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Advances in Microbe-assisted
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Kuldeep Bauddh
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Advances in Microbe-
assisted Phytoremediation
of Polluted Sites
Advances in Microbe-
assisted Phytoremediation
of Polluted Sites
Edited by
Kuldeep Bauddh
Department of Environmental Sciences,
Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
Ying Ma
Centre for Functional Ecology,
Department of Life Sciences,
University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Contents
Contributors...........................................................................................................................................xv
PART 1 Overview of microbe-assisted phytoremediation

CHAPTER 1 Microbe-assisted phytoremediation of environmental
contaminants................................................................................3
Anuradha Devi, Luiz Fernando Romanholo Ferreira, Ganesh Dattatraya Saratale,
Sikandar I. Mulla, Nandkishor More, Ram Naresh Bharagava
1.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................4
1.2 Environmental contaminants: Types, nature, and sources............................................5
1.3 Impact of environmental contaminants on the environment and human health...........7
1.4 Plant-microbe association/interaction and its role in phytoremediation of
environmental contaminants.........................................................................................8
1.4.1 Phytoremediation of organic and inorganic contaminants..................................8
1.4.2 Phytoremediation of wastewater.......................................................................14
1.4.3 Role of constructed wetlands in treatment of wastewaters...............................15
1.5 Mechanisms involved in the phytoremediation of environmental contaminants........16
1.5.1 Phytostabilization.............................................................................................16
1.5.2 Phytovolatilization............................................................................................17
1.5.3 Phytodegradation..............................................................................................17
1.5.4 Phytoaccumulation...........................................................................................17
1.5.5 Phytoextraction.................................................................................................18
1.5.6 Rhizoremediation..............................................................................................18
1.6 Economic importance of microbe assisted phytoremediation of environmental
contaminants...............................................................................................................21
1.7 Conclusion..................................................................................................................21
References..........................................................................................................................22
CHAPTER 2 Microbial augmented phytoremediation with improved
ecosystems services....................................................................27
Khushbu Kumari, Sam Cherian, Kuldeep Bauddh
2.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................27
2.2 Concept of phytoremediation.....................................................................................28
2.3 Need of augmentation of substances in phytoremediation.........................................29
2.3.1 Chemical augmentation....................................................................................30
2.3.2 Biological augmentation...................................................................................32
2.4 Role of microbes in soil ecosystem............................................................................37
2.4.1 Nutrient bioavailability in the soil....................................................................37
2.4.2 Contaminant bioavailability in the soil.............................................................38
v
vi Contents
2.4.3 Stress tolerance.................................................................................................39

2.4.4 Biocontrol of pathogens....................................................................................44
2.4.5 Microbes enhances overall plant growth..........................................................44
2.5 Mechanism of microbe-assisted phytoremediation....................................................46
2.6 Conclusion and future recommendation.....................................................................46
References..........................................................................................................................47
CHAPTER 3 Role of genetic engineering in microbe-assisted phytoremediation
of polluted sites...........................................................................63
Shahrukh Nawaj Alam, Zaira Khalid, Manisarani Patel, Priyanka Kumari,
Anup Kumar, Bhaskar Singh, Abhishek Guldhe
3.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................63
3.2 Microbe-assisted phytoremediation............................................................................64
3.2.1 Mechanism of phytoremediation using microorganism...................................66
3.2.2 Advantages of microbe-assisted phytoremediation..........................................67
3.3 Genetic engineering of microbes for assisting phytoremediation..............................68
3.3.1 Plant growth-promoting bacteria......................................................................69
3.3.2 Rhizospheric bacteria........................................................................................70
3.3.3 Endophytic bacteria..........................................................................................71
3.4 Genetic engineering of plants for microbe-assisted phytoremediation......................72
3.4.1 Engineering plants to enhance growth..............................................................72
3.4.2 Rhizosphere competence..................................................................................74
3.4.3 Examining effects of the root targeted modification........................................74
3.5 Conclusions and future prospects...............................................................................75
Acknowledgments..............................................................................................................75
References..........................................................................................................................75
CHAPTER 4 Phytoremediation potential of genetically modified plants..............85
Shreya Singh, Lala Saha, Kuldeep Bauddh
4.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................85
4.2 Heavy metal contamination........................................................................................86
4.3 Technologies used in the remediation of HMs...........................................................86
4.3.1 Excavation........................................................................................................87
4.3.2 Composting.......................................................................................................87
4.3.3 Electrokinetic remediation (EKR)....................................................................87
4.3.4 Bioreactors........................................................................................................87
4.4 Phytoremediation........................................................................................................88
4.5 Factors affecting phytoremediation............................................................................90
4.6 Advantages and disadvantages of phytoremediation..................................................90
4.7 Role of genetic engineering in phytoremediation.......................................................91
4.8 Conclusion and future prospects.................................................................................94
References..........................................................................................................................94
Contents vii
PART 2 Microbe-assisted phytoremediation of inorganic

contaminants
CHAPTER 5 The role of bacteria in metal bioaccumulation and biosorption....103
Ying Ma, Tatiana Nkwah Bantec, Rui S. Oliveira, António Xavier
Pereira Coutinho, Chang Zhang, Helena Freitas
5.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................103
5.2 Microbial bioremediation.........................................................................................105
5.2.1 Biosorption.....................................................................................................105
5.2.2 Bioaccumulation.............................................................................................106
5.3 Mechanisms underlying microbial metal biosorption and bioaccumulation............107
5.3.1 Extracellular adsorption..................................................................................108
5.3.2 Cell surface adsorption or complexation........................................................108
5.4 Main factors influencing the bioaccumulation efficiency.........................................109
5.4.1 pH...................................................................................................................109
5.4.2 Temperature....................................................................................................109
5.4.3 The presence of other metal ions....................................................................109
5.4.4 Physical and chemical pretreatment...............................................................110
5.5 General conclusions and future perspectives............................................................110
Acknowledgments............................................................................................................110
References........................................................................................................................110
CHAPTER 6 Plant-microbe association to improve phytoremediation
of heavy metal...........................................................................113
Arti Hansda, Prem Chand Kisku, Vipin Kumar, Anshumali
6.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................113
6.1.1 Phytoremediation............................................................................................115
6.2 Metal resistance and uptake in microorganisms.......................................................116
6.3 Plant growth and metal uptake by plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB)..........118
6.3.1 Phytoremediation assisted by soil bacteria.....................................................125
6.3.2 Effects of microorganisms on bioavailability of metals/metalloids
and mobilization.......................................................................................................126
6.3.3 Low-molecular-mass organic acids................................................................126
6.3.4 Release of carboxylic acid anions...................................................................128
6.3.5 By secretion of siderophores..........................................................................128
6.3.6 Other trace element chelators.........................................................................128
6.3.7 Microbial-induced metal immobilization in phytostabilization.....................129
6.4 Effects of microorganisms on nutrients’ uptake.......................................................130
6.5 Approach of genetic engineering for improved metal uptake..................................130
6.6 Current scenario and future perspective...................................................................131
References........................................................................................................................132
viii Contents
CHAPTER 7 Bacterial-mediated phytoremediation of heavy metals.................147

Aqsa bibi, Mohammad Nisar, Gul Raheem, Muhammad Laiq, Abid Ullah
7.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................148
7.2 Heavy metals effects on living organisms................................................................148
7.3 Remediation strategies to reduce the HM pollutants................................................149
7.3.1 Physicochemical approaches..........................................................................150
7.3.2 Biological approaches/bioremediation...........................................................150
7.4 Phytoremediation......................................................................................................150
7.4.1 Phytoextraction...............................................................................................151
7.4.2 Phytostabilization...........................................................................................151
7.4.3 Phytodegradation............................................................................................151
7.4.4 Phytovolatilization..........................................................................................152
7.4.5 Phytofiltration.................................................................................................152
7.4.6 Rhizodegradation............................................................................................152
7.4.7 Phytotransformation.......................................................................................153
7.5 Microbial remediation..............................................................................................153
7.5.1 Fungal remediation.........................................................................................153
7.5.2 Bacterial remediation......................................................................................153
7.6 Mechanisms of bacterial-assisted phytoremediation................................................154
7.6.1 Plant growth promotion..................................................................................154
7.6.2 Bacterial-assisted biodegradation...................................................................155
7.6.3 Biotransformation of HM...............................................................................155
7.6.4 Bioleaching.....................................................................................................155
7.6.5 Mobilization....................................................................................................156
7.6.6 Solubilization..................................................................................................156
7.6.7 Volatilization...................................................................................................156
7.6.8 Sequestration/accumulation............................................................................156
7.7 Case studies of PGP bacteria-assisted phytoremediation.........................................157
References........................................................................................................................159
CHAPTER 8 Recent advances in microbial-aided phytostabilization
of trace element contaminated soils...........................................165
Robin Raveau, Anissa Lounès-Hadj Sahraoui, Joël Fontaine
8.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................165
8.2 Phytostabilization.....................................................................................................167
8.2.1 TE behavior in soils - speciation and mobility...............................................167
8.2.2 TE uptake and transfer in plant tissues...........................................................168
8.2.3 Plant tolerance to TE toxicity.........................................................................170
8.2.4 Plant’s selection..............................................................................................172
8.3 Aided phytostabilization...........................................................................................175
8.3.1 Effect of microbial amendments on soil properties........................................176
8.3.2 Microbial amendment’s effect on TE immobilization....................................176
Contents ix
8.3.3 Microbial amendment’s effect on plant growth and development..................181

8.3.4 Combined use of amendments........................................................................183
8.4 Future scope..............................................................................................................184
8.4.1 Limitations of aided phytostabilisation..........................................................184
8.4.2 Future scope: Phytomanagement of TE-contaminated soils...........................185
8.5 Conclusion................................................................................................................187
References........................................................................................................................188
CHAPTER 9 Phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil
in association with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.........................207
Sonal Dixit, Preetanshika Tracy, Neha Vishnoi, Ankit Abhilash Swain,
Kuldeep Bauddh, Manoj Kumar
9.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................208
9.2 Sources of HMs in soil.............................................................................................209
9.2.1 Natural processes............................................................................................209
9.2.2 Anthropogenic processes................................................................................210
9.3 Adverse impacts of HMs..........................................................................................210
9.3.1 Impacts on the environment............................................................................210
9.3.2 Impact on the soil microbes and its enzymatic activity..................................210
9.3.3 Impact on the plants and animals....................................................................210
9.3.4 Impact on human health..................................................................................211
9.4 Remediation of metal contaminated soil..................................................................212
9.4.1 Phytoremediation............................................................................................212
9.5 Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi...................................................................................213
9.5.1 AMF as mediators of phytoremediation processes.........................................214
9.5.2 Mechanisms of detoxification involving the association
of mycorrhizal fungi and plants................................................................................216
9.5.3 Mechanisms involving the retention by fungal structures..............................216
9.6 Biochemical mechanisms.........................................................................................217
9.6.1 Chelating agents and enzymes........................................................................217
9.6.2 Gene expression mediated by AMF................................................................218
9.7 Conclusion................................................................................................................218
References........................................................................................................................219
CHAPTER 10 Role of Pb-solubilizing and plant growth-promoting bacteria
in Pb uptake by plants...............................................................231
Mehran Shirvani, Zahra Yahaghi
10.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................231
10.2 Presence and forms of Pb in soil.............................................................................232
10.3 Phytoextraction of Pb from contaminated soils......................................................233
10.4 Microbe-assisted Pb phytoextraction......................................................................234
x Contents
10.5 Pb solubilization mechanisms by bacteria..............................................................235

10.5.1 Acidolysis....................................................................................................235
10.5.2 Redoxolysis.................................................................................................238
10.5.3 Complexolysis.............................................................................................239
10.6 Effect of bacteria on plant growth in Pb-contaminated soils..................................241
10.6.1 Production of phytohormones.....................................................................242
10.6.2 Improvement of plant nutrition...................................................................244
10.6.3 ACCD production........................................................................................247
10.6.4 Triggering plant antioxidant system............................................................248
10.7 Effects of bacterial inoculations on Pb phytoextraction.........................................248
10.7.1 Effects of PGPBs on Pb phytoextraction....................................................253
10.7.2 Effects of Pb-solubilizing PGPBs on Pb phytoextraction...........................253
10.8 Conclusions.............................................................................................................254
References........................................................................................................................255
CHAPTER 11 Role of Cd-resistant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria
in plant growth promotion and alleviation of the phytotoxic
effects under Cd-stress..............................................................271
Soumik Mitra, Krishnendu Pramanik, Sayanta Mondal, Sudip Kumar Ghosh,
Antara Ghosh, Tushar Kanti Maiti
11.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................272
11.1.1 Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and their classification....................272
11.1.2 Loading of Cd in the environment..............................................................273
11.1.3 Toxic effects of Cd on plants, humans, and microorganisms......................274
11.2 Cadmium-resistant PGPR.......................................................................................274
11.3 Cadmium-resistance mechanisms in PGPR............................................................279
11.3.1 Cd removal by several efflux systems.........................................................279
11.3.2 Intra/extracellular Cd binding.....................................................................281
11.4 Role of Cd-resistant PGPR to alleviate Cd toxicity in plants.................................282
11.4.1 Nitrogen fixation.........................................................................................282
11.4.2 Phosphate solubilization.............................................................................282
11.4.3 ACC deaminase activity..............................................................................283
11.4.4 Production of phytohormones.....................................................................285
11.4.5 Siderophore production...............................................................................286
11.4.6 Production of organic acids.........................................................................286
11.4.7 Production of exopolymers.........................................................................287
11.5 Alleviation of Cd-induced oxidative stress by Cd-resistant PGPR.........................287
11.6 Biotechnological approaches toward Cd-bioremediation.......................................288
11.7 Bioformulation of Cd-resistant bacteria..................................................................289
11.8 Conclusion and future perspectives........................................................................289
References........................................................................................................................290
Contents xi
CHAPTER 12 Beneficial plant microbiome assisted chromium

phytoremediation.......................................................................301
Vineet Kumar, Pramila Devi Umrao, Shilpa Deshpande Kaistha
12.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................302
12.2 Chromate ecoavailability........................................................................................303
12.3 Chromium toxicity..................................................................................................304
12.4 Phytoremediation of Cr(VI)....................................................................................306
12.4.1 Phytoaccumulation/phytoextraction/phytosequestration............................306
12.4.2 Phytostabilization/phytorestoration/phytoimmobilization..........................307
12.4.3 Phytodegradation/phytotransformation/phytodetoxification.......................307
12.4.4 Phytovolatilization......................................................................................307
12.4.5 Rhizofiltration.............................................................................................308
12.5 Mechanisms of chromate tolerance in plants..........................................................308
12.5.1 Cr extrusion or restriction...........................................................................309
12.5.2 Root exudates..............................................................................................309
12.5.3 Phytoreduction............................................................................................309
12.5.4 Cr chelation.................................................................................................310
12.5.5 Enzymatic antioxidant system....................................................................310
12.5.6 Nonenzymatic antioxidant system..............................................................311
12.5.7 Plant hormones............................................................................................311
12.5.8 Heat shock proteins (HSP) and DNA methylation......................................311
12.5.9 Plant microbiome........................................................................................311
12.6 Microbes-enhanced phytoremediation mechanisms...............................................312
12.6.1 Microbial reduction of chromate toxicity...................................................312
12.6.2 Plant growth promoting products (PGPP)...................................................317
12.7 Microbe-assisted phytoremediation studies............................................................320
12.8 Genetically engineered plants and microbes for chromate bioremediation............332
12.9 Challenges and future perspectives.........................................................................335
Acknowledgment..............................................................................................................336
Conflict of interest............................................................................................................336
References........................................................................................................................336
CHAPTER 13 Toxic potential of arsenic and its remediation through microbe-
assisted phytoremediation.........................................................347
Kiran Gupta, Gauri Saxena, Mohammad Israil Ansari, Ravi Prakash Srivastava,
Amit Kumar
13.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................347
13.2 Chemical and environmental properties of arsenic.................................................348
13.3 Biological properties of arsenic and its toxicity.....................................................349
13.4 Root-associated microorganisms............................................................................350
xii Contents
13.5 Phytoremediation with plant-associated microbes..................................................351

13.5.1 Endophyte-assisted bioremediation............................................................351
13.5.2 Application of genetic engineering to enhance phytoremediation
potentiality..............................................................................................................352
13.6 Mechanism of As accumulation..............................................................................353
13.7 Conclusion..............................................................................................................354
References........................................................................................................................355
CHAPTER 14 Microbe-assisted phytomanagement of fly ash
spoiled sites.............................................................................361
Neha Vishnoi, Neha Gupta, Sonal Dixit
14.1 Introduction............................................................................................................361
14.2 Fly ash properties...................................................................................................362
14.3 Fly ash generation and utilization...........................................................................364
14.4 Multiple uses of fly ash...........................................................................................364
14.5 Problems due to fly ash...........................................................................................366
14.6 Fly ash management...............................................................................................367
14.7 Microbial remediation............................................................................................368
14.8 Multiple benefits of fly ash phytomanagement......................................................372
14.9 Limitations of phytomanagement in fly ash spoiled sites......................................372
14.10 Conclusion............................................................................................................373
References........................................................................................................................373
CHAPTER 15 Role of microorganism in phytoremediation of mine
spoiled soils.............................................................................379
Ankit Abhilash Swain, Neha Dwivedi, Kuldeep Bauddh, Manoj Kumar
15.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................379
15.2 Mine spoiled soils...................................................................................................380
15.2.1 Characteristics of mine spoiled soils...........................................................381
15.2.2 Problems associated with mine spoiled soils..............................................381
15.3 Strategies for management of mine spoiled soil.....................................................382
15.4 Phytorestoration of mine spoiled soils....................................................................382
15.5 Potential plant species suitable for phytorestoration of mine spoiled soils............383
15.6 Microbial-assisted phytoremediation of abandoned mine sites..............................386
15.6.1 Factors affecting microbe-assisted phytoremediation
of mining abandoned sites.......................................................................................390
15.7 Conclusion and future prospects.............................................................................391
References........................................................................................................................391
Contents xiii
PART 3 Microbe-assisted phytoremediation of organic contaminants

CHAPTER 16 Rhizobacteria assisted phytoremediation of oily sludge
contaminated sites....................................................................403
Susmita Karmakar, Rajeswari Roy, Arijita Bhattacharyya, Biswajit Kar,
Sanjeev Kumar, Ritu Singh, Kuldeep Bauddh, Narendra Kumar
16.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................403
16.2 Role of plants on remediation of contamination.....................................................405
16.3 Role of rhizobacteria on remediation of contaminates...........................................407
16.4 Potentiality of rhizobacteria assisted phytoremediation to clean
up oily sludge contaminated sites�� 408
16.5 Conclusion..............................................................................................................411
References........................................................................................................................411
CHAPTER 17 Bioremediation of oil-contaminated sites using
biosurfactants...........................................................................419
Soni Kumari Singh, Ashish Sachan
17.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................419
17.2 Oil contaminants.....................................................................................................420
17.3 Bioremediation........................................................................................................421
17.4 Biosurfactant...........................................................................................................422
17.4.1 Types of biosurfactant.................................................................................424
17.4.2 Microorganisms produce biosurfactants.....................................................424
17.5 Mechanisms associated with biosurfactant-mediated bioremediation....................426
17.6 Current scenario and future outlooks......................................................................427
17.7 Conclusions.............................................................................................................428
References........................................................................................................................429
CHAPTER 18 Association of plants and microorganisms for degradation
of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons..........................................435
Anna Muratova, Olga Turkovskaya
18.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................435
18.2 PAHs and plants......................................................................................................436
18.2.1 PAH toxicity to plants.................................................................................436
18.2.2 PAH uptake, translocation, and accumulation in plants..............................437
18.2.3 Factors affecting PAH phytoavailability.....................................................440
18.2.4 PAH effects on plant antioxidant protection...............................................441
18.2.5 PAH effects on the plant photosynthetic system.........................................442
18.2.6 Biochemical transformation of PAHs in plants...........................................443
18.3 The rhizosphere.......................................................................................................447
18.3.1 Root exudate composition and significance................................................447
18.3.2 Factors affecting root exudate composition................................................450
18.3.3 Root exudate enzymes.................................................................................451
xiv Contents
18.4 PAH and microorganisms.......................................................................................452

18.4.1 Microbial communities of PAH-contaminated soil.....................................452
18.4.2 PAH-degrading bacteria..............................................................................453
18.4.3 Pathways for microbial degradation of PAHs.............................................456
18.5 Plant-microbial cooperation for degradation of PAHs............................................459
18.5.1 Coupled metabolism of PAHs.....................................................................459
18.5.2 Microbe-assisted phytoremediation of PAH contaminated soil..................460
18.6 Conclusion..............................................................................................................461
References........................................................................................................................461
CHAPTER 19 The potential of engineered endophytic bacteria to improve
phytoremediation of organic pollutants.......................................477
Raushan Kumar, Khushboo Gupta, Nirmali Bordoloi
19.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................477
19.2 Uptake mechanism of OPs by plants from soil and water......................................479
19.3 Ecology of endophytic bacteria..............................................................................481
19.4 Niche of endophytic bacteria..................................................................................482
19.5 Host and endophytic diversity.................................................................................482
19.6 Interaction between plant and associated endophytic bacteria...............................483
19.7 Potential of endophytic bacteria to improve phytoremediation
of soil contaminated with OP�� 485
19.8 Potential of endophytic bacteria to improve phytoremediation of water
contaminated with OPs�� 486
19.9 Factor affecting the activity of engineered endophytic bacteria.............................487
19.9.1 Properties of soil.........................................................................................487
19.9.2 Selection of plant........................................................................................488
19.9.3 Pollutant concentration...............................................................................488
19.9.4 Inoculation methods....................................................................................488
19.10 Conclusion............................................................................................................489
References........................................................................................................................489
Index....................................................................................................................................................497
Contributors
Shahrukh Nawaj Alam
Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
Mohammad Israil Ansari
Department of Botany, Lucknow University, Lucknow, India
Anshumali
Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian
School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India
Tatiana Nkwah Bantec
Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra,
Portugal
Kuldeep Bauddh
Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, Jharkhand,
India
Ram Naresh Bharagava
Laboratory of Bioremediation and Metagenomics Research (LBMR), Department of
Environmental Microbiology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University),
Lucknow, U.P., India
Arijita Bhattacharyya
Department of Physical Science, Betai High School, Nadia, West Bengal, India
Aqsa bibi
Department of Botany, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,
Pakistan
Nirmali Bordoloi
Central University of Jharkhand, Environmental Sciences, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
Sam Cherian
Indian Society for Plant Physiology, New Delhi, India
António Xavier Pereira Coutinho
Portugal
Anuradha Devi
Laboratory of Bioremediation and Metagenomics Research (LBMR), Department of
Environmental Microbiology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University),
Sonal Dixit
Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
Neha Dwivedi
India
xv
xvi Contributors
Luiz Fernando Romanholo Ferreira

Waste and Effluent Treatment Laboratory, Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Tiradentes
University, Farolândia, Aracaju-SE, Brazil; Graduate Program in Process Engineering, Tiradentes
University (UNIT), Farolândia, Aracaju-Sergipe, Brazil
Joël Fontaine
Univ. Littoral Côte d’Opale, Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant
(UCEIV-UR 4492), SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Calais cedex, France
Helena Freitas
Portugal
Sudip Kumar Ghosh
Microbiology Laboratory, UGC Centre for Advanced Study, Department of Botany, Burdwan
University, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
Antara Ghosh
Abhishek Guldhe
Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India;
Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Mumbai, Mumbai, India
Kiran Gupta
Department of Botany, Lucknow University, Lucknow, India; Department of Botany, Siddharth
University, Kapilvastu, Siddharth Nagar, India
Neha Gupta
Department of Environmental Science, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow,
Uttar Pradesh, India
Khushboo Gupta
Arti Hansda
School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India; Department of Advance Science and Technology,
NIET, NIMS University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
Shilpa Deshpande Kaistha
Department of Biotechnology, School of Sciences, Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University,
Kanpur, UP, India
Biswajit Kar
Department of Environmental Science, Kanchrapara College, Kanchrapara, West Bengal, India
Susmita Karmakar
India
Contributors xvii
Zaira Khalid
Prem Chand Kisku
School of Environment and Earth Sciences, Department of Geology, Central University of Punjab,
Bathinda, Punjab, India
Anup Kumar
Vipin Kumar
School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India
Vineet Kumar
Kanpur, UP, India
Amit Kumar
Manoj Kumar
India
Sanjeev Kumar
India
Narendra Kumar
Department of Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow,
UttarPradesh, India
Raushan Kumar
Khushbu Kumari
Priyanka Kumari
Muhammad Laiq
Pakistan
Anissa Lounès-Hadj Sahraoui
Ying Ma
Portugal
xviii Contributors
Tushar Kanti Maiti

Soumik Mitra
Sayanta Mondal
Nandkishor More
Department of Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central
University), Lucknow, U.P., India
Sikandar I. Mulla
Department of Biochemistry, School of Applied Sciences, REVA University, Bangalore, India
Anna Muratova
Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of
Sciences, Saratov, Russia
Mohammad Nisar
Pakistan
Rui S. Oliveira
Portugal
Manisarani Patel
Krishnendu Pramanik
Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Siksha Bhavana, Visva-Bharati,
Santiniketan, Birbhum, West Bengal, India
Gul Raheem
Pakistan
Robin Raveau
Rajeswari Roy
Department of Environmental Studies, Rabindra Bharti University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Ashish Sachan
Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, India
Contributors xix
Lala Saha
India
Ganesh Dattatraya Saratale
Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Ilsandong-gu,
Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
Gauri Saxena
Mehran Shirvani
Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan,
Iran
Bhaskar Singh
Shreya Singh
India
Ritu Singh
Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
Soni Kumari Singh
Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, India
Ravi Prakash Srivastava
Ankit Abhilash Swain
India
Preetanshika Tracy
Department of Environmental Microbiology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow,
Olga Turkovskaya
Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of
Sciences, Saratov, Russia
Abid Ullah
Pakistan
Pramila Devi Umrao
Kanpur, UP, India
xx Contributors
Neha Vishnoi
Department of Environmental Microbiology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow,
Zahra Yahaghi
Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan,
Iran
Chang Zhang
Chuzhou University, Chuzhou, China
PART
Overview of
microbe-assisted
phytoremediation
1
1. Microbe-assisted phytoremediation of environmental contaminants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Microbial augmented phytoremediation with improved ecosystems services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3. Role of genetic engineering in microbe-assisted phytoremediation of polluted sites . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4. Phytoremediation potential of genetically modified plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
CHAPTER
Microbe-assisted phytoremediation
of environmental contaminants
Anuradha Devia, Luiz Fernando Romanholo Ferreirab,c, Ganesh Dattatraya Sarataled,

1
Sikandar I. Mullae, Nandkishor Moref, Ram Naresh Bharagavaa
aLaboratoryof Bioremediation and Metagenomics Research (LBMR), Department of Environmental Microbiology,
Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Lucknow, U.P., India
bWaste and Effluent Treatment Laboratory, Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Tiradentes University,
Farolândia, Aracaju-SE, Brazil

cGraduate Program in Process Engineering, Tiradentes University (UNIT), Farolândia, Aracaju-Sergipe, Brazil
dDepartment of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do,
Republic of Korea
eDepartment of Biochemistry, School of Applied Sciences, REVA University, Bangalore, India
fDepartment of Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University),
Chapter outline
1.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................................ 4
1.2 Environmental contaminants: Types, nature, and sources...................................................................... 5
1.3 Impact of environmental contaminants on the environment and human health....................................... 7
1.4 Plant-microbe association/interaction and its role in phytoremediation
of environmental contaminants............................................................................................................ 8
1.4.1 Phytoremediation of organic and inorganic contaminants..................................................8
1.4.2 Phytoremediation of wastewater....................................................................................14
1.4.3 Role of constructed wetlands in treatment of wastewaters...............................................15
1.5 Mechanisms involved in the phytoremediation of environmental contaminants.................................... 16
1.5.1 Phytostabilization........................................................................................................16
1.5.2 Phytovolatilization.......................................................................................................17
1.5.3 Phytodegradation........................................................................................................17
1.5.4 Phytoaccumulation......................................................................................................17
1.5.5 Phytoextraction...........................................................................................................18
1.5.6 Rhizoremediation........................................................................................................18
1.6 Economic importance of microbe assisted phytoremediation of environmental contaminants................ 21
1.7 Conclusion....................................................................................................................................... 21
Advances in Microbe-assisted Phytoremediation of Polluted Sites. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-823443-3.00001-6

Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
3
4 Chapter 1 Microbe-assisted phytoremediation of environmental contaminants
1.1 Introduction
Nowadays, the concern of environmental contamination has increased due to the high production
demand of rapid population growth, which prompts the generation of plenty of waste and environmental
contaminants. The toxic heavy metals, greenhouse gases, oil spillages, nonbiodegradable materials,
unutilized fertilizers, pesticides, and other hazardous materials are the main source of environmental
contamination (Kishor et al., 2020). Endocrine disruptors (EDs), pharmaceuticals, pesticides,
hormones, toxins and industrial wastewaters also contribute majority of environmental contamination
(Rasheed, Bilal, Nabeel, Adeel, & Iqbal, 2019). The long-term susceptivity to these environmental
contaminants might have counter health effects like organ dysfunction, cancer, physical, psychological,
neurological disorders, and compromised immunity (Godduhn & Duffy, 2003). Thus subsequently,
the remediation of contaminated area is mandatory in order to retain the area and to reduce the
entrance of toxins into the food chain (Hooda, 2007). Contaminants from water and soil can be
remediated by various methods, but most of these are expensive, labor-consuming, and require on-
site renovation through chemical or physical methods (Kishor, Bharagava, & Saxena, 2018). Due to
these drawbacks, the scientists had developed some eco-friendly technologies using microorganism
and plants or with combination of both for the elimination of toxins from contaminated soil and
water (Glick, 2003).
Bioremediation is a method which practices microbes (bacteria, yeast algae, and fungi) used for
the remediation of contaminated soil and water. In this innovation, the proliferation of native consortia
(microbial) is endorsed aimed at chosen movement by monitoring abiotic and biotic conditions for
contaminated sites (Weyens et al., 2015). Microbes are recognized to be principal microbe groups form
symbiotic associations with plants as shown in Fig. 1.1. Microorganisms play a major role in nitrogen,
fixation phosphate solubilization and mobilization, nutrient management, probiotics and biotic elici-
tors, biodegradation agents. Various, fungi, algae and bacterial strains have been explored for the man-
agement of hazardous organic and inorganic waste including heavy metals produced by various indus-
tries (Basit, Shah, Ullah, Muntha, & Mohamed, 2021). Microorganisms are responsible for the health
of the plant, crop production, and phytoremediation for knocking out pollution load in environmental
monitoring. The important perception of microbe assisted phytoremediation is to effectively remediate
contaminants from the environment using both plant and microbes. The technique has great potential in
the tropics, as it favours plant growth and enhancing microbial activity due to climatic conditions (Liu,
Yang, Liang, Xiao, & Fang, 2020).
“The degradation of organic contaminants using microbes and plants is termed phytodegradation”.
Also, microbes are used for increasing the efficiency of organic contaminant degradation in the root
zone and are termed as rhizodegradation (Basit et al., 2021). For example, mycorrhiza (a beneficial as-
sociation between a fungus and the roots of vascular plants) are effective recalcitrant polymers recyclers
of lignin. By the application of filamentous or unicellular fungi reduction of harmful wastes from the
environment is performed. Some microbe and plant species can be used for heavy metal remediation.
Plant Ricinus communis cultivated in the presence of Pseudomonas sp. M6 was found tolerant to
nickel, Eichhornia crassipes cultivated in presence of Pycnoclavella diminuta found tolerant to resis-
tant to chromium, Cajanus cajan and Proteus vulgaris KNP3 found tolerant to copper (Rai, Kim, Lee,
& Lee, 2020). Fungi (AMF) Glomus mosseae and plant species Vetiveria zizanioides found tolerant to
iron, copper, cadmium, lead, and zinc (Kafil, Boroomand Nasab, Moazed, & Bhatnagar, 2019). Jampasri
et al. (2020) reported that the tolerance of C. odorata and M. luteus to moderate concentrations of lead
1.2 Environmental contaminants: Types, nature, and sources 5
FIG. 1.1 Microbe and plant interaction for phytoremediation.

No permission required
and fuel oil made them extremely good applicants of bacteria-assisted phytoremediation of lead-fuel
oil cocontaminated soils (Sharma, 2021).
It is perceived that plant-microbe interaction plays a significant aspect during remediation by de-
grading, detoxifying or sequestrating the contaminants by promoting plant growth (Weyens et al.,
2015). It was reported that microbe assisted phytoremediation is a cost-effective, ecofriendly, nonintru-
sive, esthetically pleasing, and informally recognized sustainable expertise meant for the remediation
of contaminated soil or water areas (Alkorta & Garbisu, 2001). The microbe assisted phytoremediation
of contaminants involves phytoextraction, phytovolatilization phytostabilization, and rhizofiltration
(Glick, 2003). The purpose of this chapter is to confer the probable and limitations of remediation by
microbe-assisted phytoremediation of environmental contaminants including wastewater.
1.2 Environmental contaminants: Types, nature, and sources

Environmental contaminants are chemical, physical, biological or radiological substances that have
adverse effects on air, water, soil, and living organisms. Due to the industrialization and overuse
of chemicals, our environment has become contaminated with various types of contaminants. The
source of contaminants may be point or nonpoint. However, the common sources of contaminants
are industrial activities and accident, oil spillage, mining, ammunitions, fossil fuels and war agents
(Kishor et al., 2020). The contaminants may be natural or xenobiotic in nature. The common
environmental contaminants are PAHs, heavy metals, pesticides, organic, and inorganic solvents. The
discharge of these contaminants leads to environment contamination which leads to human health
problems. The contaminants generally may be classified into two categories: inorganic and organic
(Kishor et al., 2018).
Natural processes like continental dust, volcanic eruptions and anthropogenic activities as combus-
tion of phosphate fertilizers, mining, fossil fuel combustion, metal industries lead to release of environ-
mental contaminants and heavy metal accumulation in environment (Parmar, Dave, Sudhir, Panchal,
& Subramanian, 2013). While, metals are the natural elements of the earth’s crust, their increasing
concentration is harmful to ecological and human receptors (Kishor et al., 2020). Most of compounds
and their elemental metals are enormously constant in the atmosphere. This metal-containing particu-
late matter could be distributed to significant distances by water also by wind. Organic contaminants
are carbon-based compounds that are resilient to natural degradation conditions therefore, stay in the
environment throughout significant stretches of time like pesticides, industrial chemicals, PAHs, POPs
(Dzantor & Beauchamp, 2002). Because of high stability besides distant transportation, these contami-
nants contaminate water, air and the soil ecosystem where they are bioaccumulated by plants and living
organisms. The first apparent revealed was in 1970 when polar bears were found to bioaccumulated
pesticides in their fat tissues (Arslan, Imran, Khan, & Afzal, 2017). In human, the long exposure and
accumulation of these contaminants can be prompt to metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases,
physical health illness, and severe damage to fetus growth (Thakur & Pathania, 2020).
The characteristics and nature of industrial effluent relies upon “the type of industry, raw materi-
als used, processes applied, and product quality” (Saxena & Bharagava, 2017). Different industries
regularly release high-strength wastewaters, which is categorized by increased level of total suspended
solids (TSSs), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and total dis-
solved solids (TDSs) various organic/inorganic contaminants (Saxena & Bharagava, 2017). Phenolics
are the most common contaminants related to industrial wastewater, herbicides, and pesticides, which
utilized in manufacturing chemicals like alkylphenols, xylenols, cresols, aniline, phenolics, pesticides,
resins, dyes, explosives, and other compounds (Kishor et al., 2018).
Persistent organic pollutants are carbon-based chemicals having different physical and chemical
properties, which are resistant to environmental degradation through chemical, biological, and pho-
tolytic processes because of their persistence for long time in the environment (Thakur & Pathania,
2020). Endocrine disruptors are used in industries as plasticizers, plastic resins (cellulosic/polyure-
thane and polymers polyvinyl resins). “PCBs are hydrophobic, low vapor pressure, less water-soluble
and highly soluble in organic solvents, fats, and oils. PCBs are resistant to acids, bases, oxidation,
hydrolysis, and temperature change and are widely used in industries. They can produce enormously
poisonous chemicals such as dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans through partial oxidation. PCBs can
penetrate skin, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and latex and show toxic effects (Thakur & Pathania, 2020).
Azo dyes are synthetic recalcitrant dyes used nearly in every industry such as pharmaceutical, food,
tannery, textile, acrylic, plastics, and cosmetics.
Petroleum hydrocarbons are the source of refinery industrial wastewaters. The most well-known
“petroleum hydrocarbons incorporate aliphatic, branched, and cycloaliphatic alkanes as well as mono-
cyclic and PAHs, which comprise of naphthalene, anthracene, fluorene, phenanthrene, pyrene, fluoran-
thene, benzo[a]anthracene, and benzo[a]pyrene” (Rabbani et al., 2021). Pesticides, herbicides, fungi-
cides and insecticides are utilized in agricultural practices to unwanted plants, control pests, fungi and
1.3 Impact of environmental contaminants on the environment and human health 7
crop destroying insects respectively, which optimize crop productivity (Sarma, Nava, & Prasad, 2019).
Pesticides like dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), aldrin, endrin, heptachlor, chlordane, mirex,
hexachlorobenzene, dieldrin, and toxaphene, fungicides such as hexachlorobenzene, pentachlorophe-
nol, and benzothiazole. Herbicides like 2,4-D, atrazine, picloram, chlorophenyl compounds insecticide
such as inorganic contaminants wastewater containing cadmium utilized in rechargeable batteries, spe-
cial alloy production, plastic stabilizer and also present in tobacco smoke (Thakur & Pathania, 2020).
Industries like metallurgical, refractory brick, chemical, tannery, dyes, and wood preservation are
the significant consumers of chromium (Cr). Lead (Pb) the major contaminant of soil and water mostly
occurs from human derived activities, smelting and mining, industrial, batteries, gasoline, pesticides,
paints, and explosives. “The major sources of Hg exposure include its use in thermometers, dental
amalgams, sphygmomanometers, fossil fuels emissions, barometers, incandescent lights, ritualistic
practices using mercury, batteries and the incineration of medical waste” (Bharagava, Saxena, Mulla,
& Patel, 2018).
1.3 Impact of environmental contaminants on the environment

and human health
Environmental contaminants like POPs are most widespread organic contaminants (Kishor et al.,
2021). These contaminants resist chemical, biological, and photodegradation and remain in the
environment for a very extensive time. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), PAHs, PCBs,
polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), DDT, hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), chlordane, toxaphene
(organic pesticides), dioxins, and antimicrobials are also stable and toxic to human, animals, and
aquatic flora and fauna (Roop Kishor et al., 2020). Some temporary effects of PAHs revelation to
human causes are eye irritation, skin irritation, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and confusion (Kishor et al.,
2021). The continuing revelation of PAHs causes deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) mutations, leukemia,
developmental malformations, decreased immune function, cataracts, asthma like symptoms, oxidative
stress, skin, reproductive defects, bladder, brain, bone, and scrotal cancer (Kishor et al., 2020).
A long prenatal exposure to neurological and immunodeficiency drugs causes many disorders,
brain, pancreatic, breast, prostate cancer etc. (Alharbi, Basheer, Khattab, & Ali, 2018). Acetylcholin-
esterase enzyme which is accountable for the hydrolysis of acetylcholine serves to stop the excitation
of nerve after transmission of nerve impulse is also inhibited by DDT. PCBs, polybrominated diphenyl
ethers (PBDEs) even in smaller quantity can impair the development of brain in youngers causing
lifelong behavioral impairment (Rai et al., 2020). Reports also show that there is also mental and
physical retardation of development in children who are exposed to persistent organic contaminants
(POPs) (Alharbi et al., 2018). PCBs exposure can cause neurological disorder as hyperactivity, atten-
tion deficits, reduced memory and have adverse effect on immune system. Fish, birds around the water
bodies containing POPs result behavioral abnormalities, when consumed by humans with suppressed
immune systems who more susceptible to these contaminants. These organic contaminants are disturb-
ing ecological balances among flora and fauna altering the metabolic activities and entering in food
chain. Climate change, smog, global warming, acid rains, barren soil lands are some environmental
issues (Kishor et al., 2020).
Heavy metal contamination adversely effects human health through different exposure routes.
Heavy metals are hazardous, nonbiodegradable and lethal contrasting organic contaminants but these
heavy metals might strictly restrict in the degradation and reduction of organic substances. Numerous
harmful human activities stated above discharge toxic metals and metalloids cause soil contamination
by extreme accumulation or depositions. Several heavy metals are carcinogenic to humans and ani-
mals and can cause DNA damage probably because of their mutagenic ability (Sivaram, Logeshwaran,
Lockington, Naidu, & Megharaj, 2019). The clean-up of contaminated sites is extensively important in
order to reclaim the contaminated area and to diminish the entry of toxins into the food chain. Naturally
atmosphere gets contaminated through indirect or direct revelation of heavy metals released in aquatic
bodies which reduces soil fertility and water quality respectively which ultimately affects plants and
aquatic life and further human health. Various toxic environmental contaminants with their sources of
emittance having effect on environment and human health are listed in tabular form (Table 1.1).
1.4 Plant-microbe association/interaction and its role

in phytoremediation of environmental contaminants
The interaction of microbial communities with plants has an important role in the physiological aspect
and also plant growth, “this interaction assist inhibition of phytopathogens, promotion of detoxification
enhancement of nutrient availability, release of growth-promoting molecules, improvement of stress
tolerance by induction of systematic acquired host resistance” (Oliveira et al., 2015). This microbe-plant
association helps in elimination of contaminants from the soil and water through increasing interested
rhizospheric microbial population that stimulates metabolic activity (Kuiper, Lagendijk, Bloemberg, &
Lugtenberg, 2004). Microbe assisted phytoremediation is a green and cost-effective emerging approach to
deal with environment contaminants which can “transform, degrade, assimilate, metabolize, or detoxify
organic and inorganic contaminants from soil or water” (Moreira, Lima, Ribeiro, & Guilhermino, 2006).
1.4.1 Phytoremediation of organic and inorganic contaminants

Phytoremediation can be practiced for remediation of inorganic and organic contaminants present both
in liquid or solid state in soil or water. Phytoremediation of contaminants “includes the following steps:
uptake, translocation, transformation, compartmentalization, and sometimes mineralization” (Jha,
Misra, & Sharma, 2017). Inorganic contaminants could be reserved up as of the soil and immobilized
elated to the plant shoot (phytoextraction) or through the roots (Phytoimmobilization). Mostly the
bioavailability of metals in soil is relatively low, plants have very efficient metal uptake classifications
via transporter molecules like copper (Cu) transporter 1and protein zinc-regulated transporter protein.
Furthermore, “plants are proficient of secreting metal chelating molecules like [siderophores, organic
acids (citrate, malate)] and biosurfactants like (rhamnolipids around soil), and also press out proton
(H+) to acidify the soil through roots results mobilization of soil bound metals. In opposition to
organic contaminants heavy metals cannot be biodegraded by the plant but can be transformed from
one oxidation state or organic complex to another oxidation state or organic compound” (Truu, Truu,
Espenberg, Nõlvak, & Juhanson, 2015). Accordingly, heavy metals have a propensity to accrue in the
plant. Plants ranging as of (annual herbs to perennial shrubs) and trees nearly 450 hyperaccumulator
are identified for example tobacco, maize, pennycress, mustard, sunflower brake fern, Russian thistle,
python tree, rattle bush, willow, poplar have been known to accumulate and detoxify extremely high
amount of metal ions, such as in (cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), and
manganese (Mn) (Badr, Fawzy, Khairia, & Al-Qahtani, 2012).
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He sat disconsolately down on the ground several feet from one of
the landing jacks. Sonya sat down beside him. "We won't be able to
go back at all now," she said. "Neither your ship nor mine can carry
us both, and there's no way we can occupy more than one of them at
a time."
Gordon sighed. "I suppose we could radio for help," he said presently.
"But if we did we'd have to tell them everything that happened. I'm
afraid they'd be sort of skeptical about the rain. Of course, we could
leave that part out—but I'm afraid they'd be skeptical about the collars
too. In fact, I don't think they'd even believe us. They'd simply jump to
the conclusion that we've fal—that we don't want to return and would
order us back on the double the minute maximum juxtaposition
occurred. No, if we radio for help, we've got to have a good concrete
reason for doing so—one that they'll be able to understand and
believe."
Sonya managed a wan smile. "I—I can just see myself standing
before the Council of Ministers, blaming what happened on the rain,"
she said.
Gordon laughed, "And I can just see myself standing before a
congressional investigating committee, explaining about the collars."
He began to feel better. A situation that could lend itself to humor
could not be wholly hopeless. "Here's what we'll do for now," he went
on. "We'll radio back the report we agreed upon, and then we'll go on
with our work as though nothing is wrong. Sometimes problems solve
themselves; but just in case this one shouldn't, and we can't go back,
we'll build a cabin so we'll have some place to live."
Sonya's eyes sparked like a little girl's. "Let's build it by that little
brook," she said. "Where—where we first met."
"Fine," Gordon said.
During the ensuing weeks, they spent their mornings gathering data
and their afternoons working on the cabin. They took time out to
analyze a sample of rain water, but it evinced no unusual qualities.
Gordon was not surprised. Shortly after landing, he had tested a
sample of Venusian water for drinking purposes, and with the same
result. Clearly, the quality that had undermined their inhibitions
originated in the cloud-cover, and evaporated soon after it reached
the ground.
After the cabin was finished, they began going on afternoon-hikes
into the hills, tramping through idyllic woods, talking and laughing,
exclaiming now and then at unexpected patterns of flowers, starting
at sudden rainbow-flights of birds. They saw but few Venusians, and
the few they did see ignored them. One afternoon they found a fern-
bordered pool beneath a white-skirted waterfall, and after that they
came there every day to swim. Sonya's skin darkened to a deep gold,
and looking at her, Gordon sometimes found it hard to breathe. Every
so often the sky darkened, and rain fell; but the rain was superfluous
now. And as for the invisible magnetic chain that bound them
together, that had been supplanted by another invisible chain that
was ten times as strong.
And yet the original one still remained, and the problem it represented
grew more and more acute as their scheduled departure-times
approached. They desperately needed a good practical reason to
give their respective governments for not returning to Earth—and
quite providentially at the very last moment (though it seemed
anything but providential at the time) they discovered that they had
one. Or rather, Sonya did. On the morning of the day she was
scheduled to undergo the rigors of acceleration, she regarded
Gordon shyly across the little breakfast table he had built. "I—I am
going to have a baby," she said.
The news, when it arrived in Moscow, had something of the impact of
a hydrogen bomb, and when it leaked through a hitherto unsuspected
crevice in the Kremlin, there was a sort of chain-reaction throughout
the entire Soviet Union. It was at this point in his political career that
the Soviet premier discovered a universal truth: people the world
over, whether they be communistic or capitalistic, have a very large
soft spot in their hearts when it comes to babies.
That spring, Venus outshone herself, and hung in the evening sky
over Moscow somewhat in the manner of the star over Bethlehem.
The premier had a haunted look on his face when he appeared
before the Council of Ministers. He was not alone. The Ministers had
haunted looks on their faces too. What did you do when you had to
cope with a forthcoming space baby who would be half capitalist and
half communist and who was already adored by the whole world?
The premier did not know. But there was one thing he did know: in
the last analysis, any party is the people, and while you can con the
people into believing that black bread is white bread and that caraway
seeds are caviar, you cannot con them into believing that a child
conceived on the Planet of Love by a Russian girl and an American
boy is anything other than a harbinger of peace.
So in the long run, what the premier did was the only thing he could
have done. He arranged a summit meeting with the president of the
United States and the prime minister of Great Britain, and for the first
time in history, the East and the West really got together. The threat
of war could not, of course, be totally eliminated at such short notice;
but a number of aggravations that could precipitate a war could be
eliminated—and were. This accomplished, the three leaders drew up
plans for a super three-man spaceship to be built posthaste by the
best engineers the three nations could supply, and unanimously
agreed that the pilot would be English, the obstetrician, Russian, and
the nurse, American.
It has been said that after the meeting the Soviet premier and the
president of the United States got together and began thinking up
names. This is extremely doubtful. Anyway, if they did, they were
wasting their time, for Sonya Mikhailovna and Gordon Andrews had
already taken care of the matter. The name they chose is well-known
today—except, perhaps, by those for whom this history has been
recorded. Which brings us back to the aforementioned news bulletin.
In common with most news bulletins, it has about as much poetry in it
as an old shoe, but its message shines forth with a radiance that
excels even the radiance cast by the star over Moscow.
Geneva, Switzerland, September 11, 1996—The young Russo-
American ambassador-at-large, Pëtr Gordonovitch Andrews,
announced this morning that his peace plan has been accepted by all
major and minor powers, and that the war that has threatened
mankind for the past half century can no longer occur.
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Advances in Microbe Assisted Phytoremediation of Polluted Sites Kuldeep Bauddh Full Chapter

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Advances in Microbe-assisted

Phytoremediation of Polluted Sites

For Information on all Elsevier publications visit our website at

Publisher: Candice Janco

PART 1 Overview of microbe-assisted phytoremediation

2.4.3 Stress tolerance.................................................................................................39

PART 2 Microbe-assisted phytoremediation of inorganic

CHAPTER 7 Bacterial-mediated phytoremediation of heavy metals.................147

8.3.3 Microbial amendment’s effect on plant growth and development..................181

10.5 Pb solubilization mechanisms by bacteria..............................................................235

CHAPTER 12 Beneficial plant microbiome assisted chromium

13.5 Phytoremediation with plant-associated microbes..................................................351

PART 3 Microbe-assisted phytoremediation of organic contaminants

18.4 PAH and microorganisms.......................................................................................452

Luiz Fernando Romanholo Ferreira

Tushar Kanti Maiti

Anuradha Devia, Luiz Fernando Romanholo Ferreirab,c, Ganesh Dattatraya Sarataled,

Farolândia, Aracaju-SE, Brazil

fDepartment of Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University),

Lucknow, U.P., India

Advances in Microbe-assisted Phytoremediation of Polluted Sites. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-823443-3.00001-6

FIG. 1.1 Microbe and plant interaction for phytoremediation.

1.2 Environmental contaminants: Types, nature, and sources

1.3 Impact of environmental contaminants on the environment

1.4 Plant-microbe association/interaction and its role

1.4.1 Phytoremediation of organic and inorganic contaminants

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PART 2 Microbe-assisted phytoremediation of inorganic

CHAPTER 12 Beneficial plant microbiome assisted chromium