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Forthcoming titles
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Palladium Oxides Material Properties, Synthesis and Processing Methods, and Applications, Alexander M.
Samoylov, Vasily N. Popov, 9780128192238
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Metal Oxides for Non-volatile Memory, Panagiotis Dimitrakis, Ilia Valov, Stefan Tappertzhofen,
9780128146293
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Metal Oxide Nanostructured Phosphors, H. Nagabhushana, Daruka Prasad, S.C. Sharma, 9780128118528
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Nanostructured Zinc Oxide, Kamlendra Awasthi, 9780128189009
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Multifunctional Piezoelectric Oxide Nanostructures, Sang-Jae Kim, Nagamalleswara Rao Alluri, Yuvasree
Purusothaman, 9780128193327
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Transparent Conductive Oxides, Mirela Petruta Suchea, Petronela Pascariu, Emmanouel Koudoumas,
9780128206317
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Metal oxide-based nanofibers and their applications, Vincenzo Esposito, Debora Marani, 9780128206294
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Metal-oxides for Biomedical and Biosensor Applications, Kunal Mondal, 9780128230336
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Metal Oxide-Carbon Hybrid Materials, Muhammad Akram, Rafaqat Hussain, Faheem K Butt,
9780128226940
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Metal Oxide-based heterostructures, Naveen Kumar, Bernabe Mari Soucase, 9780323852418
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Metal Oxides And Related Solids For Electrocatalytic Water Splitting, Junlei Qi, 9780323857352
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Advances in Metal Oxides and Their Composites for Emerging Applications, Sagar D. Delekar, 9780323857055
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Metallic glasses and their oxidation, Xinyun Wang, Mao Zhang, 9780323909976
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Solution methods for metal oxide nanostructures, Rajaram S. Mane, Vijaykumar Jadhav, Abdullah M. Al-
Enizi, 9780128243534
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Metal oxide defects, Vijay Kumar, Sudipta Som, Vishal Sharma, Hendrik Swart, 9780323855884
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Renewable Polymers and polymer-metal oxide composites, Sajjad Haider, Adnan Haider, 9780323851558
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Metal oxides for optoelectronics and optics-based medical applications, Suresh Sagadevan, Jiban Podder,
Faruq Mohammad, 9780323858243
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Graphene oxide-metal oxide and other graphene oxide-based composites in photocatalysis and
electrocatalysis, Jiaguo Yu, Liuyang Zhang, Panyong Kuang, 9780128245262
Published titles
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Metal oxides in nanocomposite-based electrochemical sensors for toxic chemicals, Alagarsamy Pandikumar,
Perumal Rameshkumar, 9780128207277
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Metal oxide-based nanostructured electrocatalysts for fuel cells, electrolyzers, and metal-air batteries, Teko
Napporn, Yaovi Holade, 9780128184967
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Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) and Its Applications, Leonardo Palmisano, Francesco Parrino, 9780128199602
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Solution Processed Metal Oxide Thin Films for Electronic Applications, Zheng Cui, 9780128149300
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Metal oxide powder technologies, Yarub Al-Douri, 9780128175057
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Colloidal metal oxide nanoparticles, Sabu Thomas, Anu Tresa Sunny, Prajitha V, 9780128133576
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Cerium Oxide, Salvatore Scire, Leonardo Palmisano, 9780128156612
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Tin Oxide Materials, Marcelo Ornaghi Orlandi, 9780128159248
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Metal oxide glass nanocomposites, Sanjib Bhattacharya, 9780128174586
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Gas sensors based on conducting metal oxides, Nicolae Barsan, Klaus Schierbaum, 9780128112243
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Metal oxides in energy technologies, Yuping Wu, 9780128111673
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Metal oxide nanostructures, Daniela Nunes, Lidia Santos, Ana Pimentel, Pedro Barquinha, Luis Pereira,
Elvira Fortunato, Rodrigo Martins, 9780128115121
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Gallium Oxide, Stephen Pearton, Fan Ren, Michael Mastro, 9780128145210
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Metal oxide-based photocatalysis, Adriana Zaleska-Medynska, 9780128116340
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Metal oxides in heterogeneous catalysis, Jacques C. Vedrine, 9780128116319
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Magnetic, ferroelectric, and multiferroic metal oxides, Biljana Stojanovic, 9780128111802
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Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications, Sophie Laurent, Morteza Mahmoudi, 9780081019252
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The future of semiconductor oxides in next-generation solar cells, Monica Lira-Cantu, 9780128111659
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Metal oxide-based thin film structures, Nini Pryds, Vincenzo Esposito, 9780128111666
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Metal Oxides in Supercapacitors, Deepak Dubal, Pedro Gomez-Romero, 9780128111697
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Transition metal oxide thin film-based chromogenics and devices, Pandurang Ashrit, 9780081018996
Metal Oxides Series
Edited by
Sagar D. Delekar
Nanoscience Research Laboratory, Department
of Chemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur,
Maharashtra, India
Series Editor
Ghenadii Korotcenkov
Moldova State University, Chisinau, Moldova
Elsevier
Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands
The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom
50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek
permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our
arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright
Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by
the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and
experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices,
or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in
evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described
herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety
and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or
editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter
of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods,
products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
ISBN: 978-0-323-85705-5
Index 697
List of contributors
in the overall improvement in properties for the desired applications. Therefore metal
oxides and their composites have been established as effective candidates for various
applications due to their excellent characteristic properties, and various editors and con-
tributing authors have contributed to the present state of the art in metal oxide-based
composites in various potential applications.
Hence, this book entitled “Advances in Metal Oxides and Their Composites for
Emerging Applications” highlights important topics in a definite manner and their
aforementioned emerging applications. This book emphasizes various representative
metal oxides, and their composites along with their synthesizing protocols, characteri-
zation techniques, theoretical aspects, and their importance are elucidated and clari-
fied in a simple and lucid manner. The main emphasis of this book is in concern with
the studies of metal oxides in energy technologies, environmental remediation, cata-
lytic transformations, biomedical applications, etc. In connection to energy technolo-
gies, the representative portion of the book deals with the detailed study of water
splitting system for hydrogen generation, solar energy harvesting for electricity gener-
ation, and energy storage devices. The widely explored metal oxide-based materials
and their importance in energy technologies are emphasized in depth. In case of solar
photovoltaic studies, the current trends of the third-generation solar cells such as
organic, perovskite, dye-sensitized, and quantum dot-sensitized solar cells are
explained elaborately. Various metal oxides for water splitting with respective mecha-
nism are summarized in the few respective chapters. Energy storage devices, particu-
larly supercapacitors with brief introduction to its evolution, are elucidated. Also,
some representative chapters from this book reveal the successive biomedical applica-
tions of various metal oxides and their composites for antibacterial coatings in numer-
ous fields, hyperthermia study for cancer treatment, as well as biosensing studies. In
addition, both theoretical and practical aspects of metal oxide-based composites
for environmental remediations are highlighted, and different facets such as photo-
degradation studies, removal of heavy metals, self-cleaning materials, are discussed
in detail. Also, few chapters are reserved to highlight the importance of metal oxide-
based composites as catalysts for heterogeneous transformations as well as photocata-
lytic reactions. Each chapter of this book provides futuristic scientific vision in a
particular area in terms of future perspectives, limitations associated with the present
state of the art, and various strategies to overcome these laggings.
The sound expertise and great knowledge of contributing authors are reflected
through the contents of topic/s included in this book. As all the topics in this book
are elaborated thoroughly and effectively by representative authors, this may bring
an excellent platform for all scientists, students, teachers, industrial experts, etc.
who are working in field of science and technology.
This book is admirably edited by Prof. Dr. Sagar D. Delekar, an expert who is
working in the field of material science for more than twenty years. He has taken
prompt efforts to complete this book. I wish this book will get wide exposure and
appreciation worldwide.
The field of synthesis, study, and application of metal oxides is one of the most rap-
idly progressing areas of science and technology. Metal oxides are one of the most
ubiquitous compound groups on earth, which have a large variety of chemical com-
positions, atomic structures, and crystalline shapes. In addition, metal oxides pos-
sess unique functionalities that are absent or inferior in other solid materials. In
particular, metal oxides represent an assorted and appealing class of materials and
exhibit a full spectrum of electronic properties ranging from insulating to semicon-
ducting, metallic, and superconducting. Moreover, almost all the known effects
including superconductivity, thermoelectric effects, photoelectrical effects, lumines-
cence, and magnetism can be observed in metal oxides. Therefore metal oxides
have been emerged as an important class of multifunctional materials with signifi-
cant properties, which have a great potential for numerous device applications.
Specific properties of the metal oxides, such as the wide variety of materials with
different electrophysical, optical, and chemical characteristics, their high thermal
and temporal stabilities, and their ability to function in harsh environments, make
metal oxides very suitable materials for designing transparent electrodes, high-
mobility transistors, gas sensors, actuators, acoustical transducers, photovoltaic and
photonic devices, photo- and heterogeneous catalysts, solid-state coolers, high-
frequency and micromechanical devices, energy harvesting and storage devices,
nonvolatile memories, and many others in the electronics, energy, and health sec-
tors. In these devices metal oxides can be successfully used as sensing or active
layers, substrates, electrodes, promoters, structure modifiers, membranes, and fibers,
that is, can be used as active and passive components.
The other advantages of metal oxides are the low fabrication cost and robustness
in practical applications. Furthermore, metal oxides can be prepared in various
forms such as ceramics, thick films, and thin films. Thin film deposition can be
used for deposition techniques that are compatible with standard microelectronic
technology. Last factor is very important for large-scale production, because the
microelectronic approach promotes low cost for mass production, offers the possi-
bility of manufacturing devices on a chip, and guarantees good reproducibility.
Various metal oxide nanostructures, including nanowires, nanotubes, nanofibers,
core-shell structures, and hollow nanostructures also can be synthesized. The field
of metal oxide nanostructured morphologies (e.g., nanowires, nanorods, and nano-
tubes) has become one of the most active research areas within the nanoscience
community.
The ability to create a variety of metal oxide-based composites as well as to syn-
thesize various multicomponent compounds significantly expand the range of
xxviii Preface to the series
properties that metal oxide-based materials can have, making metal oxides by a
truly versatile multifunctional material for widespread use. Small changes in their
chemical composition and atomic structure can be accompanied by the spectacular
variation in properties and behavior of metal oxides. Even now, advances in synthe-
sizing and characterizing techniques have demonstrated the numerous new func-
tions of metal oxides.
Considering the importance of metal oxides for progress in microelectronics,
optoelectronics, photonics, energy conversion, sensor and catalysis, various books
devoted to this class of materials have been published. However, some books from
this list are too general, some books are collections of various original works with-
out any generalizations, and other ones were published many years ago. But, during
the past decade, a great progress has been made on the synthesis as well as on the
structural, physical, chemical characterization, and application of metal oxides in
various devices. Several papers have been published on metal oxides. In addition,
till now, many important topics related to metal oxides study and application have
not been discussed. To address the situation, we decided to generalize and systema-
tize the results of research in this direction and to publish a series of books devoted
to metal oxides.
The proposed book series “Metal Oxides” is the first one devoted to only metal
oxides. We believe that combining books on metal oxides in a series could help
readers in searching required information on the subject. In particular, we plan that
the books from our series, which have a clear specialization by its content, will pro-
vide interdisciplinary discussion for various oxide materials with a wide range of
topics, from material synthesis and deposition to characterizations, processing and
then to device fabrications and applications. This book series is prepared by a team
of highly qualified experts, which guarantee its high quality.
I hope that our books will beneficial and user friendly, and the readers will con-
sider this “Metal Oxides” book series like an encyclopedia of metal oxides that
enables them to understand the present status of metal oxides, to estimate the role
of multifunctional metal oxides in the design of advanced devices, and then based
on observed knowledge to formulate new goals for the further research.
The intended audience of this book series is scientists and researchers, working
or planning to work in the field of materials related to metal oxides, that is scien-
tists and researchers whose activities are related to electronics, optoelectronics,
energy, catalysis, sensors, electrical engineering, ceramics, biomedical designs, etc.
This “Metal Oxides” book series will also be interesting for practicing engineers or
project managers in industries and national laboratories, who would like to design
metal oxide-based devices, but don’t know how to do it, and how to select optimal
metal oxide for specific applications. With many references to the vast resource of
recently published literature on the subject, this book series will be serving as a
significant and insightful source of valuable information, providing scientists and
engineers with new insights for understanding and improving existing metal oxide-
based devices and for designing new metal oxide-based materials with new and
unexpected properties.
Preface to the series xxix
This “Metal Oxides” book series would be beneficial for university students,
post docs, and professors. The structure of these books offers a basis for courses in
the field of material sciences, chemical engineering, electronics, electrical engineer-
ing, optoelectronics, energy technologies, environmental control, and many others.
Graduate students could also find the book series to be very useful in their research
and understanding the features of metal oxides synthesis, study, and application of
this multifunctional material in various devices. This series would be beneficial for
each group in terms of finding adequate information. Finally, I thank all contribut-
ing authors and book editors who have been involved in the production of this
books. I am thankful that they agreed to participate in this project and deeply
appreciate their efforts in the preparation of this book. Without their participation,
this project would have not been possible. I also express my gratitude to Elsevier
for giving us the opportunity to publish this series. I especially thank the Elsevier
editorial team for their patience during the development of this project and for
encouraging us during the various stages of preparation.
Ghenadii Korotcenkov
Preface
Various materials have played vital roles in human development since ancient his-
tory. Each material has a crucial impact on human lives throughout the globe. As
the world population is steadily increasing, the utilization of various materials has
been heightened for numerous potential applications in energy, medical, industrial,
food sectors, etc., which may bring an excellent utility in human lives. Metal oxides
have drastically changed our daily life for their potential applications, especially in
the human development area. Various metal oxides such as bare and their hybrid-
based materials with organic and inorganic moieties have been utilized throughout
the globe, which play a crucial role from the social, scientific, as well as economi-
cal point of views. Among the various materials, nanocrystalline metal oxides have
gained a vital importance throughout the various emerging applications such as
solar energy harvesting, photocatalysis, energy storage devices, biomedical applica-
tions, environmental remediations, and organic transformations. This is due to their
advantages such as physicochemical, optical, and electrical properties, easy syn-
thetic protocols, nontoxicity, thermal stability, and cost-effectiveness. Also, efforts
were made to create novel and enhanced properties for improving the performance
of nanocrystalline bare metal oxides. Hence, it is necessary to study such phenome-
nal concepts of metal oxides and their composites for various emerging applica-
tions, which include their synthetic techniques, fabrication, and utilization in
specific areas with their consequences.
In connection with this, the present book entitled “Advances in Metal Oxides
and Their Composites for Emerging Applications” displays various important
topics, which include theoretical overview as well as practical aspects of metal
oxide-based composites for emerging applications. This includes synthetic strate-
gies for metal oxides and their composites, recent trends involved in research activi-
ties, corresponding present state of the arts and also covers the representative metal
oxide-based composites used in energy technologies (such as water splitting studies,
supercapacitor studies, organic photovoltaics, and third-generation solar devices),
catalytic transformations (such as photocatalysis and organic synthesis), biomedical
applications (such as biosensing studies, antimicrobial coatings, and hyperthermia
studies), and environmental remediations (such as photodegradation studies, waste-
water treatments, and CO2 reductions). It also highlights the future perspectives and
challenges regarding each applicatory portion, which provides the platform for the
futuristic research endeavors.
This book describes the desired contents in three subsections with a total of nine-
teen chapters. The first section briefly provides a description of the metal oxides
and their properties, which further include the necessity of metal oxide composites
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muotoa, ja värit hänen yksinkertaisessa puserossaan, joka ulottui
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sisäänpainuneet silmät.
*****
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Sellaisena näkivät nuo kolme nuorta miestä hänet, kun hän pari
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"Naiskauneutta ei saa häväistä, vaan sitä on palvottava."
*****
He puhelivat rakkaudesta.
Rinaldo oli hiljattain tullut kotiin Veneziasta, missä hän oli oppinut
tuntemaan rakkauden hurjimmat mysteeriot. Hän kertoi
gondolamatkoista kapeissa kanavissa, silmistä, jotka salamoivat
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GIOVANNAN VAPAUS.
"Jos haluatte, että pidän teitä jaloina herroina, jotka tietävät, mikä
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*****
NOLI ME TANGERE.