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Composites for Emerging Applications

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Advances in Metal Oxides and Their
Composites for Emerging
Applications
The Metal Oxides Book Series Edited by Ghenadii Korotcenkov

Forthcoming titles
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Palladium Oxides Material Properties, Synthesis and Processing Methods, and Applications, Alexander M.
Samoylov, Vasily N. Popov, 9780128192238
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Metal Oxides for Non-volatile Memory, Panagiotis Dimitrakis, Ilia Valov, Stefan Tappertzhofen,
9780128146293
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Metal Oxide Nanostructured Phosphors, H. Nagabhushana, Daruka Prasad, S.C. Sharma, 9780128118528
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Nanostructured Zinc Oxide, Kamlendra Awasthi, 9780128189009
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Multifunctional Piezoelectric Oxide Nanostructures, Sang-Jae Kim, Nagamalleswara Rao Alluri, Yuvasree
Purusothaman, 9780128193327
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Transparent Conductive Oxides, Mirela Petruta Suchea, Petronela Pascariu, Emmanouel Koudoumas,
9780128206317
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Metal oxide-based nanofibers and their applications, Vincenzo Esposito, Debora Marani, 9780128206294
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Metal-oxides for Biomedical and Biosensor Applications, Kunal Mondal, 9780128230336
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Metal Oxide-Carbon Hybrid Materials, Muhammad Akram, Rafaqat Hussain, Faheem K Butt,
9780128226940
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Metal Oxide-based heterostructures, Naveen Kumar, Bernabe Mari Soucase, 9780323852418
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Metal Oxides And Related Solids For Electrocatalytic Water Splitting, Junlei Qi, 9780323857352
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Advances in Metal Oxides and Their Composites for Emerging Applications, Sagar D. Delekar, 9780323857055
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Metallic glasses and their oxidation, Xinyun Wang, Mao Zhang, 9780323909976
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Solution methods for metal oxide nanostructures, Rajaram S. Mane, Vijaykumar Jadhav, Abdullah M. Al-
Enizi, 9780128243534
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Metal oxide defects, Vijay Kumar, Sudipta Som, Vishal Sharma, Hendrik Swart, 9780323855884
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Renewable Polymers and polymer-metal oxide composites, Sajjad Haider, Adnan Haider, 9780323851558
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Metal oxides for optoelectronics and optics-based medical applications, Suresh Sagadevan, Jiban Podder,
Faruq Mohammad, 9780323858243
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Graphene oxide-metal oxide and other graphene oxide-based composites in photocatalysis and
electrocatalysis, Jiaguo Yu, Liuyang Zhang, Panyong Kuang, 9780128245262

Published titles
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Metal oxides in nanocomposite-based electrochemical sensors for toxic chemicals, Alagarsamy Pandikumar,
Perumal Rameshkumar, 9780128207277
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Metal oxide-based nanostructured electrocatalysts for fuel cells, electrolyzers, and metal-air batteries, Teko
Napporn, Yaovi Holade, 9780128184967
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Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) and Its Applications, Leonardo Palmisano, Francesco Parrino, 9780128199602
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Solution Processed Metal Oxide Thin Films for Electronic Applications, Zheng Cui, 9780128149300
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Metal oxide powder technologies, Yarub Al-Douri, 9780128175057
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Colloidal metal oxide nanoparticles, Sabu Thomas, Anu Tresa Sunny, Prajitha V, 9780128133576
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Cerium Oxide, Salvatore Scire, Leonardo Palmisano, 9780128156612
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Tin Oxide Materials, Marcelo Ornaghi Orlandi, 9780128159248
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Metal oxide glass nanocomposites, Sanjib Bhattacharya, 9780128174586
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Gas sensors based on conducting metal oxides, Nicolae Barsan, Klaus Schierbaum, 9780128112243
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Metal oxides in energy technologies, Yuping Wu, 9780128111673
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Metal oxide nanostructures, Daniela Nunes, Lidia Santos, Ana Pimentel, Pedro Barquinha, Luis Pereira,
Elvira Fortunato, Rodrigo Martins, 9780128115121
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Gallium Oxide, Stephen Pearton, Fan Ren, Michael Mastro, 9780128145210
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Metal oxide-based photocatalysis, Adriana Zaleska-Medynska, 9780128116340
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Metal oxides in heterogeneous catalysis, Jacques C. Vedrine, 9780128116319
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Magnetic, ferroelectric, and multiferroic metal oxides, Biljana Stojanovic, 9780128111802
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Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications, Sophie Laurent, Morteza Mahmoudi, 9780081019252
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The future of semiconductor oxides in next-generation solar cells, Monica Lira-Cantu, 9780128111659
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Metal oxide-based thin film structures, Nini Pryds, Vincenzo Esposito, 9780128111666
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Metal Oxides in Supercapacitors, Deepak Dubal, Pedro Gomez-Romero, 9780128111697
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Transition metal oxide thin film-based chromogenics and devices, Pandurang Ashrit, 9780081018996
Metal Oxides Series

Advances in Metal Oxides

and Their Composites for
Emerging Applications

Edited by

Sagar D. Delekar
Nanoscience Research Laboratory, Department
of Chemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur,
Maharashtra, India

Series Editor

Ghenadii Korotcenkov
Moldova State University, Chisinau, Moldova
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Contents

List of contributors xvii

Series editor biography xxi
About the editor xxiii
Foreword xxv
Preface to the series xxvii
Preface xxxi
Acknowledgment xxxiii

Part I Introduction to metal oxide-based composites 1

1 Metal oxide engineering 3
Pramod A. Koyale, Dillip K. Panda and Sagar D. Delekar
1.1 Human development and metal oxides nexus 3
1.2 Metal oxide engineering: strategies and significances 6
1.2.1 Bulk versus nanoscale 8
1.2.2 Undoped versus doped 10
1.2.3 Phase diversity 12
1.2.4 Composite formation 14
1.2.5 Morphology engineering 16
1.2.6 Porosity generations 19
1.2.7 Surface modifications 22
1.2.8 Thin-film formations 23
1.3 Application of engineered metal oxides 23
1.3.1 Energy technologies 24
1.3.2 Biomedical application 32
1.3.3 Catalytic applications 39
1.4 Concluding remarks 45
1.5 Futuristic outlooks 46
References 46

2 Metal oxide-based composites: synthesis and characterization 57

H.M. Yadav, S.K. Shinde, D-Y. Kim, T.P. Chavan, N.D. Thorat,
S. Ramesh and C.D. Bathula
2.1 Introduction 57
2.1.1 Metal oxides 58
2.2 Synthetic approaches 58
vi Contents

2.2.1 Top-down approaches 60

2.2.2 Bottom-up approaches 66
2.3 Characterization of metal oxide-based composite nanostructures 70
2.3.1 X-ray Diffraction 70
2.3.2 Scanning electron microscopy 73
2.3.3 Transmission electron microscopy 78
2.3.4 UV Vis spectroscopy 80
2.3.5 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy 84
2.3.6 Temperature-programmed reduction 86
2.3.7 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy 87
2.3.8 Electrochemical characterization 88
2.4 Summary and outlook 90
References 91

Part II Metal oxides-based composites in energy

technologies 97
3 Metal oxides as photoanodes for photoelectrochemical
water splitting: synergy of oxygen vacancy 99
Keval K. Sonigara, Jayraj V. Vaghasiya and Saurabh S. Soni
3.1 Introduction 99
3.2 Role of metal oxides in photoelectrochemical hydrogen/oxygen
evolution 101
3.3 Oxygen vacancy engineering in metal oxides for
photoelectrochemical water splitting 103
3.3.1 TiO2 105
3.3.2 WO3 108
3.4 Scope of improvement in the field 122
3.4.1 Quality and cost-effective materials 122
3.5 Conclusion 123
References 124

4 Transition metal oxide conducting polymer nanocomposites and

metal-organic framework-based composites for supercapacitor
application 135
Swapnajit V. Mulik, Sushilkumar A. Jadhav,
Pramod S. Patil and Sagar D. Delekar
4.1 Introduction 135
4.2 Energy storage device evolution 137
4.2.1 Supercapacitor evolution 138
4.3 Market scenario 139
4.3.1 Market size 139
4.3.2 Companies with supercapacitor production 140
4.3.3 Global supercapacitor market end-users 142
Contents vii

4.4 Types of supercapacitors 143

4.4.1 Electric double layer capacitor 143
4.4.2 Pseudocapacitor 145
4.4.3 Hybrid supercapacitors 146
4.5 Electrical properties studies of energy storage devices 149
4.5.1 Operating voltage 150
4.5.2 Self-discharge 150
4.5.3 Polarity 152
4.5.4 Internal resistance 154
4.5.5 Dependency of device capacitance and resistance on
operating voltage and temperature 154
4.5.6 Current load and cycle stability 154
4.5.7 Energy density 156
4.5.8 Power density 158
4.5.9 Capacitance 159
4.6 Metal oxide-conducting polymer composites for supercapacitor 159
4.6.1 Composite of polyaniline with the representative metal
oxides 159
4.6.2 Composite of polypyyrole with the representative metal
oxides 164
4.6.3 Composite of poly 3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene and
polythiophene with the representative metal oxides 165
4.7 Metal oxide-metal-organic frameworks and metal-organic
frameworks derived material for supercapacitor 167
4.8 Conclusions and future outlooks 171
References 177

5 Metal oxide-based nanocomposites for supercapacitive applications 187

Sarita Patil, Nanasaheb D. Thorat, Joanna Bauer and Syed A.M. Tofail
5.1 Introduction 187
5.2 Charge storage mechanism 189
5.2.1 Non-faradic mechanism 189
5.2.2 Redox mechanism 190
5.2.3 Battery type charge storage 192
5.3 Carbon-based materials as an electrode 193
5.4 Metal oxides/metal oxide composites as an electrode in
supercapacitors 193
5.4.1 Ruthenium oxide 194
5.4.2 Manganese dioxide 194
5.4.3 Nickel oxide 195
5.4.4 Cobalt tetraoxide 196
5.4.5 Other metal oxide/metal oxide composites 197
5.4.6 Performance of negative electrode 197
5.5 Mixed transition metal oxides 198
viii Contents

5.5.1 Nickel cobaltate (NiCo2O4) 199

5.5.2 Ferrites 200
5.6 Flexible supercapacitors 201
5.7 Futuristic scope 201
5.8 Conclusions 202
References 203

6 Nanostructured WO32x based advanced supercapacitors for

sustainable energy applications 213
Akshay V. Salkar, Sheshanath V. Bhosale and Pranay P. Morajkar
6.1 Introduction 213
6.2 Crystallographic characteristics of WO3 214
6.2.1 Role of ion intercalation in WO3 and electrochemical
charge storage 217
6.3 Designing nanostructured WO3 for supercapacitor application 218
6.4 Recent developments in WO3 composites for supercapacitor
application 224
6.5 Conclusions 231
6.6 Future prospects 232
References 232

7 Metal oxide nanomaterials for organic photovoltaic applications 239

Harshad A. Mirgane, Dinesh N. Nadimetla, Dipak J. Garole and
Sheshanath V. Bhosale
7.1 Introduction 239
7.2 Organic photovoltaic: principle, designing and mechanism 242
7.2.1 Mechanism 243
7.2.2 Commonly used organic sensitizers in organic
photovoltaics 245
7.3 Metal oxide nanomaterials 245
7.4 Properties of nanomaterials 246
7.5 Representative metal oxides used in organic photovoltaics 249
7.6 Metal oxides based organic photovoltaic studies 250
7.6.1 Photovoltaic devices applications of nanomaterials 250
7.6.2 Titanium dioxide 251
7.6.3 Zinc oxide 252
7.6.4 Molybdenum oxide 252
7.6.5 Tin oxide 252
7.6.6 Tungsten oxide 253
7.6.7 Vanadium pentaoxide 253
7.7 Concluding summary and future prospective 255
References 255
Contents ix

8 Nanocrystalline metal oxide-based hybrids for third-generation

solar cell technologies 263
Prakash S. Pawar, Pramod A. Koyale, Ananta G. Dhodamani and
Sagar D. Delekar
8.1 Introduction 263
8.2 Modifications of metal oxides 265
8.2.1 Doped MxOy 265
8.2.2 Metal-supported MxOy 266
8.2.3 Metal oxide metal oxide hybrids (MxOy AmOn) 267
8.2.4 Other additives or Supportive materials 267
8.3 Emerging strategies of third-generation solar cell technologies 269
8.3.1 Dye-sensitized solar cells 269
8.3.2 Quantum dot-sensitized solar cells 271
8.3.3 Organic solar cells 272
8.3.4 Tandem solar cells 273
8.3.5 Perovskite solar cells 274
8.4 Present state of art in emerging photovoltaic devices 275
8.5 Conclusion and future outlooks 279
References 281

9 Role of metal oxides as photoelectrodes in dye-sensitized

solar cells 287
Jayraj V. Vaghasiya, Keval K. Sonigara and Saurabh S. Soni
9.1 Introduction 287
9.2 The operational principle of dye-sensitized
photo-electrochemical cells 289
9.3 Photo-physics of dye-sensitized photo-electrochemical cells 290
9.3.1 Energy levels of components 290
9.3.2 Charge separation 291
9.3.3 Recombination rate 293
9.3.4 Charge transfer rate 293
9.4 Metal oxide photoanode in dye-sensitized
photo-electrochemical cells 294
9.4.1 Influence of morphology in performance 294
9.4.2 Influence of interfacial engineering 309
9.5 Metal oxide cathode in dye-sensitized photo-electrochemical
cells 314
9.5.1 Role of metal oxide cathode in dye-sensitized photo-
electrochemical cells 314
9.5.2 Variable to evaluating the catalytic activity of metal oxide
cathode 316
9.5.3 Recent progress on metal oxide-based cathode 318
9.6 Conclusion and perspectives 324
References 325
x Contents

10 Nanostructured inorganic metal oxide/metal organic

framework-based electrodes for energy technologies 339
Pramod A. Koyale, Dillip K. Panda and Sagar D. Delekar
10.1 Introduction 339
10.2 Metal oxides for solar energy studies 342
10.3 Metal organic frameworks for solar energy studies 343
10.3.1 Metal organic frameworks as sensitizers 343
10.3.2 Guest@ metal organic frameworks system 348
10.4 Metal oxides/metal organic frameworks nanocomposite:
pros and cons 350
10.5 Metal oxide/metal organic frameworks: present state
of the art 352
10.6 Electrode designing and its features studies for energy
technologies 352
10.7 Metal oxides/metal organic frameworks nanocomposites for
solar energy harvesting 355
10.7.1 TiO2/ZIF-8 355
10.7.2 TiO2/Cu-BTC 356
10.7.3 TiO2/Co-DAPV 357
10.7.4 ZnO/ZIF-8 358
10.7.5 TiO2/MIL-125 358
10.7.6 ZnO/PPF-11 358
10.8 Metal oxide/metal organic frameworks nanocomposites for
water splitting 361
10.8.1 α-Fe2O3/imidazole-based metal organic frameworks 361
10.8.2 BiVO4/MIL-101(Fe) 361
10.8.3 TiO2/MIL-125 361
10.8.4 ZnO/ZIF-8 362
10.9 Conclusion and future perspectives 365
References 366

Part III Other applications of metal oxide-based

composites 377
11 Metal oxide nanocomposite-based electrochemical
biosensing studies 379
Ankita K. Dhukate, Sajid B. Mullani, Lynn Dennany and
Sagar D. Delekar
11.1 Introduction 379
11.2 Present scenario of biosensor market 381
11.3 Nonenzymatic electrochemical biosensors 382
11.4 Functional nanocomposites in electrochemical biosensor 383
11.4.1 Metallic nanoparticle-based composites 385
11.4.2 Metal oxide nanomaterial’s-based composites 389
Contents xi

11.5 Conclusions 392

11.6 Challenges and future perspectives 392
References 393

12 Functionalized magnetic iron oxide-based composites as

adsorbents for the removal of heavy metals from wastewater 401
Prashant B. Patil and Vijay P. Kothavale
12.1 Introduction 401
12.2 Water pollution by heavy metals and its removal 402
12.2.1 Methods for the removal of heavy metal ions 402
12.2.2 Adsorption process for the removal of heavy metal ions 403
12.3 Magnetic nanoparticles as nanoadsorbents 404
12.3.1 Functionalization of magnetic nanoparticles for
heavy metal ions removal 405
12.4 Batch adsorption experiment 409
12.4.1 Factors affecting the adsorption of heavy metal ions 409
12.4.2 Adsorption kinetics 410
12.4.3 Adsorption isotherms 411
12.5 Removal of heavy metal ions by magnetic nanoparticles 411
12.5.1 Removal of a single type of heavy metal ions 412
12.5.2 Simultaneous removal of multiple heavy metal ions 412
12.6 Conclusions and future perspectives 417
References 418

13 Mixed metal oxide nanocomposites for environmental remediation 425

S.M. Patil, S.A. Vanalakar and Sagar D. Delekar
13.1 Introduction: environmental remediation principles and
applications 425
13.2 Types of environmental remediation 427
13.2.1 Soil remediation 427
13.2.2 Groundwater and surface water remediation 427
13.2.3 Sediment remediation 428
13.3 Semiconducting metal oxides 428
13.4 Environmental remediation: need of the hour 429
13.5 Different composites in metal oxide 431
13.6 Mixed metal oxide NCS and environmental remediation:
present state of the art 432
13.6.1 TiO2-based nanocomposites 436
13.6.2 Fe2O3-based nanocomposites 437
13.6.3 ZnO-based nanocomposites 438
13.6.4 Al2O3-based nanocomposites 440
13.6.5 WO3-based nanocomposites 441
13.6.6 SnO2-based nanocomposites 441
13.6.7 Graphene oxide-based nanocomposites 442
13.6.8 Rare earth oxides-based nanocomposites 443
xii Contents

13.7 Advanced oxidation processes or degradation processes 444

13.8 Synthesis of metal oxide nanocomposites 447
13.9 Tailoring properties of metal oxide nanocomposites 450
13.9.1 Doping 452
13.9.2 Modeling phase structure 453
13.9.3 Stoichiometry controlling 453
13.9.4 Microstructure forming 454
13.9.5 Heterostructure forming 454
13.9.6 Controlling crystal growth 455
13.9.7 Impact of heat treatments 455
13.10 Protocols of mixed metal oxides used in environmental
remediation 455
13.10.1 Adsorbent studies 455
13.10.2 Catalytic studies 457
13.10.3 Membrane studies 458
13.10.4 Biological studies 459
13.11 Monitoring of pollutants during environmental remediation 460
13.11.1 Monitoring of air pollutants 461
13.11.2 Monitoring of soil pollutants 461
13.11.3 Monitoring of water pollutants 462
13.12 Concluding remarks and future perspectives 463
References 466

14 Metal oxide nanocomposites in water and wastewater treatment 479

Shubhangi D. Shirsat, Rajaram S. Mane, Joanna Bauer and
Nanasaheb D. Thorat
14.1 Water: the key to life on the earth 479
14.2 Present scenario of water pollution 481
14.3 Water treatment 482
14.4 Waste water treatment 484
14.5 Challenges 485
14.6 Nanotechnology in water and wastewater treatment 486
14.6.1 Nanosorbents 488
14.6.2 Nanocatalysts 493
14.6.3 Nanostructured membrane 494
14.6.4 Nanobiocides 496
14.7 Use of metal-oxide nanocomposites in water and wastewater
treatment 499
14.8 Features of metal oxide nanocomposite in water/wastewater
treatment 505
14.9 Future prospects 508
14.10 Conclusions 508
References 509
Contents xiii

15 Self-cleaning photoactive metal oxide-based concrete surfaces for

environmental remediation 523
Valmiki B. Koli and Shyue-Chu Ke
15.1 Introduction 523
15.2 Photocatalytic mechanism of self-cleaning concretes 526
15.3 Preparation of photoactive concrete surface 530
15.3.1 Method (i) 530
15.3.2 Method (ii) 531
15.3.3 Method (iii) 531
15.4 Properties of photoactive self-cleaning concretes 531
15.5 Photocatalytic activity testing methods 535
15.5.1 Self-cleaning test 535
15.5.2 Depollution testing 536
15.6 Advantages and disadvantages of self-cleaning concretes 537
15.7 Self-cleaning photoactive concrete in real-world applications 538
15.8 Market status of photoactive materials 541
15.9 Summary and conclusions 542
15.10 Future prospects 542
References 543
Further reading 547

16 Metal oxide nanocomposites: design and use in antimicrobial

coatings 549
Vijay S. Ghodake, Shamkumar P. Deshmukh and Sagar D. Delekar
16.1 Introduction 549
16.2 Microbes and microbial infectious diseases 550
16.3 Antimicrobial coatings: market scenario 555
16.4 Metal oxide nanocomposites as potential antimicrobial agents 557
16.4.1 Composites of metal oxide with inorganic moieties 558
16.4.2 Composites of metal oxide with organic moieties 569
16.5 Plausible mechanisms for nanocomposites-based microbes
inactivation 570
16.6 Synthesis strategies for designing metal oxide nanocomposite 572
16.7 Metal oxide nanocomposites based on antimicrobial coatings in
different fields 574
16.7.1 Hospital sector 575
16.7.2 Textile sector 578
16.7.3 Food sector 580
16.7.4 Polymer sector 583
16.7.5 Paint sector 584
16.7.6 Leather sector 586
16.8 Conclusions 589
16.9 Future outlooks 589
Acknowledgment 590
References 590
xiv Contents

17 Metal oxide composites in organic transformations 601

Meghshyam K. Patil, Sambhaji T. Dhumal and Vijay H. Masand
17.1 Introduction 601
17.2 Design and characterization of nanocomposites 602
17.3 Applications of metal oxide composites for organic
transformations 605
17.3.1 Synthesis of bis (pyrazol-5-ol) and
dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole analogs 605
17.3.2 Synthesis of pyrimido benzazoles 607
17.3.3 Synthesis of pyridine-3-carboxamides 607
17.3.4 Synthesis of benzimidazolo[2,3-b]quinazolinone
derivatives 608
17.3.5 Synthesis of dihydroquinazolinones 609
17.3.6 Synthesis of 4H-pyrimido[2,1-b]benzothiazoles and
benzoxanthenones 610
17.3.7 Synthesis of chromene derivatives 611
17.3.8 Synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazoles 614
17.3.9 Synthesis of pyran derivatives 615
17.3.10 Synthesis of thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one
Derivative 616
17.3.11 Synthesis of α-chloro aryl ketones 616
17.3.12 C H arylation reactions through aniline activation 617
17.3.13 Synthesis of unsymmetrical ureas 617
17.3.14 Synthesis of Betti bases and bisamides 618
17.3.15 Synthesis of 3-aryl-2-[(aryl)(arylamino)]methyl-4H-
furo[3,2-c]chromen-4-one derivatives 619
17.3.16 Synthesis of benzo[4,5]thiazolo[3,2-a]chromeno
[4,3-d]pyrimidin-6-one derivatives 620
17.3.17 Synthesis of substituted pyrazolones 620
17.3.18 Synthesis of 7-aryl-benzo[h]tetrazolo[5,1-b]quinazoline-
5,6-dione 621
17.3.19 Reduction of nitrobenzene and p-nitrophenol 622
17.4 Concluding remarks 623
References 623

18 Metal oxide-based composites as photocatalysts 633

Sandeep R. Patil
18.1 Introduction 633
18.1.1 Principles of metal oxide-based composites as
photocatalysts 633
18.1.2 Mechanism of photocatalytic reactions 633
18.2 Unitary metal oxides versus composite-based metal oxide
photocatalysts 634
18.3 Applications of metal oxide-based photocatalysts 641
Contents xv

18.3.1 Photoelectrocatalysis for energy conversion 641

18.3.2 Hydrogen production 644
18.3.3 Water treatment and environment 647
18.3.4 CO2 reduction (hydrocarbon generation) 650
18.3.5 Antibacterial, anticancer, and biomedical applications 652
18.3.6 Layered double hydroxides/metal-organic frameworks 655
18.3.7 Polymeric nanophotocatalysts 657
18.3.8 Food safety 659
18.4 Future perspectives of metal oxide-based composites as
photocatalysts 660
References 661

19 Metal oxide-based composites for magnetic hyperthermia

applications 673
Amol B. Pandhare, Rajendra P. Patil and Sagar D. Delekar
19.1 Introduction 673
19.2 Present cancer treatment: pros and cons 675
19.3 Hyperthermia 676
19.3.1 Classification of hyperthermia 676
19.3.2 Magnetic hyperthermia 679
19.4 Representative nanomaterials for magnetic hyperthermia 679
19.5 Magnetic metal oxide nanomaterials-based composites for
magnetic hyperthermia application 680
19.6 Iron oxide nanoparticles and surface functionalization 683
19.7 Methods for measuring the magnetism of the magnetic
materials 684
19.7.1 Superconducting quantum interference device
magnetometry 684
19.7.2 Zero-field cooling and field cooling measurements 685
19.7.3 Vibrating-sample magnetometer 686
19.7.4 Heating capacity: induction heating system 687
19.8 Conclusions 689
19.9 Challenges and future perspectives 689
References 690

Index 697
List of contributors

C.D. Bathula Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk

University-Seoul, Seoul, South Korea

Joanna Bauer Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental

Problems of Technology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology,
Wrocław, Poland

Sheshanath V. Bhosale School of Chemical Sciences, Goa University, Taleigao,

Goa, India

T.P. Chavan D. Y. Patil College of Engineering & Technology, Kolhapur,

Maharashtra, India

Sagar D. Delekar Nanoscience Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry,

Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India

Lynn Dennany Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of

Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Centre, Glasgow, United Kingdom

Shamkumar P. Deshmukh Nanoscience Research Laboratory, Department of

Chemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India; Department of
Chemistry, D.B.F. Dayanand College of Arts and Science, Solapur, Maharashtra,
India

Ananta G. Dhodamani Nanoscience Research Laboratory, Department of

Chemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India; Department of
Chemistry, Rajarshi Chhatrapati Shahu College, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India

Ankita K. Dhukate Nanoscience Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry,

Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India

Sambhaji T. Dhumal Department of Chemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar

Marathwada University, Aurangabad, Sub-Campus Osmanabad, Maharashtra, India;
Department of Chemistry, Ramkrishna Paramhansa Mahavidyalaya, Osmanabad,
Maharashtra, India
xviii List of contributors

Dipak J. Garole Directorate of Geology and Mining, Government of Maharashtra,

Nagpur, Maharashtra, India

Vijay S. Ghodake Nanoscience Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry,

Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India

Sushilkumar A. Jadhav School of Nanoscience and Technology, Shivaji

University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India

Shyue-Chu Ke Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University Shou-Feng,

Hualien, Taiwan

D-Y. Kim Department of Biological and Environmental Science, College of Life

Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University Biomedical Campus, Gyeonggi-
do, South Korea

Valmiki B. Koli Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University Shou-

Feng, Hualien, Taiwan

Vijay P. Kothavale Department of Physics, Bhogawati Mahavidyalaya Kurukali,

Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India

Pramod A. Koyale Nanoscience Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry,

Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India

Rajaram S. Mane School of Physical Sciences, SRTMU, Nanded, Maharashtra,

India

Vijay H. Masand Department of Chemistry, Vidya Bharati Mahavidyalaya,

Amravati, Maharashtra, India

Harshad A. Mirgane School of Chemical Sciences, Goa University, Taleigao,

Goa, India

Pranay P. Morajkar School of Chemical Sciences, Goa University, Taleigao,

Goa, India

Swapnajit V. Mulik Nanoscience Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry,

Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India

Sajid B. Mullani Nanoscience Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry,

Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India

Dinesh N. Nadimetla School of Chemical Sciences, Goa University, Taleigao,

Goa, India
List of contributors xix

Dillip K. Panda Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC,

United States

Amol B. Pandhare Nanoscience Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry,

Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India; Department of Chemistry, M.H.
Shinde Mahavidyalaya, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India

Meghshyam K. Patil Department of Chemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar

Marathwada University, Aurangabad, Sub-Campus Osmanabad, Maharashtra, India

Pramod S. Patil Department of Physics, Shivaji University, Kolhapur,

Maharashtra, India

Prashant B. Patil Department of Physics, The New College, Shivaji University,

Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India

Rajendra P. Patil Department of Chemistry, M.H. Shinde Mahavidyalaya,

Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India

S.M. Patil Nanoscience Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Shivaji

University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India; Department of Chemistry, Karmaveer
Hire College, Gargoti, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India

Sandeep R. Patil School of Science, Navrachana University Vadodara, Vadodara,

Gujarat, India

Sarita Patil Department of Physics, Sanjay Ghodawat University, Kolhapur,

Maharashtra, India

Prakash S. Pawar Nanoscience Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry,

Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India; Department of Chemistry, Shri
Yashwantaro Patil Science College Solankur, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India

S. Ramesh Department of Mechanical, Robotics and Energy Engineering,

Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul, South Korea

Akshay V. Salkar School of Chemical Sciences, Goa University, Taleigao, Goa,

India

S.K. Shinde Department of Biological and Environmental Science, College of Life

Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University Biomedical Campus, Gyeonggi-
do, South Korea

Shubhangi D. Shirsat Department of Biotechnology, SRTMU New Model Degree

College, Hingoli, Maharashtra, India
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