relatively more than adults because of their relatively lower body weights
(Dybing et al., 2005). The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) also
monitored the levels of acrylamide in bread between 2007 and 2010 and
reported the levels of acrylamide to range from 3.0×10-5 to 4.25×10-4 mg/g
(EFSA, 2012b).

70
Table 4.3: Estimated daily ingestion and margin of exposure as health risk indices of acrylamide
exposure in bread
Central tendencies and percentiles
Min Max 5th Mean Mode 95th
Exposures (mg/kg(bw)-d) 3.2×10-5 0.060 2.9×10-4 1.5×10-3 5.5×10-3 4.2×10-3
Hazard quotient 0.014 20.49 0.146 0.78 0.32 2.12
Adult

MoE for Genotoxicity and

3.36 4,746.74 39.92 211.34 71.99 577.53
Carcinogenicity
MoE for Neurotoxicity 8.51 10,983.17 101.37 534.90 220.36 1,461.13
Estimated cancer risk 2.08×10-5 3.34×10-2 1.47×10-4 7.79×10-4 2.52×10-4 2.13×10-3
Exposures (mg/kg(bw)-d) 0.9×10-5 0.109 4.9×10-4 2.9×10-3 1.12×10-3 8.4×10-3
Hazard quotient 0.0154 81.85 0.251 1.48 0.49 4.17
Children

MoE for Genotoxicity and

0.950 8,497.04 2.34 120.76 43.65 340.64
Carcinogenicity

MoE for Neurotoxicity 3.48 22,213.67 51.14 306.26 103.74 869.19

Estimated cancer risk 2.05×10-6 4.35×10-2 2.51×10-4 1.49×10-3 5.14×10-4 4.23×10-3
Exposures (mg/kg(bw)-d) 2.5×10-5 0.118 2.4×10-4 2.8×10-3 4.5×10-4 9.9×10-3
Hazard quotient 0.0125 59 0.12 1.4 0.225 4.98
MoE for Genotoxicity and
Males

1.18 9,005.50 17.05 210.11 21.23 706.48

Carcinogenicity
MoE for Neurotoxicity 2.90 22,937.97 42.95 530.96 79.40 1,795.43
Estimated cancer risk 6.14×10-6 5.4×10-2 1.19×10-4 1.42×10-3 1.69×10-4 5.04×10-3
Exposures (mg/kg(bw)-d) 2.7×10-5 0.108 2.7×10-4 3.1×10-3 4.4×10-4 0.011
Hazard quotient 0.012 101.48 0.136 1.53 0.166 5.32
Females

MoE for Genotoxicity and

1.26 5,147.46 16.13 187.13 24.73 626.08
Carcinogenicity
MoE for Neurotoxicity 3.45 17,031.38 40.52 474.95 61.56 1,592.74
Estimated cancer risk 1.43×10-5 5.2×10-2 1.3×10-6 1.52×10-3 2.1×10-4 5.3×10-3

Expectedly, the varying concentrations of acrylamide obtained in this study, yielded

acrylamide exposures, ranging from a low of 2.4×10-4 mg/kg-d (5th percentile), in
male consumers up to a high of 1.10×10-2 mg/kg-d in female consumers (95th
percentile). JEFCA evaluation panel analyzed more than 12,500 bread samples from
31 countries and reported that the mean concentrations of acrylamide ranged from
8.7×10-5 to 4.59×10-4 mg/g (FAO/WHO, 2010a). However, a study in Finland,
presented a higher mean exposure to acrylamide through bread as 6.7×10 -4
mg/kg(bw)-d (Hirvonen et al., 2011). Thus, the exposure of acrylamide in the current
study is relatively higher than the mean concentrations (3.4 to 0.4 µg/kg(bw)-d)
reported across consumer groups in Europe (EFSA/CONTAM, 2015). It is likely that
this difference may be due to different baking processes and other confounding

71
 factors. It appears the levels of acrylamide exposure in our female consumers is
consistently higher, relative to a study in Norway. In this particular study, a mean
dietary acrylamide exposure for the entire population stood at 5.3×10 -4 mg/kg(bw)-
d, relative to a lower value of 5.0×10-4 mg/kg(bw)-d for female consumers (Dybing
and Sanner, 2003). It has been suggested that the relatively high female exposure is
because of the traditional female consumption patterns of more bread-based
breakfast, relative to their male counterparts who rather prefer other traditional food
not based on bread (Amoah, 2003).

In other study areas for consumers aged between 4 and 65 y, acrylamide exposures
compared with the WHO acceptable limit. Among such areas include Germany
(5.7×10-4 mg/kg(bw)-d), Finland (4.0×10-4 mg/kg(bw)-d) and Poland (4.3×10-4
mg/kg(bw)-d) (Dennison et al., 1997; Mojska et al., 2010). Consultative meeting in
2002, with data available from Switzerland, Sweden, Norway, USA and the United
Kingdom, indicate that children in developed countries were more exposed to
acrylamide (FAO/WHO, 2010b). It was also suggested that children would generally
have exposures two to three times those of adults when the total sum of consumed
food is taken into account. The findings in this study (Table 3) strongly compared
with this observation.

Safety indices
According to Table 3, All respondents that fall in the bottom 5% (5 th percentile) of
consumers of bread do not seem to present any significant risk (HQ <1). All top 5%
consumers (95th percentile) however presented risk (HQ>1). The result is similar to a
acrylamide exposure study of general food consumption in Ghana which recorded
HQ values showing a spread of safe (HQ<1) to unsafe (HQ>1) acrylamide exposures
(Oppong Siaw et al., 2018). It confirms the position of FAO/WHO that there is the
urgent need to control the presence of acrylamide in food, especially starting from
sources that produce excessive quantities(FAO and WHO, 2002).

The most frequently (modal) occurring MoE indices of public concern for
genotoxicity/ carcinogenicity in the study area (Table 3), presented as: males (21) <
females (25) < children (44) < adults (72). Since all these MoE indices were <450 for
gender and adult; and again <50 for infants and children (EFSA, 2015b), it shows a
serious public health concern for all groups. This observation may be in tune with
the mean MoE calculated respectively from the mean acrylamide exposure of 212
and 365 at BMDL10 0.18 and 0.31 mg/kg(bw)-d, reported in Poland. However, their

72
report concluded on a rather serious adverse public concern for infants and children
consumer groups (Zajac et al., 2013). Such an observation shows that our bakeries
must be guided or compelled to produce bakery products to meet standard.

Neurotoxicity however, presented a more moderate outlook. Across the subgroup

of consumers (adult, children, male, female), there were isolated individuals in the
study area that seem to show low public health concern because of their max MoE
>10000 indices (Table 3). This means the public health concern of neurotoxicity of
acrylamide, based on the modal MoE indices (adult;220>children;103>male;79>
female;61), show a marginally low safety concern. In fact, according to
regulation(EFSA, 2015b), MoE indicators for neurological effect for high adult
consumers must be greater than 1075, and also 126 for high infant and children
consumers, before they can be considered to have moderate to low public health
concern. The 95th percentile group which is made up of the top 5% consumers,
generally show low public health concern (adult;1,461>male;1,795>female;1,592>
children; 869).

The results suggest that some bakeries are producing bread that seem to be low in
acrylamide. However, this should not imply that these consumers are safe from the
adverse effects of acrylamide because bread doesn’t constitute the total diet of the
people(Becalski et al., 2003b).

The frequently occurring(modal) cancer risks per 10 thousand consumers as indicated

among all the consumers groups (Table 3), followed the order: children (5×10-4)>
adult (3×10-4)> female (2×10-4) = male (2×10-4). Though the modal cancer risks
ranged between a high of 5-in-10 thousand to a low of 2-in-10 thousand, the risk
still appears to be moderate according to the US EPA’s generally acceptable risk
range of 10-6 to 10-4 (USEPA, 2020). However, the acceptance of this range by US
EPA is in context, that the study area must be low risk for the hazard in question.
There is also evidence of other multiple sources of acrylamide in the study area thus,
the modal risk may be regarded as unacceptable (Becalski et al., 2003b; Stadler, n.d.).
Also, the results show consistent exposure of children at a higher modal (5-in-10
thousand) and 95th percentile (4-in-1 thousand) cancer risks, though between
gender, the risks were the same (Table 3). The higher risk in children may be
attributed to their body weight relative to the amounts of acrylamide ingested (EFSA,
2015c). This observation is similar to what was reported in similar in a study in
China, where the risks were the same among gender(Chen et al., 2008).

73
Self-Assessment
1. Explain the concept underlying the determination of risks in foods.
2. What is a deminimis? Explain the terms a) Potency factor, b) Margin of Exposure
3. What is a hazard quotient? How is it different from a hazard index? What is the basis
of the additive approach of the determination of hazard index? Under what condition
is the hazard index determining a cause for concern?
4. A researcher undertook a study to determine the probabilistic exposures of acrylamide
in bread and its estimated cancer risks in a community. The output of the risk is as
shown (Figure 1). Label the axes appropriately and give the most suited title of the
graph. Report the response of the study as far as you can.

Figure 1

74
 Regional Screening Level (RSL) Summary Table (TR=1E-06, HQ=1) November 2017

Key: I = IRIS; P = PPRTV; D = DWSHA; O = OPP; A = ATSDR; C = Cal EPA; X = APPENDIX PPRTV SCREEN (See FAQ #29); H = HEAST; F = See FAQ; E = see user guide Section 2.3.5; W = see user guide Section 2.3.6; L = see user guide on lead; M = mutagen; S = see user guide Section 5; V = volatile; R = RBA applied (See User
Guide for Arsenic notice) ; c = cancer; n = noncancer; * = where: n SL < 100X c SL; ** = where n SL < 10X c SL; SSL values are based on DAF=1; m = Concentration may exceed ceiling limit (See User Guide); s = Concentration may exceed Csat (See User Guide)
Toxicity and Chemical-specific Information Contaminant Screening Levels Protection of Ground Water SSLs
k k k k v Risk-based MCL-based
SFO e IUR e RfDo e RfCi e o muta- Csat Resident Soil Industrial Soil Resident Air Industrial Air Tapwater MCL SSL SSL
(mg/kg-day)-1 y (ug/m 3)-1 y (mg/kg-day) y (mg/m 3) y l gen GIABS ABS (mg/kg) Analyte CAS No. (mg/kg) key (mg/kg) key (ug/m 3) key (ug/m 3) key (ug/L) key (ug/L) (mg/kg) key (mg/kg)
1.2E-03 O 1 0.1 Acephate 30560-19-1 7.6E+01 n 9.8E+02 n 2.4E+01 n 5.3E-03 n
2.2E-06 I 9.0E-03 I V 1 1.1E+05 Acetaldehyde 75-07-0 1.1E+01 c** 4.9E+01 c** 1.3E+00 c** 5.6E+00 c** 2.6E+00 c** 5.2E-04 c**
2.0E-02 I 1 0.1 Acetochlor 34256-82-1 1.3E+03 n 1.6E+04 n 3.5E+02 n 2.8E-01 n
9.0E-01 I 3.1E+01 A V 1 1.1E+05 Acetone 67-64-1 6.1E+04 n 6.7E+05 nms 3.2E+04 n 1.4E+05 n 1.4E+04 n 2.9E+00 n
2.0E-03 X 1 0.1 Acetone Cyanohydrin 75-86-5 2.8E+06 nm 1.2E+07 nm 2.1E+00 n 8.8E+00 n
6.0E-02 I V 1 1.3E+05 Acetonitrile 75-05-8 8.1E+02 n 3.4E+03 n 6.3E+01 n 2.6E+02 n 1.3E+02 n 2.6E-02 n
1.0E-01 I V 1 2.5E+03 Acetophenone 98-86-2 7.8E+03 ns 1.2E+05 nms 1.9E+03 n 5.8E-01 n
3.8E+00 C 1.3E-03 C 1 0.1 Acetylaminofluorene, 2- 53-96-3 1.4E-01 c 6.0E-01 c 2.2E-03 c 9.4E-03 c 1.6E-02 c 7.2E-05 c
5.0E-04 I 2.0E-05 I V 1 2.3E+04 Acrolein 107-02-8 1.4E-01 n 6.0E-01 n 2.1E-02 n 8.8E-02 n 4.2E-02 n 8.4E-06 n
5.0E-01 I 1.0E-04 I 2.0E-03 I 6.0E-03 I M 1 0.1 Acrylamide 79-06-1 2.4E-01 c 4.6E+00 c 1.0E-02 c 1.2E-01 c 5.0E-02 c 1.1E-05 c
5.0E-01 I 1.0E-03 I V 1 1.1E+05 Acrylic Acid 79-10-7 9.9E+01 n 4.2E+02 n 1.0E+00 n 4.4E+00 n 2.1E+00 n 4.2E-04 n
5.4E-01 I 6.8E-05 I 4.0E-02 A 2.0E-03 I V 1 1.1E+04 Acrylonitrile 107-13-1 2.5E-01 c* 1.1E+00 c* 4.1E-02 c* 1.8E-01 c* 5.2E-02 c* 1.1E-05 c*
6.0E-03 P 1 0.1 Adiponitrile 111-69-3 8.5E+06 nm 3.6E+07 nm 6.3E+00 n 2.6E+01 n
5.6E-02 C 1.0E-02 I 1 0.1 Alachlor 15972-60-8 9.7E+00 c* 4.1E+01 c 1.1E+00 c 2.0E+00 8.7E-04 c 1.6E-03
1.0E-03 I 1 0.1 Aldicarb 116-06-3 6.3E+01 n 8.2E+02 n 2.0E+01 n 3.0E+00 4.9E-03 n 7.5E-04
1.0E-03 I 1 0.1 Aldicarb Sulfone 1646-88-4 6.3E+01 n 8.2E+02 n 2.0E+01 n 2.0E+00 4.4E-03 n 4.4E-04
1 0.1 Aldicarb sulfoxide 1646-87-3 4.0E+00 8.8E-04
1.7E+01 I 4.9E-03 I 3.0E-05 I V 1 Aldrin 309-00-2 3.9E-02 c* 1.8E-01 c 5.7E-04 c 2.5E-03 c 9.2E-04 c 1.5E-04 c
5.0E-03 I 1.0E-04 X V 1 1.1E+05 Allyl Alcohol 107-18-6 3.5E+00 n 1.5E+01 n 1.0E-01 n 4.4E-01 n 2.1E-01 n 4.2E-05 n
2.1E-02 C 6.0E-06 C 1.0E-03 I V 1 1.4E+03 Allyl Chloride 107-05-1 7.2E-01 c** 3.2E+00 c** 4.7E-01 c** 2.0E+00 c** 7.3E-01 c** 2.3E-04 c**
1.0E+00 P 5.0E-03 P 1 Aluminum 7429-90-5 7.7E+04 n 1.1E+06 nm 5.2E+00 n 2.2E+01 n 2.0E+04 n 3.0E+04 n
4.0E-04 I 1 Aluminum Phosphide 20859-73-8 3.1E+01 n 4.7E+02 n 8.0E+00 n n
9.0E-03 I 1 0.1 Ametryn 834-12-8 5.7E+02 n 7.4E+03 n 1.5E+02 n 1.6E-01 n
2.1E+01 C 6.0E-03 C 1 0.1 Aminobiphenyl, 4- 92-67-1 2.6E-02 c 1.1E-01 c 4.7E-04 c 2.0E-03 c 3.0E-03 c 1.5E-05 c
8.0E-02 P 1 0.1 Aminophenol, m- 591-27-5 5.1E+03 n 6.6E+04 n 1.6E+03 n 6.1E-01 n
4.0E-03 X 1 0.1 Aminophenol, o- 95-55-6 2.5E+02 n 3.3E+03 n 7.9E+01 n 3.0E-02 n
2.0E-02 P 1 0.1 Aminophenol, p- 123-30-8 1.3E+03 n 1.6E+04 n 4.0E+02 n 1.5E-01 n
2.5E-03 I 1 0.1 Amitraz 33089-61-1 1.6E+02 n 2.1E+03 n 8.2E+00 n 4.2E+00 n
5.0E-01 I V 1 Ammonia 7664-41-7 5.2E+02 n 2.2E+03 n
2.0E-01 I 1 Ammonium Sulfamate 7773-06-0 1.6E+04 n 2.3E+05 nm 4.0E+03 n n
3.0E-03 X V 1 1.4E+04 Amyl Alcohol, tert- 75-85-4 8.2E+01 n 3.4E+02 n 3.1E+00 n 1.3E+01 n 6.3E+00 n 1.3E-03 n
5.7E-03 I 1.6E-06 C 7.0E-03 P 1.0E-03 I 1 0.1 Aniline 62-53-3 9.5E+01 c** 4.0E+02 c* 1.0E+00 n 4.4E+00 n 1.3E+01 c* 4.6E-03 c*
4.0E-02 P 2.0E-03 X 1 0.1 Anthraquinone, 9,10- 84-65-1 1.4E+01 c** 5.7E+01 c* 1.4E+00 c* 1.4E-02 c*
4.0E-04 I 0.15 Antimony (metallic) 7440-36-0 3.1E+01 n 4.7E+02 n 7.8E+00 n 6.0E+00 3.5E-01 n 2.7E-01
5.0E-04 H 0.15 Antimony Pentoxide 1314-60-9 3.9E+01 n 5.8E+02 n 9.7E+00 n n
4.0E-04 H 0.15 Antimony Tetroxide 1332-81-6 3.1E+01 n 4.7E+02 n 7.8E+00 n n
2.0E-04 I 0.15 Antimony Trioxide 1309-64-4 2.8E+05 nm 1.2E+06 nm 2.1E-01 n 8.8E-01 n
1.5E+00 I 4.3E-03 I 3.0E-04 I 1.5E-05 C 1 0.03 Arsenic, Inorganic 7440-38-2 6.8E-01 c*R 3.0E+00 cR 6.5E-04 c* 2.9E-03 c* 5.2E-02 c 1.0E+01 1.5E-03 c 2.9E-01
3.5E-06 C 5.0E-05 I 1 Arsine 7784-42-1 2.7E-01 n 4.1E+00 n 5.2E-02 n 2.2E-01 n 7.0E-02 n n
3.6E-02 O 1 0.1 Asulam 3337-71-1 2.3E+03 n 3.0E+04 n 7.2E+02 n 1.8E-01 n
2.3E-01 C 3.5E-02 I 1 0.1 Atrazine 1912-24-9 2.4E+00 c 1.0E+01 c 3.0E-01 c 3.0E+00 2.0E-04 c 1.9E-03
8.8E-01 C 2.5E-04 C 1 0.1 Auramine 492-80-8 6.2E-01 c 2.6E+00 c 1.1E-02 c 4.9E-02 c 6.7E-02 c 6.1E-04 c
4.0E-04 I 1 0.1 Avermectin B1 65195-55-3 2.5E+01 n 3.3E+02 n 8.0E+00 n 1.4E+01 n
3.0E-03 A 1.0E-02 A 1 0.1 Azinphos-methyl 86-50-0 1.9E+02 n 2.5E+03 n 1.0E+01 n 4.4E+01 n 5.6E+01 n 1.7E-02 n
1.1E-01 I 3.1E-05 I V 1 Azobenzene 103-33-3 5.6E+00 c 2.6E+01 c 9.1E-02 c 4.0E-01 c 1.2E-01 c 9.3E-04 c
1.0E+00 P 7.0E-06 P 1 0.1 Azodicarbonamide 123-77-3 8.6E+03 n 4.0E+04 n 7.3E-03 n 3.1E-02 n 2.0E+04 n 6.8E+00 n
2.0E-01 I 5.0E-04 H 0.07 Barium 7440-39-3 1.5E+04 n 2.2E+05 nm 5.2E-01 n 2.2E+00 n 3.8E+03 n 2.0E+03 1.6E+02 n 8.2E+01
5.0E-03 O V 1 Benfluralin 1861-40-1 3.9E+02 n 5.8E+03 n 2.8E+01 n 9.4E-01 n
5.0E-02 I 1 0.1 Benomyl 17804-35-2 3.2E+03 n 4.1E+04 n 9.7E+02 n 8.5E-01 n
2.0E-01 I 1 0.1 Bensulfuron-methyl 83055-99-6 1.3E+04 n 1.6E+05 nm 3.9E+03 n 1.0E+00 n
3.0E-02 I 1 0.1 Bentazon 25057-89-0 1.9E+03 n 2.5E+04 n 5.7E+02 n 1.2E-01 n
4.0E-03 P 1.0E-01 I V 1 1.2E+03 Benzaldehyde 100-52-7 1.7E+02 c* 8.2E+02 c 1.9E+01 c 4.1E-03 c
5.5E-02 I 7.8E-06 I 4.0E-03 I 3.0E-02 I V 1 1.8E+03 Benzene 71-43-2 1.2E+00 c* 5.1E+00 c* 3.6E-01 c* 1.6E+00 c* 4.6E-01 c* 5.0E+00 2.3E-04 c* 2.6E-03
1.0E-01 X 3.0E-04 X 1 0.1 Benzenediamine-2-methyl sulfate, 1,4- 6369-59-1 5.4E+00 c** 2.3E+01 c* 7.8E-01 c** 2.2E-04 c**
1.0E-03 P V 1 1.3E+03 Benzenethiol 108-98-5 7.8E+01 n 1.2E+03 n 1.7E+01 n 1.1E-02 n
2.3E+02 I 6.7E-02 I 3.0E-03 I M 1 0.1 Benzidine 92-87-5 5.3E-04 c 1.0E-02 c 1.5E-05 c 1.8E-04 c 1.1E-04 c 2.8E-07 c
4.0E+00 I 1 0.1 Benzoic Acid 65-85-0 2.5E+05 nm 3.3E+06 nm 7.5E+04 n 1.5E+01 n
1.3E+01 I V 1 3.2E+02 Benzotrichloride 98-07-7 5.3E-02 c 2.5E-01 c 3.0E-03 c 6.6E-06 c
1.0E-01 P 1 0.1 Benzyl Alcohol 100-51-6 6.3E+03 n 8.2E+04 n 2.0E+03 n 4.8E-01 n
1.7E-01 I 4.9E-05 C 2.0E-03 P 1.0E-03 P V 1 1.5E+03 Benzyl Chloride 100-44-7 1.1E+00 c* 4.8E+00 c* 5.7E-02 c* 2.5E-01 c* 8.9E-02 c* 9.8E-05 c*
2.4E-03 I 2.0E-03 I 2.0E-05 I 0.007 Beryllium and compounds 7440-41-7 1.6E+02 n 2.3E+03 n 1.2E-03 c* 5.1E-03 c* 2.5E+01 n 4.0E+00 1.9E+01 n 3.2E+00
9.0E-03 P 1 0.1 Bifenox 42576-02-3 5.7E+02 n 7.4E+03 n 1.0E+02 n 7.6E-01 n
1.5E-02 I 1 0.1 Biphenthrin 82657-04-3 9.5E+02 n 1.2E+04 n 3.0E+02 n 1.4E+03 n
8.0E-03 I 5.0E-01 I 4.0E-04 X V 1 Biphenyl, 1,1'- 92-52-4 4.7E+01 n 2.0E+02 n 4.2E-01 n 1.8E+00 n 8.3E-01 n 8.7E-03 n
4.0E-02 I V 1 1.0E+03 Bis(2-chloro-1-methylethyl) ether 108-60-1 3.1E+03 ns 4.7E+04 ns 7.1E+02 n 2.6E-01 n
3.0E-03 P 1 0.1 Bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane 111-91-1 1.9E+02 n 2.5E+03 n 5.9E+01 n 1.3E-02 n
1.1E+00 I 3.3E-04 I V 1 5.1E+03 Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether 111-44-4 2.3E-01 c 1.0E+00 c 8.5E-03 c 3.7E-02 c 1.4E-02 c 3.6E-06 c
2.2E+02 I 6.2E-02 I V 1 4.2E+03 Bis(chloromethyl)ether 542-88-1 8.3E-05 c 3.6E-04 c 4.5E-05 c 2.0E-04 c 7.2E-05 c 1.7E-08 c
5.0E-02 I 1 0.1 Bisphenol A 80-05-7 3.2E+03 n 4.1E+04 n 7.7E+02 n 5.8E+01 n
2.0E-01 I 2.0E-02 H 1 Boron And Borates Only 7440-42-8 1.6E+04 n 2.3E+05 nm 2.1E+01 n 8.8E+01 n 4.0E+03 n 1.3E+01 n

Page 1 of 12
 Regional Screening Level (RSL) Summary Table (TR=1E-06, HQ=1) November 2017

Key: I = IRIS; P = PPRTV; D = DWSHA; O = OPP; A = ATSDR; C = Cal EPA; X = APPENDIX PPRTV SCREEN (See FAQ #29); H = HEAST; F = See FAQ; E = see user guide Section 2.3.5; W = see user guide Section 2.3.6; L = see user guide on lead; M = mutagen; S = see user guide Section 5; V = volatile; R = RBA applied (See User
Guide for Arsenic notice) ; c = cancer; n = noncancer; * = where: n SL < 100X c SL; ** = where n SL < 10X c SL; SSL values are based on DAF=1; m = Concentration may exceed ceiling limit (See User Guide); s = Concentration may exceed Csat (See User Guide)
Toxicity and Chemical-specific Information Contaminant Screening Levels Protection of Ground Water SSLs
k k k k v Risk-based MCL-based
SFO e IUR e RfDo e RfCi e o muta- Csat Resident Soil Industrial Soil Resident Air Industrial Air Tapwater MCL SSL SSL
(mg/kg-day)-1 y (ug/m 3)-1 y (mg/kg-day) y (mg/m 3) y l gen GIABS ABS (mg/kg) Analyte CAS No. (mg/kg) key (mg/kg) key (ug/m 3) key (ug/m 3) key (ug/L) key (ug/L) (mg/kg) key (mg/kg)
2.0E+00 P 2.0E-02 P V 1 Boron Trichloride 10294-34-5 1.6E+05 nm 2.3E+06 nm 2.1E+01 n 8.8E+01 n 4.2E+01 n n
4.0E-02 C 1.3E-02 C V 1 Boron Trifluoride 7637-07-2 3.1E+03 n 4.7E+04 n 1.4E+01 n 5.7E+01 n 2.6E+01 n n
7.0E-01 I 4.0E-03 I 1 Bromate 15541-45-4 9.9E-01 c 4.7E+00 c 1.1E-01 c 1.0E+01 8.5E-04 c 7.7E-02
2.0E+00 X 6.0E-04 X V 1 2.4E+03 Bromo-2-chloroethane, 1- 107-04-0 2.6E-02 c 1.1E-01 c 4.7E-03 c 2.0E-02 c 7.4E-03 c 2.1E-06 c
3.0E-04 X V 1 9.0E+02 Bromo-3-fluorobenzene, 1- 1073-06-9 2.3E+01 n 3.5E+02 n 4.9E+00 n 4.7E-03 n
3.0E-04 X V 1 3.2E+02 Bromo-4-fluorobenzene, 1- 460-00-4 2.3E+01 n 3.5E+02 ns 4.6E+00 n 4.4E-03 n
8.0E-03 I 6.0E-02 I V 1 6.8E+02 Bromobenzene 108-86-1 2.9E+02 n 1.8E+03 ns 6.3E+01 n 2.6E+02 n 6.2E+01 n 4.2E-02 n
4.0E-02 X V 1 4.0E+03 Bromochloromethane 74-97-5 1.5E+02 n 6.3E+02 n 4.2E+01 n 1.8E+02 n 8.3E+01 n 2.1E-02 n
6.2E-02 I 3.7E-05 C 2.0E-02 I V 1 9.3E+02 Bromodichloromethane 75-27-4 2.9E-01 c 1.3E+00 c 7.6E-02 c 3.3E-01 c 1.3E-01 c 8.0E+01(F) 3.6E-05 c 2.2E-02
7.9E-03 I 1.1E-06 I 2.0E-02 I V 1 9.2E+02 Bromoform 75-25-2 1.9E+01 c* 8.6E+01 c 2.6E+00 c 1.1E+01 c 3.3E+00 c 8.0E+01(F) 8.7E-04 c 2.1E-02
1.4E-03 I 5.0E-03 I V 1 3.6E+03 Bromomethane 74-83-9 6.8E+00 n 3.0E+01 n 5.2E+00 n 2.2E+01 n 7.5E+00 n 1.9E-03 n
5.0E-03 H V 1 Bromophos 2104-96-3 3.9E+02 n 5.8E+03 n 3.5E+01 n 1.5E-01 n
1.0E-01 A V 1 9.7E+02 Bromopropane, 1- 106-94-5 2.2E+02 n 9.4E+02 n 1.0E+02 n 4.4E+02 n 2.1E+02 n 6.4E-02 n
1.0E-01 O 1.5E-02 O 1 0.1 Bromoxynil 1689-84-5 5.3E+00 c 2.2E+01 c 6.1E-01 c 5.2E-04 c
1.5E-02 O V 1 Bromoxynil Octanoate 1689-99-2 1.2E+03 n 1.8E+04 n 1.0E+02 n 9.0E-01 n
3.4E+00 C 3.0E-05 I 2.0E-03 I V 1 6.7E+02 Butadiene, 1,3- 106-99-0 5.8E-02 c* 2.6E-01 c* 9.4E-02 c* 4.1E-01 c* 1.8E-02 c 9.9E-06 c
3.0E-02 O 1 0.1 Butanoic acid, 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)- 94-82-6 1.9E+03 n 2.5E+04 n 4.5E+02 n 4.2E-01 n
1.0E-01 I V 1 7.6E+03 Butanol, N- 71-36-3 7.8E+03 ns 1.2E+05 nms 2.0E+03 n 4.1E-01 n
2.0E+00 P 3.0E+01 P V 1 2.1E+04 Butyl alcohol, sec- 78-92-2 1.3E+05 nms 1.5E+06 nms 3.1E+04 n 1.3E+05 n 2.4E+04 n 5.0E+00 n
5.0E-02 I V 1 Butylate 2008-41-5 3.9E+03 n 5.8E+04 n 4.6E+02 n 4.5E-01 n
2.0E-04 C 5.7E-08 C 1 0.1 Butylated hydroxyanisole 25013-16-5 2.7E+03 c 1.1E+04 c 4.9E+01 c 2.2E+02 c 1.5E+02 c 2.9E-01 c
3.6E-03 P 3.0E-01 P 1 0.1 Butylated hydroxytoluene 128-37-0 1.5E+02 c 6.4E+02 c 3.4E+00 c 1.0E-01 c
5.0E-02 P V 1 1.1E+02 Butylbenzene, n- 104-51-8 3.9E+03 ns 5.8E+04 ns 1.0E+03 n 3.2E+00 n
1.0E-01 X V 1 1.5E+02 Butylbenzene, sec- 135-98-8 7.8E+03 ns 1.2E+05 nms 2.0E+03 n 5.9E+00 n
1.0E-01 X V 1 1.8E+02 Butylbenzene, tert- 98-06-6 7.8E+03 ns 1.2E+05 nms 6.9E+02 n 1.6E+00 n
2.0E-02 A 1 0.1 Cacodylic Acid 75-60-5 1.3E+03 n 1.6E+04 n 4.0E+02 n 1.1E-01 n
1.8E-03 I 1.0E-03 I 1.0E-05 A 0.025 0.001 Cadmium (Diet) 7440-43-9 7.1E+01 n 9.8E+02 n
1.8E-03 I 5.0E-04 I 1.0E-05 A 0.05 0.001 Cadmium (Water) 7440-43-9 1.6E-03 c** 6.8E-03 c** 9.2E+00 n 5.0E+00 6.9E-01 n 3.8E-01
5.0E-01 I 2.2E-03 C 1 0.1 Caprolactam 105-60-2 3.1E+04 n 4.0E+05 nm 2.3E+00 n 9.6E+00 n 9.9E+03 n 2.5E+00 n
1.5E-01 C 4.3E-05 C 2.0E-03 I 1 0.1 Captafol 2425-06-1 3.6E+00 c* 1.5E+01 c 6.5E-02 c 2.9E-01 c 4.0E-01 c* 7.1E-04 c*
2.3E-03 C 6.6E-07 C 1.3E-01 I 1 0.1 Captan 133-06-2 2.4E+02 c* 1.0E+03 c 4.3E+00 c 1.9E+01 c 3.1E+01 c* 2.2E-02 c*
1.0E-01 I 1 0.1 Carbaryl 63-25-2 6.3E+03 n 8.2E+04 n 1.8E+03 n 1.7E+00 n
5.0E-03 I 1 0.1 Carbofuran 1563-66-2 3.2E+02 n 4.1E+03 n 9.4E+01 n 4.0E+01 3.7E-02 n 1.6E-02
1.0E-01 I 7.0E-01 I V 1 7.4E+02 Carbon Disulfide 75-15-0 7.7E+02 ns 3.5E+03 ns 7.3E+02 n 3.1E+03 n 8.1E+02 n 2.4E-01 n
7.0E-02 I 6.0E-06 I 4.0E-03 I 1.0E-01 I V 1 4.6E+02 Carbon Tetrachloride 56-23-5 6.5E-01 c 2.9E+00 c 4.7E-01 c 2.0E+00 c 4.6E-01 c 5.0E+00 1.8E-04 c 1.9E-03
1.0E-01 P V 1 5.9E+03 Carbonyl Sulfide 463-58-1 6.7E+01 n 2.8E+02 n 1.0E+02 n 4.4E+02 n 2.1E+02 n 5.1E-01 n
1.0E-02 I 1 0.1 Carbosulfan 55285-14-8 6.3E+02 n 8.2E+03 n 5.1E+01 n 1.2E+00 n
1.0E-01 I 1 0.1 Carboxin 5234-68-4 6.3E+03 n 8.2E+04 n 1.9E+03 n 1.0E+00 n
9.0E-04 I 1 Ceric oxide 1306-38-3 1.3E+06 nm 5.4E+06 nm 9.4E-01 n 3.9E+00 n
1.0E-01 I V 1 Chloral Hydrate 302-17-0 7.8E+03 n 1.2E+05 nm 2.0E+03 n 4.0E-01 n
1.5E-02 I 1 0.1 Chloramben 133-90-4 9.5E+02 n 1.2E+04 n 2.9E+02 n 7.0E-02 n
4.0E-01 H 1 0.1 Chloranil 118-75-2 1.3E+00 c 5.7E+00 c 1.8E-01 c 1.5E-04 c
3.5E-01 I 1.0E-04 I 5.0E-04 I 7.0E-04 I V 1 0.04 Chlordane 12789-03-6 1.7E+00 c* 7.7E+00 c* 2.8E-02 c* 1.2E-01 c* 2.0E-02 c* 2.0E+00 2.7E-03 c* 2.7E-01
1.0E+01 I 4.6E-03 C 3.0E-04 I 1 0.1 Chlordecone (Kepone) 143-50-0 5.4E-02 c 2.3E-01 c 6.1E-04 c 2.7E-03 c 3.5E-03 c 1.2E-04 c
7.0E-04 A 1 0.1 Chlorfenvinphos 470-90-6 4.4E+01 n 5.7E+02 n 1.1E+01 n 3.1E-02 n
9.0E-02 O 1 0.1 Chlorimuron, Ethyl- 90982-32-4 5.7E+03 n 7.4E+04 n 1.8E+03 n 6.0E-01 n
1.0E-01 I 1.5E-04 A V 1 2.8E+03 Chlorine 7782-50-5 1.8E-01 n 7.8E-01 n 1.5E-01 n 6.4E-01 n 3.0E-01 n 1.4E-04 n
3.0E-02 I 2.0E-04 I V 1 Chlorine Dioxide 10049-04-4 2.3E+03 n 3.4E+04 n 2.1E-01 n 8.8E-01 n 4.2E-01 n n
3.0E-02 I 1 Chlorite (Sodium Salt) 7758-19-2 2.3E+03 n 3.5E+04 n 6.0E+02 n 1.0E+03 n
5.0E+01 I V 1 1.2E+03 Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane, 1- 75-68-3 5.4E+04 ns 2.3E+05 nms 5.2E+04 n 2.2E+05 n 1.0E+05 n 5.2E+01 n
3.0E-04 I 2.0E-02 H 2.0E-02 I V 1 7.9E+02 Chloro-1,3-butadiene, 2- 126-99-8 1.0E-02 c 4.4E-02 c 9.4E-03 c 4.1E-02 c 1.9E-02 c 9.8E-06 c
4.6E-01 H 1 0.1 Chloro-2-methylaniline HCl, 4- 3165-93-3 1.2E+00 c 5.0E+00 c 1.7E-01 c 1.5E-04 c
1.0E-01 P 7.7E-05 C 3.0E-03 X 1 0.1 Chloro-2-methylaniline, 4- 95-69-2 5.4E+00 c* 2.3E+01 c 3.6E-02 c 1.6E-01 c 7.0E-01 c* 4.0E-04 c*
2.7E-01 X V 1 1.2E+04 Chloroacetaldehyde, 2- 107-20-0 2.6E+00 c 1.2E+01 c 2.9E-01 c 5.8E-05 c
1 0.1 Chloroacetic Acid 79-11-8 6.0E+01 1.2E-02
3.0E-05 I 1 0.1 Chloroacetophenone, 2- 532-27-4 4.3E+04 n 1.8E+05 nm 3.1E-02 n 1.3E-01 n
2.0E-01 P 4.0E-03 I 1 0.1 Chloroaniline, p- 106-47-8 2.7E+00 c* 1.1E+01 c 3.7E-01 c 1.6E-04 c
2.0E-02 I 5.0E-02 P V 1 7.6E+02 Chlorobenzene 108-90-7 2.8E+02 n 1.3E+03 ns 5.2E+01 n 2.2E+02 n 7.8E+01 n 1.0E+02 5.3E-02 n 6.8E-02
1.0E-01 X 1 0.1 Chlorobenzene sulfonic acid, p- 98-66-8 6.3E+03 n 8.2E+04 n 2.0E+03 n 4.7E-01 n
1.1E-01 C 3.1E-05 C 2.0E-02 I 1 0.1 Chlorobenzilate 510-15-6 4.9E+00 c 2.1E+01 c 9.1E-02 c 4.0E-01 c 3.1E-01 c 1.0E-03 c
3.0E-02 X 1 0.1 Chlorobenzoic Acid, p- 74-11-3 1.9E+03 n 2.5E+04 n 5.1E+02 n 1.3E-01 n
3.0E-03 P 3.0E-01 P V 1 2.9E+02 Chlorobenzotrifluoride, 4- 98-56-6 2.1E+02 n 2.5E+03 ns 3.1E+02 n 1.3E+03 n 3.5E+01 n 1.2E-01 n
4.0E-02 P V 1 7.3E+02 Chlorobutane, 1- 109-69-3 3.1E+03 ns 4.7E+04 ns 6.4E+02 n 2.6E-01 n
5.0E+01 I V 1 1.7E+03 Chlorodifluoromethane 75-45-6 4.9E+04 ns 2.1E+05 nms 5.2E+04 n 2.2E+05 n 1.0E+05 n 4.3E+01 n
2.0E-02 P V 1 1.1E+05 Chloroethanol, 2- 107-07-3 1.6E+03 n 2.3E+04 n 4.0E+02 n 8.1E-02 n
3.1E-02 C 2.3E-05 I 1.0E-02 I 9.8E-02 A V 1 2.5E+03 Chloroform 67-66-3 3.2E-01 c 1.4E+00 c 1.2E-01 c 5.3E-01 c 2.2E-01 c 8.0E+01(F) 6.1E-05 c 2.2E-02
9.0E-02 I V 1 1.3E+03 Chloromethane 74-87-3 1.1E+02 n 4.6E+02 n 9.4E+01 n 3.9E+02 n 1.9E+02 n 4.9E-02 n
2.4E+00 C 6.9E-04 C V 1 9.3E+03 Chloromethyl Methyl Ether 107-30-2 2.0E-02 c 8.9E-02 c 4.1E-03 c 1.8E-02 c 6.5E-03 c 1.4E-06 c
3.0E-01 P 3.0E-03 P 1.0E-05 X 1 0.1 Chloronitrobenzene, o- 88-73-3 1.8E+00 c 7.7E+00 c 1.0E-02 n 4.4E-02 n 2.4E-01 c 2.2E-04 c
6.0E-02 P 7.0E-04 P 2.0E-03 P 1 0.1 Chloronitrobenzene, p- 100-00-5 9.0E+00 c** 3.8E+01 c* 2.1E+00 n 8.8E+00 n 1.2E+00 c* 1.1E-03 c*

Page 2 of 12
 Regional Screening Level (RSL) Summary Table (TR=1E-06, HQ=1) November 2017

Key: I = IRIS; P = PPRTV; D = DWSHA; O = OPP; A = ATSDR; C = Cal EPA; X = APPENDIX PPRTV SCREEN (See FAQ #29); H = HEAST; F = See FAQ; E = see user guide Section 2.3.5; W = see user guide Section 2.3.6; L = see user guide on lead; M = mutagen; S = see user guide Section 5; V = volatile; R = RBA applied (See User
Guide for Arsenic notice) ; c = cancer; n = noncancer; * = where: n SL < 100X c SL; ** = where n SL < 10X c SL; SSL values are based on DAF=1; m = Concentration may exceed ceiling limit (See User Guide); s = Concentration may exceed Csat (See User Guide)
Toxicity and Chemical-specific Information Contaminant Screening Levels Protection of Ground Water SSLs
k k k k v Risk-based MCL-based
SFO e IUR e RfDo e RfCi e o muta- Csat Resident Soil Industrial Soil Resident Air Industrial Air Tapwater MCL SSL SSL
(mg/kg-day)-1 y (ug/m 3)-1 y (mg/kg-day) y (mg/m 3) y l gen GIABS ABS (mg/kg) Analyte CAS No. (mg/kg) key (mg/kg) key (ug/m 3) key (ug/m 3) key (ug/L) key (ug/L) (mg/kg) key (mg/kg)
5.0E-03 I V 1 2.7E+04 Chlorophenol, 2- 95-57-8 3.9E+02 n 5.8E+03 n 9.1E+01 n 8.9E-02 n
4.0E-04 C V 1 6.2E+02 Chloropicrin 76-06-2 2.0E+00 n 8.2E+00 n 4.2E-01 n 1.8E+00 n 8.3E-01 n 2.5E-04 n
3.1E-03 C 8.9E-07 C 1.5E-02 I 1 0.1 Chlorothalonil 1897-45-6 1.8E+02 c** 7.4E+02 c* 3.2E+00 c 1.4E+01 c 2.2E+01 c* 5.0E-02 c*
2.0E-02 I V 1 9.1E+02 Chlorotoluene, o- 95-49-8 1.6E+03 ns 2.3E+04 ns 2.4E+02 n 2.3E-01 n
2.0E-02 X V 1 2.5E+02 Chlorotoluene, p- 106-43-4 1.6E+03 ns 2.3E+04 ns 2.5E+02 n 2.4E-01 n
2.4E+02 C 6.9E-02 C 1 0.1 Chlorozotocin 54749-90-5 2.3E-03 c 9.6E-03 c 4.1E-05 c 1.8E-04 c 3.2E-04 c 7.1E-08 c
5.0E-02 O 1 0.1 Chlorpropham 101-21-3 3.2E+03 n 4.1E+04 n 7.1E+02 n 6.4E-01 n
1.0E-03 A 1 0.1 Chlorpyrifos 2921-88-2 6.3E+01 n 8.2E+02 n 8.4E+00 n 1.2E-01 n
1.0E-02 H 1 0.1 Chlorpyrifos Methyl 5598-13-0 6.3E+02 n 8.2E+03 n 1.2E+02 n 5.4E-01 n
2.0E-02 O 1 0.1 Chlorsulfuron 64902-72-3 1.3E+03 n 1.6E+04 n 3.9E+02 n 3.3E-01 n
1.0E-02 I 1 0.1 Chlorthal-dimethyl 1861-32-1 6.3E+02 n 8.2E+03 n 1.2E+02 n 1.5E-01 n
8.0E-04 H 1 0.1 Chlorthiophos 60238-56-4 5.1E+01 n 6.6E+02 n 2.8E+00 n 7.3E-02 n
1.5E+00 I 0.013 Chromium(III), Insoluble Salts 16065-83-1 1.2E+05 nm 1.8E+06 nm 2.2E+04 n 4.0E+07 n
5.0E-01 C 8.4E-02 S 3.0E-03 I 1.0E-04 I M 0.025 Chromium(VI) 18540-29-9 3.0E-01 c 6.3E+00 c 1.2E-05 c 1.5E-04 c 3.5E-02 c 6.7E-04 c
0.013 Chromium, Total 7440-47-3 1.0E+02 1.8E+05
1.3E-02 I 1 0.1 Clofentezine 74115-24-5 8.2E+02 n 1.1E+04 n 2.3E+02 n 1.4E+01 n
9.0E-03 P 3.0E-04 P 6.0E-06 P 1 Cobalt 7440-48-4 2.3E+01 n 3.5E+02 n 3.1E-04 c* 1.4E-03 c* 6.0E+00 n 2.7E-01 n
6.2E-04 I V M 1 Coke Oven Emissions 8007-45-2 1.6E-03 c 2.0E-02 c
4.0E-02 H 1 Copper 7440-50-8 3.1E+03 n 4.7E+04 n 8.0E+02 n 1.3E+03 2.8E+01 n 4.6E+01
5.0E-02 I 6.0E-01 C 1 0.1 Cresol, m- 108-39-4 3.2E+03 n 4.1E+04 n 6.3E+02 n 2.6E+03 n 9.3E+02 n 7.4E-01 n
5.0E-02 I 6.0E-01 C 1 0.1 Cresol, o- 95-48-7 3.2E+03 n 4.1E+04 n 6.3E+02 n 2.6E+03 n 9.3E+02 n 7.5E-01 n
1.0E-01 A 6.0E-01 C 1 0.1 Cresol, p- 106-44-5 6.3E+03 n 8.2E+04 n 6.3E+02 n 2.6E+03 n 1.9E+03 n 1.5E+00 n
1.0E-01 A 1 0.1 Cresol, p-chloro-m- 59-50-7 6.3E+03 n 8.2E+04 n 1.4E+03 n 1.7E+00 n
1.0E-01 A 6.0E-01 C 1 0.1 Cresols 1319-77-3 6.3E+03 n 8.2E+04 n 6.3E+02 n 2.6E+03 n 1.5E+03 n 1.3E+00 n
1.9E+00 H 1.0E-03 P V 1 1.7E+04 Crotonaldehyde, trans- 123-73-9 3.7E-01 c 1.7E+00 c 4.0E-02 c 8.2E-06 c
1.0E-01 I 4.0E-01 I V 1 2.7E+02 Cumene 98-82-8 1.9E+03 ns 9.9E+03 ns 4.2E+02 n 1.8E+03 n 4.5E+02 n 7.4E-01 n
2.2E-01 C 6.3E-05 C 1 0.1 Cupferron 135-20-6 2.5E+00 c 1.0E+01 c 4.5E-02 c 1.9E-01 c 3.5E-01 c 6.1E-04 c
8.4E-01 H 2.0E-03 H 1 0.1 Cyanazine 21725-46-2 6.5E-01 c 2.7E+00 c 8.8E-02 c 4.1E-05 c
Cyanides
1.0E-03 I 1 ~Calcium Cyanide 592-01-8 7.8E+01 n 1.2E+03 n 2.0E+01 n n
5.0E-03 I 1 ~Copper Cyanide 544-92-3 3.9E+02 n 5.8E+03 n 1.0E+02 n n
6.0E-04 I 8.0E-04 S V 1 9.5E+05 ~Cyanide (CN-) 57-12-5 2.3E+01 n 1.5E+02 n 8.3E-01 n 3.5E+00 n 1.5E+00 n 2.0E+02 1.5E-02 n 2.0E+00
1.0E-03 I V 1 ~Cyanogen 460-19-5 7.8E+01 n 1.2E+03 n 2.0E+01 n n
9.0E-02 I V 1 ~Cyanogen Bromide 506-68-3 7.0E+03 n 1.1E+05 nm 1.8E+03 n n
5.0E-02 I V 1 ~Cyanogen Chloride 506-77-4 3.9E+03 n 5.8E+04 n 1.0E+03 n n
6.0E-04 I 8.0E-04 I V 1 1.0E+07 ~Hydrogen Cyanide 74-90-8 2.3E+01 n 1.5E+02 n 8.3E-01 n 3.5E+00 n 1.5E+00 n 1.5E-02 n
2.0E-03 I 1 ~Potassium Cyanide 151-50-8 1.6E+02 n 2.3E+03 n 4.0E+01 n n
5.0E-03 I 0.04 ~Potassium Silver Cyanide 506-61-6 3.9E+02 n 5.8E+03 n 8.2E+01 n n
1.0E-01 I 0.04 ~Silver Cyanide 506-64-9 7.8E+03 n 1.2E+05 nm 1.8E+03 n n
1.0E-03 I 1 ~Sodium Cyanide 143-33-9 7.8E+01 n 1.2E+03 n 2.0E+01 n 2.0E+02 n
2.0E-04 P 1 ~Thiocyanates E1790664 1.6E+01 n 2.3E+02 n 4.0E+00 n n
2.0E-04 X V 1 ~Thiocyanic Acid 463-56-9 1.6E+01 n 2.3E+02 n 4.0E+00 n n
5.0E-02 I 1 ~Zinc Cyanide 557-21-1 3.9E+03 n 5.8E+04 n 1.0E+03 n n
6.0E+00 I V 1 1.2E+02 Cyclohexane 110-82-7 6.5E+03 ns 2.7E+04 ns 6.3E+03 n 2.6E+04 n 1.3E+04 n 1.3E+01 n
2.0E-02 X 2.0E-02 X 1 0.1 Cyclohexane, 1,2,3,4,5-pentabromo-6-chloro- 87-84-3 2.7E+01 c* 1.1E+02 c 2.8E+00 c 1.6E-02 c
5.0E+00 I 7.0E-01 P V 1 5.1E+03 Cyclohexanone 108-94-1 2.8E+04 ns 1.3E+05 nms 7.3E+02 n 3.1E+03 n 1.4E+03 n 3.4E-01 n
5.0E-03 P 1.0E+00 X V 1 2.8E+02 Cyclohexene 110-83-8 3.1E+02 ns 3.1E+03 ns 1.0E+03 n 4.4E+03 n 7.0E+01 n 4.6E-02 n
2.0E-01 I V 1 2.9E+05 Cyclohexylamine 108-91-8 1.6E+04 n 2.3E+05 nm 3.8E+03 n 1.0E+00 n
2.5E-02 I 1 0.1 Cyfluthrin 68359-37-5 1.6E+03 n 2.1E+04 n 1.2E+02 n 3.1E+01 n
1.0E-03 O 1 0.1 Cyhalothrin 68085-85-8 6.3E+01 n 8.2E+02 n 2.0E+01 n 1.4E+01 n
6.0E-02 O 1 0.1 Cypermethrin 52315-07-8 3.8E+03 n 4.9E+04 n 1.2E+03 n 1.9E+02 n
1.5E-02 O 1 0.1 Cyromazine 66215-27-8 9.5E+02 n 1.2E+04 n 3.0E+02 n 7.6E-02 n
2.4E-01 I 6.9E-05 C 3.0E-05 X 1 0.1 DDD, p,p`- (DDD) 72-54-8 1.9E+00 n 9.6E+00 c** 4.1E-02 c 1.8E-01 c 3.2E-02 c** 7.5E-03 c**
3.4E-01 I 9.7E-05 C 3.0E-04 X V 1 DDE, p,p'- 72-55-9 2.0E+00 c* 9.3E+00 c* 2.9E-02 c 1.3E-01 c 4.6E-02 c 1.1E-02 c
3.4E-01 I 9.7E-05 I 5.0E-04 I 1 0.03 DDT 50-29-3 1.9E+00 c* 8.5E+00 c* 2.9E-02 c 1.3E-01 c 2.3E-01 c* 7.7E-02 c*
3.0E-02 I 1 0.1 Dalapon 75-99-0 1.9E+03 n 2.5E+04 n 6.0E+02 n 2.0E+02 1.2E-01 n 4.1E-02
1.8E-02 C 5.1E-06 C 1.5E-01 I 1 0.1 Daminozide 1596-84-5 3.0E+01 c 1.3E+02 c 5.5E-01 c 2.4E+00 c 4.3E+00 c 9.5E-04 c
7.0E-04 I 7.0E-03 I 1 0.1 Decabromodiphenyl ether, 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6,6'- (BDE-209) 1163-19-5 4.4E+02 n 3.3E+03 c** 1.1E+02 c** 6.2E+01 c**
4.0E-05 I 1 0.1 Demeton 8065-48-3 2.5E+00 n 3.3E+01 n 4.2E-01 n n
1.2E-03 I 6.0E-01 I 1 0.1 Di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate 103-23-1 4.5E+02 c* 1.9E+03 c 6.5E+01 c 4.0E+02 4.7E+00 c 2.9E+01
6.1E-02 H 1 0.1 Diallate 2303-16-4 8.9E+00 c 3.8E+01 c 5.4E-01 c 8.0E-04 c
7.0E-04 A 1 0.1 Diazinon 333-41-5 4.4E+01 n 5.7E+02 n 1.0E+01 n 6.5E-02 n
1.0E-02 X V 1 Dibenzothiophene 132-65-0 7.8E+02 n 1.2E+04 n 6.5E+01 n 1.2E+00 n
8.0E-01 P 6.0E-03 P 2.0E-04 P 2.0E-04 I V M 1 9.8E+02 Dibromo-3-chloropropane, 1,2- 96-12-8 5.3E-03 c 6.4E-02 c 1.7E-04 c 2.0E-03 c 3.3E-04 c 2.0E-01 1.4E-07 c 8.6E-05
4.0E-04 X V 1 1.6E+02 Dibromobenzene, 1,3- 108-36-1 3.1E+01 n 4.7E+02 ns 5.3E+00 n 5.1E-03 n
1.0E-02 I V 1 Dibromobenzene, 1,4- 106-37-6 7.8E+02 n 1.2E+04 n 1.3E+02 n 1.2E-01 n
8.4E-02 I 2.0E-02 I V 1 8.0E+02 Dibromochloromethane 124-48-1 8.3E+00 c 3.9E+01 c 8.7E-01 c 8.0E+01(F) 2.3E-04 c 2.1E-02
2.0E+00 I 6.0E-04 I 9.0E-03 I 9.0E-03 I V 1 1.3E+03 Dibromoethane, 1,2- 106-93-4 3.6E-02 c 1.6E-01 c 4.7E-03 c 2.0E-02 c 7.5E-03 c 5.0E-02 2.1E-06 c 1.4E-05
4.0E-03 X V 1 2.8E+03 Dibromomethane (Methylene Bromide) 74-95-3 2.4E+01 n 9.9E+01 n 4.2E+00 n 1.8E+01 n 8.3E+00 n 2.1E-03 n
3.0E-04 P 1 0.1 Dibutyltin Compounds E1790660 1.9E+01 n 2.5E+02 n 6.0E+00 n n

Page 3 of 12
 Regional Screening Level (RSL) Summary Table (TR=1E-06, HQ=1) November 2017

Key: I = IRIS; P = PPRTV; D = DWSHA; O = OPP; A = ATSDR; C = Cal EPA; X = APPENDIX PPRTV SCREEN (See FAQ #29); H = HEAST; F = See FAQ; E = see user guide Section 2.3.5; W = see user guide Section 2.3.6; L = see user guide on lead; M = mutagen; S = see user guide Section 5; V = volatile; R = RBA applied (See User
Guide for Arsenic notice) ; c = cancer; n = noncancer; * = where: n SL < 100X c SL; ** = where n SL < 10X c SL; SSL values are based on DAF=1; m = Concentration may exceed ceiling limit (See User Guide); s = Concentration may exceed Csat (See User Guide)
Toxicity and Chemical-specific Information Contaminant Screening Levels Protection of Ground Water SSLs
k k k k v Risk-based MCL-based
SFO e IUR e RfDo e RfCi e o muta- Csat Resident Soil Industrial Soil Resident Air Industrial Air Tapwater MCL SSL SSL
(mg/kg-day)-1 y (ug/m 3)-1 y (mg/kg-day) y (mg/m 3) y l gen GIABS ABS (mg/kg) Analyte CAS No. (mg/kg) key (mg/kg) key (ug/m 3) key (ug/m 3) key (ug/L) key (ug/L) (mg/kg) key (mg/kg)
3.0E-02 I 1 0.1 Dicamba 1918-00-9 1.9E+03 n 2.5E+04 n 5.7E+02 n 1.5E-01 n
4.2E-03 P V 1 5.5E+02 Dichloro-2-butene, 1,4- 764-41-0 2.1E-03 c 9.4E-03 c 6.7E-04 c 2.9E-03 c 1.3E-03 c 6.6E-07 c
4.2E-03 P V 1 5.2E+02 Dichloro-2-butene, cis-1,4- 1476-11-5 7.4E-03 c 3.2E-02 c 6.7E-04 c 2.9E-03 c 1.3E-03 c 6.2E-07 c
4.2E-03 P V 1 7.6E+02 Dichloro-2-butene, trans-1,4- 110-57-6 7.4E-03 c 3.2E-02 c 6.7E-04 c 2.9E-03 c 1.3E-03 c 6.2E-07 c
5.0E-02 I 4.0E-03 I 1 0.1 Dichloroacetic Acid 79-43-6 1.1E+01 c* 4.6E+01 c* 1.5E+00 c* 6.0E+01 3.1E-04 c* 1.2E-02
9.0E-02 I 2.0E-01 H V 1 3.8E+02 Dichlorobenzene, 1,2- 95-50-1 1.8E+03 ns 9.3E+03 ns 2.1E+02 n 8.8E+02 n 3.0E+02 n 6.0E+02 3.0E-01 n 5.8E-01
5.4E-03 C 1.1E-05 C 7.0E-02 A 8.0E-01 I V 1 Dichlorobenzene, 1,4- 106-46-7 2.6E+00 c 1.1E+01 c 2.6E-01 c 1.1E+00 c 4.8E-01 c 7.5E+01 4.6E-04 c 7.2E-02
4.5E-01 I 3.4E-04 C 1 0.1 Dichlorobenzidine, 3,3'- 91-94-1 1.2E+00 c 5.1E+00 c 8.3E-03 c 3.6E-02 c 1.3E-01 c 8.2E-04 c
9.0E-03 X 1 0.1 Dichlorobenzophenone, 4,4'- 90-98-2 5.7E+02 n 7.4E+03 n 7.8E+01 n 4.7E-01 n
2.0E-01 I 1.0E-01 X V 1 8.5E+02 Dichlorodifluoromethane 75-71-8 8.7E+01 n 3.7E+02 n 1.0E+02 n 4.4E+02 n 2.0E+02 n 3.0E-01 n
5.7E-03 C 1.6E-06 C 2.0E-01 P V 1 1.7E+03 Dichloroethane, 1,1- 75-34-3 3.6E+00 c 1.6E+01 c 1.8E+00 c 7.7E+00 c 2.8E+00 c 7.8E-04 c
9.1E-02 I 2.6E-05 I 6.0E-03 X 7.0E-03 P V 1 3.0E+03 Dichloroethane, 1,2- 107-06-2 4.6E-01 c* 2.0E+00 c* 1.1E-01 c* 4.7E-01 c* 1.7E-01 c* 5.0E+00 4.8E-05 c* 1.4E-03
5.0E-02 I 2.0E-01 I V 1 1.2E+03 Dichloroethylene, 1,1- 75-35-4 2.3E+02 n 1.0E+03 n 2.1E+02 n 8.8E+02 n 2.8E+02 n 7.0E+00 1.0E-01 n 2.5E-03
2.0E-03 I V 1 2.4E+03 Dichloroethylene, 1,2-cis- 156-59-2 1.6E+02 n 2.3E+03 n 3.6E+01 n 7.0E+01 1.1E-02 n 2.1E-02
2.0E-02 I V 1 1.9E+03 Dichloroethylene, 1,2-trans- 156-60-5 1.6E+03 n 2.3E+04 ns 3.6E+02 n 1.0E+02 1.1E-01 n 3.1E-02
3.0E-03 I 1 0.1 Dichlorophenol, 2,4- 120-83-2 1.9E+02 n 2.5E+03 n 4.6E+01 n 2.3E-02 n
1.0E-02 I 1 0.05 Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid, 2,4- 94-75-7 7.0E+02 n 9.6E+03 n 1.7E+02 n 7.0E+01 4.5E-02 n 1.8E-02
3.7E-02 P 3.7E-06 P 4.0E-02 P 4.0E-03 I V 1 1.4E+03 Dichloropropane, 1,2- 78-87-5 2.5E+00 c** 1.1E+01 c** 7.6E-01 c** 3.3E+00 c** 8.5E-01 c** 5.0E+00 2.8E-04 c** 1.7E-03
2.0E-02 P V 1 1.5E+03 Dichloropropane, 1,3- 142-28-9 1.6E+03 ns 2.3E+04 ns 3.7E+02 n 1.3E-01 n
3.0E-03 I 1 0.1 Dichloropropanol, 2,3- 616-23-9 1.9E+02 n 2.5E+03 n 5.9E+01 n 1.3E-02 n
1.0E-01 I 4.0E-06 I 3.0E-02 I 2.0E-02 I V 1 1.6E+03 Dichloropropene, 1,3- 542-75-6 1.8E+00 c* 8.2E+00 c* 7.0E-01 c* 3.1E+00 c* 4.7E-01 c* 1.7E-04 c*
2.9E-01 I 8.3E-05 C 5.0E-04 I 5.0E-04 I 1 0.1 Dichlorvos 62-73-7 1.9E+00 c* 7.9E+00 c* 3.4E-02 c* 1.5E-01 c* 2.6E-01 c* 8.1E-05 c*
7.0E-05 O 1 0.1 Dicrotophos 141-66-2 4.4E+00 n 5.7E+01 n 1.4E+00 n 3.3E-04 n
8.0E-02 P 3.0E-04 X V 1 2.6E+02 Dicyclopentadiene 77-73-6 1.3E+00 n 5.4E+00 n 3.1E-01 n 1.3E+00 n 6.3E-01 n 2.2E-03 n
1.6E+01 I 4.6E-03 I 5.0E-05 I 1 0.1 Dieldrin 60-57-1 3.4E-02 c* 1.4E-01 c 6.1E-04 c 2.7E-03 c 1.8E-03 c 7.1E-05 c
3.0E-04 C 5.0E-03 I 1 0.1 Diesel Engine Exhaust E17136615 9.4E-03 c 4.1E-02 c
2.0E-03 P 2.0E-04 P 1 0.1 Diethanolamine 111-42-2 1.3E+02 n 1.6E+03 n 2.1E-01 n 8.8E-01 n 4.0E+01 n 8.1E-03 n
3.0E-02 P 1.0E-04 P 1 0.1 Diethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether 112-34-5 1.9E+03 n 2.4E+04 n 1.0E-01 n 4.4E-01 n 6.0E+02 n 1.3E-01 n
6.0E-02 P 3.0E-04 P 1 0.1 Diethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether 111-90-0 3.8E+03 n 4.8E+04 n 3.1E-01 n 1.3E+00 n 1.2E+03 n 2.4E-01 n
1.0E-03 P V 1 1.1E+05 Diethylformamide 617-84-5 7.8E+01 n 1.2E+03 n 2.0E+01 n 4.1E-03 n
3.5E+02 C 1.0E-01 C 1 0.1 Diethylstilbestrol 56-53-1 1.6E-03 c 6.6E-03 c 2.8E-05 c 1.2E-04 c 5.1E-05 c 2.8E-05 c
8.3E-02 O 1 0.1 Difenzoquat 43222-48-6 5.2E+03 n 6.8E+04 n 1.7E+03 n 2.6E+02 n
2.0E-02 I 1 0.1 Diflubenzuron 35367-38-5 1.3E+03 n 1.6E+04 n 2.9E+02 n 3.3E-01 n
4.0E+01 I V 1 1.4E+03 Difluoroethane, 1,1- 75-37-6 4.8E+04 ns 2.0E+05 nms 4.2E+04 n 1.8E+05 n 8.3E+04 n 2.8E+01 n
3.0E+01 X V 1 6.9E+02 Difluoropropane, 2,2- 420-45-1 2.4E+04 ns 1.0E+05 ns 3.1E+04 n 1.3E+05 n 6.3E+04 n 1.4E+02 n
4.4E-02 C 1.3E-05 C V 1 Dihydrosafrole 94-58-6 9.9E+00 c 4.5E+01 c 2.2E-01 c 9.4E-01 c 3.0E-01 c 1.9E-04 c
7.0E-01 P V 1 2.3E+03 Diisopropyl Ether 108-20-3 2.2E+03 n 9.4E+03 ns 7.3E+02 n 3.1E+03 n 1.5E+03 n 3.7E-01 n
8.0E-02 I V 1 5.3E+02 Diisopropyl Methylphosphonate 1445-75-6 6.3E+03 ns 9.3E+04 ns 1.6E+03 n 4.5E-01 n
2.2E-02 O 1 0.1 Dimethipin 55290-64-7 1.4E+03 n 1.8E+04 n 4.4E+02 n 9.6E-02 n
2.2E-03 O 1 0.1 Dimethoate 60-51-5 1.4E+02 n 1.8E+03 n 4.4E+01 n 9.9E-03 n
1.6E+00 P 1 0.1 Dimethoxybenzidine, 3,3'- 119-90-4 3.4E-01 c 1.4E+00 c 4.7E-02 c 5.8E-05 c
1.7E-03 P 6.0E-02 P 1 0.1 Dimethyl methylphosphonate 756-79-6 3.2E+02 c* 1.4E+03 c* 4.6E+01 c* 9.6E-03 c*
4.6E+00 C 1.3E-03 C 1 0.1 Dimethylamino azobenzene [p-] 60-11-7 1.2E-01 c 5.0E-01 c 2.2E-03 c 9.4E-03 c 5.0E-03 c 2.1E-05 c
5.8E-01 H 1 0.1 Dimethylaniline HCl, 2,4- 21436-96-4 9.4E-01 c 4.0E+00 c 1.3E-01 c 1.2E-04 c
2.0E-01 P 2.0E-03 X 1 0.1 Dimethylaniline, 2,4- 95-68-1 2.7E+00 c* 1.1E+01 c 3.7E-01 c 2.1E-04 c
2.7E-02 P 2.0E-03 I V 1 8.3E+02 Dimethylaniline, N,N- 121-69-7 2.6E+01 c** 1.2E+02 c* 2.5E+00 c* 9.0E-04 c*
1.1E+01 P 1 0.1 Dimethylbenzidine, 3,3'- 119-93-7 4.9E-02 c 2.1E-01 c 6.5E-03 c 4.3E-05 c
1.0E-01 P 3.0E-02 I V 1 1.1E+05 Dimethylformamide 68-12-2 2.6E+03 n 1.5E+04 n 3.1E+01 n 1.3E+02 n 6.1E+01 n 1.2E-02 n
1.0E-04 X 2.0E-06 X V 1 1.7E+05 Dimethylhydrazine, 1,1- 57-14-7 5.7E-02 n 2.4E-01 n 2.1E-03 n 8.8E-03 n 4.2E-03 n 9.3E-07 n
5.5E+02 C 1.6E-01 C V 1 1.9E+05 Dimethylhydrazine, 1,2- 540-73-8 8.8E-04 c 4.1E-03 c 1.8E-05 c 7.7E-05 c 2.8E-05 c 6.5E-09 c
2.0E-02 I 1 0.1 Dimethylphenol, 2,4- 105-67-9 1.3E+03 n 1.6E+04 n 3.6E+02 n 4.2E-01 n
6.0E-04 I 1 0.1 Dimethylphenol, 2,6- 576-26-1 3.8E+01 n 4.9E+02 n 1.1E+01 n 1.3E-02 n
1.0E-03 I 1 0.1 Dimethylphenol, 3,4- 95-65-8 6.3E+01 n 8.2E+02 n 1.8E+01 n 2.1E-02 n
4.5E-02 C 1.3E-05 C V 1 4.7E+02 Dimethylvinylchloride 513-37-1 1.1E+00 c 4.8E+00 c 2.2E-01 c 9.4E-01 c 3.3E-01 c 1.1E-04 c
8.0E-05 X 1 0.1 Dinitro-o-cresol, 4,6- 534-52-1 5.1E+00 n 6.6E+01 n 1.5E+00 n 2.6E-03 n
2.0E-03 I 1 0.1 Dinitro-o-cyclohexyl Phenol, 4,6- 131-89-5 1.3E+02 n 1.6E+03 n 2.3E+01 n 7.7E-01 n
1.0E-04 P 1 0.1 Dinitrobenzene, 1,2- 528-29-0 6.3E+00 n 8.2E+01 n 1.9E+00 n 1.8E-03 n
1.0E-04 I 1 0.1 Dinitrobenzene, 1,3- 99-65-0 6.3E+00 n 8.2E+01 n 2.0E+00 n 1.8E-03 n
1.0E-04 P 1 0.1 Dinitrobenzene, 1,4- 100-25-4 6.3E+00 n 8.2E+01 n 2.0E+00 n 1.8E-03 n
2.0E-03 I 1 0.1 Dinitrophenol, 2,4- 51-28-5 1.3E+02 n 1.6E+03 n 3.9E+01 n 4.4E-02 n
6.8E-01 I 1 0.1 Dinitrotoluene Mixture, 2,4/2,6- E1615210 8.0E-01 c 3.4E+00 c 1.1E-01 c 1.5E-04 c
3.1E-01 C 8.9E-05 C 2.0E-03 I 1 0.102 Dinitrotoluene, 2,4- 121-14-2 1.7E+00 c* 7.4E+00 c 3.2E-02 c 1.4E-01 c 2.4E-01 c 3.2E-04 c
1.5E+00 P 3.0E-04 X 1 0.099 Dinitrotoluene, 2,6- 606-20-2 3.6E-01 c* 1.5E+00 c 4.9E-02 c 6.7E-05 c
2.0E-03 S 1 0.006 Dinitrotoluene, 2-Amino-4,6- 35572-78-2 1.5E+02 n 2.3E+03 n 3.9E+01 n 3.0E-02 n
2.0E-03 S 1 0.009 Dinitrotoluene, 4-Amino-2,6- 19406-51-0 1.5E+02 n 2.3E+03 n 3.9E+01 n 3.0E-02 n
4.5E-01 X 9.0E-04 X 1 0.1 Dinitrotoluene, Technical grade 25321-14-6 1.2E+00 c* 5.1E+00 c 1.0E-01 c 1.4E-04 c
1.0E-03 I 1 0.1 Dinoseb 88-85-7 6.3E+01 n 8.2E+02 n 1.5E+01 n 7.0E+00 1.3E-01 n 6.2E-02
1.0E-01 I 5.0E-06 I 3.0E-02 I 3.0E-02 I V 1 1.2E+05 Dioxane, 1,4- 123-91-1 5.3E+00 c 2.4E+01 c 5.6E-01 c* 2.5E+00 c* 4.6E-01 c 9.4E-05 c
Dioxins
6.2E+03 I 1.3E+00 I 1 0.03 ~Hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, Mixture 1.0E-04 c 4.7E-04 c 2.2E-06 c 9.4E-06 c 1.3E-05 c 1.7E-05 c

Page 4 of 12
 Regional Screening Level (RSL) Summary Table (TR=1E-06, HQ=1) November 2017

Key: I = IRIS; P = PPRTV; D = DWSHA; O = OPP; A = ATSDR; C = Cal EPA; X = APPENDIX PPRTV SCREEN (See FAQ #29); H = HEAST; F = See FAQ; E = see user guide Section 2.3.5; W = see user guide Section 2.3.6; L = see user guide on lead; M = mutagen; S = see user guide Section 5; V = volatile; R = RBA applied (See User
Guide for Arsenic notice) ; c = cancer; n = noncancer; * = where: n SL < 100X c SL; ** = where n SL < 10X c SL; SSL values are based on DAF=1; m = Concentration may exceed ceiling limit (See User Guide); s = Concentration may exceed Csat (See User Guide)
Toxicity and Chemical-specific Information Contaminant Screening Levels Protection of Ground Water SSLs
k k k k v Risk-based MCL-based
SFO e IUR e RfDo e RfCi e o muta- Csat Resident Soil Industrial Soil Resident Air Industrial Air Tapwater MCL SSL SSL
(mg/kg-day)-1 y (ug/m 3)-1 y (mg/kg-day) y (mg/m 3) y l gen GIABS ABS (mg/kg) Analyte CAS No. (mg/kg) key (mg/kg) key (ug/m 3) key (ug/m 3) key (ug/L) key (ug/L) (mg/kg) key (mg/kg)
1.3E+05 C 3.8E+01 C 7.0E-10 I 4.0E-08 C V 1 0.03 ~TCDD, 2,3,7,8- 1746-01-6 4.8E-06 c* 2.2E-05 c* 7.4E-08 c 3.2E-07 c 1.2E-07 c 3.0E-05 5.9E-08 c 1.5E-05
3.0E-02 I 1 0.1 Diphenamid 957-51-7 1.9E+03 n 2.5E+04 n 5.3E+02 n 5.2E+00 n
4.0E-04 X V 1 Diphenyl Ether 101-84-8 3.4E+01 n 1.4E+02 n 4.2E-01 n 1.8E+00 n 8.3E-01 n 3.4E-03 n
8.0E-04 X 1 0.1 Diphenyl Sulfone 127-63-9 5.1E+01 n 6.6E+02 n 1.5E+01 n 3.6E-02 n
1.0E-01 O 1 0.1 Diphenylamine 122-39-4 6.3E+03 n 8.2E+04 n 1.3E+03 n 2.3E+00 n
8.0E-01 I 2.2E-04 I 1 0.1 Diphenylhydrazine, 1,2- 122-66-7 6.8E-01 c 2.9E+00 c 1.3E-02 c 5.6E-02 c 7.8E-02 c 2.5E-04 c
2.2E-03 I 1 0.1 Diquat 85-00-7 1.4E+02 n 1.8E+03 n 4.4E+01 n 2.0E+01 8.3E-01 n 3.7E-01
7.1E+00 C 1.4E-01 C 1 0.1 Direct Black 38 1937-37-7 7.6E-02 c 3.2E-01 c 2.0E-05 c 8.8E-05 c 1.1E-02 c 5.3E+00 c
7.4E+00 C 1.4E-01 C 1 0.1 Direct Blue 6 2602-46-2 7.3E-02 c 3.1E-01 c 2.0E-05 c 8.8E-05 c 1.1E-02 c 1.7E+01 c
6.7E+00 C 1.4E-01 C 1 0.1 Direct Brown 95 16071-86-6 8.1E-02 c 3.4E-01 c 2.0E-05 c 8.8E-05 c 1.2E-02 c 1.6E-01 c
4.0E-05 I 1 0.1 Disulfoton 298-04-4 2.5E+00 n 3.3E+01 n 5.0E-01 n 9.4E-04 n
1.0E-02 I V 1 Dithiane, 1,4- 505-29-3 7.8E+02 n 1.2E+04 n 2.0E+02 n 9.7E-02 n
2.0E-03 I 1 0.1 Diuron 330-54-1 1.3E+02 n 1.6E+03 n 3.6E+01 n 1.5E-02 n
2.0E-02 O 1 0.1 Dodine 2439-10-3 1.3E+03 n 1.6E+04 n 4.0E+02 n 2.1E+00 n
5.0E-02 O V 1 EPTC 759-94-4 3.9E+03 n 5.8E+04 n 7.5E+02 n 4.0E-01 n
6.0E-03 I V 1 Endosulfan 115-29-7 4.7E+02 n 7.0E+03 n 1.0E+02 n 1.4E+00 n
2.0E-02 I 1 0.1 Endothall 145-73-3 1.3E+03 n 1.6E+04 n 3.8E+02 n 1.0E+02 9.1E-02 n 2.4E-02
3.0E-04 I 1 0.1 Endrin 72-20-8 1.9E+01 n 2.5E+02 n 2.3E+00 n 2.0E+00 9.2E-02 n 8.1E-02
9.9E-03 I 1.2E-06 I 6.0E-03 P 1.0E-03 I V 1 1.1E+04 Epichlorohydrin 106-89-8 1.9E+01 n 8.2E+01 n 1.0E+00 n 4.4E+00 n 2.0E+00 n 4.5E-04 n
2.0E-02 I V 1 1.5E+04 Epoxybutane, 1,2- 106-88-7 1.6E+02 n 6.7E+02 n 2.1E+01 n 8.8E+01 n 4.2E+01 n 9.2E-03 n
4.0E-02 P 1 0.1 Ethanol, 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)- 111-77-3 2.5E+03 n 3.3E+04 n 8.0E+02 n 1.6E-01 n
5.0E-03 I 1 0.1 Ethephon 16672-87-0 3.2E+02 n 4.1E+03 n 1.0E+02 n 2.1E-02 n
5.0E-04 I 1 0.1 Ethion 563-12-2 3.2E+01 n 4.1E+02 n 4.3E+00 n 8.5E-03 n
1.0E-01 P 6.0E-02 P V 1 2.4E+04 Ethoxyethanol Acetate, 2- 111-15-9 2.6E+03 n 1.4E+04 n 6.3E+01 n 2.6E+02 n 1.2E+02 n 2.5E-02 n
9.0E-02 P 2.0E-01 I V 1 1.1E+05 Ethoxyethanol, 2- 110-80-5 5.2E+03 n 4.7E+04 n 2.1E+02 n 8.8E+02 n 3.4E+02 n 6.8E-02 n
9.0E-01 I 7.0E-02 P V 1 1.1E+04 Ethyl Acetate 141-78-6 6.2E+02 n 2.6E+03 n 7.3E+01 n 3.1E+02 n 1.4E+02 n 3.1E-02 n
5.0E-03 P 8.0E-03 P V 1 2.5E+03 Ethyl Acrylate 140-88-5 4.7E+01 n 2.1E+02 n 8.3E+00 n 3.5E+01 n 1.4E+01 n 3.2E-03 n
1.0E+01 I V 1 2.1E+03 Ethyl Chloride (Chloroethane) 75-00-3 1.4E+04 ns 5.7E+04 ns 1.0E+04 n 4.4E+04 n 2.1E+04 n 5.9E+00 n
2.0E-01 I V 1 1.0E+04 Ethyl Ether 60-29-7 1.6E+04 ns 2.3E+05 nms 3.9E+03 n 8.8E-01 n
3.0E-01 P V 1 1.1E+03 Ethyl Methacrylate 97-63-2 1.8E+03 ns 7.6E+03 ns 3.1E+02 n 1.3E+03 n 6.3E+02 n 1.5E-01 n
1.0E-05 I 1 0.1 Ethyl-p-nitrophenyl Phosphonate 2104-64-5 6.3E-01 n 8.2E+00 n 8.9E-02 n 2.8E-03 n
1.1E-02 C 2.5E-06 C 1.0E-01 I 1.0E+00 I V 1 4.8E+02 Ethylbenzene 100-41-4 5.8E+00 c 2.5E+01 c 1.1E+00 c 4.9E+00 c 1.5E+00 c 7.0E+02 1.7E-03 c 7.8E-01
7.0E-02 P 1 0.1 Ethylene Cyanohydrin 109-78-4 4.4E+03 n 5.7E+04 n 1.4E+03 n 2.8E-01 n
9.0E-02 P V 1 1.9E+05 Ethylene Diamine 107-15-3 7.0E+03 n 1.1E+05 nm 1.8E+03 n 4.1E-01 n
2.0E+00 I 4.0E-01 C 1 0.1 Ethylene Glycol 107-21-1 1.3E+05 nm 1.6E+06 nm 4.2E+02 n 1.8E+03 n 4.0E+04 n 8.1E+00 n
1.0E-01 I 1.6E+00 I 1 0.1 Ethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether 111-76-2 6.3E+03 n 8.2E+04 n 1.7E+03 n 7.0E+03 n 2.0E+03 n 4.1E-01 n
3.1E-01 C 3.0E-03 I 3.0E-02 C V M 1 1.2E+05 Ethylene Oxide 75-21-8 2.0E-03 c 2.5E-02 c 3.4E-04 c 4.1E-03 c 6.7E-04 c 1.4E-07 c
4.5E-02 C 1.3E-05 C 8.0E-05 I 1 0.1 Ethylene Thiourea 96-45-7 5.1E+00 n 5.1E+01 c** 2.2E-01 c 9.4E-01 c 1.6E+00 n 3.6E-04 n
6.5E+01 C 1.9E-02 C V 1 1.5E+05 Ethyleneimine 151-56-4 2.7E-03 c 1.2E-02 c 1.5E-04 c 6.5E-04 c 2.4E-04 c 5.2E-08 c
3.0E+00 I 1 0.1 Ethylphthalyl Ethyl Glycolate 84-72-0 1.9E+05 nm 2.5E+06 nm 5.8E+04 n 1.3E+02 n
2.5E-04 I 1 0.1 Fenamiphos 22224-92-6 1.6E+01 n 2.1E+02 n 4.4E+00 n 4.3E-03 n
2.5E-02 I 1 0.1 Fenpropathrin 39515-41-8 1.6E+03 n 2.1E+04 n 6.4E+01 n 2.9E+00 n
2.5E-02 I 1 0.1 Fenvalerate 51630-58-1 1.6E+03 n 2.1E+04 n 5.0E+02 n 3.2E+02 n
1.3E-02 I 1 0.1 Fluometuron 2164-17-2 8.2E+02 n 1.1E+04 n 2.4E+02 n 1.9E-01 n
4.0E-02 C 1.3E-02 C 1 Fluoride 16984-48-8 3.1E+03 n 4.7E+04 n 1.4E+01 n 5.7E+01 n 8.0E+02 n 1.2E+02 n
6.0E-02 I 1.3E-02 C 1 Fluorine (Soluble Fluoride) 7782-41-4 4.7E+03 n 7.0E+04 n 1.4E+01 n 5.7E+01 n 1.2E+03 n 4.0E+03 1.8E+02 n 6.0E+02
8.0E-02 I 1 0.1 Fluridone 59756-60-4 5.1E+03 n 6.6E+04 n 1.4E+03 n 1.6E+02 n
1.5E-02 O 1 0.1 Flurprimidol 56425-91-3 9.5E+02 n 1.2E+04 n 2.6E+02 n 1.2E+00 n
2.0E-03 O 1 0.1 Flusilazole 85509-19-9 1.3E+02 n 1.6E+03 n 3.1E+01 n 5.1E+00 n
5.0E-01 O 1 0.1 Flutolanil 66332-96-5 3.2E+04 n 4.1E+05 nm 7.9E+03 n 4.2E+01 n
1.0E-02 I 1 0.1 Fluvalinate 69409-94-5 6.3E+02 n 8.2E+03 n 2.0E+02 n 2.9E+02 n
9.0E-02 O 1 0.1 Folpet 133-07-3 5.7E+03 n 7.4E+04 n 1.6E+03 n 3.9E-01 n
2.5E-03 O 1 0.1 Fomesafen 72178-02-0 1.6E+02 n 2.1E+03 n 4.8E+01 n 1.6E-01 n
2.0E-03 I 1 0.1 Fonofos 944-22-9 1.3E+02 n 1.6E+03 n 2.4E+01 n 4.7E-02 n
1.3E-05 I 2.0E-01 I 9.8E-03 A V 1 4.2E+04 Formaldehyde 50-00-0 1.7E+01 c* 7.3E+01 c* 2.2E-01 c* 9.4E-01 c* 4.3E-01 c* 8.7E-05 c*
9.0E-01 P 3.0E-04 X V 1 1.1E+05 Formic Acid 64-18-6 2.9E+01 n 1.2E+02 n 3.1E-01 n 1.3E+00 n 6.3E-01 n 1.3E-04 n
2.5E+00 O 1 0.1 Fosetyl-AL 39148-24-8 1.6E+05 nm 2.1E+06 nm 5.0E+04 n 6.6E+02 n
Furans
1.0E-03 X V 1 0.03 ~Dibenzofuran 132-64-9 7.3E+01 n 1.0E+03 n 7.9E+00 n 1.5E-01 n
1.0E-03 I V 1 0.03 6.2E+03 ~Furan 110-00-9 7.3E+01 n 1.0E+03 n 1.9E+01 n 7.3E-03 n
9.0E-01 I 2.0E+00 I V 1 0.03 1.7E+05 ~Tetrahydrofuran 109-99-9 1.8E+04 n 9.4E+04 n 2.1E+03 n 8.8E+03 n 3.4E+03 n 7.5E-01 n
3.8E+00 H 1 0.1 Furazolidone 67-45-8 1.4E-01 c 6.0E-01 c 2.0E-02 c 3.9E-05 c
3.0E-03 I 5.0E-02 H V 1 1.0E+04 Furfural 98-01-1 2.1E+02 n 2.6E+03 n 5.2E+01 n 2.2E+02 n 3.8E+01 n 8.1E-03 n
1.5E+00 C 4.3E-04 C 1 0.1 Furium 531-82-8 3.6E-01 c 1.5E+00 c 6.5E-03 c 2.9E-02 c 5.1E-02 c 6.8E-05 c
3.0E-02 I 8.6E-06 C 1 0.1 Furmecyclox 60568-05-0 1.8E+01 c 7.7E+01 c 3.3E-01 c 1.4E+00 c 1.1E+00 c 1.2E-03 c
6.0E-03 O 1 0.1 Glufosinate, Ammonium 77182-82-2 3.8E+02 n 4.9E+03 n 1.2E+02 n 2.6E-02 n
1.0E-01 A 8.0E-05 C 1 0.1 Glutaraldehyde 111-30-8 6.0E+03 n 7.0E+04 n 8.3E-02 n 3.5E-01 n 2.0E+03 n 4.0E-01 n
4.0E-04 I 1.0E-03 H V 1 1.1E+05 Glycidyl 765-34-4 2.3E+01 n 2.1E+02 n 1.0E+00 n 4.4E+00 n 1.7E+00 n 3.3E-04 n
1.0E-01 I 1 0.1 Glyphosate 1071-83-6 6.3E+03 n 8.2E+04 n 2.0E+03 n 7.0E+02 8.8E+00 n 3.1E+00
1.0E-02 X V 1 Guanidine 113-00-8 7.8E+02 n 1.2E+04 n 2.0E+02 n 4.5E-02 n

Page 5 of 12
 Regional Screening Level (RSL) Summary Table (TR=1E-06, HQ=1) November 2017

Key: I = IRIS; P = PPRTV; D = DWSHA; O = OPP; A = ATSDR; C = Cal EPA; X = APPENDIX PPRTV SCREEN (See FAQ #29); H = HEAST; F = See FAQ; E = see user guide Section 2.3.5; W = see user guide Section 2.3.6; L = see user guide on lead; M = mutagen; S = see user guide Section 5; V = volatile; R = RBA applied (See User
Guide for Arsenic notice) ; c = cancer; n = noncancer; * = where: n SL < 100X c SL; ** = where n SL < 10X c SL; SSL values are based on DAF=1; m = Concentration may exceed ceiling limit (See User Guide); s = Concentration may exceed Csat (See User Guide)
Toxicity and Chemical-specific Information Contaminant Screening Levels Protection of Ground Water SSLs
k k k k v Risk-based MCL-based
SFO e IUR e RfDo e RfCi e o muta- Csat Resident Soil Industrial Soil Resident Air Industrial Air Tapwater MCL SSL SSL
(mg/kg-day)-1 y (ug/m 3)-1 y (mg/kg-day) y (mg/m 3) y l gen GIABS ABS (mg/kg) Analyte CAS No. (mg/kg) key (mg/kg) key (ug/m 3) key (ug/m 3) key (ug/L) key (ug/L) (mg/kg) key (mg/kg)
2.0E-02 P 1 0.1 Guanidine Chloride 50-01-1 1.3E+03 n 1.6E+04 n 4.0E+02 n n
3.0E-02 X 1 0.1 Guanidine Nitrate 506-93-4 1.9E+03 n 2.5E+04 n 6.0E+02 n 1.5E-01 n
5.0E-05 I 1 0.1 Haloxyfop, Methyl 69806-40-2 3.2E+00 n 4.1E+01 n 7.6E-01 n 8.4E-03 n
4.5E+00 I 1.3E-03 I 5.0E-04 I V 1 Heptachlor 76-44-8 1.3E-01 c 6.3E-01 c 2.2E-03 c 9.4E-03 c 1.4E-03 c 4.0E-01 1.2E-04 c 3.3E-02
9.1E+00 I 2.6E-03 I 1.3E-05 I V 1 Heptachlor Epoxide 1024-57-3 7.0E-02 c* 3.3E-01 c* 1.1E-03 c 4.7E-03 c 1.4E-03 c* 2.0E-01 2.8E-05 c* 4.1E-03
3.0E-03 X V 1 2.1E+02 Heptanal, n- 111-71-7 2.4E+01 n 1.0E+02 n 3.1E+00 n 1.3E+01 n 6.3E+00 n 1.4E-03 n
3.0E-04 X 4.0E-01 P V 1 5.8E+01 Heptane, N- 142-82-5 2.2E+01 n 2.9E+02 ns 4.2E+02 n 1.8E+03 n 6.0E+00 n 4.8E-02 n
2.0E-03 I V 1 Hexabromobenzene 87-82-1 1.6E+02 n 2.3E+03 n 4.0E+01 n 2.3E-01 n
2.0E-04 I 1 0.1 Hexabromodiphenyl ether, 2,2',4,4',5,5'- (BDE-153) 68631-49-2 1.3E+01 n 1.6E+02 n 4.0E+00 n n
1.6E+00 I 4.6E-04 I 8.0E-04 I V 1 Hexachlorobenzene 118-74-1 2.1E-01 c 9.6E-01 c 6.1E-03 c 2.7E-02 c 9.8E-03 c 1.0E+00 1.2E-04 c 1.3E-02
7.8E-02 I 2.2E-05 I 1.0E-03 P V 1 1.7E+01 Hexachlorobutadiene 87-68-3 1.2E+00 c* 5.3E+00 c 1.3E-01 c 5.6E-01 c 1.4E-01 c* 2.7E-04 c*
6.3E+00 I 1.8E-03 I 8.0E-03 A 1 0.1 Hexachlorocyclohexane, Alpha- 319-84-6 8.6E-02 c 3.6E-01 c 1.6E-03 c 6.8E-03 c 7.2E-03 c 4.2E-05 c
1.8E+00 I 5.3E-04 I 1 0.1 Hexachlorocyclohexane, Beta- 319-85-7 3.0E-01 c 1.3E+00 c 5.3E-03 c 2.3E-02 c 2.5E-02 c 1.5E-04 c
1.1E+00 C 3.1E-04 C 3.0E-04 I 1 0.04 Hexachlorocyclohexane, Gamma- (Lindane) 58-89-9 5.7E-01 c* 2.5E+00 c 9.1E-03 c 4.0E-02 c 4.2E-02 c* 2.0E-01 2.4E-04 c* 1.2E-03
1.8E+00 I 5.1E-04 I 1 0.1 Hexachlorocyclohexane, Technical 608-73-1 3.0E-01 c 1.3E+00 c 5.5E-03 c 2.4E-02 c 2.5E-02 c 1.5E-04 c
6.0E-03 I 2.0E-04 I V 1 1.6E+01 Hexachlorocyclopentadiene 77-47-4 1.8E+00 n 7.5E+00 n 2.1E-01 n 8.8E-01 n 4.1E-01 n 5.0E+01 1.3E-03 n 1.6E-01
4.0E-02 I 1.1E-05 C 7.0E-04 I 3.0E-02 I V 1 Hexachloroethane 67-72-1 1.8E+00 c* 8.0E+00 c* 2.6E-01 c 1.1E+00 c 3.3E-01 c* 2.0E-04 c*
3.0E-04 I 1 0.1 Hexachlorophene 70-30-4 1.9E+01 n 2.5E+02 n 6.0E+00 n 8.0E+00 n
1.1E-01 I 3.0E-03 I 1 0.015 Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) 121-82-4 6.1E+00 c* 2.8E+01 c 7.0E-01 c* 2.7E-04 c*
1.0E-05 I V 1 3.4E+03 Hexamethylene Diisocyanate, 1,6- 822-06-0 3.1E+00 n 1.3E+01 n 1.0E-02 n 4.4E-02 n 2.1E-02 n 2.1E-04 n
4.0E-04 P 1 0.1 Hexamethylphosphoramide 680-31-9 2.5E+01 n 3.3E+02 n 8.0E+00 n 1.8E-03 n
7.0E-01 I V 1 1.4E+02 Hexane, N- 110-54-3 6.1E+02 ns 2.5E+03 ns 7.3E+02 n 3.1E+03 n 1.5E+03 n 1.0E+01 n
2.0E+00 P 1 0.1 Hexanedioic Acid 124-04-9 1.3E+05 nm 1.6E+06 nm 4.0E+04 n 9.9E+00 n
5.0E-03 I 3.0E-02 I V 1 3.3E+03 Hexanone, 2- 591-78-6 2.0E+02 n 1.3E+03 n 3.1E+01 n 1.3E+02 n 3.8E+01 n 8.8E-03 n
3.3E-02 I 1 0.1 Hexazinone 51235-04-2 2.1E+03 n 2.7E+04 n 6.4E+02 n 3.0E-01 n
2.5E-02 I 1 0.1 Hexythiazox 78587-05-0 1.6E+03 n 2.1E+04 n 1.1E+02 n 5.0E-01 n
1.7E-02 O 1 0.1 Hydramethylnon 67485-29-4 1.1E+03 n 1.4E+04 n 3.4E+02 n 1.2E+05 n
3.0E+00 I 4.9E-03 I 3.0E-05 P V 1 Hydrazine 302-01-2 2.3E-01 c 1.1E+00 c 5.7E-04 c* 2.5E-03 c* 1.1E-03 c* c*
3.0E+00 I 4.9E-03 I 1 Hydrazine Sulfate 10034-93-2 2.3E-01 c 1.1E+00 c 5.7E-04 c 2.5E-03 c 2.6E-02 c c
2.0E-02 I V 1 Hydrogen Chloride 7647-01-0 2.8E+07 nm 1.2E+08 nm 2.1E+01 n 8.8E+01 n 4.2E+01 n n
4.0E-02 C 1.4E-02 C V 1 Hydrogen Fluoride 7664-39-3 3.1E+03 n 4.7E+04 n 1.5E+01 n 6.1E+01 n 2.8E+01 n n
2.0E-03 I V 1 Hydrogen Sulfide 7783-06-4 2.8E+06 nm 1.2E+07 nm 2.1E+00 n 8.8E+00 n 4.2E+00 n n
6.0E-02 P 4.0E-02 P 1 0.1 Hydroquinone 123-31-9 9.0E+00 c 3.8E+01 c 1.3E+00 c 8.7E-04 c
6.1E-02 O 2.5E-03 O 1 0.1 Imazalil 35554-44-0 8.9E+00 c* 3.8E+01 c* 9.0E-01 c* 1.5E-02 c*
2.5E-01 I 1 0.1 Imazaquin 81335-37-7 1.6E+04 n 2.1E+05 nm 4.9E+03 n 2.4E+01 n
2.5E+00 O 1 0.1 Imazethapyr 81335-77-5 1.6E+05 nm 2.1E+06 nm 4.7E+04 n 4.1E+01 n
1.0E-02 A 1 Iodine 7553-56-2 7.8E+02 n 1.2E+04 n 2.0E+02 n 1.2E+01 n
4.0E-02 I 1 0.1 Iprodione 36734-19-7 2.5E+03 n 3.3E+04 n 7.4E+02 n 2.2E-01 n
7.0E-01 P 1 Iron 7439-89-6 5.5E+04 n 8.2E+05 nm 1.4E+04 n 3.5E+02 n
3.0E-01 I V 1 1.0E+04 Isobutyl Alcohol 78-83-1 2.3E+04 ns 3.5E+05 nms 5.9E+03 n 1.2E+00 n
9.5E-04 I 2.0E-01 I 2.0E+00 C 1 0.1 Isophorone 78-59-1 5.7E+02 c* 2.4E+03 c* 2.1E+03 n 8.8E+03 n 7.8E+01 c* 2.6E-02 c*
1.5E-02 I V 1 Isopropalin 33820-53-0 1.2E+03 n 1.8E+04 n 4.0E+01 n 9.2E-01 n
2.0E+00 P 2.0E-01 P V 1 1.1E+05 Isopropanol 67-63-0 5.6E+03 n 2.4E+04 n 2.1E+02 n 8.8E+02 n 4.1E+02 n 8.4E-02 n
1.0E-01 I 1 0.1 Isopropyl Methyl Phosphonic Acid 1832-54-8 6.3E+03 n 8.2E+04 n 2.0E+03 n 4.3E-01 n
5.0E-02 I 1 0.1 Isoxaben 82558-50-7 3.2E+03 n 4.1E+04 n 7.3E+02 n 2.0E+00 n
3.0E-01 A V 1 JP-7 E1737665 4.3E+08 nm 1.8E+09 nm 3.1E+02 n 1.3E+03 n 6.3E+02 n n
8.0E-03 O 1 0.1 Lactofen 77501-63-4 5.1E+02 n 6.6E+03 n 1.0E+02 n 4.6E+00 n
2.0E-04 X 1 0.1 Lactonitrile 78-97-7 1.3E+01 n 1.6E+02 n 4.0E+00 n 8.1E-04 n
Lead Compounds
8.5E-03 C 1.2E-05 C 1 ~Lead Phosphate 7446-27-7 8.2E+01 c 3.8E+02 c 2.3E-01 c 1.0E+00 c 9.1E+00 c c
8.5E-03 C 1.2E-05 C 1 0.1 ~Lead acetate 301-04-2 6.4E+01 c 2.7E+02 c 2.3E-01 c 1.0E+00 c 9.2E+00 c 1.8E-03 c
1 ~Lead and Compounds 7439-92-1 4.0E+02 L 8.0E+02 L 1.5E-01 L 1.5E+01 L 1.5E+01 L 1.4E+01
8.5E-03 C 1.2E-05 C 1 0.1 ~Lead subacetate 1335-32-6 6.4E+01 c 2.7E+02 c 2.3E-01 c 1.0E+00 c 9.2E+00 c 2.0E-03 c
1.0E-07 I V 1 2.4E+00 ~Tetraethyl Lead 78-00-2 7.8E-03 n 1.2E-01 n 1.3E-03 n 4.7E-06 n
5.0E-06 P V 1 3.8E+02 Lewisite 541-25-3 3.9E-01 n 5.8E+00 n 9.0E-02 n 3.8E-05 n
7.7E-03 O 1 0.1 Linuron 330-55-2 4.9E+02 n 6.3E+03 n 1.3E+02 n 1.1E-01 n
2.0E-03 P 1 Lithium 7439-93-2 1.6E+02 n 2.3E+03 n 4.0E+01 n 1.2E+01 n
5.0E-04 I 1 0.1 MCPA 94-74-6 3.2E+01 n 4.1E+02 n 7.5E+00 n 2.0E-03 n
4.4E-03 O 1 0.1 MCPB 94-81-5 2.8E+02 n 3.6E+03 n 6.5E+01 n 2.6E-02 n
1.0E-03 I 1 0.1 MCPP 93-65-2 6.3E+01 n 8.2E+02 n 1.6E+01 n 4.7E-03 n
2.0E-02 I 1 0.1 Malathion 121-75-5 1.3E+03 n 1.6E+04 n 3.9E+02 n 1.0E-01 n
1.0E-01 I 7.0E-04 C 1 0.1 Maleic Anhydride 108-31-6 6.3E+03 n 8.0E+04 n 7.3E-01 n 3.1E+00 n 1.9E+03 n 3.8E-01 n
5.0E-01 I 1 0.1 Maleic Hydrazide 123-33-1 3.2E+04 n 4.1E+05 nm 1.0E+04 n 2.1E+00 n
1.0E-04 P 1 0.1 Malononitrile 109-77-3 6.3E+00 n 8.2E+01 n 2.0E+00 n 4.1E-04 n
3.0E-02 H 1 0.1 Mancozeb 8018-01-7 1.9E+03 n 2.5E+04 n 5.4E+02 n 7.6E-01 n
5.0E-03 I 1 0.1 Maneb 12427-38-2 3.2E+02 n 4.1E+03 n 9.8E+01 n 1.4E-01 n
1.4E-01 I 5.0E-05 I 1 Manganese (Diet) 7439-96-5
2.4E-02 S 5.0E-05 I 0.04 Manganese (Non-diet) 7439-96-5 1.8E+03 n 2.6E+04 n 5.2E-02 n 2.2E-01 n 4.3E+02 n 2.8E+01 n
9.0E-05 H 1 0.1 Mephosfolan 950-10-7 5.7E+00 n 7.4E+01 n 1.8E+00 n 2.6E-03 n
3.0E-02 I 1 0.1 Mepiquat Chloride 24307-26-4 1.9E+03 n 2.5E+04 n 6.0E+02 n 2.0E-01 n

Page 6 of 12
 Regional Screening Level (RSL) Summary Table (TR=1E-06, HQ=1) November 2017

Key: I = IRIS; P = PPRTV; D = DWSHA; O = OPP; A = ATSDR; C = Cal EPA; X = APPENDIX PPRTV SCREEN (See FAQ #29); H = HEAST; F = See FAQ; E = see user guide Section 2.3.5; W = see user guide Section 2.3.6; L = see user guide on lead; M = mutagen; S = see user guide Section 5; V = volatile; R = RBA applied (See User
Guide for Arsenic notice) ; c = cancer; n = noncancer; * = where: n SL < 100X c SL; ** = where n SL < 10X c SL; SSL values are based on DAF=1; m = Concentration may exceed ceiling limit (See User Guide); s = Concentration may exceed Csat (See User Guide)
Toxicity and Chemical-specific Information Contaminant Screening Levels Protection of Ground Water SSLs
k k k k v Risk-based MCL-based
SFO e IUR e RfDo e RfCi e o muta- Csat Resident Soil Industrial Soil Resident Air Industrial Air Tapwater MCL SSL SSL
(mg/kg-day)-1 y (ug/m 3)-1 y (mg/kg-day) y (mg/m 3) y l gen GIABS ABS (mg/kg) Analyte CAS No. (mg/kg) key (mg/kg) key (ug/m 3) key (ug/m 3) key (ug/L) key (ug/L) (mg/kg) key (mg/kg)
1.1E-02 P 4.0E-03 P 1 0.1 Mercaptobenzothiazole, 2- 149-30-4 4.9E+01 c** 2.1E+02 c* 6.3E+00 c* 1.8E-02 c*
Mercury Compounds
3.0E-04 I 3.0E-04 S 0.07 ~Mercuric Chloride (and other Mercury salts) 7487-94-7 2.3E+01 n 3.5E+02 n 3.1E-01 n 1.3E+00 n 5.7E+00 n 2.0E+00 n
3.0E-04 I V 1 3.1E+00 ~Mercury (elemental) 7439-97-6 1.1E+01 ns 4.6E+01 ns 3.1E-01 n 1.3E+00 n 6.3E-01 n 2.0E+00 3.3E-02 n 1.0E-01
1.0E-04 I 1 ~Methyl Mercury 22967-92-6 7.8E+00 n 1.2E+02 n 2.0E+00 n n
8.0E-05 I 1 0.1 ~Phenylmercuric Acetate 62-38-4 5.1E+00 n 6.6E+01 n 1.6E+00 n 5.0E-04 n
3.0E-05 I V 1 Merphos 150-50-5 2.3E+00 n 3.5E+01 n 6.0E-01 n 5.9E-02 n
1.0E-04 O 1 0.1 Merphos Oxide 78-48-8 6.3E+00 n 8.2E+01 n 2.8E-01 n 1.4E-03 n
6.0E-02 I 1 0.1 Metalaxyl 57837-19-1 3.8E+03 n 4.9E+04 n 1.2E+03 n 3.3E-01 n
1.0E-04 I 3.0E-02 P V 1 4.6E+03 Methacrylonitrile 126-98-7 7.5E+00 n 1.0E+02 n 3.1E+01 n 1.3E+02 n 1.9E+00 n 4.3E-04 n
5.0E-05 I 1 0.1 Methamidophos 10265-92-6 3.2E+00 n 4.1E+01 n 1.0E+00 n 2.1E-04 n
2.0E+00 I 2.0E+01 I V 1 1.1E+05 Methanol 67-56-1 1.2E+05 nms 1.2E+06 nms 2.1E+04 n 8.8E+04 n 2.0E+04 n 4.1E+00 n
1.5E-03 O 1 0.1 Methidathion 950-37-8 9.5E+01 n 1.2E+03 n 2.9E+01 n 7.1E-03 n
2.5E-02 I 1 0.1 Methomyl 16752-77-5 1.6E+03 n 2.1E+04 n 5.0E+02 n 1.1E-01 n
4.9E-02 C 1.4E-05 C 1 0.1 Methoxy-5-nitroaniline, 2- 99-59-2 1.1E+01 c 4.7E+01 c 2.0E-01 c 8.8E-01 c 1.5E+00 c 5.3E-04 c
5.0E-03 I 1 0.1 Methoxychlor 72-43-5 3.2E+02 n 4.1E+03 n 3.7E+01 n 4.0E+01 2.0E+00 n 2.2E+00
8.0E-03 P 1.0E-03 P V 1 1.2E+05 Methoxyethanol Acetate, 2- 110-49-6 1.1E+02 n 5.1E+02 n 1.0E+00 n 4.4E+00 n 2.1E+00 n 4.2E-04 n
5.0E-03 P 2.0E-02 I V 1 1.1E+05 Methoxyethanol, 2- 109-86-4 3.3E+02 n 3.5E+03 n 2.1E+01 n 8.8E+01 n 2.9E+01 n 5.9E-03 n
1.0E+00 X V 1 2.9E+04 Methyl Acetate 79-20-9 7.8E+04 ns 1.2E+06 nms 2.0E+04 n 4.1E+00 n
2.0E-02 P V 1 6.8E+03 Methyl Acrylate 96-33-3 1.5E+02 n 6.1E+02 n 2.1E+01 n 8.8E+01 n 4.2E+01 n 8.9E-03 n
6.0E-01 I 5.0E+00 I V 1 2.8E+04 Methyl Ethyl Ketone (2-Butanone) 78-93-3 2.7E+04 n 1.9E+05 nms 5.2E+03 n 2.2E+04 n 5.6E+03 n 1.2E+00 n
1.0E-03 X 1.0E-03 P 2.0E-05 X V 1 1.8E+05 Methyl Hydrazine 60-34-4 1.4E-01 c** 6.2E-01 c** 2.8E-03 c** 1.2E-02 c** 5.6E-03 c** 1.3E-06 c**
3.0E+00 I V 1 3.4E+03 Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (4-methyl-2-pentanone) 108-10-1 3.3E+04 ns 1.4E+05 nms 3.1E+03 n 1.3E+04 n 6.3E+03 n 1.4E+00 n
1.0E-03 C V 1 1.0E+04 Methyl Isocyanate 624-83-9 4.6E+00 n 1.9E+01 n 1.0E+00 n 4.4E+00 n 2.1E+00 n 5.9E-04 n
1.4E+00 I 7.0E-01 I V 1 2.4E+03 Methyl Methacrylate 80-62-6 4.4E+03 ns 1.9E+04 ns 7.3E+02 n 3.1E+03 n 1.4E+03 n 3.0E-01 n
2.5E-04 I 1 0.1 Methyl Parathion 298-00-0 1.6E+01 n 2.1E+02 n 4.5E+00 n 7.4E-03 n
6.0E-02 X 1 0.1 Methyl Phosphonic Acid 993-13-5 3.8E+03 n 4.9E+04 n 1.2E+03 n 2.4E-01 n
6.0E-03 H 4.0E-02 H V 1 3.9E+02 Methyl Styrene (Mixed Isomers) 25013-15-4 3.2E+02 n 2.6E+03 ns 4.2E+01 n 1.8E+02 n 2.3E+01 n 3.8E-02 n
9.9E-02 C 2.8E-05 C 1 0.1 Methyl methanesulfonate 66-27-3 5.5E+00 c 2.3E+01 c 1.0E-01 c 4.4E-01 c 7.9E-01 c 1.6E-04 c
1.8E-03 C 2.6E-07 C 3.0E+00 I V 1 8.9E+03 Methyl tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE) 1634-04-4 4.7E+01 c 2.1E+02 c 1.1E+01 c 4.7E+01 c 1.4E+01 c 3.2E-03 c
3.0E-04 X 1 0.1 Methyl-1,4-benzenediamine dihydrochloride, 2- 615-45-2 1.9E+01 n 2.5E+02 n 6.0E+00 n 3.6E-03 n
3.0E+00 X V 1 2.5E+03 Methyl-2-Pentanol, 4- 108-11-2 5.4E+04 ns 2.3E+05 nms 3.1E+03 n 1.3E+04 n 6.3E+03 n 1.4E+00 n
9.0E-03 P 2.0E-02 X 1 0.1 Methyl-5-Nitroaniline, 2- 99-55-8 6.0E+01 c* 2.6E+02 c* 8.2E+00 c* 4.6E-03 c*
8.3E+00 C 2.4E-03 C 1 0.1 Methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, N- 70-25-7 6.5E-02 c 2.8E-01 c 1.2E-03 c 5.1E-03 c 9.4E-03 c 3.2E-06 c
1.3E-01 C 3.7E-05 C 1 0.1 Methylaniline Hydrochloride, 2- 636-21-5 4.2E+00 c 1.8E+01 c 7.6E-02 c 3.3E-01 c 6.0E-01 c 2.6E-04 c
1.0E-02 A 1 0.1 Methylarsonic acid 124-58-3 6.3E+02 n 8.2E+03 n 2.0E+02 n 5.8E-02 n
2.0E-04 X 1 0.1 Methylbenzene,1-4-diamine monohydrochloride, 2- 74612-12-7 1.3E+01 n 1.6E+02 n 4.0E+00 n n
1.0E-01 X 3.0E-04 X 1 0.1 Methylbenzene-1,4-diamine sulfate, 2- 615-50-9 5.4E+00 c** 2.3E+01 c* 7.8E-01 c** c**
2.2E+01 C 6.3E-03 C M 1 0.1 Methylcholanthrene, 3- 56-49-5 5.5E-03 c 1.0E-01 c 1.6E-04 c 1.9E-03 c 1.1E-03 c 2.2E-03 c
2.0E-03 I 1.0E-08 I 6.0E-03 I 6.0E-01 I V M 1 3.3E+03 Methylene Chloride 75-09-2 5.7E+01 c** 1.0E+03 c** 1.0E+02 c** 1.2E+03 c** 1.1E+01 c** 5.0E+00 2.9E-03 c** 1.3E-03
1.0E-01 P 4.3E-04 C 2.0E-03 P M 1 0.1 Methylene-bis(2-chloroaniline), 4,4'- 101-14-4 1.2E+00 c 2.3E+01 c* 2.4E-03 c 2.9E-02 c 1.6E-01 c 1.8E-03 c
4.6E-02 I 1.3E-05 C 1 0.1 Methylene-bis(N,N-dimethyl) Aniline, 4,4'- 101-61-1 1.2E+01 c 5.0E+01 c 2.2E-01 c 9.4E-01 c 4.8E-01 c 2.6E-03 c
1.6E+00 C 4.6E-04 C 2.0E-02 C 1 0.1 Methylenebisbenzenamine, 4,4'- 101-77-9 3.4E-01 c 1.4E+00 c 6.1E-03 c 2.7E-02 c 4.7E-02 c 2.1E-04 c
6.0E-04 I 1 0.1 Methylenediphenyl Diisocyanate 101-68-8 8.5E+05 nm 3.6E+06 nm 6.3E-01 n 2.6E+00 n
7.0E-02 H V 1 5.0E+02 Methylstyrene, Alpha- 98-83-9 5.5E+03 ns 8.2E+04 ns 7.8E+02 n 1.2E+00 n
1.5E-01 I 1 0.1 Metolachlor 51218-45-2 9.5E+03 n 1.2E+05 nm 2.7E+03 n 3.2E+00 n
2.5E-02 I 1 0.1 Metribuzin 21087-64-9 1.6E+03 n 2.1E+04 n 4.9E+02 n 1.5E-01 n
2.5E-01 I 1 0.1 Metsulfuron-methyl 74223-64-6 1.6E+04 n 2.1E+05 nm 4.9E+03 n 1.9E+00 n
3.0E+00 P V 1 3.4E-01 Mineral oils 8012-95-1 2.3E+05 nms 3.5E+06 nms 6.0E+04 n 2.4E+03 n
1.8E+01 C 5.1E-03 C 2.0E-04 I V 1 Mirex 2385-85-5 3.6E-02 c 1.7E-01 c 5.5E-04 c 2.4E-03 c 8.8E-04 c 6.3E-04 c
2.0E-03 I 1 0.1 Molinate 2212-67-1 1.3E+02 n 1.6E+03 n 3.0E+01 n 1.7E-02 n
5.0E-03 I 1 Molybdenum 7439-98-7 3.9E+02 n 5.8E+03 n 1.0E+02 n 2.0E+00 n
1.0E-01 I 1 Monochloramine 10599-90-3 7.8E+03 n 1.2E+05 nm 2.0E+03 n 4.0E+03 n
2.0E-03 P 1 0.1 Monomethylaniline 100-61-8 1.3E+02 n 1.6E+03 n 3.8E+01 n 1.4E-02 n
2.5E-02 I 1 0.1 Myclobutanil 88671-89-0 1.6E+03 n 2.1E+04 n 4.5E+02 n 5.6E+00 n
3.0E-04 X 1 0.1 N,N'-Diphenyl-1,4-benzenediamine 74-31-7 1.9E+01 n 2.5E+02 n 3.6E+00 n 3.7E-01 n
2.0E-03 I V 1 Naled 300-76-5 1.6E+02 n 2.3E+03 n 4.0E+01 n 1.8E-02 n
3.0E-02 X 1.0E-01 P V 1 Naphtha, High Flash Aromatic (HFAN) 64742-95-6 2.3E+03 n 3.5E+04 n 1.0E+02 n 4.4E+02 n 1.5E+02 n n
1.8E+00 C 0.0E+00 C 1 0.1 Naphthylamine, 2- 91-59-8 3.0E-01 c 1.3E+00 c 3.9E-02 c 2.0E-04 c
1.2E-01 O 1 0.1 Napropamide 15299-99-7 7.6E+03 n 9.8E+04 n 2.0E+03 n 1.3E+01 n
2.6E-04 C 1.1E-02 C 1.4E-05 C 1 0.1 Nickel Acetate 373-02-4 6.7E+02 n 8.1E+03 n 1.1E-02 c** 4.7E-02 c** 2.2E+02 n 4.5E-02 n
2.6E-04 C 1.1E-02 C 1.4E-05 C 1 0.1 Nickel Carbonate 3333-67-3 6.7E+02 n 8.1E+03 n 1.1E-02 c** 4.7E-02 c** 2.2E+02 n n
2.6E-04 C 1.1E-02 C 1.4E-05 C V 1 Nickel Carbonyl 13463-39-3 8.2E+02 n 1.1E+04 n 1.1E-02 c** 4.7E-02 c** 2.2E-02 c** c**
2.6E-04 C 1.1E-02 C 1.4E-05 C 0.04 Nickel Hydroxide 12054-48-7 8.2E+02 n 1.1E+04 n 1.1E-02 c** 4.7E-02 c** 2.0E+02 n n
2.6E-04 C 1.1E-02 C 2.0E-05 C 0.04 Nickel Oxide 1313-99-1 8.4E+02 n 1.2E+04 n 1.1E-02 c** 4.7E-02 c** 2.0E+02 n n
2.4E-04 I 1.1E-02 C 1.4E-05 C 0.04 Nickel Refinery Dust E715532 8.2E+02 n 1.1E+04 n 1.2E-02 c** 5.1E-02 c** 2.2E+02 n 3.2E+01 n
2.6E-04 C 2.0E-02 I 9.0E-05 A 0.04 Nickel Soluble Salts 7440-02-0 1.5E+03 n 2.2E+04 n 1.1E-02 c** 4.7E-02 c** 3.9E+02 n 2.6E+01 n
1.7E+00 C 4.8E-04 I 1.1E-02 C 1.4E-05 C 0.04 Nickel Subsulfide 12035-72-2 4.1E-01 c 1.9E+00 c 5.8E-03 c** 2.6E-02 c** 4.5E-02 c c
2.6E-04 C 1.1E-02 C 1.4E-05 C 1 0.1 Nickelocene 1271-28-9 6.7E+02 n 8.1E+03 n 1.1E-02 c** 4.7E-02 c** 2.2E+02 n n
1.6E+00 I 1 Nitrate 14797-55-8 1.3E+05 nm 1.9E+06 nm 3.2E+04 n 1.0E+04 n

Page 7 of 12
 Regional Screening Level (RSL) Summary Table (TR=1E-06, HQ=1) November 2017

Key: I = IRIS; P = PPRTV; D = DWSHA; O = OPP; A = ATSDR; C = Cal EPA; X = APPENDIX PPRTV SCREEN (See FAQ #29); H = HEAST; F = See FAQ; E = see user guide Section 2.3.5; W = see user guide Section 2.3.6; L = see user guide on lead; M = mutagen; S = see user guide Section 5; V = volatile; R = RBA applied (See User
Guide for Arsenic notice) ; c = cancer; n = noncancer; * = where: n SL < 100X c SL; ** = where n SL < 10X c SL; SSL values are based on DAF=1; m = Concentration may exceed ceiling limit (See User Guide); s = Concentration may exceed Csat (See User Guide)
Toxicity and Chemical-specific Information Contaminant Screening Levels Protection of Ground Water SSLs
k k k k v Risk-based MCL-based
SFO e IUR e RfDo e RfCi e o muta- Csat Resident Soil Industrial Soil Resident Air Industrial Air Tapwater MCL SSL SSL
(mg/kg-day)-1 y (ug/m 3)-1 y (mg/kg-day) y (mg/m 3) y l gen GIABS ABS (mg/kg) Analyte CAS No. (mg/kg) key (mg/kg) key (ug/m 3) key (ug/m 3) key (ug/L) key (ug/L) (mg/kg) key (mg/kg)
1 Nitrate + Nitrite (as N) E701177 1.0E+04
1.0E-01 I 1 Nitrite 14797-65-0 7.8E+03 n 1.2E+05 nm 2.0E+03 n 1.0E+03 n
1.0E-02 X 5.0E-05 X 1 0.1 Nitroaniline, 2- 88-74-4 6.3E+02 n 8.0E+03 n 5.2E-02 n 2.2E-01 n 1.9E+02 n 8.0E-02 n
2.0E-02 P 4.0E-03 P 6.0E-03 P 1 0.1 Nitroaniline, 4- 100-01-6 2.7E+01 c** 1.1E+02 c* 6.3E+00 n 2.6E+01 n 3.8E+00 c* 1.6E-03 c*
4.0E-05 I 2.0E-03 I 9.0E-03 I V 1 3.1E+03 Nitrobenzene 98-95-3 5.1E+00 c* 2.2E+01 c* 7.0E-02 c 3.1E-01 c 1.4E-01 c* 9.2E-05 c*
3.0E+03 P 1 0.1 Nitrocellulose 9004-70-0 1.9E+08 nm 2.5E+09 nm 6.0E+07 n 1.3E+04 n
7.0E-02 H 1 0.1 Nitrofurantoin 67-20-9 4.4E+03 n 5.7E+04 n 1.4E+03 n 6.1E-01 n
1.3E+00 C 3.7E-04 C 1 0.1 Nitrofurazone 59-87-0 4.2E-01 c 1.8E+00 c 7.6E-03 c 3.3E-02 c 6.0E-02 c 5.4E-05 c
1.7E-02 P 1.0E-04 P 1 0.1 Nitroglycerin 55-63-0 6.3E+00 n 8.2E+01 n 2.0E+00 n 8.5E-04 n
1.0E-01 I 1 0.1 Nitroguanidine 556-88-7 6.3E+03 n 8.2E+04 n 2.0E+03 n 4.8E-01 n
8.8E-06 P 5.0E-03 P V 1 1.8E+04 Nitromethane 75-52-5 5.4E+00 c* 2.4E+01 c* 3.2E-01 c* 1.4E+00 c* 6.4E-01 c* 1.4E-04 c*
2.7E-03 H 2.0E-02 I V 1 4.9E+03 Nitropropane, 2- 79-46-9 1.4E-02 c 6.0E-02 c 1.0E-03 c 4.5E-03 c 2.1E-03 c 5.4E-07 c
2.7E+01 C 7.7E-03 C M 1 0.1 Nitroso-N-ethylurea, N- 759-73-9 4.5E-03 c 8.5E-02 c 1.3E-04 c 1.6E-03 c 9.2E-04 c 2.2E-07 c
1.2E+02 C 3.4E-02 C M 1 0.1 Nitroso-N-methylurea, N- 684-93-5 1.0E-03 c 1.9E-02 c 3.0E-05 c 3.6E-04 c 2.1E-04 c 4.6E-08 c
5.4E+00 I 1.6E-03 I V 1 Nitroso-di-N-butylamine, N- 924-16-3 9.9E-02 c 4.6E-01 c 1.8E-03 c 7.7E-03 c 2.7E-03 c 5.5E-06 c
7.0E+00 I 2.0E-03 C 1 0.1 Nitroso-di-N-propylamine, N- 621-64-7 7.8E-02 c 3.3E-01 c 1.4E-03 c 6.1E-03 c 1.1E-02 c 8.1E-06 c
2.8E+00 I 8.0E-04 C 1 0.1 Nitrosodiethanolamine, N- 1116-54-7 1.9E-01 c 8.2E-01 c 3.5E-03 c 1.5E-02 c 2.8E-02 c 5.6E-06 c
1.5E+02 I 4.3E-02 I M 1 0.1 Nitrosodiethylamine, N- 55-18-5 8.1E-04 c 1.5E-02 c 2.4E-05 c 2.9E-04 c 1.7E-04 c 6.1E-08 c
5.1E+01 I 1.4E-02 I 8.0E-06 P 4.0E-05 X V M 1 2.4E+05 Nitrosodimethylamine, N- 62-75-9 2.0E-03 c 3.4E-02 c 7.2E-05 c 8.8E-04 c 1.1E-04 c 2.7E-08 c
4.9E-03 I 2.6E-06 C 1 0.1 Nitrosodiphenylamine, N- 86-30-6 1.1E+02 c 4.7E+02 c 1.1E+00 c 4.7E+00 c 1.2E+01 c 6.7E-02 c
2.2E+01 I 6.3E-03 C V 1 1.1E+05 Nitrosomethylethylamine, N- 10595-95-6 2.0E-02 c 9.1E-02 c 4.5E-04 c 1.9E-03 c 7.1E-04 c 2.0E-07 c
6.7E+00 C 1.9E-03 C 1 0.1 Nitrosomorpholine [N-] 59-89-2 8.1E-02 c 3.4E-01 c 1.5E-03 c 6.5E-03 c 1.2E-02 c 2.8E-06 c
9.4E+00 C 2.7E-03 C 1 0.1 Nitrosopiperidine [N-] 100-75-4 5.8E-02 c 2.4E-01 c 1.0E-03 c 4.5E-03 c 8.2E-03 c 4.4E-06 c
2.1E+00 I 6.1E-04 I 1 0.1 Nitrosopyrrolidine, N- 930-55-2 2.6E-01 c 1.1E+00 c 4.6E-03 c 2.0E-02 c 3.7E-02 c 1.4E-05 c
1.0E-04 X 1 0.1 Nitrotoluene, m- 99-08-1 6.3E+00 n 8.2E+01 n 1.7E+00 n 1.6E-03 n
2.2E-01 P 9.0E-04 P V 1 1.5E+03 Nitrotoluene, o- 88-72-2 3.2E+00 c* 1.5E+01 c* 3.1E-01 c* 3.0E-04 c*
1.6E-02 P 4.0E-03 P 1 0.1 Nitrotoluene, p- 99-99-0 3.4E+01 c** 1.4E+02 c* 4.3E+00 c* 4.0E-03 c*
3.0E-04 X 2.0E-02 P V 1 6.9E+00 Nonane, n- 111-84-2 1.1E+01 ns 7.2E+01 ns 2.1E+01 n 8.8E+01 n 5.3E+00 n 7.5E-02 n
1.5E-02 O 1 0.1 Norflurazon 27314-13-2 9.5E+02 n 1.2E+04 n 2.9E+02 n 1.9E+00 n
3.0E-03 I 1 0.1 Octabromodiphenyl Ether 32536-52-0 1.9E+02 n 2.5E+03 n 6.0E+01 n 1.2E+01 n
5.0E-02 I 1 0.006 Octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) 2691-41-0 3.9E+03 n 5.7E+04 n 1.0E+03 n 1.3E+00 n
2.0E-03 H 1 0.1 Octamethylpyrophosphoramide 152-16-9 1.3E+02 n 1.6E+03 n 4.0E+01 n 9.6E-03 n
7.8E-03 O 1.4E-01 O 1 0.1 Oryzalin 19044-88-3 7.0E+01 c 2.9E+02 c 7.9E+00 c 1.5E-02 c
5.0E-03 I 1 0.1 Oxadiazon 19666-30-9 3.2E+02 n 4.1E+03 n 4.7E+01 n 4.8E-01 n
2.5E-02 I 1 0.1 Oxamyl 23135-22-0 1.6E+03 n 2.1E+04 n 5.0E+02 n 2.0E+02 1.1E-01 n 4.4E-02
7.3E-02 O 3.0E-02 O 1 0.1 Oxyfluorfen 42874-03-3 7.4E+00 c 3.1E+01 c 5.4E-01 c 4.3E-02 c
1.3E-02 I 1 0.1 Paclobutrazol 76738-62-0 8.2E+02 n 1.1E+04 n 2.3E+02 n 4.6E-01 n
4.5E-03 I 1 0.1 Paraquat Dichloride 1910-42-5 2.8E+02 n 3.7E+03 n 9.0E+01 n 1.2E+00 n
6.0E-03 H 1 0.1 Parathion 56-38-2 3.8E+02 n 4.9E+03 n 8.6E+01 n 4.3E-01 n
5.0E-02 H V 1 Pebulate 1114-71-2 3.9E+03 n 5.8E+04 n 5.6E+02 n 4.5E-01 n
3.0E-02 O 1 0.1 Pendimethalin 40487-42-1 1.9E+03 n 2.5E+04 n 1.4E+02 n 1.6E+00 n
2.0E-03 I V 1 3.1E-01 Pentabromodiphenyl Ether 32534-81-9 1.6E+02 ns 2.3E+03 ns 4.0E+01 n 1.7E+00 n
1.0E-04 I 1 0.1 Pentabromodiphenyl ether, 2,2',4,4',5- (BDE-99) 60348-60-9 6.3E+00 n 8.2E+01 n 2.0E+00 n 8.7E-02 n
8.0E-04 I V 1 Pentachlorobenzene 608-93-5 6.3E+01 n 9.3E+02 n 3.2E+00 n 2.4E-02 n
9.0E-02 P V 1 4.6E+02 Pentachloroethane 76-01-7 7.7E+00 c 3.6E+01 c 6.5E-01 c 3.1E-04 c
2.6E-01 H 3.0E-03 I V 1 Pentachloronitrobenzene 82-68-8 2.7E+00 c* 1.3E+01 c 1.2E-01 c 1.5E-03 c
4.0E-01 I 5.1E-06 C 5.0E-03 I 1 0.25 Pentachlorophenol 87-86-5 1.0E+00 c 4.0E+00 c 5.5E-01 c 2.4E+00 c 4.1E-02 c 1.0E+00 5.7E-05 c 1.4E-03
4.0E-03 X 2.0E-03 P 1 0.1 Pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) 78-11-5 1.3E+02 n 5.7E+02 c** 1.9E+01 c** 2.8E-02 c**
1.0E+00 P V 1 3.9E+02 Pentane, n- 109-66-0 8.1E+02 ns 3.4E+03 ns 1.0E+03 n 4.4E+03 n 2.1E+03 n 1.0E+01 n
Perchlorates
7.0E-04 I 1 ~Ammonium Perchlorate 7790-98-9 5.5E+01 n 8.2E+02 n 1.4E+01 n n
7.0E-04 I 1 ~Lithium Perchlorate 7791-03-9 5.5E+01 n 8.2E+02 n 1.4E+01 n n
7.0E-04 I 1 ~Perchlorate and Perchlorate Salts 14797-73-0 5.5E+01 n 8.2E+02 n 1.4E+01 n 1.5E+01(F) n
7.0E-04 I 1 ~Potassium Perchlorate 7778-74-7 5.5E+01 n 8.2E+02 n 1.4E+01 n n
7.0E-04 I 1 ~Sodium Perchlorate 7601-89-0 5.5E+01 n 8.2E+02 n 1.4E+01 n n
2.0E-02 P 1 0.1 Perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (PFBS) 375-73-5 1.3E+03 n 1.6E+04 n 4.0E+02 n 1.3E-01 n
2.0E-02 P 1 0.1 Perfluorobutanesulfonate 45187-15-3 1.3E+03 n 1.6E+04 n 4.0E+02 n 1.3E-01 n
5.0E-02 I 1 0.1 Permethrin 52645-53-1 3.2E+03 n 4.1E+04 n 1.0E+03 n 2.4E+02 n
2.2E-03 C 6.3E-07 C 1 0.1 Phenacetin 62-44-2 2.5E+02 c 1.0E+03 c 4.5E+00 c 1.9E+01 c 3.4E+01 c 9.7E-03 c
2.4E-01 O 1 0.1 Phenmedipham 13684-63-4 1.5E+04 n 2.0E+05 nm 3.8E+03 n 2.1E+01 n
3.0E-01 I 2.0E-01 C 1 0.1 Phenol 108-95-2 1.9E+04 n 2.5E+05 nm 2.1E+02 n 8.8E+02 n 5.8E+03 n 3.3E+00 n
4.0E-03 I 1 0.1 Phenol, 2-(1-methylethoxy)-, methylcarbamate 114-26-1 2.5E+02 n 3.3E+03 n 7.8E+01 n 2.5E-02 n
5.0E-04 X 1 0.1 Phenothiazine 92-84-2 3.2E+01 n 4.1E+02 n 4.3E+00 n 1.4E-02 n
2.0E-04 X V 1 1.3E+02 Phenyl Isothiocyanate 103-72-0 1.6E+01 n 2.3E+02 ns 2.6E+00 n 1.7E-03 n
6.0E-03 I 1 0.1 Phenylenediamine, m- 108-45-2 3.8E+02 n 4.9E+03 n 1.2E+02 n 3.2E-02 n
1.2E-01 P 4.0E-03 P 1 0.1 Phenylenediamine, o- 95-54-5 4.5E+00 c* 1.9E+01 c 6.5E-01 c 1.7E-04 c
1.0E-03 X 1 0.1 Phenylenediamine, p- 106-50-3 6.3E+01 n 8.2E+02 n 2.0E+01 n 5.4E-03 n
1.9E-03 H 1 0.1 Phenylphenol, 2- 90-43-7 2.8E+02 c 1.2E+03 c 3.0E+01 c 4.1E-01 c
2.0E-04 H 1 0.1 Phorate 298-02-2 1.3E+01 n 1.6E+02 n 3.0E+00 n 3.4E-03 n
3.0E-04 I V 1 1.6E+03 Phosgene 75-44-5 3.1E-01 n 1.3E+00 n 3.1E-01 n 1.3E+00 n

Page 8 of 12
 Regional Screening Level (RSL) Summary Table (TR=1E-06, HQ=1) November 2017

Key: I = IRIS; P = PPRTV; D = DWSHA; O = OPP; A = ATSDR; C = Cal EPA; X = APPENDIX PPRTV SCREEN (See FAQ #29); H = HEAST; F = See FAQ; E = see user guide Section 2.3.5; W = see user guide Section 2.3.6; L = see user guide on lead; M = mutagen; S = see user guide Section 5; V = volatile; R = RBA applied (See User
Guide for Arsenic notice) ; c = cancer; n = noncancer; * = where: n SL < 100X c SL; ** = where n SL < 10X c SL; SSL values are based on DAF=1; m = Concentration may exceed ceiling limit (See User Guide); s = Concentration may exceed Csat (See User Guide)
Toxicity and Chemical-specific Information Contaminant Screening Levels Protection of Ground Water SSLs
k k k k v Risk-based MCL-based
SFO e IUR e RfDo e RfCi e o muta- Csat Resident Soil Industrial Soil Resident Air Industrial Air Tapwater MCL SSL SSL
(mg/kg-day)-1 y (ug/m 3)-1 y (mg/kg-day) y (mg/m 3) y l gen GIABS ABS (mg/kg) Analyte CAS No. (mg/kg) key (mg/kg) key (ug/m 3) key (ug/m 3) key (ug/L) key (ug/L) (mg/kg) key (mg/kg)
2.0E-02 I 1 0.1 Phosmet 732-11-6 1.3E+03 n 1.6E+04 n 3.7E+02 n 8.2E-02 n
Phosphates, Inorganic
4.9E+01 P 1 ~Aluminum metaphosphate 13776-88-0 3.8E+06 nm 5.7E+07 nm 9.7E+05 n n
4.9E+01 P 1 ~Ammonium polyphosphate 68333-79-9 3.8E+06 nm 5.7E+07 nm 9.7E+05 n n
4.9E+01 P 1 ~Calcium pyrophosphate 7790-76-3 3.8E+06 nm 5.7E+07 nm 9.7E+05 n n
4.9E+01 P 1 ~Diammonium phosphate 7783-28-0 3.8E+06 nm 5.7E+07 nm 9.7E+05 n n
4.9E+01 P 1 ~Dicalcium phosphate 7757-93-9 3.8E+06 nm 5.7E+07 nm 9.7E+05 n n
4.9E+01 P 1 ~Dimagnesium phosphate 7782-75-4 3.8E+06 nm 5.7E+07 nm 9.7E+05 n n
4.9E+01 P 1 ~Dipotassium phosphate 7758-11-4 3.8E+06 nm 5.7E+07 nm 9.7E+05 n n
4.9E+01 P 1 ~Disodium phosphate 7558-79-4 3.8E+06 nm 5.7E+07 nm 9.7E+05 n n
4.9E+01 P 1 ~Monoaluminum phosphate 13530-50-2 3.8E+06 nm 5.7E+07 nm 9.7E+05 n n
4.9E+01 P 1 ~Monoammonium phosphate 7722-76-1 3.8E+06 nm 5.7E+07 nm 9.7E+05 n n
4.9E+01 P 1 ~Monocalcium phosphate 7758-23-8 3.8E+06 nm 5.7E+07 nm 9.7E+05 n n
4.9E+01 P 1 ~Monomagnesium phosphate 7757-86-0 3.8E+06 nm 5.7E+07 nm 9.7E+05 n n
4.9E+01 P 1 ~Monopotassium phosphate 7778-77-0 3.8E+06 nm 5.7E+07 nm 9.7E+05 n n
4.9E+01 P 1 ~Monosodium phosphate 7558-80-7 3.8E+06 nm 5.7E+07 nm 9.7E+05 n n
4.9E+01 P 1 ~Polyphosphoric acid 8017-16-1 3.8E+06 nm 5.7E+07 nm 9.7E+05 n n
4.9E+01 P 1 ~Potassium tripolyphosphate 13845-36-8 3.8E+06 nm 5.7E+07 nm 9.7E+05 n n
4.9E+01 P 1 ~Sodium acid pyrophosphate 7758-16-9 3.8E+06 nm 5.7E+07 nm 9.7E+05 n n
4.9E+01 P 1 ~Sodium aluminum phosphate (acidic) 7785-88-8 3.8E+06 nm 5.7E+07 nm 9.7E+05 n n
4.9E+01 P 1 ~Sodium aluminum phosphate (anhydrous) 10279-59-1 3.8E+06 nm 5.7E+07 nm 9.7E+05 n n
4.9E+01 P 1 ~Sodium aluminum phosphate (tetrahydrate) 10305-76-7 3.8E+06 nm 5.7E+07 nm 9.7E+05 n n
4.9E+01 P 1 ~Sodium hexametaphosphate 10124-56-8 3.8E+06 nm 5.7E+07 nm 9.7E+05 n n
4.9E+01 P 1 ~Sodium polyphosphate 68915-31-1 3.8E+06 nm 5.7E+07 nm 9.7E+05 n n
4.9E+01 P 1 ~Sodium trimetaphosphate 7785-84-4 3.8E+06 nm 5.7E+07 nm 9.7E+05 n n
4.9E+01 P 1 ~Sodium tripolyphosphate 7758-29-4 3.8E+06 nm 5.7E+07 nm 9.7E+05 n n
4.9E+01 P 1 ~Tetrapotassium phosphate 7320-34-5 3.8E+06 nm 5.7E+07 nm 9.7E+05 n n
4.9E+01 P 1 ~Tetrasodium pyrophosphate 7722-88-5 3.8E+06 nm 5.7E+07 nm 9.7E+05 n n
4.9E+01 P 1 ~Trialuminum sodium tetra decahydrogenoctaorthophosphate (dihydrate) 15136-87-5 3.8E+06 nm 5.7E+07 nm 9.7E+05 n n
4.9E+01 P 1 ~Tricalcium phosphate 7758-87-4 3.8E+06 nm 5.7E+07 nm 9.7E+05 n n
4.9E+01 P 1 ~Trimagnesium phosphate 7757-87-1 3.8E+06 nm 5.7E+07 nm 9.7E+05 n n
4.9E+01 P 1 ~Tripotassium phosphate 7778-53-2 3.8E+06 nm 5.7E+07 nm 9.7E+05 n n
4.9E+01 P 1 ~Trisodium phosphate 7601-54-9 3.8E+06 nm 5.7E+07 nm 9.7E+05 n n
3.0E-04 I 3.0E-04 I V 1 Phosphine 7803-51-2 2.3E+01 n 3.5E+02 n 3.1E-01 n 1.3E+00 n 5.7E-01 n n
4.9E+01 P 1.0E-02 I 1 Phosphoric Acid 7664-38-2 3.0E+06 nm 2.9E+07 nm 1.0E+01 n 4.4E+01 n 9.7E+05 n n
2.0E-05 I V 1 Phosphorus, White 7723-14-0 1.6E+00 n 2.3E+01 n 4.0E-01 n 1.5E-03 n
Phthalates
1.4E-02 I 2.4E-06 C 2.0E-02 I 1 0.1 ~Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 117-81-7 3.9E+01 c* 1.6E+02 c 1.2E+00 c 5.1E+00 c 5.6E+00 c* 6.0E+00 1.3E+00 c* 1.4E+00
1.9E-03 P 2.0E-01 I 1 0.1 ~Butyl Benzyl Phthalate 85-68-7 2.9E+02 c* 1.2E+03 c 1.6E+01 c 2.4E-01 c
1.0E+00 I 1 0.1 ~Butylphthalyl Butylglycolate 85-70-1 6.3E+04 n 8.2E+05 nm 1.3E+04 n 3.1E+02 n
1.0E-01 I 1 0.1 ~Dibutyl Phthalate 84-74-2 6.3E+03 n 8.2E+04 n 9.0E+02 n 2.3E+00 n
8.0E-01 I 1 0.1 ~Diethyl Phthalate 84-66-2 5.1E+04 n 6.6E+05 nm 1.5E+04 n 6.1E+00 n
1.0E-01 I V 1 ~Dimethylterephthalate 120-61-6 7.8E+03 n 1.2E+05 nm 1.9E+03 n 4.9E-01 n
1.0E-02 P 1 0.1 ~Octyl Phthalate, di-N- 117-84-0 6.3E+02 n 8.2E+03 n 2.0E+02 n 5.7E+01 n
1.0E+00 H 1 0.1 ~Phthalic Acid, P- 100-21-0 6.3E+04 n 8.2E+05 nm 1.9E+04 n 6.8E+00 n
2.0E+00 I 2.0E-02 C 1 0.1 ~Phthalic Anhydride 85-44-9 1.3E+05 nm 1.6E+06 nm 2.1E+01 n 8.8E+01 n 3.9E+04 n 8.5E+00 n
7.0E-02 I 1 0.1 Picloram 1918-02-1 4.4E+03 n 5.7E+04 n 1.4E+03 n 5.0E+02 3.8E-01 n 1.4E-01
1.0E-04 X 1 0.1 Picramic Acid (2-Amino-4,6-dinitrophenol) 96-91-3 6.3E+00 n 8.2E+01 n 2.0E+00 n 1.3E-03 n
9.0E-04 X 1 0.1 Picric Acid (2,4,6-Trinitrophenol) 88-89-1 5.7E+01 n 7.4E+02 n 1.8E+01 n 8.4E-02 n
6.7E-05 O 1 0.1 Pirimiphos, Methyl 29232-93-7 4.2E+00 n 5.5E+01 n 8.1E-01 n 7.7E-04 n
3.0E+01 C 8.6E-03 C 7.0E-06 H 1 0.1 Polybrominated Biphenyls 59536-65-1 1.8E-02 c* 7.7E-02 c* 3.3E-04 c 1.4E-03 c 2.6E-03 c* c*
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
7.0E-02 S 2.0E-05 S 7.0E-05 I V 1 0.14 ~Aroclor 1016 12674-11-2 4.1E+00 n 2.7E+01 c** 1.4E-01 c 6.1E-01 c 2.2E-01 c** 2.1E-02 c**
2.0E+00 S 5.7E-04 S V 1 0.14 ~Aroclor 1221 11104-28-2 2.0E-01 c 8.3E-01 c 4.9E-03 c 2.1E-02 c 4.7E-03 c 8.0E-05 c
2.0E+00 S 5.7E-04 S V 1 0.14 ~Aroclor 1232 11141-16-5 1.7E-01 c 7.2E-01 c 4.9E-03 c 2.1E-02 c 4.7E-03 c 8.0E-05 c
2.0E+00 S 5.7E-04 S V 1 0.14 ~Aroclor 1242 53469-21-9 2.3E-01 c 9.5E-01 c 4.9E-03 c 2.1E-02 c 7.8E-03 c 1.2E-03 c
2.0E+00 S 5.7E-04 S V 1 0.14 ~Aroclor 1248 12672-29-6 2.3E-01 c 9.5E-01 c 4.9E-03 c 2.1E-02 c 7.8E-03 c 1.2E-03 c
2.0E+00 S 5.7E-04 S 2.0E-05 I V 1 0.14 ~Aroclor 1254 11097-69-1 2.4E-01 c** 9.7E-01 c* 4.9E-03 c 2.1E-02 c 7.8E-03 c* 2.0E-03 c*
2.0E+00 S 5.7E-04 S V 1 0.14 ~Aroclor 1260 11096-82-5 2.4E-01 c 9.9E-01 c 4.9E-03 c 2.1E-02 c 7.8E-03 c 5.5E-03 c
6.0E-04 X V 1 0.14 ~Aroclor 5460 11126-42-4 3.5E+01 n 4.4E+02 n 1.2E+01 n 2.0E+00 n
3.9E+00 E 1.1E-03 E 2.3E-05 E 1.3E-03 E V 1 0.14 ~Heptachlorobiphenyl, 2,3,3',4,4',5,5'- (PCB 189) 39635-31-9 1.3E-01 c* 5.2E-01 c* 2.5E-03 c 1.1E-02 c 4.0E-03 c 2.8E-03 c
3.9E+00 E 1.1E-03 E 2.3E-05 E 1.3E-03 E V 1 0.14 ~Hexachlorobiphenyl, 2,3',4,4',5,5'- (PCB 167) 52663-72-6 1.2E-01 c* 5.1E-01 c* 2.5E-03 c 1.1E-02 c 4.0E-03 c 1.7E-03 c
3.9E+00 E 1.1E-03 E 2.3E-05 E 1.3E-03 E V 1 0.14 ~Hexachlorobiphenyl, 2,3,3',4,4',5'- (PCB 157) 69782-90-7 1.2E-01 c* 5.0E-01 c* 2.5E-03 c 1.1E-02 c 4.0E-03 c 1.7E-03 c
3.9E+00 E 1.1E-03 E 2.3E-05 E 1.3E-03 E V 1 0.14 ~Hexachlorobiphenyl, 2,3,3',4,4',5- (PCB 156) 38380-08-4 1.2E-01 c* 5.0E-01 c* 2.5E-03 c 1.1E-02 c 4.0E-03 c 1.7E-03 c
3.9E+03 E 1.1E+00 E 2.3E-08 E 1.3E-06 E V 1 0.14 ~Hexachlorobiphenyl, 3,3',4,4',5,5'- (PCB 169) 32774-16-6 1.2E-04 c* 5.1E-04 c* 2.5E-06 c 1.1E-05 c 4.0E-06 c 1.7E-06 c
3.9E+00 E 1.1E-03 E 2.3E-05 E 1.3E-03 E V 1 0.14 ~Pentachlorobiphenyl, 2',3,4,4',5- (PCB 123) 65510-44-3 1.2E-01 c* 4.9E-01 c* 2.5E-03 c 1.1E-02 c 4.0E-03 c 1.0E-03 c
3.9E+00 E 1.1E-03 E 2.3E-05 E 1.3E-03 E V 1 0.14 ~Pentachlorobiphenyl, 2,3',4,4',5- (PCB 118) 31508-00-6 1.2E-01 c* 4.9E-01 c* 2.5E-03 c 1.1E-02 c 4.0E-03 c 1.0E-03 c
3.9E+00 E 1.1E-03 E 2.3E-05 E 1.3E-03 E V 1 0.14 ~Pentachlorobiphenyl, 2,3,3',4,4'- (PCB 105) 32598-14-4 1.2E-01 c* 4.9E-01 c* 2.5E-03 c 1.1E-02 c 4.0E-03 c 1.0E-03 c
3.9E+00 E 1.1E-03 E 2.3E-05 E 1.3E-03 E V 1 0.14 ~Pentachlorobiphenyl, 2,3,4,4',5- (PCB 114) 74472-37-0 1.2E-01 c* 5.0E-01 c* 2.5E-03 c 1.1E-02 c 4.0E-03 c 1.0E-03 c
1.3E+04 E 3.8E+00 E 7.0E-09 E 4.0E-07 E V 1 0.14 ~Pentachlorobiphenyl, 3,3',4,4',5- (PCB 126) 57465-28-8 3.6E-05 c* 1.5E-04 c* 7.4E-07 c 3.2E-06 c 1.2E-06 c 3.0E-07 c

Page 9 of 12
 Regional Screening Level (RSL) Summary Table (TR=1E-06, HQ=1) November 2017

Key: I = IRIS; P = PPRTV; D = DWSHA; O = OPP; A = ATSDR; C = Cal EPA; X = APPENDIX PPRTV SCREEN (See FAQ #29); H = HEAST; F = See FAQ; E = see user guide Section 2.3.5; W = see user guide Section 2.3.6; L = see user guide on lead; M = mutagen; S = see user guide Section 5; V = volatile; R = RBA applied (See User
Guide for Arsenic notice) ; c = cancer; n = noncancer; * = where: n SL < 100X c SL; ** = where n SL < 10X c SL; SSL values are based on DAF=1; m = Concentration may exceed ceiling limit (See User Guide); s = Concentration may exceed Csat (See User Guide)
Toxicity and Chemical-specific Information Contaminant Screening Levels Protection of Ground Water SSLs
k k k k v Risk-based MCL-based
SFO e IUR e RfDo e RfCi e o muta- Csat Resident Soil Industrial Soil Resident Air Industrial Air Tapwater MCL SSL SSL
(mg/kg-day)-1 y (ug/m 3)-1 y (mg/kg-day) y (mg/m 3) y l gen GIABS ABS (mg/kg) Analyte CAS No. (mg/kg) key (mg/kg) key (ug/m 3) key (ug/m 3) key (ug/L) key (ug/L) (mg/kg) key (mg/kg)
2.0E+00 I 5.7E-04 I V 1 0.14 ~Polychlorinated Biphenyls (high risk) 1336-36-3 2.3E-01 c 9.4E-01 c 4.9E-03 c 2.1E-02 c 5.0E-01
4.0E-01 I 1.0E-04 I V 1 0.14 ~Polychlorinated Biphenyls (low risk) 1336-36-3 2.8E-02 c 1.2E-01 c 4.4E-02 c 5.0E-01 6.8E-03 c 7.8E-02
7.0E-02 I 2.0E-05 I V 1 0.14 ~Polychlorinated Biphenyls (lowest risk) 1336-36-3 1.4E-01 c 6.1E-01 c 5.0E-01
1.3E+01 E 3.8E-03 E 7.0E-06 E 4.0E-04 E 1 0.14 ~Tetrachlorobiphenyl, 3,3',4,4'- (PCB 77) 32598-13-3 3.8E-02 c* 1.6E-01 c* 7.4E-04 c 3.2E-03 c 6.0E-03 c* 9.4E-04 c*
3.9E+01 E 1.1E-02 E 2.3E-06 E 1.3E-04 E V 1 0.14 ~Tetrachlorobiphenyl, 3,4,4',5- (PCB 81) 70362-50-4 1.2E-02 c* 4.8E-02 c* 2.5E-04 c 1.1E-03 c 4.0E-04 c 6.2E-05 c
6.0E-04 I 1 0.1 Polymeric Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (PMDI) 9016-87-9 8.5E+05 nm 3.6E+06 nm 6.3E-01 n 2.6E+00 n
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
6.0E-02 I V 1 0.13 ~Acenaphthene 83-32-9 3.6E+03 n 4.5E+04 n 5.3E+02 n 5.5E+00 n
3.0E-01 I V 1 0.13 ~Anthracene 120-12-7 1.8E+04 n 2.3E+05 nm 1.8E+03 n 5.8E+01 n
1.0E-01 E 6.0E-05 E V M 1 0.13 ~Benz[a]anthracene 56-55-3 1.1E+00 c 2.1E+01 c 1.7E-02 c 2.0E-01 c 3.0E-02 c 1.1E-02 c
1.2E+00 C 1.1E-04 C 1 0.13 ~Benzo(j)fluoranthene 205-82-3 4.2E-01 c 1.8E+00 c 2.6E-02 c 1.1E-01 c 6.5E-02 c 7.8E-02 c
1.0E+00 I 6.0E-04 I 3.0E-04 I 2.0E-06 I M 1 0.13 ~Benzo[a]pyrene 50-32-8 1.1E-01 c 2.1E+00 c 1.7E-03 c** 8.8E-03 n 2.5E-02 c 2.0E-01 2.9E-02 c 2.4E-01
1.0E-01 E 6.0E-05 E M 1 0.13 ~Benzo[b]fluoranthene 205-99-2 1.1E+00 c 2.1E+01 c 1.7E-02 c 2.0E-01 c 2.5E-01 c 3.0E-01 c
1.0E-02 E 6.0E-06 E M 1 0.13 ~Benzo[k]fluoranthene 207-08-9 1.1E+01 c 2.1E+02 c 1.7E-01 c 2.0E+00 c 2.5E+00 c 2.9E+00 c
8.0E-02 I V 1 0.13 ~Chloronaphthalene, Beta- 91-58-7 4.8E+03 n 6.0E+04 n 7.5E+02 n 3.9E+00 n
1.0E-03 E 6.0E-07 E M 1 0.13 ~Chrysene 218-01-9 1.1E+02 c 2.1E+03 c 1.7E+00 c 2.0E+01 c 2.5E+01 c 9.0E+00 c
1.0E+00 E 6.0E-04 E M 1 0.13 ~Dibenz[a,h]anthracene 53-70-3 1.1E-01 c 2.1E+00 c 1.7E-03 c 2.0E-02 c 2.5E-02 c 9.6E-02 c
1.2E+01 C 1.1E-03 C 1 0.13 ~Dibenzo(a,e)pyrene 192-65-4 4.2E-02 c 1.8E-01 c 2.6E-03 c 1.1E-02 c 6.5E-03 c 8.4E-02 c
2.5E+02 C 7.1E-02 C M 1 0.13 ~Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene, 7,12- 57-97-6 4.6E-04 c 8.4E-03 c 1.4E-05 c 1.7E-04 c 1.0E-04 c 9.9E-05 c
4.0E-02 I 1 0.13 ~Fluoranthene 206-44-0 2.4E+03 n 3.0E+04 n 8.0E+02 n 8.9E+01 n
4.0E-02 I V 1 0.13 ~Fluorene 86-73-7 2.4E+03 n 3.0E+04 n 2.9E+02 n 5.4E+00 n
1.0E-01 E 6.0E-05 E M 1 0.13 ~Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene 193-39-5 1.1E+00 c 2.1E+01 c 1.7E-02 c 2.0E-01 c 2.5E-01 c 9.8E-01 c
2.9E-02 P 7.0E-02 A V 1 0.13 3.9E+02 ~Methylnaphthalene, 1- 90-12-0 1.8E+01 c 7.3E+01 c 1.1E+00 c 6.0E-03 c
4.0E-03 I V 1 0.13 ~Methylnaphthalene, 2- 91-57-6 2.4E+02 n 3.0E+03 n 3.6E+01 n 1.9E-01 n
3.4E-05 C 2.0E-02 I 3.0E-03 I V 1 0.13 ~Naphthalene 91-20-3 3.8E+00 c* 1.7E+01 c* 8.3E-02 c* 3.6E-01 c* 1.7E-01 c* 5.4E-04 c*
1.2E+00 C 1.1E-04 C 1 0.13 ~Nitropyrene, 4- 57835-92-4 4.2E-01 c 1.8E+00 c 2.6E-02 c 1.1E-01 c 1.9E-02 c 3.3E-03 c
3.0E-02 I V 1 0.13 ~Pyrene 129-00-0 1.8E+03 n 2.3E+04 n 1.2E+02 n 1.3E+01 n
2.0E-02 P 1 0.1 Potassium Perfluorobutane Sulfonate 29420-49-3 1.3E+03 n 1.6E+04 n 4.0E+02 n n
1.5E-01 I 9.0E-03 I 1 0.1 Prochloraz 67747-09-5 3.6E+00 c 1.5E+01 c 3.8E-01 c 1.9E-03 c
6.0E-03 H V 1 Profluralin 26399-36-0 4.7E+02 n 7.0E+03 n 2.6E+01 n 1.6E+00 n
1.5E-02 I 1 0.1 Prometon 1610-18-0 9.5E+02 n 1.2E+04 n 2.5E+02 n 1.2E-01 n
4.0E-02 O 1 0.1 Prometryn 7287-19-6 2.5E+03 n 3.3E+04 n 6.0E+02 n 9.0E-01 n
1.3E-02 I 1 0.1 Propachlor 1918-16-7 8.2E+02 n 1.1E+04 n 2.5E+02 n 1.5E-01 n
5.0E-03 I 1 0.1 Propanil 709-98-8 3.2E+02 n 4.1E+03 n 8.2E+01 n 4.5E-02 n
3.3E-02 O 4.0E-02 O 1 0.1 Propargite 2312-35-8 1.7E+01 c 7.0E+01 c 9.2E-01 c 6.8E-02 c
2.0E-03 I V 1 1.1E+05 Propargyl Alcohol 107-19-7 1.6E+02 n 2.3E+03 n 4.0E+01 n 8.1E-03 n
2.0E-02 I 1 0.1 Propazine 139-40-2 1.3E+03 n 1.6E+04 n 3.4E+02 n 3.0E-01 n
2.0E-02 I 1 0.1 Propham 122-42-9 1.3E+03 n 1.6E+04 n 3.5E+02 n 2.2E-01 n
1.0E-01 O 1 0.1 Propiconazole 60207-90-1 6.3E+03 n 8.2E+04 n 1.6E+03 n 5.3E+00 n
8.0E-03 I V 1 3.3E+04 Propionaldehyde 123-38-6 7.5E+01 n 3.1E+02 n 8.3E+00 n 3.5E+01 n 1.7E+01 n 3.4E-03 n
1.0E-01 X 1.0E+00 X V 1 2.6E+02 Propyl benzene 103-65-1 3.8E+03 ns 2.4E+04 ns 1.0E+03 n 4.4E+03 n 6.6E+02 n 1.2E+00 n
3.0E+00 C V 1 3.5E+02 Propylene 115-07-1 2.2E+03 ns 9.3E+03 ns 3.1E+03 n 1.3E+04 n 6.3E+03 n 6.0E+00 n
2.0E+01 P 1 0.1 Propylene Glycol 57-55-6 1.3E+06 nm 1.6E+07 nm 4.0E+05 n 8.1E+01 n
2.7E-04 A 1 0.1 Propylene Glycol Dinitrate 6423-43-4 3.9E+05 nm 1.6E+06 nm 2.8E-01 n 1.2E+00 n
7.0E-01 H 2.0E+00 I V 1 1.1E+05 Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether 107-98-2 4.1E+04 n 3.7E+05 nms 2.1E+03 n 8.8E+03 n 3.2E+03 n 6.5E-01 n
2.4E-01 I 3.7E-06 I 3.0E-02 I V 1 7.8E+04 Propylene Oxide 75-56-9 2.1E+00 c 9.7E+00 c 7.6E-01 c* 3.3E+00 c* 2.7E-01 c 5.6E-05 c
7.5E-02 I 1 0.1 Propyzamide 23950-58-5 4.7E+03 n 6.2E+04 n 1.2E+03 n 1.2E+00 n
1.0E-03 I V 1 5.3E+05 Pyridine 110-86-1 7.8E+01 n 1.2E+03 n 2.0E+01 n 6.8E-03 n
5.0E-04 I 1 0.1 Quinalphos 13593-03-8 3.2E+01 n 4.1E+02 n 5.1E+00 n 4.3E-02 n
3.0E+00 I 1 0.1 Quinoline 91-22-5 1.8E-01 c 7.7E-01 c 2.4E-02 c 7.8E-05 c
9.0E-03 I 1 0.1 Quizalofop-ethyl 76578-14-8 5.7E+02 n 7.4E+03 n 1.2E+02 n 1.9E+00 n
3.0E-02 A 1 Refractory Ceramic Fibers E715557 4.3E+07 nm 1.8E+08 nm 3.1E+01 n 1.3E+02 n
3.0E-02 I 1 0.1 Resmethrin 10453-86-8 1.9E+03 n 2.5E+04 n 6.7E+01 n 4.2E+01 n
5.0E-02 H V 1 Ronnel 299-84-3 3.9E+03 n 5.8E+04 n 4.1E+02 n 3.7E+00 n
4.0E-03 I 1 0.1 Rotenone 83-79-4 2.5E+02 n 3.3E+03 n 6.1E+01 n 3.2E+01 n
2.2E-01 C 6.3E-05 C M 1 0.1 Safrole 94-59-7 5.5E-01 c 1.0E+01 c 1.6E-02 c 1.9E-01 c 9.6E-02 c 5.9E-05 c
5.0E-03 I 1 Selenious Acid 7783-00-8 3.9E+02 n 5.8E+03 n 1.0E+02 n n
5.0E-03 I 2.0E-02 C 1 Selenium 7782-49-2 3.9E+02 n 5.8E+03 n 2.1E+01 n 8.8E+01 n 1.0E+02 n 5.0E+01 5.2E-01 n 2.6E-01
5.0E-03 C 2.0E-02 C 1 Selenium Sulfide 7446-34-6 3.9E+02 n 5.8E+03 n 2.1E+01 n 8.8E+01 n 1.0E+02 n n
1.4E-01 O 1 0.1 Sethoxydim 74051-80-2 8.8E+03 n 1.1E+05 nm 1.6E+03 n 1.4E+01 n
3.0E-03 C 1 Silica (crystalline, respirable) 7631-86-9 4.3E+06 nm 1.8E+07 nm 3.1E+00 n 1.3E+01 n
5.0E-03 I 0.04 Silver 7440-22-4 3.9E+02 n 5.8E+03 n 9.4E+01 n 8.0E-01 n
1.2E-01 H 5.0E-03 I 1 0.1 Simazine 122-34-9 4.5E+00 c* 1.9E+01 c 6.1E-01 c 4.0E+00 3.0E-04 c 2.0E-03
1.3E-02 I 1 0.1 Sodium Acifluorfen 62476-59-9 8.2E+02 n 1.1E+04 n 2.6E+02 n 2.1E+00 n
4.0E-03 I 1 Sodium Azide 26628-22-8 3.1E+02 n 4.7E+03 n 8.0E+01 n n
2.7E-01 H 3.0E-02 I 1 0.1 Sodium Diethyldithiocarbamate 148-18-5 2.0E+00 c 8.5E+00 c 2.9E-01 c 1.8E-04 c
5.0E-02 A 1.3E-02 C 1 Sodium Fluoride 7681-49-4 3.9E+03 n 5.8E+04 n 1.4E+01 n 5.7E+01 n 1.0E+03 n n
2.0E-05 I 1 0.1 Sodium Fluoroacetate 62-74-8 1.3E+00 n 1.6E+01 n 4.0E-01 n 8.1E-05 n
1.0E-03 H 1 Sodium Metavanadate 13718-26-8 7.8E+01 n 1.2E+03 n 2.0E+01 n n
8.0E-04 P 1 Sodium Tungstate 13472-45-2 6.3E+01 n 9.3E+02 n 1.6E+01 n n

Page 10 of 12
 Regional Screening Level (RSL) Summary Table (TR=1E-06, HQ=1) November 2017

Key: I = IRIS; P = PPRTV; D = DWSHA; O = OPP; A = ATSDR; C = Cal EPA; X = APPENDIX PPRTV SCREEN (See FAQ #29); H = HEAST; F = See FAQ; E = see user guide Section 2.3.5; W = see user guide Section 2.3.6; L = see user guide on lead; M = mutagen; S = see user guide Section 5; V = volatile; R = RBA applied (See User
Guide for Arsenic notice) ; c = cancer; n = noncancer; * = where: n SL < 100X c SL; ** = where n SL < 10X c SL; SSL values are based on DAF=1; m = Concentration may exceed ceiling limit (See User Guide); s = Concentration may exceed Csat (See User Guide)
Toxicity and Chemical-specific Information Contaminant Screening Levels Protection of Ground Water SSLs
k k k k v Risk-based MCL-based
SFO e IUR e RfDo e RfCi e o muta- Csat Resident Soil Industrial Soil Resident Air Industrial Air Tapwater MCL SSL SSL
(mg/kg-day)-1 y (ug/m 3)-1 y (mg/kg-day) y (mg/m 3) y l gen GIABS ABS (mg/kg) Analyte CAS No. (mg/kg) key (mg/kg) key (ug/m 3) key (ug/m 3) key (ug/L) key (ug/L) (mg/kg) key (mg/kg)
8.0E-04 P 1 Sodium Tungstate Dihydrate 10213-10-2 6.3E+01 n 9.3E+02 n 1.6E+01 n n
2.4E-02 H 3.0E-02 I 1 0.1 Stirofos (Tetrachlorovinphos) 961-11-5 2.3E+01 c* 9.6E+01 c 2.8E+00 c 8.2E-03 c
6.0E-01 I 1 Strontium, Stable 7440-24-6 4.7E+04 n 7.0E+05 nm 1.2E+04 n 4.2E+02 n
3.0E-04 I 1 0.1 Strychnine 57-24-9 1.9E+01 n 2.5E+02 n 5.9E+00 n 6.5E-02 n
2.0E-01 I 1.0E+00 I V 1 8.7E+02 Styrene 100-42-5 6.0E+03 ns 3.5E+04 ns 1.0E+03 n 4.4E+03 n 1.2E+03 n 1.0E+02 1.3E+00 n 1.1E-01
3.0E-03 P 1 0.1 Styrene-Acrylonitrile (SAN) Trimer 1.9E+02 n 2.5E+03 n 4.8E+01 n n
1.0E-03 P 2.0E-03 X 1 0.1 Sulfolane 126-33-0 6.3E+01 n 8.2E+02 n 2.1E+00 n 8.8E+00 n 2.0E+01 n 4.4E-03 n
8.0E-04 P 1 0.1 Sulfonylbis(4-chlorobenzene), 1,1'- 80-07-9 5.1E+01 n 6.6E+02 n 1.1E+01 n 6.5E-02 n
1.0E-03 C V 1 Sulfur Trioxide 7446-11-9 1.4E+06 nm 6.0E+06 nm 1.0E+00 n 4.4E+00 n 2.1E+00 n n
1.0E-03 C 1 Sulfuric Acid 7664-93-9 1.4E+06 nm 6.0E+06 nm 1.0E+00 n 4.4E+00 n
2.5E-02 I 7.1E-06 I 5.0E-02 H 1 0.1 Sulfurous acid, 2-chloroethyl 2-[4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenoxy]-1-methylethyl ester 140-57-8 2.2E+01 c 9.2E+01 c 4.0E-01 c 1.7E+00 c 1.3E+00 c 1.5E-02 c
3.0E-02 H 1 0.1 TCMTB 21564-17-0 1.9E+03 n 2.5E+04 n 4.8E+02 n 3.3E+00 n
7.0E-02 I 1 0.1 Tebuthiuron 34014-18-1 4.4E+03 n 5.7E+04 n 1.4E+03 n 3.9E-01 n
2.0E-02 H 1 0.1 Temephos 3383-96-8 1.3E+03 n 1.6E+04 n 4.0E+02 n 7.6E+01 n
1.3E-02 I 1 0.1 Terbacil 5902-51-2 8.2E+02 n 1.1E+04 n 2.5E+02 n 7.5E-02 n
2.5E-05 H V 1 3.1E+01 Terbufos 13071-79-9 2.0E+00 n 2.9E+01 n 2.4E-01 n 5.2E-04 n
1.0E-03 I 1 0.1 Terbutryn 886-50-0 6.3E+01 n 8.2E+02 n 1.3E+01 n 1.9E-02 n
1.0E-04 I 1 0.1 Tetrabromodiphenyl ether, 2,2',4,4'- (BDE-47) 5436-43-1 6.3E+00 n 8.2E+01 n 2.0E+00 n 5.3E-02 n
3.0E-04 I V 1 Tetrachlorobenzene, 1,2,4,5- 95-94-3 2.3E+01 n 3.5E+02 n 1.7E+00 n 7.9E-03 n
2.6E-02 I 7.4E-06 I 3.0E-02 I V 1 6.8E+02 Tetrachloroethane, 1,1,1,2- 630-20-6 2.0E+00 c 8.8E+00 c 3.8E-01 c 1.7E+00 c 5.7E-01 c 2.2E-04 c
2.0E-01 I 5.8E-05 C 2.0E-02 I V 1 1.9E+03 Tetrachloroethane, 1,1,2,2- 79-34-5 6.0E-01 c 2.7E+00 c 4.8E-02 c 2.1E-01 c 7.6E-02 c 3.0E-05 c
2.1E-03 I 2.6E-07 I 6.0E-03 I 4.0E-02 I V 1 1.7E+02 Tetrachloroethylene 127-18-4 2.4E+01 c** 1.0E+02 c** 1.1E+01 c** 4.7E+01 c** 1.1E+01 c** 5.0E+00 5.1E-03 c** 2.3E-03
3.0E-02 I 1 0.1 Tetrachlorophenol, 2,3,4,6- 58-90-2 1.9E+03 n 2.5E+04 n 2.4E+02 n 1.8E-01 n
2.0E+01 H V 1 Tetrachlorotoluene, p- alpha, alpha, alpha- 5216-25-1 3.5E-02 c 1.6E-01 c 1.3E-03 c 4.5E-06 c
5.0E-04 I 1 0.1 Tetraethyl Dithiopyrophosphate 3689-24-5 3.2E+01 n 4.1E+02 n 7.1E+00 n 5.2E-03 n
8.0E+01 I V 1 2.1E+03 Tetrafluoroethane, 1,1,1,2- 811-97-2 1.0E+05 nms 4.3E+05 nms 8.3E+04 n 3.5E+05 n 1.7E+05 n 9.3E+01 n
2.0E-03 P 1 0.0007 Tetryl (Trinitrophenylmethylnitramine) 479-45-8 1.6E+02 n 2.3E+03 n 3.9E+01 n 3.7E-01 n
2.0E-05 S 1 Thallic Oxide 1314-32-5 1.6E+00 n 2.3E+01 n 4.0E-01 n n
1.0E-05 X 1 Thallium (I) Nitrate 10102-45-1 7.8E-01 n 1.2E+01 n 2.0E-01 n n
1.0E-05 X 1 Thallium (Soluble Salts) 7440-28-0 7.8E-01 n 1.2E+01 n 2.0E-01 n 2.0E+00 1.4E-02 n 1.4E-01
1.0E-05 X V 1 Thallium Acetate 563-68-8 7.8E-01 n 1.2E+01 n 2.0E-01 n 4.1E-05 n
2.0E-05 X V 1 Thallium Carbonate 6533-73-9 1.6E+00 n 2.3E+01 n 4.0E-01 n 8.3E-05 n
1.0E-05 X 1 Thallium Chloride 7791-12-0 7.8E-01 n 1.2E+01 n 2.0E-01 n n
1.0E-05 S 1 Thallium Selenite 12039-52-0 7.8E-01 n 1.2E+01 n 2.0E-01 n n
2.0E-05 X 1 Thallium Sulfate 7446-18-6 1.6E+00 n 2.3E+01 n 4.0E-01 n n
4.3E-02 O 1 0.1 Thifensulfuron-methyl 79277-27-3 2.7E+03 n 3.5E+04 n 8.6E+02 n 2.6E-01 n
1.0E-02 I 1 0.1 Thiobencarb 28249-77-6 6.3E+02 n 8.2E+03 n 1.6E+02 n 5.5E-01 n
7.0E-02 X 1 0.0075 Thiodiglycol 111-48-8 5.4E+03 n 7.9E+04 n 1.4E+03 n 2.8E-01 n
3.0E-04 H 1 0.1 Thiofanox 39196-18-4 1.9E+01 n 2.5E+02 n 5.3E+00 n 1.8E-03 n
1.2E-02 O 2.7E-02 O 1 0.1 Thiophanate, Methyl 23564-05-8 4.7E+01 c* 2.0E+02 c 6.7E+00 c* 5.7E-03 c*
1.5E-02 O 1 0.1 Thiram 137-26-8 9.5E+02 n 1.2E+04 n 2.9E+02 n 4.2E-01 n
6.0E-01 H 1 Tin 7440-31-5 4.7E+04 n 7.0E+05 nm 1.2E+04 n 3.0E+03 n
1.0E-04 A V 1 Titanium Tetrachloride 7550-45-0 1.4E+05 nm 6.0E+05 nm 1.0E-01 n 4.4E-01 n 2.1E-01 n n
8.0E-02 I 5.0E+00 I V 1 8.2E+02 Toluene 108-88-3 4.9E+03 ns 4.7E+04 ns 5.2E+03 n 2.2E+04 n 1.1E+03 n 1.0E+03 7.6E-01 n 6.9E-01
1.1E-05 C 8.0E-06 C V 1 Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate 584-84-9 6.4E+00 n 2.7E+01 n 8.3E-03 n 3.5E-02 n 1.7E-02 n 2.5E-04 n
1.8E-01 X 2.0E-04 X 1 0.1 Toluene-2,5-diamine 95-70-5 3.0E+00 c** 1.3E+01 c* 4.3E-01 c** 1.3E-04 c**
1.1E-05 C 8.0E-06 C V 1 1.7E+03 Toluene-2,6-diisocyanate 91-08-7 5.3E+00 n 2.2E+01 n 8.3E-03 n 3.5E-02 n 1.7E-02 n 2.6E-04 n
5.0E-03 P 1 0.1 Toluic Acid, p- 99-94-5 3.2E+02 n 4.1E+03 n 9.0E+01 n 2.3E-02 n
1.6E-02 P 5.1E-05 C 1 0.1 Toluidine, o- (Methylaniline, 2-) 95-53-4 3.4E+01 c 1.4E+02 c 5.5E-02 c 2.4E-01 c 4.7E+00 c 2.0E-03 c
3.0E-02 P 4.0E-03 X 1 0.1 Toluidine, p- 106-49-0 1.8E+01 c* 7.7E+01 c* 2.5E+00 c* 1.1E-03 c*
3.0E+00 P V 1 3.4E-01 Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (Aliphatic High) E1790670 2.3E+05 nms 3.5E+06 nms 6.0E+04 n 2.4E+03 n
6.0E-01 P V 1 1.4E+02 Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (Aliphatic Low) E1790666 5.2E+02 ns 2.2E+03 ns 6.3E+02 n 2.6E+03 n 1.3E+03 n 8.8E+00 n
1.0E-02 X 1.0E-01 P V 1 6.9E+00 Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (Aliphatic Medium) E1790668 9.6E+01 ns 4.4E+02 ns 1.0E+02 n 4.4E+02 n 1.0E+02 n 1.5E+00 n
4.0E-02 P 1 0.1 Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (Aromatic High) E1790676 2.5E+03 n 3.3E+04 n 8.0E+02 n 8.9E+01 n
4.0E-03 P 3.0E-02 P V 1 1.8E+03 Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (Aromatic Low) E1790672 8.2E+01 n 4.2E+02 n 3.1E+01 n 1.3E+02 n 3.3E+01 n 1.7E-02 n
4.0E-03 P 3.0E-03 P V 1 Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (Aromatic Medium) E1790674 1.1E+02 n 6.0E+02 n 3.1E+00 n 1.3E+01 n 5.5E+00 n 2.3E-02 n
1.1E+00 I 3.2E-04 I 1 0.1 Toxaphene 8001-35-2 4.9E-01 c 2.1E+00 c 8.8E-03 c 3.8E-02 c 7.1E-02 c 3.0E+00 1.1E-02 c 4.6E-01
7.5E-03 I 1 0.1 Tralomethrin 66841-25-6 4.7E+02 n 6.2E+03 n 1.5E+02 n 5.8E+01 n
3.0E-04 A V 1 Tri-n-butyltin 688-73-3 2.3E+01 n 3.5E+02 n 3.7E+00 n 8.2E-02 n
8.0E+01 X 1 0.1 Triacetin 102-76-1 5.1E+06 nm 6.6E+07 nm 1.6E+06 n 4.5E+02 n
3.4E-02 O 1 0.1 Triadimefon 43121-43-3 2.1E+03 n 2.8E+04 n 6.3E+02 n 5.0E-01 n
7.2E-02 O 2.5E-02 O V 1 Triallate 2303-17-5 9.7E+00 c 4.6E+01 c 4.7E-01 c 1.0E-03 c
1.0E-02 I 1 0.1 Triasulfuron 82097-50-5 6.3E+02 n 8.2E+03 n 2.0E+02 n 2.1E-01 n
8.0E-03 I 1 0.1 Tribenuron-methyl 101200-48-0 5.1E+02 n 6.6E+03 n 1.6E+02 n 6.1E-02 n
5.0E-03 I V 1 Tribromobenzene, 1,2,4- 615-54-3 3.9E+02 n 5.8E+03 n 4.5E+01 n 6.4E-02 n
9.0E-03 X 1 0.1 Tribromophenol, 2,4,6- 118-79-6 5.7E+02 n 7.4E+03 n 1.2E+02 n 2.2E-01 n
9.0E-03 P 1.0E-02 P 1 0.1 Tributyl Phosphate 126-73-8 6.0E+01 c* 2.6E+02 c* 5.2E+00 c* 2.5E-02 c*
3.0E-04 P 1 0.1 Tributyltin Compounds E1790678 1.9E+01 n 2.5E+02 n 6.0E+00 n n
3.0E-04 I 1 0.1 Tributyltin Oxide 56-35-9 1.9E+01 n 2.5E+02 n 5.7E+00 n 2.9E+02 n
3.0E+01 I 5.0E+00 P V 1 9.1E+02 Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane, 1,1,2- 76-13-1 6.7E+03 ns 2.8E+04 ns 5.2E+03 n 2.2E+04 n 1.0E+04 n 2.6E+01 n

Page 11 of 12
 Regional Screening Level (RSL) Summary Table (TR=1E-06, HQ=1) November 2017

Key: I = IRIS; P = PPRTV; D = DWSHA; O = OPP; A = ATSDR; C = Cal EPA; X = APPENDIX PPRTV SCREEN (See FAQ #29); H = HEAST; F = See FAQ; E = see user guide Section 2.3.5; W = see user guide Section 2.3.6; L = see user guide on lead; M = mutagen; S = see user guide Section 5; V = volatile; R = RBA applied (See User
Guide for Arsenic notice) ; c = cancer; n = noncancer; * = where: n SL < 100X c SL; ** = where n SL < 10X c SL; SSL values are based on DAF=1; m = Concentration may exceed ceiling limit (See User Guide); s = Concentration may exceed Csat (See User Guide)
Toxicity and Chemical-specific Information Contaminant Screening Levels Protection of Ground Water SSLs
k k k k v Risk-based MCL-based
SFO e IUR e RfDo e RfCi e o muta- Csat Resident Soil Industrial Soil Resident Air Industrial Air Tapwater MCL SSL SSL
(mg/kg-day)-1 y (ug/m 3)-1 y (mg/kg-day) y (mg/m 3) y l gen GIABS ABS (mg/kg) Analyte CAS No. (mg/kg) key (mg/kg) key (ug/m 3) key (ug/m 3) key (ug/L) key (ug/L) (mg/kg) key (mg/kg)
7.0E-02 I 2.0E-02 I 1 0.1 Trichloroacetic Acid 76-03-9 7.8E+00 c 3.3E+01 c 1.1E+00 c 6.0E+01 2.2E-04 c 1.2E-02
2.9E-02 H 1 0.1 Trichloroaniline HCl, 2,4,6- 33663-50-2 1.9E+01 c 7.9E+01 c 2.7E+00 c 7.4E-03 c
7.0E-03 X 3.0E-05 X 1 0.1 Trichloroaniline, 2,4,6- 634-93-5 1.9E+00 n 2.5E+01 n 4.0E-01 n 3.6E-03 n
8.0E-04 X V 1 Trichlorobenzene, 1,2,3- 87-61-6 6.3E+01 n 9.3E+02 n 7.0E+00 n 2.1E-02 n
2.9E-02 P 1.0E-02 I 2.0E-03 P V 1 4.0E+02 Trichlorobenzene, 1,2,4- 120-82-1 2.4E+01 c** 1.1E+02 c** 2.1E+00 n 8.8E+00 n 1.2E+00 c** 7.0E+01 3.4E-03 c** 2.0E-01
2.0E+00 I 5.0E+00 I V 1 6.4E+02 Trichloroethane, 1,1,1- 71-55-6 8.1E+03 ns 3.6E+04 ns 5.2E+03 n 2.2E+04 n 8.0E+03 n 2.0E+02 2.8E+00 n 7.0E-02
5.7E-02 I 1.6E-05 I 4.0E-03 I 2.0E-04 X V 1 2.2E+03 Trichloroethane, 1,1,2- 79-00-5 1.1E+00 c** 5.0E+00 c** 1.8E-01 c** 7.7E-01 c** 2.8E-01 c** 5.0E+00 8.9E-05 c** 1.6E-03
4.6E-02 I 4.1E-06 I 5.0E-04 I 2.0E-03 I V M 1 6.9E+02 Trichloroethylene 79-01-6 9.4E-01 c** 6.0E+00 c** 4.8E-01 c** 3.0E+00 c** 4.9E-01 c** 5.0E+00 1.8E-04 c** 1.8E-03
3.0E-01 I V 1 1.2E+03 Trichlorofluoromethane 75-69-4 2.3E+04 ns 3.5E+05 nms 5.2E+03 n 3.3E+00 n
1.0E-01 I 1 0.1 Trichlorophenol, 2,4,5- 95-95-4 6.3E+03 n 8.2E+04 n 1.2E+03 n 4.0E+00 n
1.1E-02 I 3.1E-06 I 1.0E-03 P 1 0.1 Trichlorophenol, 2,4,6- 88-06-2 4.9E+01 c** 2.1E+02 c** 9.1E-01 c 4.0E+00 c 4.1E+00 c** 4.0E-03 c**
1.0E-02 I 1 0.1 Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid, 2,4,5- 93-76-5 6.3E+02 n 8.2E+03 n 1.6E+02 n 6.8E-02 n
8.0E-03 I 1 0.1 Trichlorophenoxypropionic acid, -2,4,5 93-72-1 5.1E+02 n 6.6E+03 n 1.1E+02 n 5.0E+01 6.1E-02 n 2.8E-02
5.0E-03 I V 1 1.3E+03 Trichloropropane, 1,1,2- 598-77-6 3.9E+02 n 5.8E+03 ns 8.8E+01 n 3.5E-02 n
3.0E+01 I 4.0E-03 I 3.0E-04 I V M 1 1.4E+03 Trichloropropane, 1,2,3- 96-18-4 5.1E-03 c 1.1E-01 c 3.1E-01 n 1.3E+00 n 7.5E-04 c 3.2E-07 c
3.0E-03 X 3.0E-04 P V 1 3.1E+02 Trichloropropene, 1,2,3- 96-19-5 7.3E-01 n 3.1E+00 n 3.1E-01 n 1.3E+00 n 6.2E-01 n 3.1E-04 n
2.0E-02 A 1 0.1 Tricresyl Phosphate (TCP) 1330-78-5 1.3E+03 n 1.6E+04 n 1.6E+02 n 1.5E+01 n
3.0E-03 I 1 0.1 Tridiphane 58138-08-2 1.9E+02 n 2.5E+03 n 1.8E+01 n 1.3E-01 n
7.0E-03 I V 1 2.8E+04 Triethylamine 121-44-8 1.2E+02 n 4.8E+02 n 7.3E+00 n 3.1E+01 n 1.5E+01 n 4.4E-03 n
2.0E+00 P 1 0.1 Triethylene Glycol 112-27-6 1.3E+05 nm 1.6E+06 nm 4.0E+04 n 8.8E+00 n
2.0E+01 P V 1 4.8E+03 Trifluoroethane, 1,1,1- 420-46-2 1.5E+04 ns 6.2E+04 ns 2.1E+04 n 8.8E+04 n 4.2E+04 n 1.3E+02 n
7.7E-03 I 7.5E-03 I V 1 Trifluralin 1582-09-8 9.0E+01 c** 4.2E+02 c* 2.6E+00 c* 8.4E-02 c*
2.0E-02 P 1.0E-02 P 1 0.1 Trimethyl Phosphate 512-56-1 2.7E+01 c* 1.1E+02 c* 3.9E+00 c* 8.6E-04 c*
1.0E-02 I 6.0E-02 I V 1 2.9E+02 Trimethylbenzene, 1,2,3- 526-73-8 3.4E+02 ns 2.0E+03 ns 6.3E+01 n 2.6E+02 n 5.5E+01 n 8.1E-02 n
1.0E-02 I 6.0E-02 I V 1 2.2E+02 Trimethylbenzene, 1,2,4- 95-63-6 3.0E+02 ns 1.8E+03 ns 6.3E+01 n 2.6E+02 n 5.6E+01 n 8.1E-02 n
1.0E-02 I 6.0E-02 I V 1 1.8E+02 Trimethylbenzene, 1,3,5- 108-67-8 2.7E+02 ns 1.5E+03 ns 6.3E+01 n 2.6E+02 n 6.0E+01 n 8.7E-02 n
1.0E-02 X V 1 3.0E+01 Trimethylpentene, 2,4,4- 25167-70-8 7.8E+02 ns 1.2E+04 ns 6.5E+01 n 2.2E-01 n
3.0E-02 I 1 0.019 Trinitrobenzene, 1,3,5- 99-35-4 2.2E+03 n 3.2E+04 n 5.9E+02 n 2.1E+00 n
3.0E-02 I 5.0E-04 I 1 0.032 Trinitrotoluene, 2,4,6- 118-96-7 2.1E+01 c** 9.6E+01 c** 2.5E+00 c** 1.5E-02 c**
2.0E-02 P 1 0.1 Triphenylphosphine Oxide 791-28-6 1.3E+03 n 1.6E+04 n 3.6E+02 n 1.5E+00 n
2.0E-02 A 1 0.1 Tris(1,3-Dichloro-2-propyl) Phosphate 13674-87-8 1.3E+03 n 1.6E+04 n 3.6E+02 n 8.0E+00 n
1.0E-02 X 1 0.1 Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate 13674-84-5 6.3E+02 n 8.2E+03 n 1.9E+02 n 6.5E-01 n
2.3E+00 C 6.6E-04 C V 1 4.7E+02 Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate 126-72-7 2.8E-01 c 1.3E+00 c 4.3E-03 c 1.9E-02 c 6.8E-03 c 1.3E-04 c
2.0E-02 P 7.0E-03 P 1 0.1 Tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate 115-96-8 2.7E+01 c* 1.1E+02 c* 3.8E+00 c* 3.8E-03 c*
3.2E-03 P 1.0E-01 P 1 0.1 Tris(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate 78-42-2 1.7E+02 c* 7.2E+02 c 2.4E+01 c* 1.2E+02 c*
8.0E-04 P 1 Tungsten 7440-33-7 6.3E+01 n 9.3E+02 n 1.6E+01 n 2.4E+00 n
2.0E-04 A 4.0E-05 A 1 Uranium (Soluble Salts) E715565 1.6E+01 n 2.3E+02 n 4.2E-02 n 1.8E-01 n 4.0E+00 n 3.0E+01 1.8E+00 n 1.4E+01
1.0E+00 C 2.9E-04 C M 1 0.1 Urethane 51-79-6 1.2E-01 c 2.3E+00 c 3.5E-03 c 4.2E-02 c 2.5E-02 c 5.6E-06 c
8.3E-03 P 9.0E-03 I 7.0E-06 P 0.026 Vanadium Pentoxide 1314-62-1 4.6E+02 c** 2.0E+03 c** 3.4E-04 c* 1.5E-03 c* 1.5E+02 n n
5.0E-03 S 1.0E-04 A 0.026 Vanadium and Compounds 7440-62-2 3.9E+02 n 5.8E+03 n 1.0E-01 n 4.4E-01 n 8.6E+01 n 8.6E+01 n
1.0E-03 I V 1 Vernolate 1929-77-7 7.8E+01 n 1.2E+03 n 1.1E+01 n 8.9E-03 n
1.2E-03 O 1 0.1 Vinclozolin 50471-44-8 7.6E+01 n 9.8E+02 n 2.1E+01 n 1.6E-02 n
1.0E+00 H 2.0E-01 I V 1 2.8E+03 Vinyl Acetate 108-05-4 9.1E+02 n 3.8E+03 ns 2.1E+02 n 8.8E+02 n 4.1E+02 n 8.7E-02 n
3.2E-05 H 3.0E-03 I V 1 2.5E+03 Vinyl Bromide 593-60-2 1.2E-01 c* 5.2E-01 c* 8.8E-02 c* 3.8E-01 c* 1.8E-01 c* 5.1E-05 c*
7.2E-01 I 4.4E-06 I 3.0E-03 I 1.0E-01 I V M 1 3.9E+03 Vinyl Chloride 75-01-4 5.9E-02 c 1.7E+00 c 1.7E-01 c 2.8E+00 c 1.9E-02 c 2.0E+00 6.5E-06 c 6.9E-04
3.0E-04 I 1 0.1 Warfarin 81-81-2 1.9E+01 n 2.5E+02 n 5.6E+00 n 5.9E-03 n
2.0E-01 S 1.0E-01 S V 1 3.9E+02 Xylene, P- 106-42-3 5.6E+02 ns 2.4E+03 ns 1.0E+02 n 4.4E+02 n 1.9E+02 n 1.9E-01 n
2.0E-01 S 1.0E-01 S V 1 3.9E+02 Xylene, m- 108-38-3 5.5E+02 ns 2.4E+03 ns 1.0E+02 n 4.4E+02 n 1.9E+02 n 1.9E-01 n
2.0E-01 S 1.0E-01 S V 1 4.3E+02 Xylene, o- 95-47-6 6.5E+02 ns 2.8E+03 ns 1.0E+02 n 4.4E+02 n 1.9E+02 n 1.9E-01 n
2.0E-01 I 1.0E-01 I V 1 2.6E+02 Xylenes 1330-20-7 5.8E+02 ns 2.5E+03 ns 1.0E+02 n 4.4E+02 n 1.9E+02 n 1.0E+04 1.9E-01 n 9.9E+00
3.0E-04 I 1 Zinc Phosphide 1314-84-7 2.3E+01 n 3.5E+02 n 6.0E+00 n n
3.0E-01 I 1 Zinc and Compounds 7440-66-6 2.3E+04 n 3.5E+05 nm 6.0E+03 n 3.7E+02 n
5.0E-02 I 1 0.1 Zineb 12122-67-7 3.2E+03 n 4.1E+04 n 9.9E+02 n 2.9E+00 n
8.0E-05 X 1 Zirconium 7440-67-7 6.3E+00 n 9.3E+01 n 1.6E+00 n 4.8E+00 n

Page 12 of 12
 Please fill in the date

Dietary Questionnaire you completed this

questionnaire:
DAY MTH YEAR
JAN 2004
QUESTIONS ABOUT WHAT YOU USUALLY EAT AND DRINK
FEB 2005
0 0 MAR 2006
1 1 APR 2007
2 2 MAY 2008
INSTRUCTIONS: 3 3 JUN 2009
This questionnaire is about your usual eating habits over the past 12 months. Where possible give 4 JUL 2010
only one answer per question for the type of food you eat most often. 5 AUG 2011
(If you can’t decide which type you have most often, answer for the types you usually eat.) 6 SEP 2012
• Use a soft pencil only, preferably 2B. • Erase mistakes fully. Please 7 OCT 2013
• Do not use any biro or felt tip pen. • Make no stray marks. MARK LIKE THIS: 8 NOV 2014
9 DEC 2015

1. How many pieces of fresh fruit do 6. How many slices of bread do you usually
you usually eat per day? (Count 1/2 eat per day? (Include all types, fresh or toasted
cup of diced fruit, berries or grapes as and count one bread roll as 2 slices.)
one piece.) less than 1 slice per day
I didn’t eat fruit 1 slice per day
less than 1 piece of fruit per day 2 slices per day
1 piece of fruit per day 3 slices per day
2 pieces of fruit per day 4 slices per day
3 pieces of fruit per day 5-7 slices per day
4 or more pieces of fruit per day 8 or more slices per day
2. How many different vegetables do 7. Which spread do you usually put on bread?
you usually eat per day? (Count all I don’t usually use any fat spread
types, fresh, frozen or tinned.) margarine of any kind
less than 1 vegetable per day polyunsaturated margarine
1 vegetable per day monounsaturated margarine
2 vegetables per day butter and margarine blends
3 vegetables per day butter
4 vegetables per day
5 vegetables per day 8. On average, how many teaspoons of
6 or more vegetables per day sugar do you usually use per day? (Include
sugar taken with tea and coffee and on
3. What type of milk do you usually use? breakfast cereal, etc.)
none none
full cream milk 1 to 4 teaspoons per day
reduced fat milk 5 to 8 teaspoons per day
skim milk 9 to 12 teaspoons per day
soya milk more than 12 teaspoons per day

4. How much milk do you usually use 9. On average, how many eggs do you
per day? (Include flavoured milk and usually eat per week?
milk added to tea, coffee, cereal, etc.) I don’t eat eggs
none less than 1 egg per week
less than 250 ml (1 large cup or mug) 1 to 2 eggs per week
between 250 and 500 ml (1-2 cups) 3 to 5 eggs per week
between 500 and 750 ml (2-3 cups) 6 or more eggs per week
750 ml (3 cups) or more
10. What types of cheese do you usually eat?
5. What type of bread do you usually eat? I don’t eat cheese
I don’t eat bread hard cheeses, e.g. parmesan, romano
high fibre white bread firm cheeses, e.g. cheddar, edam
© NCS Pearson 13879 00 01 02 03 04 05

white bread soft cheeses, e.g. camembert, brie

wholemeal bread ricotta or cottage cheese
rye bread c cream cheese
multi-grain bread low fat cheese
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA.
 For each food shown on this page, indicate how much on average you would usually have eaten at main meals
during the past 12 months. When answering each question, think of the amount of that food you usually ate, even
though you may rarely have eaten the food on its own.
If you usually ate more than one helping, fill in the oval for the serving size closest to the total amount you ate.

11. When you ate potato, did you usually eat: I never ate potato

60g 100g 150g

A B C

Less than A A Between A & B B Between B & C C More than C

12. When you ate vegetables, did you usually eat: I never ate vegetables

130g 250g 415g

A B C

Less than A A Between A & B B Between B & C C More than C

13. When you ate steak, did you usually eat: I never ate steak

100g 125g 175g

A B C

Less than A A Between A & B B Between B & C C More than C

14. I never ate casserole

100g 180g 270g

A B C

Less than A A Between A & B B Between B & C C More than C

2
15.
Please MARK LIKE THIS: NOT LIKE THIS: ✔ ✘

N less 1 to 3 1 2 3 to 4 5 to 6 1 2 3 or
E than times time times times times time times more
Times You Have Eaten V
E
once times
R per month per week per day

All Bran™ A1
Sultana Bran™, FibrePlus™, Branflakes™ A2
Weet Bix™, Vita Brits™, Weeties™ A3
Cornflakes, Nutrigrain™, Special K™ A4
Porridge A5
Muesli A6
Rice A7
Pasta or noodles (include lasagne) A8
Crackers, crispbreads, dry biscuits A9
Sweet biscuits A10
Cakes, sweet pies, tarts and other sweet pastries A11
Meat pies, pasties, quiche and other savoury pastries A12
Pizza A13
Hamburger with a bun A14
Chocolate A15
Flavoured milk drink (cocoa, Milo™, etc.) A16
Nuts A17
Peanut butter or peanut paste A18
Corn chips, potato crisps, Twisties™, etc. A19
Jam, marmalade, honey or syrups A20
Vegemite™, Marmite™ or Promite™ A21

DAIRY P RODUCTS, MEAT & FISH

Cheese B1
Ice-cream B2
Yoghurt B3
Beef B4
Veal B5
Chicken B6
Lamb B7
Pork B8
Bacon B9
Ham B10
Corned beef, luncheon meats or salami B11
Sausages or frankfurters B12
Fish, steamed, grilled or baked B13
Fish, fried (include take-away) B14
Fish, tinned (salmon, tuna, sardines, etc.) B15

FR U I T
Tinned or frozen fruit (any kind) C1
Fruit juice C2
Oranges or other citrus fruit C3
Apples C4
Pears C5
Bananas C6
Watermelon, rockmelon (cantaloupe), honeydew, etc. C7
Pineapple C8
Strawberries C9
Apricots C10
Peaches or nectarines C11
Mango or paw paw C12
Avocado C13

3
 N less 1 to 3 1 2 3 to 4 5 to 6 1 2 3 or
E than times time times times times time times more
once times
Times You Have Eaten V
E
CONTINUED per month per week per day
R

V EGETABLES (INCLUDING FRESH, FROZEN AND TINNED)

Potatoes, roasted or fried (include hot chips) D1
Potatoes cooked without fat D2
Tomato sauce, tomato paste or dried tomatoes D3
Fresh or tinned tomatoes D4
Peppers (capsicum) D5
Lettuce, endive, or other salad greens D6
Cucumber D7
Celery D8
Beetroot D9
Carrots D10
Cabbage or Brussels sprouts D11
Cauliflower D12
Broccoli D13
Silverbeet or spinach D14
Peas D15
Green beans D16
Bean sprouts or alfalfa sprouts D17
Baked beans D18
Soy beans, soy bean curd or tofu D19
Other beans (include chick peas, lentils, etc.) D20
Pumpkin D21
Onion or leeks D22
Garlic (not garlic tablets) D23
Mushrooms D24
Zucchini D25

16. Over the last 12 months, how often did you drink beer, wine and/or spirits?
N less 1-3 1 2 3 4 5 6
E
Times That You Drank V
E
than days
once a per
day
per
month month week
days
per
week
days
per
week
days
per
week
days
per
week
days
per
week
every
day
R
Beer (low alcohol) 1
Beer (full strength) 2
Red wine 3
White wine (include sparkling wines) 4
Fortified wines, port, sherry, etc. 5
Spirits, liqueurs, etc. 6

When answering the next two questions, please convert the amounts you drank into glasses using the examples given below. For spirits,
liqueurs, and mixed drinks containing spirits, please count each nip (30 ml) as one glass.
1 can or stubby of beer = 2 glasses 1 bottle wine (750 ml) = 6 glasses
1 large bottle beer (750 ml) = 4 glasses 1 bottle of port or sherry (750 ml) = 12 glasses

17. Over the last 12 months, on days when you were drinking, how many glasses of beer, wine and/or
spirits altogether did you usually drink?
10 or
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 more
TOTAL NUMBER OF GLASSES PER DAY

18. Over the last 12 months, what was the maximum number of glasses of beer, wine and/or spirits that
you drank in 24 hours?
19 or
1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 9-10 11-12 13-14 15-16 17-18 more
M AXIMUM NUMBER OF GLASSES PER 24 HOURS

© Copyright The Cancer Council Victoria 2005. Thank You for completing this questionnaire
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA.