Landslides and engineered slopes

experience theory and practice

Proceedings of the 12th International
Symposium on Landslides Napoli Italy
12 19 June 2016 1st Edition Aversa
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://textbookfull.com/product/landslides-and-engineered-slopes-experience-theory-
and-practice-proceedings-of-the-12th-international-symposium-on-landslides-napoli-it
aly-12-19-june-2016-1st-edition-aversa/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

Landslides: Theory, Practice and Modelling S.P. Pradhan

https://textbookfull.com/product/landslides-theory-practice-and-
modelling-s-p-pradhan/

Bioinformatics Research and Applications 12th

International Symposium ISBRA 2016 Minsk Belarus June 5
8 2016 Proceedings 1st Edition Anu Bourgeois

https://textbookfull.com/product/bioinformatics-research-and-
applications-12th-international-symposium-isbra-2016-minsk-
belarus-june-5-8-2016-proceedings-1st-edition-anu-bourgeois/

Information Security Practice and Experience 12th

International Conference ISPEC 2016 Zhangjiajie China
November 16 18 2016 Proceedings 1st Edition Feng Bao

https://textbookfull.com/product/information-security-practice-
and-experience-12th-international-conference-
ispec-2016-zhangjiajie-china-november-16-18-2016-proceedings-1st-
edition-feng-bao/

Advancing Culture of Living with Landslides Volume 5

Landslides in Different Environments 1st Edition Matjaž
Mikoš

https://textbookfull.com/product/advancing-culture-of-living-
with-landslides-volume-5-landslides-in-different-
environments-1st-edition-matjaz-mikos/
River Sedimentation Proceedings of the 13th
International Symposium on River Sedimentation
Stuttgart Germany 19 22 September 2016 Haun

https://textbookfull.com/product/river-sedimentation-proceedings-
of-the-13th-international-symposium-on-river-sedimentation-
stuttgart-germany-19-22-september-2016-haun/

Modeling Gravity Hazards from Rockfalls to Landslides.

From Individual Rockfalls to Large Landslides 1st
Edition Vincent Richefeu

https://textbookfull.com/product/modeling-gravity-hazards-from-
rockfalls-to-landslides-from-individual-rockfalls-to-large-
landslides-1st-edition-vincent-richefeu/

Advances in Visual Computing 12th International

Symposium ISVC 2016 Las Vegas NV USA December 12 14
2016 Proceedings Part II 1st Edition George Bebis

https://textbookfull.com/product/advances-in-visual-
computing-12th-international-symposium-isvc-2016-las-vegas-nv-
usa-december-12-14-2016-proceedings-part-ii-1st-edition-george-
bebis/

Advances in Visual Computing 12th International

Symposium ISVC 2016 Las Vegas NV USA December 12 14
2016 Proceedings Part I 1st Edition George Bebis

https://textbookfull.com/product/advances-in-visual-
computing-12th-international-symposium-isvc-2016-las-vegas-nv-
usa-december-12-14-2016-proceedings-part-i-1st-edition-george-
bebis/

Theory and Practice of Natural Computing 5th

International Conference TPNC 2016 Sendai Japan
December 12 13 2016 Proceedings 1st Edition Carlos
Martín-Vide
https://textbookfull.com/product/theory-and-practice-of-natural-
computing-5th-international-conference-tpnc-2016-sendai-japan-
december-12-13-2016-proceedings-1st-edition-carlos-martin-vide/
Editors
Stefano Aversa
Leonardo Cascini
Luciano Picarelli
Claudio Scavia

Landslides and
Engineered Slopes
– Experience, Theory and Practice –

Volume 1
LANDSLIDES AND ENGINEERED SLOPES.
EXPERIENCE, THEORY AND PRACTICE
This page intentionally left blank
PROCEEDINGS OF THE 12TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON LANDSLIDES, NAPOLI, ITALY,
12–19 JUNE 2016

Landslides and Engineered Slopes.

Experience, Theory and Practice

Editors
Stefano Aversa
Università di Napoli Parthenope, Napoli, Italy

Leonardo Cascini
Università di Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy

Luciano Picarelli
Seconda Università di Napoli, Caserta, Italy

Claudio Scavia
Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy

VOLUME 1
Cover photo:
CAMPI PHLEGRÆI
OBSERVATIONS ON THE VOLCANOS OF THE TWO SICILIES
As they have been communicated to the Royal Society of London
By
SIR WILLIAM HAMILTON
HIS BRITANNIC MAJESTY’S ENVOY EXTRAORDINARY, AND PLENIPOTENTIARY AT THE
COURT OF NAPLES
To which, in Order to convey the most precise idea of each remark, a new and accurate Map is annexed,
with 54 Plates illuminated from Drawings taken and colour’d after Nature, under the inspection of the
Author, by the Editor Mr. Peter Fabris.
NAPLES MDCCLXXVI

Private Collection of Prof. Stefano Aversa

Organized by Under the auspices of

CRC Press/Balkema is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

© 2016 Associazione Geotecnica Italiana, Rome, Italy

Typeset by V Publishing Solutions Pvt Ltd., Chennai, India

Printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY

All rights reserved. No part of this publication or the information contained herein may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written prior permission from the publisher.

Although all care is taken to ensure integrity and the quality of this publication and the information
herein, no responsibility is assumed by the publishers nor the author for any damage to the property or
persons as a result of operation or use of this publication and/or the information contained herein.

Published by: CRC Press/Balkema

P.O. Box 11320, 2301 EH Leiden, The Netherlands
e-mail: Pub.NL@taylorandfrancis.com
www.crcpress.com – www.taylorandfrancis.com

ISBN: 978-1-138-02988-0 (set of 3 volumes + USB-card)

ISBN: 978-1-138-02989-7 (Vol 1)
ISBN: 978-1-138-02990-3 (Vol 2)
ISBN: 978-1-138-02991-0 (Vol 3)
ISBN: 978-1-4987-8807-6 (eBook PDF)
 Landslides and Engineered Slopes. Experience, Theory and Practice – Aversa et al. (Eds)
© 2016 Associazione Geotecnica Italiana, Rome, Italy, ISBN 978-1-138-02988-0

Table of contents

Preface xxi
Committees xxiii

VOLUME 1
Invited lectures
JTC1 Heim lecture
A review of landslide hazard and risk assessment methodology 3
O. Hungr

Volcanic induced landslides

Panel lectures
Earthquake-induced displacement is insignificant in the reactivated Utiku landslide,
New Zealand 31
C.I. Massey, E. Abbott, M. McSaveney, D.N. Petley & L. Richards
Geotechnical analysis of instability phenomena at active volcanoes: Two case histories in Italy 53
P. Tommasi, T. Rotonda, L. Verrucci, A. Graziani & D. Boldini

Earthquake induced landslides

State of the art report
Threshold conditions and run-out displacements of the landslides induced
by the Chi-Chi earthquake, Taiwan 81
M.-L. Lin, C.-Y. Huang & T.-C. Kao

Panel lectures
Prediction of earthquake-induced landslides of pyroclastic fall deposits 93
M. Chigira & T. Suzuki
Multi-level approach for zonation of seismic slope stability: Experiences and perspectives in Italy 101
F. Silvestri, G. Forte & M. Calvello

Weather induced landslides

Panel lectures
Progressive failure in deep-seated rockslides due to seasonal fluctuations in pore
pressures and rock mass fatigue 121
E. Eberhardt, G. Preisig & V. Gischig
Risk analysis for rainfall-induced slope instabilities in coarse-grained soils: Practice
and perspectives in Italy 137
S. Ferlisi & G. De Chiara

v
On the multi-dimensions of Integrated Research on Landslide Disaster Risk 155
I. Alcántara-Ayala

Human induced landslides

General report
Human Induced Landslides 171
R. Fell

Panel lectures
Post-constructions landslides in the Panama Canal 203
M.A. De Puy
Human-Induced Landslides: Toward the analysis of anthropogenic changes of the slope environment 217
M. Jaboyedoff, C. Michoud, M.-H. Derron, J. Voumard, G. Leibundgut,
K. Sudmeier-Rieux, C. Michoud, F. Nadim & E. Leroi
The long-term geologic hazards and consequent risk after the Wenchuan earthquake 233
R. Huang, B. Yu, W. Hu, W. Li, X. Fan, C. Tang & Q. Xu

Lecture in memory of Prof. Arturo Pellegrino

Professor Arturo Pellegrino, an inspiring researcher 261
S. Leroueil

Author index 279

VOLUME 2
Development of a systematic approach to calibrate equivalent fluid runout models 285
J. Aaron, O. Hungr & S. McDougall
Geosynthetics layout optimization for reinforced soil slopes subject to cracks 295
A.H. Abd & S. Utili
User requirements for an Earth Observation (EO)-based landslide information web service 301
F. Albrecht, D. Hölbling, E. Weinke & C. Eisank
Material Point Method analysis of induced laboratory scaled landslide 309
M. Alvarado, A. Ruiz & N. Pinyol
Back-analysis of a large earth-slide in stiff clays induced by intense rainfalls 317
M. Amanti, V. Chiessi, P.M. Guarino, D. Spizzichino, A. Troccoli, G. Vizzini, N.L. Fazio,
P. Lollino, M. Parise & C. Vennari
Stop-start landslides and the creep phenomena 325
M.G. Angeli, E. Bromhead, P. Gasparetto, F. Marabini & F. Pontoni
Use of probabilistic methods and cellular automata in the evaluation of hazard scenarios
and paths of landslides triggered by rains 333
G.F. Azevedo, N.M. Souza & H.E.M. Carvajal
Use of three-dimensional slope stability model and probabilistic method for landslides
hazard analysis triggered by rainfall 341
G.F. Azevedo, N.M. Souza, M.T.M.G. Silva & H.E.M. Carvajal
Rainfall and human interventions induced landslides in the north of Algeria 349
R. Bahar & L. Djerbal
Landslide hazard zonation using the AHP model in Ayvashan dam watershed, Lorestan 355
S. Baharvand, J. Rahnamarad & S. Soori

vi
Ground surface deformations induced by tunneling under deep-seated landslides
in the Northern Apennines of Italy imaged using advanced InSAR techniques 363
B. Bayer, L. Bertello, A. Simoni, M. Berti, D. Schmidt, M. Generali & M. Pizziolo
Slope instabilities in Polish open-pit mines 371
Z. Bednarczyk
Effects of mass movements on natural and built environment in lower part of Tarnawka
River Valley, Polish Carpathians 381
Z. Bednarczyk
Rockfall detection and volumetric characterisation using LiDAR 389
J. Benjamin, N.J. Rosser & M.J. Brain
Addition to the method of Mora & Vahrson for landslide susceptibility along the Bulgarian
Black Sea coast 397
B. Berov, P. Ivanov, N. Dobrev & M. Krastanov
Landslide risk management at transport facilities 405
E. Bezuglova, S. Matsiy & V. Podtelkov
A PSI-based analysis of landslides in the historic town of Volterra (Italy) 411
S. Bianchini, F. Pratesi, T. Nolesini, M. Del Soldato & N. Casagli
Geotechnical in situ measures to improve landslides forecasting models: A case study
in Tuscany (Central Italy) 419
G. Bicocchi, M. D’Ambrosio, G. Rossi, A. Rosi, C. Tacconi-Stefanelli, S. Segoni, M. Nocentini,
P. Vannocci, V. Tofani, N. Casagli & F. Catani
A case study of slope failure of a man-made reservoir 425
K.C. Birid & N.P. Shirode
Passive composite anchors for landslide stabilization: An Italian-Polish
research program 433
A. Bisson, S. Cola, P. Baran, T. Zydroń, A.T. Gruchot & R. Murzyn
Using 2D InSAR, dGNSS and structural field data to understand the deformation
mechanism of the unstable rock slope Gamanjunni 3, northern Norway 443
M. Böhme, H.S.S. Bunkholt, T. Oppikofer, J.F. Dehls, R.L. Hermanns, H.Ø. Eriksen,
T.R. Lauknes & T. Eiken
Implementation of real time geotechnical monitoring at an open pit mountain coal mine
in Western Canada (update) 451
G. Bonci, B. Klappstein & W. Maston
Long-term control of La Frasse Landslide: From theory to practice 461
Ch. Bonnard, L. Laloui, L. Tacher, E. Prina Howald, G. Steinmann, G. Schaeren,
Ch. Heubi, F. Geiser & C. Taruffi
The role of the vineyards on shallow landslides 467
M. Bordoni, M.G. Persichillo, C. Meisina, S. Chersich, A. Vercesi, G.B. Bischetti,
E.A. Chiaradia, A. Cislaghi, C. Vergani, R. Valentino, M. Bittelli & R. Comolli
Monitoring of hydrological parameters for the identification of shallow landslides
triggering: A case study from Northern Italy 475
M. Bordoni, C. Meisina, S. Chersich, M.G. Persichillo, R. Valentino & M. Bittelli
Effects of modified irrigation procedures on the stability of cultivated slopes 483
G. Bosco, M. Dalpiaz & L. Simeoni
Evaluating the spatial uncertainty in the modelling of landlides: The Boolean Stochastic
Generation (BoSG) method 491
G. Bossi
Blasting induced landslides in sensitive clays 497
S. Bouchard, J.-S. L’Heureux, J. Johansson, S. Leroueil & D. LeBoeuf

vii
Landslide hazard microzonation in the urban area of Constantine, Northeast Algeria
using Frequency Ratio, Weighting factor, Logistic Regression, Weights Of Evidence and
Analytical Hierarchy Process methods 505
H. Bourenane, Y. Bouhadad, M. Braham & M.S. Guettouche
A new GIS-based multivariate statistical analysis for landslide susceptibility zoning 511
R. Bovolenta, B. Federici, R. Marzocchi & R. Berardi
LAMP—LAndslide Monitoring and Predicting for the analysis of landslide susceptibility
triggered by rainfall events 517
R. Bovolenta, R. Passalacqua, B. Federici & D. Sguerso
Potential of satellite InSAR monitoring for landslide Failure Forecasting 523
F. Bozzano, P. Mazzanti, C. Esposito, S. Moretto & A. Rocca
The Miramar Landslide at Herne Bay and the storm surge of 1953 531
E.N. Bromhead, M.-L. Ibsen & A.P. Dykes
Optimal use of thematic maps for landslide susceptibility assessment by means
of statistical analyses: Case study of shallow landslides in fine grained soils 537
M. Calvello & M. Ciurleo
Generating web scraped high-quality weather databases for near-real-time derivation
of spatial landslide susceptibility 545
E. Canli, M. Mergili, T. Glade & B. Loigge
Large soil displacement along natural slope of the Mahouane Dam Reservoir, Algeria.
An approach to investigate great landslide areas under difficult conditions 551
V. Capata, A. Lombardi & P.F. Nurisso
Laboratory simulation of a slow landslide mechanism 557
J.M. Carey, M.J. McSaveney, B. Lyndsell & D.N. Petley
The stability problems of a pile wall for containing a hill excavation in Asturias (Spain) 565
J.L. Carrera, P. Sola, C.S. Oteo & J.A. Leira
Innovative monitoring system for automated data acquisition and analysis 571
A. Carri & L. Spaggiari
Integrated analysis of data collected by an innovative monitoring system and results
of a 3D numerical model in Boschetto landslide 579
A. Carri, L. Chiapponi, R. Giovanelli & A. Segalini
Rheometrical experiments with monitoring of resistivity and induced polarization: For a better
understanding of the solid-fluid transition in clayey landslides 587
S.R. Carrière, G. Bièvre, D. Jongmans, E. Larose, G. Chambon & T. Lebourg
A web-based GIS system for landslide risk zonation: The case of Enna area (Italy) 595
F. Castelli, E. Castellano, F. Contino & V. Lentini
The Betsiamites-Colombier slides along the St. Lawrence Estuary: Linking
a 7250 years BP submarine slide to a 1663 coastal landslide 605
G. Cauchon-Voyer, J. Locat, S. Leroueil, G. St-Onge & D. Demers
Study of flow landslide impact forces on protection structures with the Material Point Method 615
F. Ceccato
A landslide prediction method considering the depth ratio of the wetting zone 621
B.-G. Chae & J. Choi & H.-J. Park
Physical vulnerability assessment for buildings impacted by a slow moving landslide
based on field work and statistical modelling 627
L. Chen, X. Cao, K. Yin, Y. Wu & Y. Li
Influence of periodical rainfall on shallow slope failures based on finite element analysis 635
A. Chinkulkijniwat & S. Yubonchit

viii
Flume modelling of rigid barrier run-up mitigation measures 643
C.E. Choi, L.H.D. Liu, G. Goodwin & C.W.W. Ng
Numerical analysis of debris flow hazards from case study 649
J.H. Choi, B.G. Chae, K.F. Liu & Y.H. Wu
A Landslide Susceptibility Map of the Messina Province (Sicily, Italy) 657
A. Ciampalini, F. Raspini, S. Bianchini, D. Lagomarsino & S. Moretti
Considerations on the failure of the Cervinara slope 663
L. Comegna, E. Damiano, R. Greco, A. Guida, L. Olivares & L. Picarelli
Modelling and mapping mass movements using statistic method
and morphometric parameters 671
A.C. Corsi, O. Bitar, A.G. Siqueira & R.A. Stabile
Toward a centralized data management center for integrated landslide monitoring
in Emilia Romagna Region (Italy) 679
A. Corsini, F. Bonacini, G. Ciccarese, M. Mulas, F. Ronchetti, S. Nanni, G. Truffelli,
G. Caputo, M. Pizziolo, S. Primerano & A. Monni
A wireless crackmeters network for the analysis of rock falls at the Pietra di Bismantova
natural heritage site (Northern Apennines, Italy) 685
A. Corsini, F. Bonacini, M. Deiana, R. Giusti, M. Russo, F. Ronchetti, C. Cantini,
G. Truffelli, C. Iasio, M. Generali, L. Ascari, L. Chiesi & L. Venturi
Slow landslides in urbanised clayey slopes: An emblematic case from the south of Italy 691
F. Cotecchia, C. Vitone, R. Petti, I. Soriano, F. Santaloia & P. Lollino
Risk mapping for landslides and erosion in the municipality of Ipojuca-PE—Rurópolis
community 699
R.Q. Coutinho, H.M. Henrique, C.C. Duarte & D.M. Nascimento
Geological causes of earthquake induced large landslide: Case study of Daguangbao landslide 707
S.H. Cui, R.Q. Huang & X.J. Pei
Submarine landslides in the western margin of the Ulleung Basin, East Sea 715
D. Cukur, G.-S. Kong, J.-J. Bahk, S. Horozal, Y. Yoon, J.-K. Kim, J.-G. Choi & S.P. Kim
Spatially distributed analysis of soil erosion in a mountain catchment 721
S. Cuomo & M. Della Sala
Simple shear and wetting tests on unsaturated pyroclastic soils 729
S. Cuomo, M. Moscariello & V. Foresta
Analysis and monitoring of a tunnelling-induced deep landslide reactivation 735
M.E. D’Effremo, A. Desideri, M.F. García Martínez, G. Gottardi, G. Ricceri, A. Selleri,
P. Simonini & P. Torsello
Morphology of late Quaternary mass-transport complexes along the South-Western
Adriatc Margin 743
G. Dalla Valle, E. Campiani, F. Foglini, F. Gamberi, V. Maselli, C. Pellegrini & F. Trincardi
Impact of blocks on deformable layers: Influence of block rotation and size 751
G. Dattola, G.B. Crosta & C. di Prisco
Extremely Energetic Rockfalls: Some preliminary estimates 759
F.V. De Blasio & G.B. Crosta
2D Modelling of rockslide displacements by non-linear time dependent relationships 765
M. De Caro, G.B. Crosta, R. Castellanza, F. Agliardi, G. Volpi & S. Alberti
Characterization of mass movements in the Italian Alps using regional seismic networks 771
F. De Santis, V. Coviello, A. Manconi, M. Picozzi & A. Godio
Investigation about the Bouhlou’s landslide at the Soummam valley, Algeria 781
N. Debabi, A. Seghir & A. Tahakourt

ix
Using ambient noise to investigate slope instabilities induced by the 2008 Wenchuan
earthquake (Sichuan, China) 789
V. Del Gaudio, J. Wasowski, Y. Luo, R. Huang & Y. Wang
Thickness model of pyroclastic soils along mountain slopes
of Campania (southern Italy) 797
M. Del Soldato, S. Segoni, P. De Vita, V. Pazzi, V. Tofani & S. Moretti
Multi-modelling for a slope-scale deformation evolving from mass rock creep
to rock avalanche 805
M. Della Seta, C. Esposito, G.M. Marmoni, S. Martino,
G. Scarascia Mugnozza & F. Troiani
Pore fluid composition in a clayey landslide of marine origin and its influence
on shear strength along the slip surface 813
C. Di Maio, G. Scaringi, R. Vassallo, E. Rizzo & A. Perrone
Multi-level design approaches for slope-stabilizing piles 821
C. di Prisco, A. Galli, S. Aversa & R.M.S. Maiorano
Landslides and morphological characterization in the Serra do Mar, Brazil 831
H.C. Dias, V.C. Dias & B.C. Vieira
Numerical modeling of the effect of rainfall on Azazga landslide, Algeria 837
L. Djerbal & R. Bahar
Geological risk overview of the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo, Brazil 843
L.F. dos Santos, T. Antonelli, A.F. Lazaretti & D. Pinho
Quantitative vulnerability evaluation of individual landslide: Application
to the Zhaoshuling Landslide, Three Gorges Reservoir, China 851
J. Du, K. Yin, Y. Wang, Y. Wu & B. Chai
A new assessment of the Southwell Topple of 1734 861
A.P. Dykes, M.-L. Ibsen & E.N. Bromhead
A methodology for a comprehensive assessment of earthquake-induced landslide hazard,
with an application to pilot sites in Central Italy 869
C. Esposito, S. Martino, F. Pallone, G. Martini & R.W. Romeo
A comparison between probabilistic approaches for the evaluation of rainfall-induced landslide
susceptibility at regional scale 879
G. Fanelli, D. Salciarini & C. Tamagnini
Investigation of a landslide area in the Betic Cordillera Region in Granada, Spain 885
N. Fazıl Fidan, C. Akgüner & R. El Hamdouni Jenoui
Debris flow hazard and susceptibility zonation in small watersheds in Itaoca municipality,
São Paulo state, Brazil 893
C.J. Ferreira, D. Rossini-Penteado, M.J. Brollo, J.L. Picanço,
M.C. da Silva & B.M. Guimarães
Slope stability analysis of La Marogna slope: Combined survey and modeling approaches
for a global assessment of past and future events 901
A.M. Ferrero, A. Filipello, G. Mandrone, G. Umili & F. Vagnon
Determination of thresholds at the Aggenalm landslide (Bayrischzell, Germany) by time
series analysis and numerical modeling 909
J. Festl & K. Thuro
Integrated seismic monitoring system in a major aqueduct infrastructure 917
M. Fiorucci, R. Iannucci, S. Martino, A. Prestininzi, S. Rivellino, L. Lenti & A. Paciello
Vulnerability assessment of RC buildings subjected to ground shaking and subsequent
landslide hazard 925
S.D. Fotopoulou & K.D. Pitilakis

x
Processing of remote sensing data for the estimation of rock block size distribution
in landslide deposits 935
F. Franci & M.C. Spreafico
Rainfall thresholds for triggering shallow landslides in Vara Valley (Liguria, Italy) 943
Y. Galanti, R. Giannecchini, G. D’Amato Avanzi, M. Barsanti & G. Benvenuto
Comparison of statistical techniques for shallow landslide rainfall thresholds definition:
A case study in Eastern Liguria (Italy) 951
Y. Galanti, R. Giannecchini & M. Barsanti
Simplified numerical analysis of rock block-anchor interaction 959
A. Galli & L. Flessati
Interference of tectonic and mining activities on the stability of a rock slope 969
R. Genevois, P.R. Tecca & A.M. Deganutti
Evaluation methodology of geotechnical properties of inhomogeneous soft rock masses:
A case study in Permian fine grained clastic rocks 975
A. Georgalas, D. Vakiris & G. Papacharalampous
Experimental study on rockfall fragmentation: In situ test design and first results 983
J.A. Gili, R. Ruiz, G. Matas, J. Corominas, N. Lantada, M.A. Núñez, O. Mavrouli,
F. Buill, J. Moya, A. Prades & S. Moreno
Numerical code calibration for the back analysis of debris flow runout in southern Italy 991
D. Gioffrè, N. Moraci, L. Borrelli & G. Gullà
The geological multi-hazard map of Catalonia. A user-friendly tool for land use planning
and management risk 999
M. González, J. Pinyol & P. Oller
The Natural Slope Methodology (NSM), an efficient tool to estimate landslide relative
hazard parameters 1003
A.J. González-García
Debris flows occurrence by intense rains at Itaoca city, São Paulo,
Brazil: Field observations 1011
M.F. Gramani & V.T.S. Martins
The influence of non-linear hydraulic behavior of slope soil covers on rainfall
intensity-duration thresholds 1021
R. Greco & T.A. Bogaard
Reconstruction of the long-term evolution of a catastrophic slope failure at the Preonzo
rock slope instability complex (TI, Switzerland) 1027
S. Gschwind & S. Loew
The Montaguto earth flow: Nine years of observation and analyses 1035
L. Guerriero, P. Revellino, G. Grelle, N. Diodato, F.M. Guadagno & J.A. Coe
Study on deformation process of an indiscernible landslide in low-angle dip red beds area
of southwestern China 1043
J. Guo, M. Xu, W. Chen & Z. Wang
Evidence of a post-glacial rock avalanche impact on Lake Wanaka,
New Zealand 1049
G.S. Halliday
Numerical back analysis to optimize the laboratory scale model 1055
F. Hamrouni, M. Jamei, H. Trabelsi & L. Elghezal
A new approach of diffuse rockfall hazard 1063
D. Hantz, Q. Ventroux, J.P. Rossetti & F. Berger
Effectiveness of Dual Capillary Barrier as slope protection 1069
F.R. Harnas, H. Rahardjo, A. Satyanaga & E.C. Leong

xi
Evaluation of seismic response characteristics of terrace slope based on array measurement
of microtremor 1077
Y. Hata, T. Yoshikawa, F. Minato, K. Tokida, A. Murata, M. Miyajima, M. Yamada & K. Hada
Temporary earthquake observation with very high density at residential valley-filling sites
in Yokohama City, Japan 1083
Y. Hata, T. Yoshida, K. Tokida, Y. Fukushima & T. Ikeda
Case-study of a quick clay landslide that caused the partial collapse of Mofjellbekken bridges
in Norway 1091
S.B. Haugen, L.A. Henderson & Å.M.W. Amdal
Study of slope instabilities under effect of weathering and hydrothermal alteration
in southern Brazil 1099
M. Heidemann, L.A. Bressani, J.A. Flores & M. Porto
Rock slope instabilities in Norway: First systematic hazard and risk classification
of 22 unstable rock slopes from northern, western and southern Norway 1107
R.L. Hermanns, T. Oppikofer, M. Böhme, J.F. Dehls, F.X. Yugsi Molina & I.M. Penna
Three-dimensional stability limit analysis of slopes with weak interlayer under rainfall
condition based on rotation-translation combined mechanism 1115
M. Huang, X. Fan, H. Wang & Y. Liu
A review of landslide risk acceptability practices in various countries 1121
O. Hungr, J. Clague, N.R. Morgenstern, D. VanDine & D. Stadel
Susceptibility assessment of rainfall-triggered flows and slides in the central-eastern Pyrenees 1129
M. Hürlimann, N. Lantada, M. González & J. Pinyol
Development of an innovative 3D position monitoring system for emergency applications
based on wireless sensor network technology 1137
E. Intrieri, G. Gigli, M. Nocentini, L. Lombardi, N. Casagli, L. Mucchi, F. Trippi, R. Schina,
E. Carnevale, A. Fornaciai, L. Nannipieri, M. Favalli, J. Marturia, G. Bertolini & M. Pizziolo
Stability analysis of deep cut slopes in anisotropic rocks with low quality 1143
B. Janevski & A. Janevska
Numerical modelling of seismic site effects and their impact on slope stability in Wellington,
New Zealand 1153
L. Janku, M. Villeneuve, C. Massey & A. Kaiser
Landslide mapping for susceptibility and hazard assessment: North York Moors, UK 1159
H. Jordan, D. Boon, C. Dashwood, T. Dijkstra, K. Freeborough, P. Hobbs, G. Jenkins,
K. Lee, C. Pennington & H. Reeves
Investigation of rock slope stability for an abandoned limestone quarry
in Konya (Turkey) 1169
V. Kalpakci, S. Ozturk, T. Topal & N. Huvaj
Long term ground displacements due to a large landslide in western Greece 1177
K. Kavoura, N. Sabatakakis & G. Tsiambaos
Risk assessment of debris flow on expressway in Korea using GIS 1183
B.-J. Kim, C.-Y. Yune, K.-S. Kim & S.-D. Lee
Historical views and current perspective of debris flow disaster
management in Brazil 1189
M. Kobiyama, G.P. Michel & R.F. Goerl
Optimizing the parameterization of mass flow models 1195
J. Krenn, M. Mergili, J.T. Fischer, P. Frattini & S.P. Pudasaini
Preliminary forensic investigation of the structural and geomorphological controls
on the prehistoric Tamins rockslide in Grisons, Switzerland 1205
H. Krietsch & A. Wolter

xii
Rock slope pre-failure deformation database for improved transportation
corridor risk management 1211
R.A. Kromer, D.J. Hutchinson, M.J. Lato & A. Abellán
Recent advances in landslide risk management measures in Hong Kong 1219
J.S.H. Kwan, H.W. Sun, C. Lam, R.C.H. Koo & K.K.S. Ho
Investigation of distress of a reinforced earth wall in Hong Kong 1229
H.W.K. Lam, D.O.K. Lo & J. Cunningham
Effects of deflection wall on run-up height of debris flow 1237
T.M.H. Le, S.O. Christensen, A. Watn, L.F. Christiansen, A. Emdal & H. Norem
Stability evolution of deep-seated rock slides in the surroundings
of large dam reservoirs 1245
H. Lechner, A. Preh, A. Strauss & C. Zangerl
Numerical study of the initiation and evolution mechanism of a rock slope deformation:
A case study from Nujiang river 1251
Z. Lei, Y. Ming & H. Runqiu
Seismic response of the Güevéjar landslide (S Spain) 1259
L. Lenti, S. Martino, J. Delgado, J.J. Galiana, C. López-Casado, J. Garrido, C. Sanz de Galdeano,
J.A. Peláez & F.J. García-Tortosa
Contour Connection Method: A Semi-automated method for hazard mapping using LiDAR 1267
B. Leshchinsky
Modelling study on rainfall infiltration and drainage effect of Badu landslide 1275
T.B. Li, X. Wang, D.M. Xue & C.C. Ma
Ancient landslides and contributions to Qiaojia basin’s deposits 1281
T.T. Li, X.J. Pei, R.Q. Huang & S. Wang
Spatially distributed modeling of landslide triggering: An approach based on principles
of unsaturated soil plasticity 1287
J.J. Lizárraga, G. Buscarnera, P. Frattini & G.B. Crosta
Spreads in Canadian sensitive clays 1295
A. Locat, D. Demers & S. Leroueil
Tsunamigenic landslides in Québec 1305
J. Locat, D. Turmel, J. Leblanc & D. Demers
Analysis of the propagation of a large earthflow by SPH technique application 1313
P. Lollino, D. Giordan, P. Allasia & M. Pastor
The surface rupture system induced by fault activity—a case study in strong deformation
zone of Wangjiapo 1323
J. Luo, X.J. Pei, R.Q. Huang, M. Liu & P. Xu

Author index 1333

VOLUME 3
A procedure to evaluate the susceptibility of rapid flowslides in Southern Italy 1339
M.C. Mandaglio, N. Moraci, D. Gioffrè & A. Pitasi
High-mobility of unconstrained rock avalanches: Numerical simulations of a laboratory
experiment and an Argentinian event 1345
I. Manzella, I. Penna, K. Kelfoun & M. Jaboyedoff
TRENT2D, a quasi-two-phase numerical code to simulate debris flow dynamics 1353
M. Marchelli, M. Pirulli, C. Scavia & G. Rosatti

xiii
Coupling field and satellite data for an event-based landslide inventory 1361
M. Marjanović, N. Vulović, U. Đurić & B. Božanić
Experimental and numerical modeling of anchors under seismic
conditions 1367
I.K. Markov & A.E. Totsev
Integrated engineering-geological and numerical approach applied to the large
Büyükçekmece (Turkey) landslide for evaluating earthquake-induced effects 1375
S. Martino, P. Bigarrè, S. Coccia, C. Bourdeau, L. Lenti, O. Ozel & E. Yalcinkaya
Critical thresholds for landslides in Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil 1383
T.F. Martins, M. Ehrlich, W.A. Lacerda & R.N. D’Orsi
Assessment of Lidar-derived DTMs for landslide susceptibility mapping: Application
in the Brazilian subtropical forest 1389
T.D. Martins, C. Oka-Fiori, B.C. Vieira & D.R. Montgomery
Numerical simulation of a debris flow propagation: A case of study in Cinque Terre, Liguria 1393
M. Mazzuoli & R. Berardi
The causes and agricultural impacts of large translational landslides: Case-studies
from North Island, New Zealand 1401
S.T. McColl & M. McCabe
Kinematics and the tsunamigenic potential of Taranto Landslide (northeastern Ionian Sea):
Morphological analysis and modeling 1409
A. Meo, M. Falco, F.L. Chiocci & M.R. Senatore
Development of new equation to estimate the maximum soil depth by using
the safety factor 1417
G.P. Michel & M. Kobiyama
Validation of a hybrid empirical-numerical model for simulating landslide-generated waves 1423
G. Miller, S. McDougall, S. Liu, M. Porter & A. Watson
Simulated effect of topography and soil properties on hydrologic response and landslide
potential under variable rainfall conditions in the Oregon Coast Range, USA 1431
B.B. Mirus, J.B. Smith, J.W. Godt, R.L. Baum & J.A. Coe
Experimental analysis of velocity effect on residual shear strength 1441
L. Mongiovi & A. Pasquato
The physical environment and landslides in the Colombian Andean tropics 1445
J. Montero-Olarte
Assessment of soil saturation from climatic data in the framework of the Shallow Landslide
Instability Prediction (SLIP) model 1453
L. Montrasio, R. Valentino & M. Pirone
The impacts of landslides on global society: Planning for change 1461
R. Moore & R. McInnes
Ground instability and landslide management: Raising awareness and increasing capacity
for change within affected societies 1469
R. Moore & R. McInnes
East Cliff, Lyme Regis, UK: Balancing the needs of coastal protection, landslide prevention
and the environment 1477
R. Moore, M. Stannard & G. Davis
Comparison between deterministic and probabilistic stability analysis 1485
A.T.I. Moreira Queiroz
Analogue and numerical modeling of the Stromboli hot avalanches 1493
S. Morelli, T. Salvatici, T. Nolesini, F. Di Traglia, C. Del Ventisette, N. Casagli,
A. Di Roberto, M. Bisson, M. Pompilio & A. Bertagnini

xiv
Coseismic landsliding hazard at Franz Josef (New Zealand): Preliminary geomorphic
analysis of deformation mechanisms and future evolution 1501
D. Moretti, T. Davies, M. Giardino & L. Perotti
Quantitative monitoring of surface movements on active landslides by multi-temporal,
high-resolution X-Band SAR amplitude information: Preliminary results 1511
M. Mulas, A. Corsini, G. Cuozzo, M. Callegari, B. Thiebes & V. Mair
Bishop simplified applied to geotechnical mapping and local calculation of stability 1517
V. Müller, M. Espíndola, R. Sbroglia, R. Higashi & J. Flores
Slope stability assessment and evaluation of remedial measures using limit equilibrium
and finite element approaches 1523
M. Neves & V. Cavaleiro
Using point clouds as topography input for 3D rockfall modeling 1531
F. Noël, C. Cloutier, D. Turmel & J. Locat
Quantification of casualties from potential rock-slope failures in Norway 1537
T. Oppikofer, R.L. Hermanns, G. Sandøy, M. Böhme, M. Jaboyedoff, P. Horton,
N.J. Roberts & H. Fuchs
Stochastic theory for landslide hazard forecasting (empirical verification, Seattle case study) 1545
T.V. Orlov & A.S. Victorov
Landslide damage assessment at the intermediate to small scale 1549
F. Palmisano, C. Vitone & F. Cotecchia
The effect of land use change on landslide risk in Thailand 1559
W. Pantanahiran
Quantification of landslide hazards: Example from Hong Kong 1567
S. Parry
An integrated approach for landslide characterization in a historic centre 1575
D. Peduto, L. Borrelli, L. Antronico, G. Gullà & G. Fornaro
Deformation propagation and identification of an impending disaster of a retained high
embankment based on monitoring of minor deformation 1583
X.J. Pei, S. Zhang, R.Q. Huang, K.H. Wei, F.Z. Liu & Y.X. Duan
The large Montescaglioso landslide of December 2013 after prolonged and severe
seasonal climate conditions 1591
R. Pellicani, G. Spilotro, R. Ermini & F. Sdao
Large scale rockslides in the Argentinean Andes. Distribution and forcing factors 1599
I. Penna, R.L. Hermanns, M. Jaboyedoff & L. Fauqué
Shallow landslide susceptibility analysis in relation to land use scenarios 1605
M.G. Persichillo, M. Bordoni, C. Meisina, C. Bartelletti, R. Giannecchini,
G. D’Amato Avanzi, Y. Galanti, A. Cevasco, P. Brandolini, J.P. Galve & M. Barsanti
Debris flow hazard zonation in Serra da Prata range, Paraná State, Brazil: Watershed
morphometric constraints 1613
J.L. Picanço, H.S. Tanaka, M.J. Mesquita, V.V. Costa, E.F.O. Luiz, A.B.B. Lopes,
F.K. Afonso & V. Pimenta
Calibration of rainfall thresholds for landslide early warning purposes: Applying
the EDuMaP method to the system deployed in Campania region (Italy) 1621
L. Piciullo, I. Siano & M. Calvello
A regional methodology for rockfall hazard assessment in the hazard prevention map
of Catalonia 1:25,000. A geomorphological approach 1631
J. Pinyol, M. González & P. Oller
Evolution from creeping to catastrophic landslides 1637
N.M. Pinyol, A. Zervos & E.E. Alonso

xv
Analysis of Safety Factor in unsaturated pyroclastic slope 1647
M. Pirone, R. Papa, M.V. Nicotera & G. Urciuoli
The influence of slope instability processes in demographic dynamics of landslide-prone
rural areas 1655
L. Pisano, V. Dragone, C. Vennari, G. Vessia & M. Parise
Reactivation and performance of a landslide in alpine climate at low altitude 1661
R. Poisel & M. Ahmadabadi
Multidisciplinary approach for hydrogeologic hazard assessment in the territory
of the Campania Region 1667
S. Porfido, G. Alessio, G. Gaudiosi, R. Nappi & E. Spiga
Effects of mica content on hydraulic anisotropy of unsaturated soil 1675
Priono, H. Rahardjo, E.C. Leong & K. Chatterjea
Uncertainty analysis of slope stability considering geological heterogeneity 1685
X.H. Qi, W.H. Zhou & D.Q. Li
Formation mechanism of the Hejiagou rock landslide triggered by Wenchuan earthquake 1695
Z. QiHua, D. Zihan & H. Gang
Numerical simulation of Geobarrier System under rainfall infiltration 1699
H. Rahardjo, F.R. Harnas, A. Satyanaga, E.C. Leong, C.L. Wang & J.L.H. Wong
Influences of strain rate and shear rate on the propagation of large scale rock avalanches 1707
K.L. Rait & E.T. Bowman
Rockfall risk mitigation in the Tramuntana range of Mallorca (Spain) 1715
J.M. Rius Gibert, R. Aguiló González & C. Massanet Giménez
Damage-based long term modelling of a large alpine rock slope 1723
F. Riva, F. Agliardi, G.B. Crosta & D. Amitrano
Rainfall characteristics and critical rainfall for landslides in Papua New Guinea 1731
J.C. Robbins
Definition of a fully functional EWS based on rainfall thresholds 1739
A. Rosi, A. Battistini, S. Segoni, G. Rossi, F. Catani & N. Casagli
Integration of multicopter drone measurements and ground-based data
for landslide monitoring 1745
G. Rossi, M. Nocentini, L. Lombardi, P. Vannocci, L. Tanteri, G. Dotta, G. Bicocchi,
G. Scaduto, T. Salvatici, V. Tofani, S. Moretti & N. Casagli
High resolution quaternary geological map, assisting hazard evaluations in Norway 1751
L.F. Rubensdotter, G. Sandøy, K. Sletten & K. Stalsberg
Deep-seated landslide triggered by tunnel excavation 1759
P. Ruggeri, V.M.E. Fruzzetti, A. Vita, A. Paternesi, G. Scarpelli & D. Segato
Comparison of block size distribution in rockfalls 1767
R. Ruiz-Carulla, J. Corominas & O. Mavrouli
Application of an integrated monitoring system for rock failures in the Coroglio tuff
cliff (Naples, Italy) 1775
M. Sacchi, F. Matano, M. Caccavale, G. Esposito, T. Caputo, R. Somma, C. Troise,
G. De Natale, A. Minardo, L. Zeni & G. Zeni
Use of a borehole shear test method for geotechnical mapping of landslide risk areas 1783
M.Y. Sakamoto, L.H. Guesser, R.J. Contessi, R.A.R. Higashi,
V.S. Müller & R.M. Sbroglia
Time prediction of an onset of failure in a sandy model slope based on the monitoring
of the groundwater level and the surface displacement at different locations 1791
K. Sasahara & T. Ishizawa

xvi
Mapping of areas susceptible to landslides in the watershed of Ribeirão Baú, Ilhota,
Santa Catarina, Brazil 1799
R.M. Sbroglia, R.A.R. Higashi, E.R. Tomazzoli, M.Y. Sakamoto & V.S. Müller
Exploring possibilities of including detailed ALS derived biomass information
into physically-based slope stability models at regional scale 1807
E. Schmaltz, S. Steger, R. Bell, T. Glade, R. van Beek, T. Bogaard, D. Wang,
M. Hollaus & N. Pfeifer
Combination of rainfall thresholds and susceptibility maps in regional-scale landslide
warning systems 1817
S. Segoni, A. Rosi, V. Tofani, D. Lagomarsino & S. Moretti
Site investigation and modelling of earthquake-induced rock slides in central-southern Chile 1823
S.A. Sepúlveda, C. Pastén, S. Moya, M. García, M. Lara, G. Montalva, J. Quiroz,
R. Hermanns, F. Yugsi-Molina, T. Oppikofer & I. Penna
A field study on the influence of rainfall intensity, suction and load distribution,
in a reinforced unsaturated slope in Brazil 1829
L.P. Sestrem, A.C.M. Kormann & F.A.M. Marinho
Stability analysis of the cliffs of Ponta Pirambu, Northeastern Brazil 1835
R.N.F. Severo, R.Q. Coutinho, O.F. Santos Jr. & J.R.C. Ribeiro
Failure of a shear pile wall used for the stabilization of a long landslide 1843
V. Silvestri & C. Tabib
Assessment of the stability conditions of a large-volume sandstone block in the northern
sector of the Siq of Petra 1851
D. Spizzichino, C. Margottini, V. Chiessi & D. Boldini
How rock block shape can influence the kinematics and direction of slope displacement:
Results from the San Leo rock plateau, Italy 1859
M.C. Spreafico, D. Stead & L. Borgatti
Large moving landslide inside a lignite mine in northern Greece 1867
C. Steiakakis, E. Apostolou & G. Papavgeri, Z. Agioutantis & P. Schilizzi
Residual strength of cemented kaolin clays from ring shearing testing 1875
M. Suzuki & N.V. Hai
Geomorphological analysis for landslide dams 1883
C. Tacconi Stefanelli, S. Segoni, N. Casagli & F. Catani
Physical modelling of landslides into reservoirs: Effect of capillarity on rheology
of granular landslide at impact 1889
W.A. Take, R.P. Mulligan, E.P. Stevenson & G.S. Miller
Assessment of the 2006 to 2015 Corvara landslide evolution using a UAV-derived
DSM and orthophoto 1897
B. Thiebes, E. Tomelleri, A. Mejia-Aguilar, M. Rabanser, R. Schlögel, M. Mulas & A. Corsini
Landslide Early Warning Systems—fundamental concepts and innovative applications 1903
B. Thiebes & T. Glade
Comparative analysis of heuristic and probabilistic landslide susceptibility models
on the basis of a MORLE 1913
E.R. Tomazzoli, J. Pellerin, D. Parizoto, J. Bonachea, J. Remondo & A. Cendrero
Examination of hydrological indices for predicting landslides in regions with
heavy snowfall 1921
M. Touhei, T. Toriumi, S. Katsura, Y. Ishii & H. Sugimoto
Location of the 1663 earthquake epicenter by the simulation of seismic wave propagation
at a regional scale 1925
D. Turmel & J. Locat

xvii
Kinematic analysis of the 7250 cal BP Betsiamites landslide 1935
D. Turmel, J. Locat & G. Cauchon-Voyer
An investigation on landslide stabilizing piles by using 3-D finite element analyses 1943
O.F. Usluogullari, E.S. Duman & H. Sahin
Experimental study for the design of flexible barriers under debris flow impact 1951
F. Vagnon, A.M. Ferrero, A. Segalini & M. Pirulli
Pre and post 2015 Nepal earthquake landslide inventories 1957
A. Valagussa, P. Frattini, G.B. Crosta & E. Valbuzzi
Dynamic response of prone-to-fall rock compartments to ambient vibrations: Application
for rock-fall hazard assessment 1965
J. Valentin, A. Capron, D. Jongmans, L. Baillet, E. Larose & P. Bottelin
Probabilistic analyses of Rapid Drawdown 1971
D.R. VandenBerge
An earthflow in structurally complex formations of the Italian Southern Apennines: Geological
structure and kinematics 1979
R. Vassallo, G.M. Grimaldi, C. Di Maio & S. Di Nocera
The effect of thermal fatigue in a limestone—a laboratory study 1987
C.J. Villarraga, M. Gasc-Barbier, V. Gendre & J. Vaunat
The Flims Rockslide: New investigations of the kinematics and mechanics using an integrated
geotechnical approach 1995
S. Volken, A. Wolter & S. Loew
On the hydrogeological modelling of complex rockslides 2001
G. Volpi, G.B. Crosta, P. Frattini & M. De Caro
Experimental modelling of successive slope failures due to heavy rainfall 2007
C. Voulgari & S. Utili
A model for earthquake driven slope instabilities and morphologic landscape evolution 2013
C. Voulgari, S. Utili, G.B. Crosta, G. Dattola & R.L. Hermann
Minor landslides and floods events affecting transportation network in Switzerland,
preliminary results 2023
J. Voumard, M.H. Derron, M. Jaboyedoff & N. Andres
What happens when extreme weather conditions combine with inappropriate man activity? 2029
I. Vukadinovic & G. Radjen
Preliminary analysis of rainfall-induced slope failures using the material point method 2037
B. Wang, P.J. Vardon & M.A. Hicks
Comprehensive study on failure prediction of landslide dams by piping 2043
F.W. Wang, Y. Kuwada, A.C. Okeke, M. Hoshimoto, T. Kogure, T. Sakai & H. Hayashi
Features and evolution of Mahu landslide group, Sichuan 2049
Y. Wang, X. Li, J. He, Y. Luo & Q. Lei
Analysis of the behavior of a flexible shallow landslide barrier under multiple load case:
Mudslide and rockfall 2053
C. Wendeler & M.L. Deana
The economic impact of landslides affecting the Scottish road network 2059
M.G. Winter, B. Shearer, D. Palmer, D. Peeling, C. Harmer & J. Sharpe
Disastrous landslide (debris flow) induced by earthquake in the Northern Tien Shan in 1887 2065
R.K. Yafyazova
The centrifuge model test for the sliding mechanism of Suo’ertou landslide 2071
W. Ye, H. Runqiu & H. Wenxi

xviii
Internal rock damage during landsliding: Kinematic effects 2079
A. Yerro, N.M. Pinyol & E.E. Alonso
Modelling the initiation and run-out of rainfall-induced slope instability 2087
A. Yerro, E.E. Alonso & N.M. Pinyol
Practice and thinking of landslide risk management considering their secondary
consequences in the Three-Gorges Reservoir, China 2097
K. Yin, L. Chen, F. Ma & W. Cheng
Evolution analysis of a toppling landslide based on trees’ growing—a case study
of Erguxi landslide, Lixian county, China 2107
L.Z. Zhang, R.Q. Huang, X.J. Pei & S. Li
DEM simulations of simple fragmentation experiments 2113
T. Zhao, F. Dai, G.B. Crosta, F. De Blasio & S. Utili
Rock mass structures of slopes at a proposed large hydropower station dam site
in Southwestern China 2121
W.H. Zhao, M. Yan, R.Q. Huang & Z.G. Yang
Landslide induced by colluvial loading of rockfall due to underground mining 2129
D. Zheng, R. Xiao, W. Li & F.Z. Liu
Data requirements for the assessment of shallow landslide susceptibility using
logistic regression 2139
T. Zieher, F.E. Gruber, M. Rutzinger, G. Meißl, C. Geitner & F. Perzl

Author index 2147

xix
This page intentionally left blank
 Landslides and Engineered Slopes. Experience, Theory and Practice – Aversa et al. (Eds)
© 2016 Associazione Geotecnica Italiana, Rome, Italy, ISBN 978-1-138-02988-0

Preface

Along with storms, floods, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, landslides are one of the most severe
natural hazards. Even though they cause fewer victims than other hazards, landslides are responsible for
huge economic damage around the world, with losses of hundreds of millions of Euros per year. In addi-
tion, differently from other hazards, even small magnitude events represent a serious threat, deeply affect-
ing transportation corridors and disrupting movements of men and goods. Finally, landslides can cause
strong geomorphological modifications inducing permanent changes in the landscape.
In spite of the complexity of the phenomena that lead sloping grounds to failure and govern the sub-
sequent movement of soil/rock downslope, over the last ten years the knowledge of landslide mechanisms
and of the mechanical processes that trigger and accompany any slope failure has remarkably increased.
One of the key reasons for such an increase is the strong synergy among researchers in the geoengineering
sciences. The JTC1, an ad hoc committee recently created by the Federation of the International Geoen-
gineering Societies, and the International Symposia on Landslides (ISLs), four-year events resulting from
from the collaboration of these societies, are important tools that are fostering the production and the
exchange of ideas.
The first International Symposium on Landslides was held in the Seventies. The 12th event will take
place in Naples. As it was the case with previous seates (Kyoto, New Delhi, Toronto, Lausanne, Christch-
urch, Trondheim, Cardiff, Rio de Janeiro, Xi’an, Banff), Naples and its region are the seat of important
schools on landslides and the whole area is strongly affected not only by diffuse slope movements but also
by a number of different natural hazards (volcanic, seismic, hydraulic). The interaction and the relation-
ships between landslides and the other natural hazards is the pivotal subject of the 12th ISL.
The Symposium subtitle “Experience, Theory and Practice.” chosen by the Organizers is meant to
emphasize the importance of the classic approach of modern science, which moves from experience to
theory, as the basic tool for the study of landslides. Experience is the key to understand natural phenom-
ena focusing on all the factors that do play a major role in them. Theory is the instrument to manage the
data provided by experience following a mathematical approach; this allows not only to clarify the nature
and the deep causes of phenomena, but mostly to predict future and, if need be, to manage similar events.
Experience in turn allows to go back to theory that can thus be improved and replaced, if necessary, by a
new and more successful theory. Practice benefits from the results of theory to protect people and man-
made works and provide a more and more comfortable human life on Earth.
These three volumes include the proceedings of the 12th ISL and collect all contributions and analyses
summarizing the actual state-of-the-art in landslide investigation provided by renowned invited lecturers
and researchers from all over the world. The editors hope that these contributions would provide a useful
tool for researchers and professionals alike to better protect mankind and its activities.
The editors wish to thank the Italian Geotechnical Society (the Italian representative of ISSMGE,
ISRM and IGS), with special reference to the President Nicola Moraci, the Secretary General Claudio
Soccodato and the Secretary Susanna Antonielli, the Italian Chapter of IAEG, the Members of the Advi-
sory, the Scientific and the Organizing Committees, the Members of the Joint Technical Committee JTC1
for the great effort they put in the scientific preparation and in the organization of both the Symposium
and the Proceedings.

Stefano Aversa
Leonardo Cascini
Luciano Picarelli
Claudio Scavia

xxi
This page intentionally left blank
 Landslides and Engineered Slopes. Experience, Theory and Practice – Aversa et al. (Eds)
© 2016 Associazione Geotecnica Italiana, Rome, Italy, ISBN 978-1-138-02988-0

Committees

PROMOTING COMMITTEE
Stefano Aversa (Università di Napoli Parthenope)
Leonardo Cascini (Università di Salerno)
Luciano Picarelli (Seconda Università di Napoli)
Claudio Scavia (Politecnico di Torino)

ADVISORY COMMITTEE
David Cruden (University of Alberta)
Robin Fell (University of New South Wales)
Willy Lacerda (Federal University of Rio de Janeiro)
Jaques Locat (Université Laval)
Kyoji Sassa (Kyoto University)

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE
Nicola Casagli (Università di Firenze)
Leonardo Cascini (Università di Salerno)
Thomas Glade (University of Vienna)
Runqiu Huang (Chengdu University of Technology)
Oldrich Hungr (University of British Columbia)uzanne Lacasse (Norwegian Geotechnical Institute)
Mauri McSaveney (New Zealand GNS Science)
Manuel Pastor (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid)
David Petley (University of Est Anglia)
Luciano Picarelli (Seconda Università di Napoli)
Claudio Scavia (Politecnico di Torino)
Nicola Sciarra (Università G. D’Annunzio di Chieti e Pescara)
Barry Voight (Pennsylvania University)
H.N. Wong (Geotechnical Engineering Office of Hong Kong)

ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
Stefano Aversa, Chairman (Università di Napoli Parthenope)
Michele Calvello (Università di Salerno)
Luca Comegna (Seconda Università di Napoli)
Sabatino Cuomo (Università di Salerno)
Emilia Damiano (Seconda Università di Napoli)
Maria Rita Migliazza (Università di Milano)
Marco Valerio Nicotera (Università di Napoli Federico II)
Raffaele Papa (Università di Napoli Federico II)
Dario Peduto (Università di Salerno)
Marianna Pirone (Università di Napoli Federico II)
Marina Pirulli (Politecnico di Torino)
Claudio Soccodato (Associazione Geotecnica Italiana)
Paolo Tommasi (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche)
Roberto Vassallo (Università della Basilicata)
Claudia Vitone (Politecnico di Bari)

xxiii
This page intentionally left blank
Invited lectures
JTC1 Heim lecture
This page intentionally left blank
 Landslides and Engineered Slopes. Experience, Theory and Practice – Aversa et al. (Eds)
© 2016 Associazione Geotecnica Italiana, Rome, Italy, ISBN 978-1-138-02988-0

A review of landslide hazard and risk assessment methodology

Oldrich Hungr
University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

ABSTRACT: Landslide hazard and risk assessment is a wide field, covered in recent years by very
extensive literature. This review attempts to present a critical summary of some of the main contributions.
The review concentrates on landslide susceptibility analysis and the prediction of landslide behaviour. It
is concluded that a wide range of methods and underlying hypotheses exist, making it difficult to select a
suitable approach to a given problem. The main finding of the review is that, notwithstanding the exist-
ence of very definite and sophisticated quantitative analyses, an important role continues to be played
by subjective judgment. A balanced approach combining factual observations, judgment and analysis is
recommended.

1 INTRODUCTION Table 1. Landslide hazard and risk assessment flow

chart.
Management of landslide hazards poses two dif-
ficult and opposing challenges. Underestimating
hazard could endanger lives and property. How-
ever, over-estimating can also extract damage on
the society, in its potential for disrupting communi-
ties, wasting resources and sterilizing land. The best
way to deal with these challenges is through Quan-
titative Assessment of Risk (QRA). Much has been
written on the subject of QRA in recent decades
and many excellent summaries and guides can be
found in the literature (e.g. Lee and Jones, 2004,
Hungr et al., 2005 and publications of the Safeland
Project). The purpose of this article is to critically
review the topic in the light of the author’s 40 years
of experience as a practitioner and academic.
Table 1, adapted from Hungr (1997), is an ideal-
ized flow chart for QRA. The process is separated the elements at risk, in space and time and taking
into two stages: Stage 1, hazard assessment, refers to into account vulnerability, leads to the estimation
geo-scientific work, including investigation and anal- of risk. Considerations of risk acceptance and
ysis, to identify and quantitatively describe the poten- design of remedial measures complete Stage 2.
tial landslide hazards. The term “hazard” is taken as There are important advantages to separat-
something (a landslide) that can possibly cause dam- ing the workflow into two stages. The first stage
age to humans, their facilities, or the environment. is conducted entirely by geoscientists and/or geo-
Hazards must first be identified and typified, then engineers, at their responsibility. The risk assess-
their characteristics such as magnitude, probability, ment stage requires cooperation from others: own-
areal extent and intensity must be determined. The ers or planners to determine the future development
final product of Stage 1 is a map showing the pre- of the site, structural engineers to help determine
dicted intensity of landslide hazards and its associ- vulnerability of buildings and to design remedial
ated probabilities within the area of interest. structures. In particular, owners or governmental
Stage 2, “risk assessment” begins with the iden- decision makers must take the responsibility for
tification of elements at risks: persons, buildings, deciding whether the estimated risks are accepta-
infrastructure, property or environmental values; ble or not. While a geoscientist/ engineer may offer
both existing ones and those that will appear advice in respect to this question, he or she should
within the hazard area in the future. An intersec- not accept responsibility for the decision, which
tion of the hazard intensity map with the map of depends on factors outside his/her control.

3
 The workflow scheme shown in Table 1 is univer-
sal and should be followed in every landslide study.
Large projects, involving teams of specialists and
extensive investigations, may literally follow every
task listed in the table. However, many hazard
projects are much smaller in scope. Some may con-
sist of little more than a site visit by a specialist and
a brief letter report characterizing the hazard. The
same workflow is still followed, but the individual
tasks must be grouped together and simplified.
Acceptability can be evaluated on the basis of
estimated quantitative risk, per Task 11. However,
most jurisdictions around the world at the present
time do not require risks to be evaluated (see Hungr
et al., 2016, this conference). In these jurisdictions
hazard intensity and probability, as determined in
Stage 1, are directly judged to be acceptable or unac-
ceptable. A good example are the regulations of the
Swiss Federal Office of Land Management (OFAT,
Lateltin, 1997). Here, landslide hazards are judged
unacceptable above a certain limit of intensity and
probability. Implicitly, the given maximum limits
of intensity and probability are assumed to imply
unacceptable risk and Stage 2 analysis is not neces-
sary. Although risk assessment may not be required
by legislation, it is a good practice for a geoscien-
tist/engineer to still estimate risks in every project,
even if only by subjective judgment. Such an esti-
mate provides better understanding of the practical
meaning of the results of a hazard assessment, both
for the person who prepared it and for others.
The main value of a quantitative risk estimate is
improved communication. Merely labelling hazard
or risk as “high” or “low” is not sufficient, because
no two persons use the same scale to understand
such adjectives. A quantitative risk estimate, in
terms of value of loss and its probability, sends a
clear picture of the investigator’s conclusions to
the client, even if based on no more than the sub-
jective degree of belief of the specialist (e.g. Vick,
2002).
In the following sections, the main tasks form-
ing the flow chart of Table 1 will be discussed.
2 NATURE OF MOBILE LANDSLIDES:
TERMINOLOGY ADDITIONS
The most damaging landslides are those that travel
far from their source and endanger elements at
risk distant from the site of landslide origin. In
order to better organize the assessment methods,
some items should be added to the established
terminology:
Source volume is the volume between the pre-
failure ground surface and the rupture surface
(Figure 1). In mapping, the plan projection of the
source volume is the source area. This is the loca-
4
Figure 1. Terms describing the occurrence of a mobile
landslide.
tion where stability analysis must be carried out, if
the occurrence of a landslide is to be predicted.
During motion, the initially displaced material
deforms and loosens. As a result, the source vol-
ume is increased by a percentage referred to as the
bulking volume. The bulking volume varies with
material and the failure mechanism and typically
equals a few percent in soils, but 20 to 30% in origi-
nally intact rock, when fragmentation occurs (cf.
Hungr and Evans, 2004).
Upon leaving the source area, many mobile
landslides destabilize and entrain surficial mate-
rial from the movement path downslope of the toe
of the rupture surface. The entrainment volume
picked up from the path adds to the bulked source
volume to make up the total displaced volume of
the landslide. Apart from this, the entrained mate-
rial remains at the base of the moving mass and
imparts its strength properties to it. Often, the
process involves rapid undrained loading of satu-
rated surficial soils lining the path. The entrained
material may thus be very weak or fluid-like. Sur-
face water, flowing in gullies or channels covered
by the landslide, may also mix with the landslide
material, changing its degree of saturation, den-
sity and strength. Some landslide types such as
debris flows or debris avalanches are dominated by
entrainment, so that the source instability acts as
little more than a trigger and the bulk that eventu-
ally deposits is entrained material.
In landslides with low mobility, a large part,
or almost all of the bulked source volume may
deposit within the source area, covering the rup-
ture surface.
In mobile landslides, deposits may form in one
or several deposition areas, separated from the
source by segments of the path.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
had left her aunt “resting,” as unusual an employment for Flora as
were the flush on her face and the wire curlers in her hair.
Everyone in the big house had been wrought, now, to a pitch of
expectation bordering upon fever. The last plate was washed, the
last spoon polished; the shelves of long-unused pantries downstairs
were loaded with cakes and pies and cold meats and bread and
sauces and trembling jellies; the big rooms upstairs were aired and
warmed; there were fat comforters folded invitingly across the foot of
the big, freshly made beds; there were open fires and stove fires
everywhere. Floors shone with wax; palms moved green fronds
gently in well-dusted corners; lamps were filled, clocks were ticking
busily. Gabrielle felt in her veins the excitement that is a part of
physical strain. She, like everyone else, was tired, but it was a happy
sort of fatigue, after all.
On this last afternoon she had gone a little deeper into the woods
than was necessary, or than she had planned to go for the last
greens, as a glance at her wrist watch showed her. It was already
half-past three o’clock when, with her arms full of fragrant boughs,
she started back toward the house, perhaps a mile away. The day
had grown a little colder, the wind had steadied to something like a
gale, and the sea—for she never was quite out of sight of the sea—
was in an uproar, running high and wild, breaking furiously upon the
rocks, and flinging itself twenty feet into the air when these stood
fast, as they had stood for a thousand years.
Suddenly, creeping through bare boughs like little silent fairies shod
in down, came drifting the first snowflakes. They came timidly,
irresolutely at first, clinging here to a fir and there to a bare maple
twig, moving restlessly and gently in all directions, fluttering,
changing places, like the breast-feathers of a white baby swan, from
which perhaps, thought Gay whimsically, Mother Nature, who loves
to repeat her forms, had copied them.
“Oh, this is glorious!” she said aloud to the sweet, empty forest. And
she began to walk briskly with that dancing step of hers that meant
utter happiness and felicity.
When she came within sight of Wastewater’s walls the storm was
upon them; the snow was falling rapidly and steadily now, and with a
denseness that made a sort of twilight in the world. It fell dry, close,
only slightly at an angle; Wastewater’s outbuildings were already
furred deep, and John’s wife Etta was laughing as she backed the
little car into the shed for shelter.
“This is a terror, Miss Gabrielle!” she shouted. “It’ll be a white
Christmas, all right! I only hope that Miss Fleming and her company
don’t get held up somewheres! I declare, you can’t see twenty feet in
it!”
Gabrielle shouted back, fled upon her way about the big north wing,
through a sort of tunnel of dry branches above an arbour already
heavily powdered with white.
Her thoughts were all on the house, all intent upon reaching the side
door, all upon the necessary stamping, shaking, disburdening herself
of outer garments and her branches of snow; it was after four now,
she must be ready in the velvet dress when Sylvia came at six——
Suddenly she stopped short in the lonely side garden, where the
snow was falling so fast, recoiled, and heard her own choking
exclamation of dismay. Something was moving in the snow,
something bent and whitened with flakes—but human! Gabrielle’s
heart almost suffocated her, and she felt her throat constrict with
pure terror.
It was a child—it was a little old woman, doubled up with years, with
wisps of white hair showing about a pallid old face that was scarcely
a wholesomer colour than they, or than the falling snowflakes. She
had her back half turned to Gabrielle, and was creeping along
against a sort of hedge of tightly set firs, her old black cape or shawl
topped with white, her thick shoes furred with it. She was muttering
to herself as she went, and Gabrielle could hear her, now that the
wind had died out and the silent, twisting curtains of snow muffled all
other sounds.
Pity and concern for the forlorn old creature almost immediately
routed the girl’s first wild, vague fears, and she dropped her
branches and followed the wavering footsteps, laying a timid hand
upon the woman’s shoulder. Instantly a yellowish ivory face and two
wild eyes were turned upon her, and the stranger shrieked with a
sound that was all the more horrible because so helpless and so
weak. It was almost like the cry of a wind-blown gull, and here in the
unearthly solitude and quiet of the storm it frightened Gabrielle with a
sense of forlornness and horror. The house, only a few feet away,
with fires and voices, seemed unattainable.
“Come in—come in!” cried Gabrielle, guiding her with a strong young
arm. “You’ll die out here—it’s a terrible night! And you know it will be
dark in ten minutes,” she added, half pushing and half dragging the
old form, which was astonishingly light and made but a feeble
resistance. “Daisy—Margret!” called Gabrielle, at last flinging open
the side door upon the blessed security and warmth of the hall. “Call
Mrs. Fleming, will you! This poor old woman’s gotten lost in the
garden——”
“My God—what is this!” It was Flora’s voice, but not one that
Gabrielle had ever heard before. The hallway was instantly filled with
concerned and frightened women, unduly frightened, Gabrielle
thought, for the last of her own terrors had disappeared under the
first ray of lamplight. “It’s nothing, Gabrielle,” said Flora, choking, and
with her face strangely livid, as she stood slightly above the level of
the others, on the stairs, clutching her dressing gown together. “It’s
some poor woman from Crowchester, Margret!” she stammered.
“Come upstairs and dress, Gabrielle. Take her—take her to the
kitchen, Hedda, and give her some tea, and I’ll be right down!”
“Imagine!” Gabrielle said, eagerly. “She might have died in the storm,
the poor old thing!”
The old woman had been turning herself uneasily, looking with
rapidly blinking eyes from one to the other. Now the servants were
gently urging her toward the doorway that led to the warm kitchen
regions, and to Gabrielle’s amazement she seemed to be displaying
a weak disinclination to go.
“Who’s this girl, Flora?” she said now, in a cracked, querulous voice.
“You stop pushing me, Margret!” she added, fretfully.
It was Gabrielle’s turn to show amazement and consternation. She
looked from one stricken, conscious face to another, and her own
bright, frost-glowing cheeks faded a little. This trembling bit of human
wreckage, dragged in from the storm, was not quite a stranger, at all
events.
Flora’s face was ghastly; Hedda looked more than ordinarily idiotic.
But Margret, eighty years old, spoke hearteningly.
“It’s old Mrs. Smith, Mrs. Fleming, from Keyport. She’s——” Margret
had one stout old arm about the cowering stranger, and now she
gave the other women a significant glance and tapped her own
forehead with her free hand. “We’ll give her some tea and dry her out
a bit, and then maybe John’ll take her home,” said Margret, “when he
takes the sleigh in for Miss Fleming!”
Gabrielle, perfectly satisfied with the explanation and the
arrangement, went upstairs beside her aunt.
“Oh, will John have the big sleigh out?” she asked, enthusiastically.
Flora did not answer; she looked ill. She parted from Gabrielle
without a word and went downstairs. But half an hour later, when the
girl had had a hot bath and was busy with the bright masses of her
hair before her mirror, she started suddenly to find that her aunt had
come quietly into the room.
By this time Gabrielle had had time to think over her little adventure,
and even in all the day’s excitement and expectation she had felt an
uncomfortable reaction from it. She shuddered whenever she
remembered herself hurrying so innocently along the snowy lanes in
the twilight, and the hideous fright of that first sight of something
moving—something human, shadowy gray and white against the
gray and white shadows of the hedge.
“That was a horrid experience with that poor old woman, Aunt Flora,”
she said now, distressed at her own emotion.
“You must think no more about it,” Flora, giving no reason for her
visit to Gabrielle’s room, said firmly. “The girls have taken good care
of her, and John is to drive her back when he goes. She’s perfectly
harmless—poor soul. I would rather you didn’t mention it to Sylvia,
Gabrielle, by the way.”
Gabrielle, after a bewildered upward glance, of course agreed never
to mention the circumstance to Sylvia—indeed, never to think of the
poor old soul again. She went cheerfully on toward the pleasant
moment of assuming the velvet gown, when Aunt Flora was gone,
brushing her rich hair simply back, pleased in spite of herself with
her unusual colour, and satisfied with the brown silk stockings and
the brown pumps.
Suddenly there was a sound of laughter and voices and sleigh bells
under her window, and for a moment she thought, with a sense of
panic, that the company had come. She ran to her window and
peeped down.
Below was darkness, through which the snow was falling—falling.
But a great shaft of light shone out from the side door, and in it she
could see the old red sleigh, filled with furry robes, and John on the
front seat, already looking like a snow man. Daisy and Sarah and
Maria and Etta were teasing John; it was evident that he and the two
big horses were about to start off into the storm, and the maids were
amused.
But there was no little old woman being bundled into the sleigh. No,
though Maria shook out all the rugs and Etta put a great waterproof
cover over them, Gabrielle saw nothing of her.
Where was she, then? Had Margret decided to keep her at
Wastewater overnight? Odd!——
Odd, mused Gabrielle, slowly finishing her dressing. Odder still to
have Margret herself, coming upstairs to take a last look at the
waiting rooms, affirm that the poor old lady had gotten off in a great
bustle with John, and surely her family was already wild with fright
over her disappearance on such a night.
But again things of more vital interest to herself put these little
mysteries out of Gabrielle’s head. For when she had gone
downstairs, come up again, gone the rounds of the rooms, touching
a new cake of soap here, and putting a small log into a stove there;
when she had feared that this hall was too warm, and that passage
too cold, and when she had stolen at least a hundred glances at her
pretty flushed face in various mirrors and admired a hundred times
the simple perfection of the velvet gown, Gabrielle really did hear
sleigh bells again in the night, voices, laughter again. Then there
was a sort of flurry downstairs, and the big front doors opened to a
wild rush of wind and night and snow and storm that made the
curtains balloon wildly even upstairs, and the lamps plunge
convulsedly. Gabrielle heard “Mamma!” in what was of course
Sylvia’s voice; then eager greetings and introductions and a perfect
babel of voices.
She had been upstairs in the front hall; now, by simply descending,
she could follow the company into the downstairs sitting room, which
had been made warm and ready for this moment of arrival. Gabrielle
in the darkness above stretched a hand for the smooth guidance of
the wide balustrade and went down in light flight, like a skimming
bird.
She had almost reached the lower level, which was but dimly lighted,
when she saw that two persons were lingering in the hall, and
stopped short, instinctively fearful that she had disturbed them. One
was a woman, dark, furred, slender, and wearing a small, snow-
powdered hat. The other was David.
Gabrielle was eighteen in years, but older in many ways than her
years. She looked down and saw David, smiling that attentive smile
of his, tall, broad, yet leanly built, belted into a brown coat that was
not new, saying nothing that she could hear—just looking at this girl
—just himself—David——
And that instant changed the whole world. Gabrielle did not analyze
the strange sweet weakness that flowed over her like a river, from
head to foot. She did not say even to herself, “He is handsome. He is
good. He is kind.” No need for that—too late for that. Her heart went
to him simply, completely. She had been one woman a moment ago,
she was another now. Much of what she had heard and read of love
had been a sealed book to her; it was all clear now. Reason, logic,
convention had always influenced her; these were all so many words
now.
She heard Sylvia, turning her head to look over her shoulder and so
bring a beautiful face close to his, say affectionately: “So many
thousands of things to tell you, David!” and although she did not hear
the brief words, or perhaps the single word of his reply, she heard
the tone, and she heard Sylvia’s low laugh.
Gabrielle sat down on the stairs in the semi-darkness. Her heart was
hammering, and her mouth dry. The world—youth—beauty, jealousy
—love—marriage—all these things moved before her consciousness
like maskers coming into the light. She stood up, on the halfway
landing, and the woman in velvet with the tawny hair stood up, too.
Gay walked slowly to the mirror, studied her own face. She was
breathing hard, she was confused, half frightened.
She heard Maria calling her. Her aunt was asking for her.
“Say I’m coming!” Gabrielle said, clearing her throat.
David was down there, she would meet him—have to talk to him—
before all their eyes——
She went slowly downstairs.
 CHAPTER VII
Flora’s little Christmas house party for her daughter was a small
affair, after all, but to Gabrielle’s confused eyes there seemed to be
eighteen laughing and talking persons rather than eight in the sitting
room when she came in. The girls had flung off their big coats, but
still wore hats, and were apparently only warming their hands and
finishing their greetings before being distributed in bedrooms
upstairs.
From the group, however, Sylvia instantly separated, and Gabrielle
forgot everything else in the pleasure of seeing her cousin again.
Sylvia gave her a warm, laughing kiss and stood talking to her with
one arm still about her, holding the younger girl off while she studied
her face.
“Well, Gay! How you’ve grown up—and with the hair up, too!
Mamma wrote me all about you, but I had quite a different sort of
person in mind! How dare you be fair among all us black Flemings!”
And with her arm still about Gay, she turned to the others for the
introductions. Last of all came David’s greeting with his kindly smile
and keen-eyed inspection, and when his hand touched hers
Gabrielle was conscious of that same suffocating flutter at her heart
again and dared scarcely raise her eyes.
“Mamma, you’re simply a miracle worker!” Sylvia was saying,
gratefully. “I knew there’d be fires, and I knew you’d realize how
weary and cold we are, but upon my word, I hardly know
Wastewater! This room is actually civilized. I promise you nothing for
the halls,” Sylvia said to her guests, “but we can run through them at
full speed. And as long as the rooms are warm——”
She was beautiful, no question of it. Dark, vivid, and glowing, yet
with something queenly and superb about her, too. Instantly it
seemed to Gay that she had never been parted from Sylvia, that all
these separated school years had been a dream. Years ago, as a
bony, pallid, big-toothed little girl, it had been decided that a balmier
climate than Wastewater would be wise for Gay, and she had been
bundled off to the Southern branch of the Boston convent quite
contentedly and had been happy there. But now she remembered
how close she and Sylvia had been in the days of sand castles and
flower ladies, and that Sylvia even then had had this same bright,
sweet, responsive manner that was yet impressive and fine, with
something of conscious high integrity in it; something principled and
constructive even in her gayest moods. Sylvia was really—Gay
came back to the word with another little prick of envy—really
“superior.” She was poised where Gay was simple; she was definite,
where Gay was vague; her voice had pleasant affectations, she
broadened her a’s in the Boston manner.
And Sylvia’s youth and her fresh, glowing beauty kept these things
from being in the least displeasing. She was happy, now, delighted
with the unwonted warmth and brightness of the old house, delighted
to be home, and perhaps delighted, too, to find herself already the
most important person here, with these friends of hers seeing this
big, imposing old mansion as some day to be all her own.
“Not tea, Maria!” she said, eagerly, to the old servant. “Mamma, I
congratulate you upon introducing anything like tea into
Wastewater!”
For Maria, followed by Daisy, one of the newer maids, was indeed
beaming behind a loaded tray.
“I thought we’d dine about seven, dear,” said Flora, crimped, rustling,
flushed with excitement. “And that you might like the hot drink after
your trip. It’s not six yet.”
“I assure you, girls,” Sylvia laughingly said, “my mother’s treating you
like royalty! I’ve been telling them all the way down,” resumed Sylvia,
now dispensing the tea with quick murmurs and dextrous quiet
movements that Gay secretly admired, “that we are absolutely
Victorian here, and rather uncomfortable into the bargain.”
“Tea’s Victorian,” Gabrielle said, as she paused. “It’s just plain bread
and butter,” she added, smiling at the elder Miss Montallen
hospitably.
“Tea’s Victorian, of course, and I daresay coal fires and lamps and
comfort are Victorian, too, and I like them both too much to find any
fault with terminology, Gay!” Sylvia said, cheerfully.
“We live in just such a country house outside of Quebec; we’re quite
accustomed to country winters,” murmured the charming voice of the
older Miss Montallen. The travellers drank their tea standing,
exclaimed over the delicious home-made bread. The young men
were rather silent, exchanging little friendly murmurs and grins,
except that the one named Frank du Spain attached himself instantly
to Gabrielle; Flora chatted, Sylvia made the right comments, David
stood by the mantel, tall, pleased, smiling at them all. Gay hardly
identified the other men until dinner-time, so entirely monopolized
was her attention by the one.
Meanwhile, Sylvia was delighted again, upstairs. Nothing could
make Wastewater anything but old-fashioned, clumsy, draughty. But
the old rooms did look hospitable and comfortable, the beds were
heaped with covers, and there were two more airtight stoves roaring
here. Daisy and Sarah were rushing about with great pitchers of hot
water; the girls scattered their effects from room to room, and went
to and fro in wrappers, laughing and running.
Sylvia’s usual room was on the second floor, next her mother’s. But
for this occasion Flora had grouped all the young persons on the
third floor, where the rooms were smaller, better lighted in winter, and
connecting.
Outside the snow fell—fell. The world was wrapped in winding
sheets, muffled and disguised, and the snow fell softly on the surface
of the running, white-capped waves, and was devoured by them.
Whenever a window was opened, a rush of pure cold snowy air
rushed in and the bare-armed girls who had wanted a breath of it
had to shut it out, laughing and gasping, once more.
But inside Wastewater’s old walls there were noise and merriment,
songs about the old piano, laughing groups about the fires, and the
delicious odours, the clatter and tinkle of china and silver around the
solemnly wavering candles on the dining-room table.
Gabrielle could not talk much, for Sylvia and these particular friends
had shared several holidays, and their chatter was of other times
and places. But her cheeks glowed with excitement, and she moved
her star-sapphire eyes from one face to another eagerly, as if
unwilling to lose a word of their talk. And again, Sylvia was always
“superior.”
She was evidently a girl who took her college life seriously; studied
and excelled, and enjoyed studying and excelling. She was
prominent in various undergraduate organizations; interested in the
“best” developments of this and that element in school life, the “best”
way to handle problems of all sorts. Laura and Gwen Montallen
immensely admired her, Gabrielle could see, and were continually
referring to her in little affectionate phrases: “Ah, yes, but you see
you can do that sort of thing, Sylvia, for they’ll all listen to you!” or
“Sylvia here, with her famous diplomacy, went straight to the Dean
——”
The men, Gabrielle thought, were unusually nice types, too. They
were all in the early twenties, none was rich, and all seemed serious
and ambitious. Bart Montallen was to have a small diplomatic berth
when he graduated in June; Arthur Tipping was already well started
toward a junior membership in his uncle’s law firm and spoke
concernedly of “making a home” for his mother and little sisters as
soon as he could; and Frank du Spain was a joyous, talkative youth,
who confessed, when he sat next to Gay at dinner, that his people
were not especially pleased with his college record, and that, unless
he wanted trouble with his parents, he had to “make good, by gum.”
He told Gay that his father had a ranch near Pasadena, and Gay
widened her eyes and said wistfully, “It sounds delicious!” David,
looking approvingly at her from the head of the table, thought the
velvet gown with the embroidery collar and cuffs a great success.
Altogether the young guests were simple, unspoiled, enthusiastic
about the delicious triumph of a meal, and over the pleasantness of
being free from studies and together. Gay, impressed by this and
anxious to establish cousinlike relations with Sylvia, said something
of it rather shyly when Sylvia came in for a few friendly moments of
chat alone, late that night.
The evening had been delightful, Gay thought; for a while they had
all played a hilarious card game for the prize David offered, the prize
being a large conch shell which David himself had selected upon a
hilarious and candlelighted search through the freezing wilderness of
some of the downstairs rooms. And then they had stood talking
about the fire, and finally had grouped themselves about it; the girls
packed into chairs in twos, the men on the floor, for five more
minutes—and five more!—of pleasant, weary, desultory
conversation. David had held his favourite position, during this talk,
standing, with one arm on the mantel and his charming smile turned
to the room, and Gabrielle noticed, or thought she did, that he rarely
moved his eyes from Sylvia’s face.
But when he did, it was almost always to give her, Gay, a specially
kind look; every moment—she could not help it!—made him seem
more wonderful, and every one of his rare words deepened the
mysterious tie that drew her, strangely confused, strangely happy,
and strangely sad, nearer and nearer to him.
There was another portrait of Roger here, this one painted in about
his fortieth year; handsomer than ever, still smiling, a book open
before him on a table, a beautiful ringed hand dropped on a collie’s
lovely feathered ruff.
“That was your father, Mr. Fleming?” Gwen Montallen had asked,
looking up at Roger’s likeness.
“Stepfather. My father died before I was born,” David said, with his
ready, attentive interest. “My mother married Mr. Fleming when I was
only a baby.”
“And where does Gabrielle come in?” asked Gwen, who had taken a
fancy to the younger girl and was showing it in the kindly modern
fashion.
“Well, let’s see. Gay’s mother was Aunt Flora’s sister,” David
elucidated. “They were Flemings, too. It’s complicated,” admitted
David, smilingly. “To get us Flemings straightened out you really
have to go back thirty years, to the time I was a baby. My mother
was a young widow then, who had married a David Fleming, who
was a sort of cousin of Uncle Roger. He doesn’t come into the story
at all——”
“And that’s Uncle Roger?” Laura Montallen asked, looking up at the
picture.
“That’s Uncle Roger,” David nodded. “I was only a baby when my
mother married him, and he was the only father I remember. A year
after she married him, my mother had another boy baby, so there
were two of us growing up here together.”
“Ah, you’ve a half-brother?” Laura asked.
“I think I have,” David answered, with a grave smile. “But Tom ran
away to sea when he was about fourteen—fifteen years ago now,
and we’ve not heard of him since!”
“Is it fifteen years?” they heard Flora say, in a low tone, as if to
herself.
“But how romantic!” Gwen said, with round eyes. “Wouldn’t you know
a wonderful old place like this,” the girl added, as in the little silence
they heard the winter wind whine softly about the sealed shutters of
Wastewater, “wouldn’t you know that an old place like this would
have a story! So there’s a runaway son?”
“We did hear from him once, from Pernambuco, and once from
Guam, David!” Gay reminded him, animatedly.
“Do get it in order,” Laura begged. “I’ve not yet fitted Sylvia in, much
less Gabrielle!”
“Well,” David said, returning to his story. “So there was my mother—
she was pretty, wasn’t she, Aunt Flora?”
“Beautiful!” Flora said, briefly.
“There was my mother, Uncle Roger her husband, and Tom and me,”
resumed David. “Then—this was an old-fashioned household, you
know—there was a sort of cousin of his”—David nodded at the
picture—“whom we called Aunt John. That was my Aunt Flora’s
mother, and she kept house for us all, and Aunt Flora and Aunt Lily
were her daughters. Oh, yes, and then there was Uncle Roger’s
younger brother Will, who used to play the banjo and sing—what
was that song about the boy ‘and his sister Sue!’ The boy that ate
the green apples, Aunt Flora, and ‘A short time ago, boys, an
Irishman named Daugherty, was elected to the Senate by a very
large majority’——”
“Oh, wonderful!” said Laura Montallen, and Gay said eagerly, “Oh,
David, go on!”
“I wish I could remember it all,” David said, regretfully. “And there
was another about the Prodigal Son, and one about ‘the blow almost
killed Father’——”
“Oh, David, David!” said Aunt Flora, between a laugh and a sob.
“Well, anyway, Tom and I used to think Uncle Will’s songs the most
delightful things we ever heard,” David went on. “So that was the
family when I was very small: Mother, Dad, as we both called Uncle
Roger, Aunt Flora, Aunt Lily—who was very delicate and romantic—
Uncle Will and his banjo, and of course Aunt John, who was a little
wisp of a gray woman—— What is it, Gay?”
For Gay had made a sudden exclamation.
“Nothing,” the girl said, quickly, clearing her throat. She looked very
pale in the warm firelight.
“Then they sent Tom and me off to school in Connecticut. And then,”
and David’s voice lowered suddenly, and he looked straight ahead of
him into the coals, “then our mother died very suddenly—do you
remember that you drove the buckboard into Crowchester to meet
us, Aunt Flora, when we came home?”
“Ah, yes!” Flora said, from a deep reverie.
David, fitting it all together in his memory, remembered now that in
here, chronologically, came Flora’s engagement to Roger Fleming.
But he looked up at the picture above the mantel, and then at her
face, absent-eyed and stern now, and cupped in her hand, as if to
promise that that secret at least should not be betrayed.
“Less than a year after my mother’s death,” he went on, “Uncle
Roger married again, a very young girl—Cecily—Kent, was it, Aunt
Flora?”
“Cecily Kent,” Flora echoed, briefly.
“Who was very delicate, and who was in fact dying for years,” David
went on. “Anyway, that same year Aunt Flora married Uncle Will and
—well, that’s where Sylvia comes in, and little Aunt Lily married a
man named Charpentier, and that’s where Gabrielle comes in. And a
few years later Tom ran away. That broke my stepfather’s heart, and
I suppose his wife’s health didn’t cheer him up exactly. And then my
stepfather’s little second wife died, and then Uncle Will died,” David
summarized it all rapidly, “and after he had hunted my half-brother,
Tom, for years, he died!” And David finished with a final nod toward
Roger’s picture.
“And you’ve never found Tom? Not even when his father died?”
“We don’t know that he knows it, even. It was just before all the
confusion and change of the big war.”
“Yes, but if your Aunt Lily was only a third cousin of your stepfather,
and married a man named Charpentier, he—your stepfather, I mean
—wasn’t really any relation to Gabrielle, then?” Gwen persisted, with
another puzzled look from the portrait to Gay’s glowing face.
“A sort of distant cousin, but that goes pretty far back,” Flora said,
unexpectedly, breaking through another conversation that she had
been having on the other side of the fireplace. “My sister and I were
cousins of Roger Fleming, third cousins, and my mother lived here,
kept house for him, for years. My husband was William Fleming,
Roger’s brother. But Gabrielle is my sister’s child—a sister named
Lily, who died many years ago.”
“It’s hopelessly tangled!” Gay said, with a laugh.
“No, but look—look here!” Gwen Montallen had persisted. Gently
catching Gay by the shoulder, for they were all standing at the
moment, she wheeled her about so that the company could
encompass with one look the painted likeness of the man of forty
and the eighteen-year-old girl. “Do you see it, Laura?” she said,
eagerly. “The mouth and the shape of the eyes—I saw it the instant
she came into the room!”
“I see it,” young Bart Montallen agreed, with a nod. “For a while I
couldn’t think who Miss Gabrielle looked like, and then I knew it was
the picture.”
“Nonsense!” Sylvia said, looking from one to the other. “Uncle Roger
had such black hair and such a white skin——”
“Really your colouring, Sylvia,” David suggested. “But apart from the
colouring,” he added. “I see the likeness. Look at Gay’s mouth—
look, Aunt Flora——”
“No, you may see it in the picture,” Flora said, with her voice
plunging in her throat like a candle flame in the wind. “But they—they
are not alike. Lily—my sister—Gabrielle’s mother—was dark, with
rosy cheeks, something like Roger. But Roger—Roger never looked
much like that picture—he hated it—always said it made him look fat
——”
She was battling so obviously for calm that Sylvia remembered, with
sudden compunction, that Mamma was the last of her generation,
after all, and that—it was no secret!—she had certainly once, if not
twice, been engaged to marry Roger Fleming. Sylvia exchanged a
significant warning look with David, and they immediately guided the
conversation into safer channels. But David was shocked and
astonished to notice a few minutes later that his aunt’s forehead,
under the festive crimping of the gray hair, was wet.
That was all of that. Nobody apparently paid any more attention to
the trivial episode, unless Gay felt an odd and indefinable
satisfaction in being thought like Uncle Roger, in being thus included
in the Fleming ranks.
She was trying to see this likeness at her own mirror an hour later,
when Sylvia, brushing her hair and in a red wrapper infinitely
becoming, came in.
“The girls are asleep,” reported Sylvia, “and I don’t like to light my
lamp because Gwen is in with me. I stayed downstairs a few minutes
to talk to David—I see him so little nowadays.”
A sharp stiletto twisted in Gay’s heart. She could see them lingering
in the darkened room, by the dying fire: Sylvia so beautiful, with her
glossy black coils of hair drooping, and her face glowing with firelight
and winter roses, and David looking down at her with that kindly,
half-amused, half-admiring look. Just a few moments’ intimate talk,
perhaps only of Sylvia’s affairs, perhaps only of her mother’s health,
but binding these two together in that old friendship, kinship, utter
ease and understanding, mutual liking and admiration.
Despair came suddenly upon Gabrielle, and she wanted to get away
—away from Sylvia’s superiorities and advantages, away from
Sylvia’s long outdistancing upon the road to David’s friendship. Gay
thought, braiding and brushing her own long hair, that she did not
want Sylvia’s money, she did not want anything that Sylvia had, she
only wanted to be where she need not hear about it!
“They all say such kind things of you, Gay,” Sylvia told her, with that
pleasantness that was quite unconsciously, and only faintly, tinged
with patronage.
It was then that Gay, aware of little pin-pricks of hurt pride, said
something of the delightful quality of the guests.
“The Sisters had the idea that all college girls are either terrible
bobbed-haired flappers who smoke cigarettes,” Gay said, laughing,
“or blue-stockings who think science can disprove all that religion
has ever claimed!”
Sylvia smiled at her through the mirror.
“And what made you think I could make such girls my friends?” she
asked, lightly reproachful, with an air of quietly posing her cousin,
and even in this pleasant little phrase Gay detected the pretty pride
in herself, her line, her blood, her code and intelligence and
judgment that indeed actuated all that Sylvia did. “No, the Montallens
are—unusual,” Sylvia added, half to herself. “And so,” she said,
smiling, as she dextrously pinned up her rich black braid, “so it was
all the nicer that they should like my cousin Gabrielle! Tell me,” she
went on, “how do things go here? Are you happy—getting nicely
rested? Not too lonely?”
“Rested?” Gay echoed, at a loss.
“Between school,” Sylvia explained, “and—and what?”
She said the last word with a really winning and interested smile, and
sat looking expectantly at Gay, with an air almost motherly.
“Or have you plans?” she elucidated, as Gay looked puzzled. “Is
there something you tremendously want to do? If you are like me,”
Sylvia added, now with just a hint of academic enlightenment in her
voice, “you have forty, instead of one! I almost wish sometimes that I
had to choose what I would do. I adore teaching! I love languages.
I’d love anything to do with books—old books, reviewing books,
library work, even bindings. My professor of economics wants me to
go after a doctor’s degree and my English man wants me to write
books. So there you are! And here is David telling me that I must
learn to manage my own estate.”
Gay flushed, and hated herself for flushing. She had often enough, in
the last quiet weeks, thought that she would like to work, to do
anything rather than dream through all her quiet days at Wastewater;
she had thought vaguely of little tea shops with blue cotton runners,
and the companionship of some little girl of fourteen who would
adore her—of offices—schools——
But embarrassed and taken by surprise, with her thoughts in no sort
of order, she stammered, half laughingly, she knew not why, that she
had thought she might like to be an actress. Sylvia’s look of
astonishment was so perfectly what it should have been that Gay felt
even less comfortable than before.
“But, my dear child,” she said, amusedly, “I don’t believe that would
be practical! We have—absolutely—no connections in that line, you
know. And you’re quite too young. I don’t mean,” Sylvia went on,
kindly, as Gay, hot-cheeked, was silent, very busy with night ribbons,
“I don’t mean that it isn’t a splendid profession for some women. But
it takes character, it takes experience, associations. What makes you
feel that you are fitted for it? Have you—you can’t have!—seen more
than a dozen plays in your life?”
“I just thought of it!” Gay said, with an uncomfortable laugh.
“Then I think I should just stop thinking of it!” Sylvia said. And with an
affectionate arm about Gay’s waist, she nodded toward the thick
rope of tawny braided hair. “Such pretty hair. Gay!”
“Yours is gorgeous, Sylvia,” the younger girl returned. “I noticed to-
night that it is so black that it actually made David’s dinner coat look
gray when you stood beside him.”
“I like my black wig,” Sylvia returned, contentedly, “because it’s—
Fleming. I don’t think I should feel quite right with anything but the
family hair! But when all’s said and done this colour of yours is the
hair of the poets, Gay.”
She said it charmingly, and she meant it, too. For like many women
of unchallenged beauty, Sylvia was very simple and unselfconscious
about her appearance, and seemed to take no more personal credit
for the milk-white skin, rose cheeks, and midnight hair than for her
perfect digestion or the possession of her senses.
“You’re the one who looks like Uncle Roger, Sylvia!”
“In colouring, perhaps. How much do you remember him, Gay?”
“Oh, clearly. I was nearly seven when he died, you know.”
“I really loved him,” Sylvia said, dreamily. “And I hope I can keep up
all the old traditions and customs he loved so here at Wastewater. I
inherit a love for him,” she added, with a significant look and smile.
“There’s no question that my mother loved him dearly for years. Oh,
she loved my father, too, later on, and perhaps in a finer way,” went
on Sylvia, who could fit such meaningless phrases together with all
the suavity of college-bred twenty. “But her first love was for Uncle
Roger.”
“Do you think he——?” Gay began, and paused.
“He——? Go on, Gay. Do you mean did he break the engagement?
No,” Sylvia stated, definitely. “I imagine he did not. He was a
gentleman, after all! But probably there was a quarrel—Mamma was
much admired and a beauty—and she’s a perfect Lucifer for pride,
you know, and neither one would give way.”
Gay accepted this with all the pathetic faith of her years. She could
not possibly imagine Aunt Flora as a beauty; but every middle-aged
woman who talked of her own youth had been one, and Gay was
perfectly willing to believe the last a beautiful generation. She
thought of a picture she had seen of Aunt Flora as a bride, in a
plumed hat, enormous puffed sleeves, a five-gored skirt sweeping
the ground, a wasp-waist with a chatelaine bag dangling from the
belt, and a long-handle parasol held out like Bo-Peep’s crook, and
lost the thread of Sylvia’s conversation.
There was not much more. Sylvia expressed for the twentieth time
her entire delight and gratitude for all that had been done to start the
house party successfully and parted from Gay with a final kiss and a
few warm words about the pleasantness of having a nice little cousin
in the house. It was only when the room was dark, that Gay,
snuggling resolutely down against icy pillows to sleep, began to
review the whole long day with that wearisome thoroughness that is
a special attribute of tired, excited eighteen on a winter night.
The flowers, the dusting, the beds, the tramp in the woods, the funny
old woman bunching herself along in the snow, the arrival and the
tea, and the warm rooms and icy halls, and the splendid dinner and
the talk——
Gay ached all over. With her eyelids actually shutting she said to
herself in a panic that she was too tired to sleep.
Her big room was dark, cool, full of dim shapes; but a fan of friendly
light came through the hall transom, and she could hear men’s
voices somewhere, laughing and talking gruffly; David and the boys,
there was nothing to fear. Outside the snow fell, whispering, tickling,
piling up solemnly and steadily in the dark.