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ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY
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baird_fm.indd ii 22/02/12 9:45 AM

ENVIRONMENTAL
CHEMISTRY
Fifth Edition
Colin Baird
University of Western Ontario
Michael Cann
University of Scranton
W. H. Freeman and Company • New York
baird_fm.indd iii 22/02/12 9:45 AM

Executive Editor: Jessica Fiorillo
Development Editor: Brittany Murphy
Marketing Manager: Alicia Brady
Media and Supplements Editor: Dave Quinn
Senior Media Producer: Keri Fowler
Editorial Assistant: Nicholas Ciani
Senior Project Editor: Vivien Weiss
Photo Editor: Ted Szczepanski
Photo Researcher: Cecilia Varas
Art Director: Diana Blume
Illustrations: Macmillan Publishing Solutions
Senior Illustration Coordinator: Bill Page
Production Coordinator: Susan Wein
Composition: MPS Ltd.
Printing and Binding: RR Donnelley
Library of Congress Control Number: 2011945363
ISBN-13: 978-1-4292-7704-4
ISBN-10: 1-4292-7704-1
© 2012, 2008, 2005, 1999 by W. H. Freeman and Company

All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America

First printing
W. H. Freeman and Company

41 Madison Avenue
New York, NY 10010
Houndmills, Basingstoke RG21 6XS, England
www.whfreeman.com
baird_fm.indd iv 22/02/12 9:45 AM

Contents
Preface xii
Introduction to Environmental Problems, Sustainability, and Green

Chemistry xix
PART I Atmospheric Chemistry and Air Pollution 1

Chapter 1 Stratospheric Chemistry: The Ozone Layer 3
Introduction 3
The Physics, Chemistry, and Biology of UV 6
Activity 11
Stratospheric Chemistry: The Ozone Layer 13
Catalytic Processes of Ozone Destruction 20
Box 1-1 The Rates of Free-Radical Reactions 22
Box 1-2 Calculating the Rates of Reaction Steps 24
Box 1-3 The Steady-State Analysis of Atmospheric Reactions 30
Review Questions 33
Additional Problems 34
Chapter 2 The Ozone Holes 37

Introduction 37
The Ozone Hole and Mid-Latitude Ozone Depletion 37
The Chemistry of Ozone Depletion 40
Polar Ozone Holes 49
Activity 49
Box 2-1 The Chemistry Behind Mid-Latitude Decreases in Stratospheric
Ozone 52
The Chemicals That Cause Ozone Destruction 54
Green Chemistry: The Replacement of CFC and Hydrocarbon Blowing
Agents with Carbon Dioxide in Producing Foam Polystyrene 57
Green Chemistry: Harpin Technology—Eliciting Nature’s Own Defenses
Against Diseases 64
Review Questions 65
Green Chemistry Questions 66
Chapter 3 The Chemistry of Ground-Level Air Pollution 69

Introduction 69
Box 3-1 The Interconversion of Gas Concentrations 71
Urban Ozone: The Photochemical Smog Process 76
Activity 81
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vi Contents
Improving Air Quality: Photochemical Smog 87

Green Chemistry: Strategies to Reduce VOCs Emanating from
Organic Solvents 101
Green Chemistry: A Nonvolatile, Reactive Coalescent for the
Reduction of VOCs in Latex Paints 101
Green Chemistry: The Replacement of Organic Solvents with
Supercritical and Liquid Carbon Dioxide; Development of Surfactants
for This Compound 103
Box 3-2 Supercritical Carbon Dioxide 104
Green Chemistry: Using Ionic Liquids to Replace Organic Solvents:
Cellulose, a Naturally Occurring Polymer Replacement for
Petroleum-Derived Polymers 105
Improving Air Quality: Sulfur-Based Emissions 109
Particulates in Air Pollution 118
Air Quality Indices and Size Characteristics for Particulate Matter 126
Box 3-3 The Distribution of Particle Sizes in an Urban Air Sample 129
Review Questions 131
Chapter 4 The Environmental and Health

Consequences of Polluted Air—Outdoors and Indoors 135
Introduction 135
Acid Rain 137
Activity 143
The Human Health Effects of Outdoor Air Pollutants 145
Indoor Air Pollution 152
PART II Energy and Climate Change 163

Chapter 5 The Greenhouse Effect 165
Introduction 165
The Mechanism of the Greenhouse Effect 166
Activity 169
Box 5-1 A Simple Model of the Greenhouse Effect 173
Molecular Vibrations: Energy Absorption by Greenhouse Gases 175
The Major Greenhouse Gases 177
Other Greenhouse Gases 187
Box 5-2 Determining the Emissions of “Old Carbon” Sources
of Methane 190
The Climate-Modifying Effects of Aerosols 197
Box 5-3 Cooling over China from Haze 202
Global Warming to Date 202
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Contents vii
Geoengineering Earth’s Climate to Combat Global Warming 210

Atmospheric Residence Time Analysis 216
Chapter 6 Energy Use, Fossil Fuels, CO2 Emissions,

and Global Climate Change 223
Introduction 223
Global Energy Usage 224
Fossil Fuels 230
Box 6-1 Shale Gas 233
Box 6-2 Petroleum Refining: Fractional Distillation 237
Box 6-3 The Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Disaster 242
Green Chemistry: Polylactic Acid—The Production of Biodegradable
Polymers from Renewable Resources; Reducing the Need for Petroleum
and the Impact on the Environment 249
Sequestration of CO2 252
The Storage of Carbon Dioxide 257
Activity 264
Other Schemes to Reduce Greenhouse Gases 264
Box 6-4 Removing CO2 from the Atmosphere: Direct
Air Capture 265
Carbon Dioxide Emissions in the Future 267
Activity 268
The Extent and Potential Consequences of Future Global
Warming 276
Chapter 7 Biofuels and Other Alternative Fuels 291

Introduction 291
Biomass and Biofuels: Issues 292
Ethanol 295
Biodiesel from Plant Oils and from Algae 303
Activity 310
Green Chemistry: Bio-based Liquid Fuels and Chemicals 310
Green Chemistry: Recycling Carbon Dioxide—A Feedstock for the
Production of Chemicals and Liquid Fuels 311
Thermochemical Production of Fuels, Including Methanol 313
Hydrogen—Fuel of the Future? 320
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viii Contents
Chapter 8 Renewable Energy Technologies: Hydroelectric,

Wind, Solar, Geothermal, and Marine Energy and
Their Storage 337
Introduction 337
Hydroelectric Power 338
Wind Energy 340
Marine Energy: Wave and Tidal Power 348
Geothermal Energy 349
Direct Solar Energy 354
The Storage of Renewable Energy—Electricity and Heat 369
Activity 371
Chapter 9 Radioactivity, Radon, and Nuclear Energy 373

Introduction 373
Radioactivity and Radon Gas 374
Box 9-1 Steady-State Analysis of the Radioactive Decay
Series 379
Nuclear Energy 383
Environmental Problems of Uranium Fuel 390
Box 9-2 Radioactive Contamination by Plutonium Production 395
Accidents and the Future of Nuclear Power 398
Nuclear Fusion 402
PART III Water Chemistry and Water Pollution 407

Chapter 10 The Chemistry of Natural Waters 409
Introduction 409
Oxidation–Reduction Chemistry in Natural Waters 413
Green Chemistry: Enzymatic Preparation of Cotton Textiles 418
Acid–Base and Solubility Chemistry in Natural Waters:
The Carbonate System 430
Box 10-1 Derivation of the Equations for Species Diagram
Curves 432
The CO2–Carbonate System 432
Box 10-2 Solubility of CaCO3 in Buffered Solutions 437
Ion Concentrations in Natural Waters and Drinking Water 442
Activity 445
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Contents ix
Chapter 11 The Pollution and Purification of Water 455

Introduction 455
Water Disinfection 456
Box 11-1 Activated Carbon 457
Box 11-2 The Desalination of Salty Water 463
Box 11-3 The Mechanism of Chloroform Production in
Drinking Water 470
Groundwater: Its Supply, Chemical Contamination, and Remediation 478
Activity 491
The Chemical Contamination and Treatment of Wastewater and
Sewage 498
Box 11-4 Time Dependence of Concentrations in the Two-Step
Oxidation of Ammonia 502
Green Chemistry: Sodium Iminodisuccinate, a Biodegradable
Chelating Agent 505
Modern Wastewater and Air Purification Techniques 510
Chapter 12 Toxic Heavy Metals 519

Introduction 519
Mercury 521
Activity 531
Lead 537
Green Chemistry: Replacement of Lead in Electrodeposition
Coatings 543
Activity 551
Cadmium 552
Arsenic 555
Box 12-1 Organotin Compounds 558
Chromium 566
Green Chemistry: Removing the Arsenic and Chromium from
Pressure-Treated Wood 568
PART IV Toxic Organic Compounds 573

Chapter 13 Pesticides 575
Introduction 575
Activity 579
DDT 580
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x Contents
The Accumulation of Organochlorines in Biological Systems 584

Principles of Toxicology 589
Organophosphate and Carbamate Insecticides 597
Activity 599
Activity 601
Natural and Green Insecticides, and Integrated Pest Management 601
Green Chemistry: Insecticides That Target Only Certain Insects 603
Green Chemistry: A New Method for Controlling Termites 604
Green Chemistry: Spinetoram, an Improvement on a Green
Pesticide 605
Herbicides 607
Box 13-1 Genetically Engineered Plants 611
Final Thoughts on Pesticides 616
Box 13-2 The Environmental Distribution of Pollutants 617
Chapter 14 Dioxins, Furans, and PCBs 623

Introduction 623
Dioxins 623
Box 14-1 Deducing the Probable Chlorophenolic Origins of a Dioxin 628
PCBs 631
Box 14-2 Predicting the Furans That Will Form from a Given PCB 638
Other Sources of Dioxins and Furans 641
Green Chemistry: H2O2, an Environmentally Benign Bleaching Agent
for the Production of Paper 643
The Health Effects of Dioxins, Furans, and PCBs 646
Chapter 15 Other Toxic Organic Compounds

of Environmental Concern 663
Introduction 663
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) 664
Box 15-1 More on the Mechanism of PAH Carcinogenesis 670
Environmental Estrogens 672
Box 15-2 Bisphenol-A 675
The Long-Range Transport of Atmospheric Pollutants 683
Fire Retardants 686
Perfluorinated Sulfonates and Related Compounds 692
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Contents xi
PART V Environment and the Solid State 695

Chapter 16 Wastes, Soils, and Sediments 697
Introduction 697
Domestic and Commercial Garbage: Its Disposal and Minimization 698
The Recycling of Household and Commercial Waste 705
Green Chemistry: Development of Bio-based Toners 710
Activity 715
Green Chemistry: Development of Recyclable Carpeting 717
Soils and Sediments 719
Hazardous Wastes 742
PART VI Advanced Atmospheric Chemistry 753

Chapter 17 The Detailed Free-Radical Chemistry
of the Atmosphere 755
Introduction 755
Box 17-1 Lewis Structures of Simple Free Radicals 756
Tropospheric Chemistry 757
Systematics of Stratospheric Chemistry 772
Appendix Oxidation Numbers and Redox Equation

Balancing Reviewed AP-1
Answers to Selected Odd-Numbered Problems AN-1
Index I-1
baird_fm.indd xi 22/02/12 9:45 AM

Preface
To the Student
There are many definitions of environmental chemistry. To some, it is solely
the chemistry of Earth’s natural processes in air, water, and soil. More com-
monly, as in this book, it is concerned principally with the chemical aspects
of problems that humankind have created in the natural environment.
Part of this infringement on the natural chemistry of our planet has been a
result of the activities of our everyday lives. In addition, chemists, through the
products that they create and the processes by which they make these products,
have also had a significant impact on the chemistry of the environment.
Chemistry has played a major role in the advancement of society and in
making our lives longer, healthier, more comfortable, and more enjoyable.
The effects of human-made chemicals are ubiquitous and in many instances
quite positive. Without chemistry there would be no pharmaceutical drugs,
no computers, no automobiles, no TVs, no DVDs, no lights, no synthetic
fibers. However, along with all the positive advances that result from chem-
istry, copious amounts of toxic and corrosive chemicals have been produced
and dispersed into the environment. Historically, chemists as a whole have
not always paid enough attention to the environmental consequences of
their activities.
But it is not just the chemical industry, or even industry as a whole, that
has emitted substances into the air, water, and soil that are troublesome. The
fantastic increase in population and affluence since the Industrial Revolution
has overloaded our atmosphere with carbon dioxide and toxic air pollutants,
our waters with sewage, and our soil with garbage. We are exceeding the
planet’s natural capacity to cope with waste, and in many cases, we do not
know the consequences of these actions. As a character in Margaret
Atwood’s novel Oryx and Crake (McClelland and Stewart, 2003) stated,
“The whole world is now one vast uncontrolled experiment.”
During your journey through the chapters in this text, you will see that
scientists do have a good handle on many environmental chemistry prob-
lems and have suggested ways—although sometimes very expensive ones—
to keep us from inheriting the whirlwind of uncontrolled experiments on
the planet. Chemists have also become more aware of the contributions of
their own profession and industry in creating pollution and have created the
concept of green chemistry to help minimize their environmental footprint in
the future.
To illustrate these efforts, case studies of their initiatives have been in-
cluded in the text. However, as a prelude to these studies, the Introduction
discusses something of the history of environmental regulations—especially
in the United States—and the principles, as well as an illustrative applica-
tion, of the green chemistry movement that has developed. As concerns over
xii
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Preface xiii
such issues as food, water, energy, climate change, and waste production es-
calate, the concept of sustainability is rapidly moving from the wings to center
stage on the world agenda. Sustainability is introduced in the following
Introduction section and issues related to sustainability are blended throughout
the text.
Although the science underlying environmental problems is often mad-
deningly complex, the central aspects of it can usually be understood and
appreciated with only introductory chemistry as background preparation.
However, students who have not had some introduction to organic chemis-
try are encouraged to work through the Background Organic Chemistry sec-
tion in the online Appendix, particularly before tackling Chapters 13 to 15.
Furthermore, the listing of general chemistry concepts that will be used in
each chapter should assist in identifying topics from the earlier course mate-
rial that would be worth reviewing.
To the Instructor
Environmental Chemistry, Fifth Edition, has been revised, updated, and ex-
panded in line with comments and suggestions made by a variety of users
and reviewers of the fourth edition. Since some instructors prefer to cover
chapters in an order different from ours, each chapter’s opening outline lists
previously introduced concepts that will be used again, which should facili-
tate reordering. Furthermore, we have divided the material into smaller
subsections and numbered them. The Detailed Chemistry of the Atmosphere
chapter has been repositioned to the end of the book since many instructors
do not teach from it, although in a course, it can readily follow Chapter 3.
In addition, following discussions with our reviewers, in Chapter 13 we have
deleted some of the descriptive information about pesticides that are no
longer in use.
We have expanded the coverage of topics related to climate change,
especially the generation of sustainable, renewable energy—which is now
covered in two chapters, the first on biofuels and other alternative fuels, and
the second on solar energy. As a consequence, this edition could be used as
the text for a number of types of courses in addition to Environmental
Chemistry. For example, a one-semester Energy and the Environment course
might use Chapters 3 through 9. Instructors who do not cover policy implica-
tions of energy and climate change topics could skip the first and last parts
of Chapter 6.
As in previous editions, the background required to solve both in-text
and end-of-chapter problems is either developed in the text or would have
been covered previously in a general chemistry course—as listed for each
chapter at its beginning. Where appropriate, hints are given to start students
on the solution. The Solutions Manual to the text includes worked solutions
to most problems (other than Review Questions, which are designed to
direct students back to descriptive material within each chapter).
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xiv Preface
New to This Edition

Our philosophy in revising the textbook this time has been to make it more
user-friendly (both for instructors and for students) as well as to bring it up-
to-date. Furthermore, we have expanded the coverage of energy production
(especially for biofuels), the generation and disposal of CO2, and innovative
ways to combat climate change.
New Features
• Green text—to emphasize the most important statements, definitions,
and conclusions.
• Greater use of bullets and tables—to cover points most readily covered
in a list or sequence.
• Subsection numbering—to allow instructors to assign material to be covered
or skipped more easily and students to find particular topics more easily.
• Breaking the text into smaller subsections and shorter paragraphs—to
promote student understanding and allow maximum instructor flexibility.
• More schematic diagrams—to promote student comprehension of the
more complicated chemistry and appeal to a variety of learning styles.
• An Activity has been inserted into many chapters—these Web- or
library-based miniprojects could be assigned to individual students or to a
group to report on.
• Marginal notes—to supplement the main text with additional interesting
material and to indicate which Review Questions are relevant to the material
at hand.
• More hints and background—added to the more difficult in-text Problems
and Additional Problems.
• Parts III and IV have been interchanged—so that water chemistry
appears earlier in the book, as preferred by many instructors.
• Detailed mathematical material has been repositioned—toward the end
of the chapter in many cases, so instructors have flexibility in coverage.
• Increased international coverage—to give all students a better perspective
on environmental problems and solutions around the world. For example, there
is increased coverage of gaseous and particulate air pollution and CO2 emissions
and air quality standards in developed as well as developing countries.
• An Appendix has been added—to review the balancing of redox equations
and assignment of oxidation numbers (states).
• Organic Chemistry Appendix has been moved—to the textbook’s Web site
at www.whfreeman.com/envchem5e.
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Preface xv
New Green Chemistry Cases

• A Nonvolatile, Reactive Coalescent for the Reduction of VOCs in
Latex Paints
• Development of Bio-Based Toners
• Recycling Carbon Dioxide: A Feedstock for the Production of
Chemicals and Liquid Fuels
• Bio-Based Liquid Fuels and Chemicals
• Spinetoram, an Improvement on a Green Pesticide
New Material on Climate Change and CO2

Substantial sections on the following topics have been added:
• Geoengineering the Climate (by chemical and physical means)
• Energy and CO2 Intensity Parameters and Predicted Global Trends
• Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)—The Sequestration of CO2
• Shale-Gas Production and the Alberta Oil Sands
• The Deepwater Horizon Disaster
• Biodiesel Production from Algae and Other Sources
• Renewable Energy (Solar, Wind) Storage by Chemical Means
• Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
• The Fukushima Nuclear Accident, and the Storage of Spent
Nuclear Fuel
Significant additions have also been made on many other topics, including:
• A new box reviewing the calculation of reaction rates
• Smoke from wood stoves and new technology for developing countries
• Removing CO2 from ambient air
• Biodegradable plastics
• The alternative theory to LRTAP
• E-waste and its disposal and recycling
Updates have been made throughout the book, especially concerning:
• Melanoma rates and UV-A protection in sunscreens
• The polar ozone holes and ODS concentration declines
• Smog, SO2 emission rates, and air-quality standards around the world
baird_fm.indd xv 22/02/12 9:45 AM

xvi Preface
• Catalytic converters for diesel-powered vehicles

• Particulate pollution and the atmospheric brown cloud
• Sea-level rises and the melting of glaciers
• Point-of-use water disinfection
• Desalination box—expanded to incorporate recent advances and news
• Increased and updated coverage on by-products of chlorination,
including in swimming pools
• Material on arsenic in drinking water updated and expanded in
geographic scope
• Origin of lead in drinking water from transit pipes
• New information concerning the effect of lead on children’s health
• New fire retardants
Supplements
The book companion Web site at www.whfreeman.com/envchem5e offers
Case Studies that let students explore current environmental controversies
and a Background Organic Chemistry section that provides a necessary in-
troduction for those students who have not taken organic chemistry. Here,
instructors can also access PowerPoint slides of all art, tables, and graphs
from the text.
The Solutions Manual (1-4641-0646-0) includes worked solutions to almost
all problems (other than Review Questions, which are designed to direct stu-
dents back to the appropriate material within each chapter).
To All Readers of the Text

The authors are happy to receive comments and suggestions about the con-
tent of this book from instructors and students. Please contact Colin Baird at
ncolinbaird@gmail.com and Michael Cann at cannm1@scranton.edu.
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to express their gratitude and appreciation to a number of
people who in various ways have contributed to this fifth edition:
To the students and instructors who have used previous editions of the
text, and via their reviews and e-mails have pointed out subsections and
problems that needed clarifying or extending.
baird_fm.indd xvi 22/02/12 9:45 AM

Preface xvii
To W. H. Freeman Executive Editor for the third, fourth, and fifth edi-
tions, Jessica Fiorillo; Senior Project Editor Vivien Weiss; and Development
Editor Brittany Murphy—for their encouragement, ideas, insightful sugges-
tions, patience, and organizational abilities. To Margaret Comaskey for her
careful copyediting and suggestions again in this edition, to Cecilia Varas
for finding the photographs and for obtaining permissions for figures and
photographs, to Diana Blume for design, and to Susan Wein for coordinat-
ing production.
Colin Baird wishes to express his thanks . . .

To his colleagues at the University of Western Ontario and elsewhere
who made valuable suggestions and supplied information and answered que-
ries on various subjects: Myra Gordon, Ron Martin, Martin Stillman, Garth
Kidd, Duncan Hunter, Roland Haines, Edgar Warnhoff, Marguerite Kane,
Currie Palmer, Rob Lipson, Dave Shoesmith, Felix Lee, Peter Guthrie, Geoff
Rayner-Canham, and Chris Willis.
To his daughter, Jenny, and his granddaughters, Olivia and Sophie, for
whom and for others of their generations this subject really matters.
Mike Cann wishes to express his thanks . . .

To his students (especially Marc Connelly and Tom Umile) and fellow
faculty at the University of Scranton, who have made valuable suggestions
and contributions to his understanding of green chemistry and environmen-
tal chemistry.
To Joe Breen, who was one of the pioneers of green chemistry and one
of the founders of the Green Chemistry Institute.
To Paul Anastas and Tracy Williamson (both of the U.S. Environmen-
tal Protection Agency), whose boundless energy and enthusiasm for green
chemistry are contagious.
To his loving wife, Cynthia, who has graciously and enthusiastically en-
dured countless discussions of green chemistry and environmental chemistry.
To his children, Holly and Geoffrey, and his grandchildren, McKenna,
Alexia, Alan Joshua, Samantha, and Arik, who, along with future genera-
tions, will reap the rewards of sustainable chemistry.
Both authors wish to express thanks to the reviewers of the fourth edi-
tion, as well as draft versions of sections of the fifth edition of the text, for
their helpful comments and suggestions:
Samuel Melaku Abegaz, Columbus State University George P. Cobb, Texas Tech University
John J. Bang, North Carolina Central University David B. Ford, University of Tampa
James Boulter, University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire Chaoyang Jiang, University of South Dakota
baird_fm.indd xvii 22/02/12 9:45 AM

xviii Preface
Joseph P. Kakareka, Florida Gulf Coast University Jim Phillips, University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire
Michael E. Ketterer, Northern Arizona University Ramin Radfar, Wofford College
Cielito DeRamos King, Bridgewater State University A. Lynn Roberts, Johns Hopkins University
Rachael A. Kipp, Suffolk University Kathryn Rowberg, Purdue University–Hammond
Min Li, California University of Pennsylvania John Shapley, University of Illinois
Kerry MacFarland, Averett University Joshua Wang, Delaware State University
Matthew G. Marmorino, Indiana University– Darcey Wayment, Nicholls State University
South Bend Chunlong (“Carl”) Zhang, University of
Robert Milofsky, Fort Lewis College Houston–Clear Lake
baird_fm.indd xviii 22/02/12 9:45 AM

Introduction to Environmental
Problems, Sustainability, and
Green Chemistry
In this book you will study the chemistry of the air, water, and soil, as well as If mankind is to survive,
the effects of anthropogenic activities on the chemistry of the Earth. In ad- we shall require a
dition, you will learn about sustainability and green chemistry, which aims to substantially new
design technologies that lessen the ecological footprint of our activities. manner of thinking.
Albert Einstein
Environmental chemistry deals with the reactions, fates, movements,
and sources of chemicals in the air, water, and soil. In the absence of humans,
the discussion would be limited to naturally occurring chemicals and pro-
cesses. Today, with the burgeoning population of the Earth, coupled with
continually advancing technology, human activities have an ever-increasing
influence on the chemistry of the environment. The earliest humans, and
even those living little more than a century ago, must have thought of the
Earth as so vast that human activity could scarcely have any more than local
effects on the soil, water, and air. Today we realize that our activities can
have not only local and regional, but also global, consequences.
The quotation from Einstein that begins this section was in reference to
the dawn of the nuclear age and the concomitant threat of nuclear war.
Today, Einstein’s words are just as appropriate from the perspective that the
effects upon the Earth of our current consumption of resources and accompa-
nying production of waste cannot be sustained. The environmental impact (I)
of humans may be thought of as a function of population (P), affluence (A),
and technology (T).
I⫽P⫻A⫻T
The last 100 years have been witness to rapid growth in all of these areas,
leading to the “perfect environmental storm.” It took until 1800 for the
human population of the Earth to reach 1 billion. Since that time there has
been a seven-fold increase in population, with projections of 9 billion people
by 2050. By the end of today, there will be an additional 200,000 people on
this planet to feed, clothe, and shelter. Although many people still live in
abject poverty, in terms of sheer numbers, never have so many lived so well.
xix
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xx Introduction to Environmental Problems, Sustainability, and Green Chemistry
China and India, the world’s two most populous countries with one-third of
the world’s population, have recently had unprecedented economic growth,
as evidenced by their GDP growth rate of about 10% for several years. This
has lifted many of their people out of poverty and elevated their lifestyles.
Unfortunately, their model for rising affluence is the same consumption/
waste paradigm common in the West. The accompanying consumption of
both renewable and nonrenewable resources and the production of pollution
are simply not sustainable for so many across the globe.
Fueled by human ingenuity and innovation, the last 100 years have also
witnessed more technological advances than all of preceding human history.
Remarkable discoveries include humans walking on the moon over 40 years ago,
drugs and medical advances that have helped to increase our life expectancy in
the United States from 47 years in 1900 to 79 years today, electronic devices that
were not even imaginable a century ago, agricultural advances that allow us to
feed 7 billion people, transportation that allows us to eat dinner in New York and
breakfast the following morning in London, and the discovery of DNA and the
human genome project that have unlocked many of the secrets of life. However,
most of these technological advances have been made with little attention to
their local, regional, and even global environmental consequences. This combi-
nation of exponential population growth, dramatic rise in affluence, and unprec-
edented technological advancement has left a legacy of toxic waste dumps,
denuded landscapes, daunting climate change, spent natural resources, and ac-
celerated extinction of species. Never has a group of living organisms had such a
far-reaching and significant impact on the environment of the Earth.
There are now many indications that we have exceeded the carrying
capacity of the Earth—that is, the ability of the planet to convert our wastes
back into resources (often called nature’s interest) as fast as we consume its
natural resources and produce waste. Some say that we are living beyond the
“interest” that nature provides us and dipping into nature’s capital. In short,
many of our activities are not sustainable.
As we write these introductory remarks, we are reminded of the environ-
mental consequences of human activities that impact the areas where we live
and beyond. Colin spends his summers on a small island just off the north
Atlantic coast in Nova Scotia, while Mike spends a few weeks each winter on
the west coast of southern Florida, a few kilometers from the Gulf of Mexico.
Although these locations are a great distance apart, if predictions are correct,
both may be permanently submerged by the end of this century as a result of
rising sea levels brought about by enhanced global warming (see Chapters 6
and 7). The public footbridge that links Colin’s island to the mainland is
treated with creosote, and the local residents no longer harvest mussels from
the beds below for fear they may be contaminated with PAHs (Chapter 15).
Colin’s well on this island was tested for arsenic, a common pollutant in that
area of abandoned gold mines (Chapter 12). To the north, the once robust
cod fishing industry of Newfoundland has collapsed due to overfishing.
Mike lives in northeastern Pennsylvania on a lake where the wood in his
dock is preserved with the heavy metals arsenic, chromium, and copper
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Introduction to Environmental Problems, Sustainability, and Green Chemistry xxi
(Chapter 12). Within a short distance are two landfills (Chapter 16), which
take in an excess of 8,000 tonnes of garbage per day (from municipalities as
far as 150 kilometers away), as well as two Superfund Sites (Chapter 16) and
a nuclear power plant that generates plutonium and other radioactive wastes
for which there is no working disposal plan in the United States (Chapter 9).
Furthermore, within the last couple of years, natural gas wells have sprung up
like weeds as drillers use a hydraulic fracturing process (fracking) (Chapter 6)
that may leave a legacy of contaminated groundwater (Chapter 11) in many
states in the United States.
Colin’s home in London, Ontario, is within an hour’s drive of Lake Erie,
famous for nearly having “died” of phosphate pollution (Chapter 11), and
nuclear power plants on Lake Huron. Nearby farmers grow corn to supply to
a new factory that produces ethanol for use as an alternative fuel (Chapter 7),
and in Ottawa, a Canadian company has built the first demonstration plant
to convert the cellulose from agricultural residue into ethanol (Chapter 7).
On sunny days we both apply extra sunscreen because of the thinning of
the ozone layer (Chapters 1 and 2) and suffer the effects on our eyes and
lungs of ozone-polluted ground-level air each summer (Chapters 3 and 4).
Three of the best salmon rivers in North America in Nova Scotia must be
stocked each season because the salmon no longer migrate up the acidified
waters. Many of the lakes and streams of the beautiful Adirondack region of
upstate New York are a deceptively beautifully crystal clear, only because they
are virtually devoid of plant and animal life, again because of acidified waters
(Chapter 4).
Environmental issues like these probably have parallels that exist where
you live, and learning more about them may convince you that environmen-
tal chemistry is not just a topic of academic interest, but one that touches your
life every day in very practical ways. Many of these environmental threats are
a consequence of anthropogenic activities over the last 50 to 100 years.
In 1983 the United Nations charged a special commission with developing
a plan for long-term sustainable development. In 1987 the report titled “Our
Common Future” was issued. In this report (more commonly known as the The
Brundtland Report), the following definition of sustainable development is found:
Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet
their own needs.
Although there are many definitions of sustainable development (or sustainabil-
ity), this is the most widely used. The three intersecting areas of sustainability are
focused on society, the economy, and the environment. Together they are
known as the triple bottom line. In all three areas, consumption (particularly of
natural resources) and the concomitant production of waste are central issues.
The concept of an “ecological footprint” is an attempt to measure the
amount of biologically productive space that is needed to support a particular
human lifestyle. Currently there are about 4.5 acres of biologically productive
space for each person on the Earth. This land provides us with the resources that
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xxii Introduction to Environmental Problems, Sustainability, and Green Chemistry
we need to support our lifestyles and to receive the waste that we generate and
convert it back into resources. If the entire population of 7 billion people lived
like Colin and Mike, rather typical North Americans, the total ecological foot-
print would require more than four planet Earths. Obviously, everyone on the
planet can’t live in as large and as inefficient a house, drive as many kilometers
in such an inefficient vehicle, consume as much food (in particular, meat) and
energy, create as much waste, etc., as those living in developed countries.
As developing countries such as China and India (with a combined total
of over 2 billion people and two of the fastest growing economies in the
world) expand economically, they look to the lifestyles of the 1 billion peo-
ple on the planet that live in developed countries. Factor in the expected
increase in global population to 9 billion by 2050 and clearly this is not sus-
tainable development. The people of the world (including and in particular
those in developed countries) must strive to develop a lifestyle that is sus-
tainable. This does not necessarily mean a lower standard of living for those
in the developed world, but it does mean finding ways (more efficient tech-
nologies along with conservation) to reduce our consumption of natural re-
sources and the concomitant production of waste.
There is now a widespread movement toward the growth and implemen-
tation of sustainable, or green, technologies. These technologies seek to re-
duce energy and resource consumption, use and expand renewable resources,
and reduce the production of waste. In chemistry, these developments are
known as green chemistry, which we will describe later in this introduction and
will see as a theme throughout this text.
Our ecological footprint in many cases is not limited to our backyard.
As mentioned above, the consequences of our activities may be regional
and even global. As we will see in Chapter 4, the burning of coal to pro-
duce electricity in the midwestern United States produces acid rain that
falls in Ontario; in turn, emissions from Ontario are responsible for produc-
ing much of the acid rain in northern New York State. Rising global tem-
peratures (Chapters 5 and 6), due in part to the burning of fossil fuels, have
significant adverse impacts on those who use little, if any, fossil fuels.
One of these groups is the Inuit, who inhabit the northern reaches of
Canada, Russia, Greenland, and Alaska. These people depend on hunting
and fishing for sustenance. Ironically, the northern latitudes of the planet
have experienced some of the most significant temperature rises due to global
warming—warming that has resulted in major changes in the surrounding
flora and fauna and that has significantly altered the Inuits’ way of life. The
atmosphere of our planet is a commons, or perhaps more appropriately de-
scribed as an open resource. We all use and benefit from this commons, but
no one is directly responsible for it. Its use as a dumping ground for pollutants
often affects more than those who are doing the dumping, a concept known
as the tragedy of the commons.
What we perceive as normal is primarily what we encounter in our every-
day lives. But of course, things change, sometimes in seconds or over millennia.
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Introduction to Environmental Problems, Sustainability, and Green Chemistry xxiii
To the untrained “eye,” most environmental changes are not that noticeable.
But what we now think of as normal may not have been so 100 years ago or
even 50 years ago. In the 1600s, English fishermen were quoted as saying the
cod off Newfoundland were “so thick by the shore that we hardly have been
able to row a boat through them.” In 1951 factory fishing began, and in a mere
50 years the cod industry off Newfoundland, the area’s main economic activity,
was dead, leading not only to environmental but to economic disaster. To to-
day’s Newfoundland teenagers this is the norm, although to their parents and
grandparents this is far from what they grew up with. This is an example of
shifting baselines, as well as another example of the tragedy of the commons.
The melting ice sheets and loss of habitat for caribou that the Inuit are
experiencing is also an example of shifting baselines.
The triple bottom line, ecological footprint, the tragedy of the com-
mons, and shifting baselines are all examples of concepts that are commonly
used in discussing sustainability. We will encounter these and other sustain-
ability concepts throughout this book. We suggest that you make a list of
these concepts (Table 0-1) and as you read the text keep a record of where
and in what context these are encountered.
TABLE 0-1 Sustainability Concepts

Triple Bottom Line (TBL): Although corporations have traditionally been solely focused on the
economic (prosperity) bottom line, many (in this age of a greater corporate social responsibility)
are adopting a wider corporate strategy that also includes the social (equality) and environmental
(quality) bottom lines. This is also called people, profits, and planet.
Tragedy of the Commons: In 1968, biologist Garrett Hardin put forth the argument that a common
(open) resource (e.g., water, air, land) used by rational individuals for their own good will result in
decimation of that resource.
Systems Thinking: Requires one to understand an entire system and how aspects of the system are
interconnected. This understanding will allow one to realize that introducing change may have
unintended consequences far beyond the original intent of the change. This is particularly true of
environmental systems and is a major theme of this book.
Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA): Provides an inventory of materials and energy (inputs) that are
consumed and the waste and emissions produced during the entire life cycle of a product, from
acquiring the materials (e.g., mining) needed to produce the product to disposing of the product;
i.e., from cradle to grave or better yet, cradle to cradle. After identification of the inputs and releases
at each step of the LC, an analysis of the impact on the environment (in some cases, both social and
economic impacts) can determine the steps that can be taken to minimize inputs and releases,
and thus the impact on the environment.
Cradle-to-Cradle: At the end of a product’s life cycle, rather than being disposed of (as in cradle-
to-grave), the spent product becomes the material to produce another product, thus mimicking the
regenerative approach of nature.
(continued on p. xxiv)
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xxiv Introduction to Environmental Problems, Sustainability, and Green Chemistry
TABLE 0-1 Sustainability Concepts (continued)

Ecological Footprint: A measure of the biologically productive space (both land and water)
that is required to support a lifestyle. You can test for your ecological footprint at http://
myfootprint.org.
Carbon Footprint: A measure of the amount of greenhouse gases (in carbon dioxide equivalents)
that are produced from various activities such as transportation, manufacturing, food production, and
heating and cooling.
Water Footprint: Also known as virtual water, an indication of the amount of water required
(both direct and indirect) to produce a particular product (e.g., a cup of coffee, an automobile,
a computer chip). For more information on how water footprint is assessed, visit http://www.
waterfootprint.org.
Precautionary Principle: Even in the absence of scientific consensus, if an action or policy is likely to
cause harm to people or the environment, then the burden of proof that this action causes no harm
falls to the individuals taking the action.
External Costs: Also known as externalities, these are costs (or benefits) that are not reflected in the
price of a good or service. An example might be the environmental cost of emitting a pollutant into
the environment during the manufacture of a product. This environmental cost is paid for, not by the
person using the product, but by all of the people who live in the commons where the pollutant was
released.
A Brief History of Environmental Regulation

In the United States, many environmental disasters came to a head in the
1960s and 1970s. In 1962, the deleterious effects of the insecticide DDT were
brought to the forefront by Rachel Carson in her seminal book, Silent Spring
(Houghton Mifflin, 1962). In 1969, the Cuyahoga River, which runs through
Cleveland, Ohio, was so polluted with industrial waste that it caught fire.
The Love Canal neighborhood in Niagara Falls, New York, was built on the
site of a chemical dump, and in the mid-1970s, during an especially rainy
season, toxic waste began to ooze into the basements of area homes and
drums of waste surfaced. The U.S. government purchased the land and cor-
doned off the entire Love Canal neighborhood. These distressing events
were brought into the homes of Americans on the nightly news, and along
with other environmental disasters they became rallying points for environ-
mental reform.
This era saw the creation of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) in 1970, the celebration of the first Earth Day, also in 1970, and a
mushrooming number of environmental laws. Before 1960, there were ap-
proximately 20 environmental laws in the United States; now there are over
120. Most of the earliest of these were focused on conservation or setting
aside land from development. The focus of environmental laws changed
baird_fm.indd xxiv 22/02/12 9:45 AM

Introduction to Environmental Problems, Sustainability, and Green Chemistry xxv
dramatically starting in the 1960s. Some of the most familiar U.S. environ-
mental legislation include the Clean Air Act (1970) and the Clean Water Act
(originally known as the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments
of 1972). One of the major provisions of these acts was to set up pollution-
control programs. In effect, these programs attempted to control the release
of toxic and other harmful chemicals into the environment. The Compre-
hensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (also
known as the Superfund Act) set up a procedure and provided funds for clean-
ing up toxic waste sites. These acts thus focused on dealing with pollutants
after they were produced and are known as “end-of-the-pipe solutions” and
“command and control laws.”
The risk due to a hazardous substance is a function of the exposure to and
the hazard of the substance:
Risk ⫽ f (exposure ⫻ hazard)
The end-of-the-pipe laws attempt to control risk by preventing exposure to
these substances. However, exposure controls inevitably fail, which points
out the weakness of these laws. The Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 is the
only U.S. environmental act that focuses on the paradigm of prevention of
pollution at the source: if hazardous substances are not used or produced,
then their risk is eliminated. There is also no need to worry about controlling
exposure, controlling dispersion into the environment, or cleaning up haz-
ardous chemicals.
Green Chemistry
The U.S. Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 set the stage for green chemistry.
Green chemistry became a formal focus of the U.S. EPA in 1991, playing an
integral part in the EPA’s setting a new direction by which the agency
worked with and encouraged companies to voluntarily find ways to reduce
the environmental consequences of their activities. Paul Anastas and John
Warner defined green chemistry as the design of chemical products and pro-
cesses that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous sub-
stances. Moreover, green chemistry seeks to
• reduce waste (especially toxic waste),
• reduce the consumption of resources and ideally use renewable resources,
and
• reduce energy consumption.
Anastas and Warner also formulated the Twelve Principles of Green
Chemistry. These principles provide guidelines for chemists in assessing the
environmental impact of their work.
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xxvi Introduction to Environmental Problems, Sustainability, and Green Chemistry
The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry

1. It is better to prevent waste than to treat or clean up waste after it is
formed.
2. Synthetic methods should be designed to maximize the incorporation
of all materials used in the process into the final product.
3. Wherever practicable, synthetic methodologies should be designed to
use and generate substances that possess little or no toxicity to human
health and the environment.
4. Chemical products should be designed to preserve efficacy of function
while reducing toxicity.
5. The use of auxiliary substances (e.g., solvents, separation agents, etc.)
should be made unnecessary whenever possible and innocuous when used.
6. Energy requirements should be recognized for their environmental
and economic impacts and should be minimized. Synthetic methods
should be conducted at ambient temperature and pressure.
7. A raw material feedstock should be renewable rather than depleting
whenever technically and economically practical.
8. Unnecessary derivatization (blocking group, protection/deprotection,
temporary modification of physical/chemical processes) should be avoided
whenever possible.
9. Catalytic reagents (as selective as possible) are superior to stoichiometric
reagents.
10. Chemical products should be designed so that at the end of their
function they do not persist in the environment and instead break down
into innocuous degradation products.
11. Analytical methodologies need to be further developed to allow for
real-time, in-process monitoring and control prior to the formation of
hazardous substances.
12. Substances and the form of a substance used in a chemical process
should be chosen so as to minimize the potential for chemical accidents,
including releases, explosions, and fires.
In most of the chapters in the text, real-world examples of green chem-
istry are discussed. During these discussions, you should keep in mind the
Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry and determine which of them are met
by the particular example. Although we won’t consider all of the principles
at this point, a brief discussion of some of them is beneficial.
• Principle 1 is the heart of green chemistry and places the emphasis on
the prevention of pollution at the source rather than cleaning up waste
after it has been produced.
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Introduction to Environmental Problems, Sustainability, and Green Chemistry xxvii
• Principles 2–5, 7–10, and 12 focus on the materials that are used in the
production of chemicals and the products that are formed.
º In a chemical synthesis, in addition to the desired product(s),
unwanted by-products are often formed and then usually discarded as
waste. Principle 2 encourages chemists to look for synthetic routes that
maximize the production of the desired product(s) while at the same
time minimizing the production of unwanted by-products (see the
synthesis of ibuprofen discussed later).
º Principles 3 and 4 stress that the toxicity of materials and products

should be kept to a minimum. As we will see in later discussions of
green chemistry, Principle 4 is often met when new pesticides are
designed with reduced toxicity to nontarget organisms.
º During the course of a synthesis, chemists employ not only
compounds that are actually involved in the reaction (reactants) but also
auxiliary substances such as solvents (to dissolve the reactants and to
purify the products) and agents that are used to separate and dry the
products. These materials are usually used in much larger quantities than
the reactants, and they contribute a great deal to the waste produced
during a chemical synthesis. When they are designing a synthesis,
Principle 5 reminds chemists to consider ways to minimize the use of
these auxiliary substances.
º Many organic chemicals are produced from petroleum, which is a
nonrenewable resource. Principle 7 urges chemists to consider ways to
produce chemicals from renewable resources such as plant material
(biomass).
º As we will see in Chapter 13, DDT is an effective pesticide. However, a
major environmental problem is its stability in the natural environment.
DDT degrades only slowly. Although it has been banned in most
developed countries since the 1970s (in the United States since 1972), it
can still be found in the environment, particularly in the fatty tissues of
animals. Principle 10 stresses the need to consider the lifetime of
chemicals in the environment and the need to focus on materials (such as
pesticides) that degrade rapidly in the environment to harmless substances.
• Many chemical reactions require heating or cooling and/or a pressure
higher or lower than atmospheric pressure. Performing reactions at other
than ambient temperature and pressure requires energy; Principle 6 reminds
chemists of these considerations when designing a synthesis.
Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards

To recognize outstanding examples of green chemistry, the Presidential
Green Chemistry Challenge Awards were established in 1996 by the U.S.
EPA. Generally, five awards are given each year at a ceremony held at the
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LP43609.
The Spikes Gang. A Mirisch-Duo production. Produced in
association with Sanford Productions, Inc. 96 min., sd., color, 35
mm. Based on the novel, The Bank robber, by Giles Tippette. © The
Mirisch Corporation of California; 18Mar74; LP43609.
LP43610.
The Convention. A Bud Yorkin-Norman Lear Tandem production.
30 min., sd., b&w, 16 mm. (Maude) © Tandem Productions, Inc.;
26Dec72 (in notice: 1973); LP43610.
LP43611.
Grass story. A Bud Yorkin-Norman Lear Tandem production. 30
min., sd., b&w, 16 mm. (Maude) © Tandem Productions, Inc.;
28Nov72; LP43611.
LP43612.
High flying spy. Pt. 3. 60 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (The Wonderful
world of Disney, 1972–1973 series) Based on the book, High spy, by
Robert Edmond Alter. © Walt Disney Productions; 31Oct72;
LP45612.
LP43613.
Anaerobic infections. 20 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (The Upjohn
Vanguard of Medicine, no. 17) © The Upjohn Company; 2Apr74;
LP43613.
LP43614.
The Girl who ran out of night. Douglas Lloyd McIntosh. 52 min.,
sd., color, 16 mm. © Douglas Lloyd McIntosh & New York
University; 1Apr74; LP43614.
LP43615.
The Man who changed the Navy. 52 min., sd., color, 16 mm. ©
National Broadcasting Company, Inc.; 28Jan74; LP43615.
LP43616.
If that’s a gnome, this must be Zurich. 52 min., sd., color, 16 mm.
© National Broadcasting Company, Inc.; 10Dec73; LP43616.
LP43617.
It happened in Hollywood. 71 min., sd., color, 16 mm. © Bulo
Productions, Inc.; 17Jan73 (in notice: 1972); LP43617.
LP43618.
The Doberman gang. A Rosamond Productions, Inc. presentation.
87 min., sd., color, 35 mm. © Rosamond Productions, Inc.;
21May72; LP43618.
LP43619.
Hello, Mother, goodbye. 30 min., sd., color, 16 mm. © Metro
Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 15May74 (in notice: 1973); LP43619.
LP43620.
Shirts/skins. 30 min., sd., color, 16 mm. © Metro Goldwyn Mayer,
Inc.; 15May74; LP43620.
LP43621.
High plains drifter. Malpaso Company. 105 min., sd., color, 35
mm., Panavision. © Universal Pictures & The Malpaso Company;
29Mar73; LP43621.
LP43622.
The Naked ape. A Universal/Playboy film. 85 min., sd., color, 35
mm. Based on the book by Desmond Morris. © Universal Pictures &
Playboy Productions, Inc.; 17Aug73; LP43622.
LP43623.
Willie Dynamite. A Universal Zanuck/Brown picture. Produced in
association with Generation 70, Inc. 102 min., sd., color, 35 mm. ©
Universal Pictures; 19Dec73; LP43623.
LP43624.
American graffiti. A Lucasfilm, Ltd./Coppola Company
production. 109 min., sd., color, 35 mm. © Universal Pictures;
1Aug73; LP43624.
LP43625.
Cancel my reservation. A Naho Enterprises production. 99 min.,
sd., color, 35 mm. Based on the novel, The Broken gun, by Louis
L’Amour. © Naho Enterprises; 22Sep72; LP43625.
LP43626.
Mean streets. Taplin Perry Scorsese Productions. 112 min., sd.,
color, 35 mm. © Warner Brothers, Inc.; 14Oct73; LP43626.
LP43627.
It’s the Easter beagle, Charlie Brown. A Lee Mendelson, Bill
Melendez production. Produced in cooperation with United Feature
Syndicate, Inc. & Charles M. Schulz Creative Assoc. 30 min., sd.,
color, 16 mm. © United Feature Syndicate, Inc.; 9Apr74; LP43627.
LP43628.
Chinatown. 131 min., sd., color, 35 mm., Panavision. © Long Road
Productions; 20Jun74; LP43628.
LP43629.
The Big growl. Walter J. Klein Company, Ltd. 20 min., sd., color,
16 mm. Appl. au.: The Junior League of Charlotte, North Carolina,
Inc. © The Junior League of Charlotte, North Carolina, Inc.; 1Nov73;
LP43629.
LP43630.
Mesa trouble. A DePatie Freleng production. Produced in
association with the Mirisch Cinema Company, Inc. 7 min., sd., color,
35 mm. (Hoot Kloot) Appl. au.: United Artists Corporation. ©
United Artists Corporation; 16May74 (in notice: 1973); LP43630.
LP43631.
Saddle soap opera. A DePatie Freleng production. Produced in
United Artists Corporation; 16May74; LP43631.
LP43632.
Thunderbolt and Lightfoot. A Malpaso Company film. 115 min.,
sd., color, 35 mm., Panavision. © The Malpaso Company; 22Apr74;
LP43632.
LP43633.
Mister Majestyk. Mirisch Corporation of California. 103 min., sd.,
color, 35 mm., Panavision. © The Mirisch Corporation of California;
26Mar74; LP43633.
LP43634.
Kloot’s kounty. A DePatie Freleng production. Produced in
United Artists Corporation; 19Jan73; LP43634.
LP43635.
By Hoot or by crook. A DePatie Freleng production. Produced in
United Artists Corporation; 17Apr74 (in notice: 1973); LP43635.
LP43636.
Big beef at the O. K. Corral. A DePatie Freleng production.
Produced in association with the Mirisch Cinema Company, Inc. 7
min., sd., color, 35 mm. (Hoot Kloot) Appl. au.: United Artists
Corporation. © United Artists Corporation; 17Apr74 (in notice:
1973); LP43636.
LU
REGISTRATIONS
LU3664.
Op-Op the eskimo and the igloos of OOmy. 8 min., color, 16 mm.
Appl. au.: Brian Gary Withers. © Brian Gary Withers; 14Jan74;
LU3664.
LU3665.
Sarah’s war. 23 min., sd., b&w, 16 mm. Appl. au.: Lothar Spree. ©
Lothar Spree; 21Jan74; LU3665.
LU3666.
Impulse. 90 min., sd., color, 35 mm. Appl. au.: Conqueror Films,
Inc. (Socrates Ballis, President) © Conqueror Films, Inc.; 24Jan74;
LU3666.
LU3667.
The Magic land of Mother Goose. 60 min., sd., color, 35 mm. Appl.
au.: J. Edwin Baker. © J. Edwin Baker; 20Mar74; LU3667.
LU3668.
Doctor Quik and the exchange ray. 10 min., Super 8 mm. Appl.
au.: Angelo A. DelMonte. © Angelo A. DelMonte; 4Mar74; LU3668.
LU3669.
Steppenwolf, for madmen only. 95 min. Adapted from the novel by
Hermann Hesse. Appl. au.: Produ Film Company. © Peter J.
Sprague; 25Mar74; LU3669.
LU3670.
The Dipsy Doodle show. 60 min., sd., videotape. © Storer
Broadcasting Company; 8Apr74; LU3670.
LU3671.
The Investigator. 92 min. Appl. au.: Lira Films. © Doyen
Properties Associates; 22Apr74; LU3671.
LU3672.
Ladies and gentlemen, the Rolling Stones. 6 reels, sd., color, 35
mm. © Musifilm B. V.; 19Mar74; LU3672.
LU3673.
The Liberation of Cherry Jankowski. John Russo & Russell W.
Streiner. 86 min., sd., color, 16 mm. From the novel by John Russo.
Appl. au.: New American Films, Inc. © New American Films, Inc.;
3Apr74; LU3673.
LU3674.
The Chess game. 13 min., sd., Super 8 mm. Appl. au.: Stephen P.
Hines. © Stephen P. Hines; 26Jun74; LU3674.
MP
REGISTRATIONS
MP24724.
Garner Ted Armstrong. Program 455. Ambassador College. 29
min., sd., color, videotape (3/4 inch) © Ambassador College;
21Nov73; MP24724.
MP24725.
4Nov73; MP24725.
MP24726.
7Dec73; MP24726.
MP24727.
21Nov73; MP24727.
MP24728.
24Aug73; MP24728.
MP24729.
24Aug73; MP24729.
MP24730. Garner Ted Armstrong. Program 514. Ambassador
College. 29 min., sd., color, videotape (3/4 inch) © Ambassador
College; 7Dec73; MP24730.
MP24731.
5Sep73; MP24731.
MP24732.
Functions. 4 min., si., color, 8 mm. (Calculus in motion) Appl. au.:
Bruce & Katherine Cornwell. © Houghton Mifflin Company;
15Jun73; MP24732.
MP24733.
Time Life Video speed reading system. A Daniel Wilson
production for Time Life Video. 190 min., sd., color, videotape (3/4
inch) © Time, Inc.; 15Sep72; MP24733.
MP24734.
The Alarming problem. Fire Service Extension and Film
Production Unit, Iowa State University. 14 min., sd., color, 16 mm. ©
Iowa State University a. a. d. o. Iowa State University of Science and
Technology; 3Apr73; MP24734.
MP24735.
Infant appraisal. United Cerebral Palsy Association of Santa Clara
County, United Cerebral Palsy Association of San Mateo County &
Santa Clara County Health Department. 27 min., sd., color, 16 mm.
© United Cerebral Palsy Association of Santa Clara County, Inc.;
26Dec73; MP24735.
MP24736.
Element. A film by Amy Greenfield. 12 min., si., b&w, 16 mm. ©
Amy Greenfield; 1Dec73; MP24736.
MP24737.
Hawaii — the fortunate isles. Cate and McGlone Films. 31 min.,
sd., color, 16 mm. © Cate and McGlone Films; 25Feb73; MP24737.
MP24738.
Mexican or American. An Atlantis production. 17 min., sd., color,
16 mm. Appl. au.: Bernard Selling. © Atlantis Productions, Inc.;
9Apr70; MP24738.
MP24739.
A Better life through electricity. 1 min., sd., color, 16 mm. ©
William Ditzel Productions; 30Nov72; MP24739.
MP24740.
Tribal people of Mindanao. 20 min., sd., color, 16 mm. Prev. pub.
10Dec71. NM: abridgment. © National Geographic Society; 5Dec72;
MP24740.
MP24741.
About zoos. 11 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (About) From the television
special Zoos of the world. Prev. pub. 9Sep70, MP20939. NM:
abridgment. © National Geographic Society; 16Mar73 (in notice:
1971); MP24741.
MP24742.

Textbook Environmental Chemistry Colin Baird Ebook All Chapter PDF

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Environmental Chemistry Colin Baird

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Japanese environmental philosophy 1st Edition J. Baird

Environmental chemistry Tenth Edition Manahan Stanley

Chemistry for Environmental Engineering Armen S.

Soil and Environmental Chemistry William F. Bleam

Soil and Environmental Chemistry 1st Edition William F.

Environmental Inorganic Chemistry for Engineers 1st

The Chemistry of Environmental Engineering 1st Edition

Water Resilience: Management and Governance in Times of

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baird_fm.indd ii 22/02/12 9:45 AM

W. H. Freeman and Company • New York

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Library of Congress Control Number: 2011945363

© 2012, 2008, 2005, 1999 by W. H. Freeman and Company

Printed in the United States of America

W. H. Freeman and Company

baird_fm.indd iv 22/02/12 9:45 AM

Introduction to Environmental Problems, Sustainability, and Green

PART I Atmospheric Chemistry and Air Pollution 1

Chapter 2 The Ozone Holes 37

Chapter 3 The Chemistry of Ground-Level Air Pollution 69

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Improving Air Quality: Photochemical Smog 87

Chapter 4 The Environmental and Health

PART II Energy and Climate Change 163

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Geoengineering Earth’s Climate to Combat Global Warming 210

Chapter 6 Energy Use, Fossil Fuels, CO2 Emissions,

Chapter 7 Biofuels and Other Alternative Fuels 291

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Chapter 8 Renewable Energy Technologies: Hydroelectric,

Chapter 9 Radioactivity, Radon, and Nuclear Energy 373

PART III Water Chemistry and Water Pollution 407

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Chapter 11 The Pollution and Purification of Water 455

Chapter 12 Toxic Heavy Metals 519

PART IV Toxic Organic Compounds 573

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The Accumulation of Organochlorines in Biological Systems 584

Chapter 14 Dioxins, Furans, and PCBs 623

Chapter 15 Other Toxic Organic Compounds

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PART V Environment and the Solid State 695

PART VI Advanced Atmospheric Chemistry 753

Appendix Oxidation Numbers and Redox Equation

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New to This Edition

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New Green Chemistry Cases

New Material on Climate Change and CO2

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• Catalytic converters for diesel-powered vehicles

To All Readers of the Text

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Colin Baird wishes to express his thanks . . .

Mike Cann wishes to express his thanks . . .

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