https://www.mobiliseyourcity.

net/sites/default/files/2020-09/multimodal-transport-hubs-good-
practice-guidelines.pdf

Literature assigns multimodal transport hubs three functions: its role as part of an urban area, the
provision of transport, and the provision of services.

Regarding transport, the purpose of a hub is to organise flows of passengers. The goal is to offer a good
connection between transport networks, so that interchanges are safe and transfers reliable.

Its urban purpose is to keep discontinuities at a minimal level and improve the legibility of the
interchange hub as well as its integration in the urban setting, and to maximise the potential for urban
regeneration in areas that might be assigned other uses.

In terms of services (other than transport) provided, the hub is meant to make spaces more practical
and pleasant, and serve both users and neighbourhood residents.

Transport is very important because it plays a crucial role in connecting people to goods, services, social
and economic advancement opportunities and in fostering development. It has improved connectivity
between and within countries. Transport can also bridge stark differences in economic development by
strengthening interregional trade. By upgrading primary road networks we can catalyse trade & tighten
connectivity between different cities. It has been observed that improvement & development of
transports especially highways has led to the increase in annual rates of growth & employment in many
countries. It has also be observed that connecting cities with railroads has led to moderate increase in
county-level GDP per capita, and that colonial railways boosts interregional trade and raises income
levels. Improvements in transport infrastructure also affects land prices & catalyses transit oriented
development. Current food insufficiency is due to deficiencies in road infrastructure. Transport is very
important to farmers. They need better access to roads to trade their products. Transport reduces rural
isolation by improving road access & proximity to markets

https://santarosacity.gov.ph/about-sta-rosa/transportation/

https://www.philatlas.com/luzon/r04a/laguna/santa-rosa.html

https://www.thepoortraveler.net/manila-to-santa-rosa-bus-terminal-laguna/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8dpC-v2SU1c

https://wikimapia.org/34461283/PNR-Santa-Rosa-Station

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Rosa_Downtown_station

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_Commuter_Railway

https://interaksyon.philstar.com/trends-spotlights/2022/06/17/219771/sneak-peek-how-stations-of-
the-planned-south-commuter-railway-will-look-like/

http://wikimapia.org/2514107/NSCR-Santa-Rosa-Station-U-C
https://pia.gov.ph/news/2022/06/13/adb-oks-43-billion-loan-for-south-commuter-railway-project

https://www.wikiwand.com/en/PNR_Metro_Commuter_Line

https://www.crownasia.com.ph/news-and-blogs/lifestyle-blogs/selected/keep-in-track-south-
commuter-railway-in-santa-rosa-laguna

https://www.adb.org/projects/52220-001/main

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377221721006263

https://transportationhistory.org/2021/11/05/2018-the-inauguration-of-a-pioneering-transit-hub-in-
the-philippines/

https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/analysis/port-call-strategic-investments-and-reforms-are-under-way-
improve-multimodal-connectivity

https://www.philstar.com/opinion/2018/11/05/1865887/editorial-integrated-transport-hubs

https://dotr.gov.ph/55-dotrnews/2787-in-photos-increasing-multimodal-transport-connectivity-and-
improving-infrastructure-through-air-land-and-sea-linkages-despite-covid-19-outbreak-were-some-
agenda-raised-on-the-special-brunei-darussalam-indonesia-malaysia-philippines-east-asean-growth-
area-bimp-eaga-transport-cluster-virtual-meeting-yesterday-21-december-2020.html

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Multi-modal-transport-in-Metro-Manila_fig3_269992212

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/403/1/012204

https://www.treehugger.com/transit-oriented-development-key-better-cities-4858210

https://www.lpr.eu/blog/environmental-impact-freight-transport?hsLang=en

https://businessmirror.com.ph/2022/05/19/analyzing-metro-manilas-traffic-problem/

https://issuu.com/alross24/docs/thesisweb

https://www.ijsr.net/archive/v9i6/SR20627015819.pdf

https://www.archdaily.com/tag/transportation-hub

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nausheen-Chhipa-3/publication/
329191105_Multi_Modal_Transit_Hub_at_Gandhigram/links/5c9ceb1da6fdccd4603f8f26/Multi-Modal-
Transit-Hub-at-Gandhigram.pdf

https://www.mobiliseyourcity.net/sites/default/files/2020-09/multimodal-transport-hubs-good-
practice-guidelines.pdf

https://www.ijsr.net/archive/v9i6/SR20627015819.pdf
https://sites.utexas.edu/cm2/files/2019/12/Year-1_Briscoe_Multi-Modal-Modelling_BIM-Template-for-
Hub-Connectivity-and-Networks.pdf

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nausheen-Chhipa-3/publication/
329191105_Multi_Modal_Transit_Hub_at_Gandhigram/links/5c9ceb1da6fdccd4603f8f26/Multi-Modal-
Transit-Hub-at-Gandhigram.pdf

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352146517303484?ref=pdf_download&fr=RR-
2&rr=7489eb18faa5bc3a

https://www.intertraffic.com/news/infrastructure/mobility-hubs-multimodal-stations-at-the-centre-of-
everything/

https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-document/60503/45024-001-prc-tar.pdf

https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-document/60503/45024-001-prc-tar.pdf

https://www.slideshare.net/maitreyiy/planning-for-a-multimodal-transportation-hub-at-rourkela

https://eudl.eu/pdf/10.4108/eai.14-2-2017.152250

https://www.vtpi.org/multimodal_planning.pdf

https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1046&context=masters_theses_2

https://www.itdp.org/library/standards-and-guides/the-bus-rapid-transit-standard/what-is-brt/

https://www.nbmcw.com/article-report/infrastructure-construction/project-management-
arbitration/multi-modal-transportation-system.html

Human mobility within an urban usually happens over a multimodal transportation network. For that
reason, when studying, analyzing transportation systems we should not consider each mode of
transport separately but we should look to it as multimodal transportation system with relations and
dynamics between its components In order to do any analysis related to transportation we need a
model reflecting the multimodal nature of the system. The objective of the research is to develop a GIS
data model for a multimodal transportation system combining different modes in one network that
allows different modal combination in route planning. The modelling concept adopted in this research is
formulated by exploring the different GIS modelling techniques for multimodal transportation from
literature, and experimenting with them. It consists mainly on having a separate entity (layer, feature
class...) for each mode route representing this mode’s network. Modes networks are physically
separated from each other. The separation is vertical for different modes and horizontal for the different
routes of the same mode. Connecting these separated entities is done through connectors entities
representing the transfer action from one route to the other. The concept is applied at ArcGIS platform.
The effectiveness of the data model suggested is evaluated by developing a multimodal transportation
network model for Enschede city incorporating bus, train, cycling and walking modes and performing
path finding analysis with the developed network model. The model developed has proved satisfaction
in finding route over a multimodal network using the suitable modal combination that achieves the least
cost path. The developed model is also able to simulate all the possible transfer scenarios between the
integrated modes and to integrate the cost associated with the different elements, the cost of travelling
and the transfer cost. The whole route details including the step-by-step directions and the detailed as
well as the overall cost are also provided with the route. Beside the path finding type of analysis, the
data model presented in this research can be a platform for other transportation network-based types
of analysis.

Traffic Modalities
After extensively researching passenger flows and
transportation modes, we proposed that the new terminal
should expand to become a ‘transfer machine’ that
incorporates the whole spectrum of public transport in the
city.
Conceptual tools
We developed a series of conceptual structural tools to mould
the geometry of the terminal landscape and incorporate the
different programme functions.
Conceptual Tools – V-walls
These stacking elements form the principal load-bearing
constructive element. The angled structure of the V walls
absorbs the differences in grids between the stacked
programmes. These slanted elongated walls replace
traditional columns and bring daylight and natural ventilation
to the underground levels.
Conceptual Tools – Cuts
Two cuts in the fluid station landscape open up entrances to
different programmes. One accesses the parking garage in
the middle of the terminal. The other opens up towards the
bike parking entrance, connecting the transfer hall and
trolley bus square on the front side.

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 About
Arnhem Central
Masterplan
Arnhem, The
Netherlands, 2015
Arnhem Central is a large urban plan development that consists of diverse
programmes which together form one vibrant transport hub. This cluster
forms one of the main thresholds into Arnhem. To ensure a lively station area
throughout the whole day, we incorporated a carefully considered mix of
programmes including shops, offices, housing and a cinema complex.

UNStudio developed the overall masterplan of the station area as well as the
individual components. These include, among others, the transfer hall, train
platforms, Park and Rijn Towers, car and bicycle parking, the Willems
Tunnel and a bus terminal.

The compact stacking of programmes enabled triple ground use. Passenger

flows for six different modes of transport are organised by the central transfer
terminal. Here, a large twisting central column enables a day lit, open hall
that forms the heart of the station and guides foot, bicycle, car, bus, trolley-
bus and train traffic along its way.
Share
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Client 
ProRail, Ministry of Infrastructure & the Environment, the Municipality of
Arnhem
Delegated principal: ProRail
Location
Stationsplein 38, Arnhem, The Netherlands
Building surface
ca. 160,000 m2 (GFA)

Building site
ca. 40,000 m2
Including transfer hall (station): 21,750 m2, Underground parking: 44,000 m2,
Bus terminal: 7,500 m2, Two office towers: 21,800 m2, Public spaces: 45,000
m2
Programme
Masterplan, Transfer hall, Underground parking, Bus terminal, Two office
towers, Bicycle storage, Railway platforms 
Status
Completed
 

Transfer Hall, 2015

The openness of the interior provides clear sight lines. Therefore
comparatively little wayfinding signage was needed for the transfer hall.
Platform Tunnel
Daylight from the platforms becomes a wayfinding device in the passenger
tunnel.
Platform Roofs, 2012
A new fourth platform was added to accommodate growing passenger
numbers in Arnhem. Additionally, all of the platform roofs have been
replaced.
Bus Terminal, 2002
The new identity of the station area acknowledges Arnhem’s regional
significance. With its incorporated terminals for regional and local buses, the
station area forms the main entrance to the city.
Car Park, 2002
The car park is a column-free structure with integrated colour-coded
wayfinding and deep V-walled stairwells that bring daylight to the
underground.
In compact, mixed-use complexes like Arnhem Central, it is essential
that transitory spaces are as equally considered as spaces dedicated to longer
stay programmes.
Park and Rijn Towers,
2005
Visibly recognizable on the horizon the Park and Rijn office towers mark
Arnhem’s transportation hub and assimilate several public functions of the
transfer hall at ground level.
Willems Tunnel, 1999
The Willems Tunnel directs cars and buses either into Arnhem Central’s
parking garage or towards the edge of the city centre.
The twist “unifies the whole confluence of
different modes of transportation coming
together into an exhilarating celebration of
movement, shot through with light.
Aaron Betsky, ARCHITECT Magazine Online, 2016
http://www.architectmagazine.com/design/buildings/moving-through-
arnhem-station_o
Concept and Design
Traffic Modalities
After extensively researching passenger flows and transportation modes, we
proposed that the new terminal should expand to become a ‘transfer machine’
that incorporates the whole spectrum of public transport in the city.

Conceptual tools
We developed a series of conceptual structural tools to mould the geometry
of the terminal landscape and incorporate the different programme functions.
Conceptual Tools – V-walls
These stacking elements form the principal load-bearing constructive
element. The angled structure of the V walls absorbs the differences in grids
between the stacked programmes. These slanted elongated walls replace
traditional columns and bring daylight and natural ventilation to the
underground levels.
Conceptual Tools – Cuts
Two cuts in the fluid station landscape open up entrances to different
programmes. One accesses the parking garage in the middle of the terminal.
The other opens up towards the bike parking entrance, connecting the transfer
hall and trolley bus square on the front side.
Conceptual Tools – The Twist
This large free-form sculptural element integrates load-bearing support,
vertical connections and wayfinding. Initially, we envisaged the twist as a
concrete element. Ultimately it was built in steel, using shipbuilding
techniques, with a concrete base. Without being prescribed in one specific
material, the concept was hence adaptable and resilient to change.
Conceptual Tools – Klein Bottle
The Klein Bottle is a doubled-up, four-dimensional Möbius loop. By
adapting this imaginary mathematical visualisation to the design of the
transfer hall, we could connect inside-outside elements such as the platform
access and first-floor terrace balcony.
Arnhem Central Masterplan

Team
UNStudio
1998
Ben van Berkel and Caroline Bos with Astrid Piber and Sibo de Man, Tobias
Wallisser, Freek Loos, Peter Trummer, Henk Bultstra, Edgar Bosman, Nuno
Almeida, Oliver Bormann, Yuko Tokunaga, Ulrike Bahr, Ivan Hernandez,
Wim Hartman, Remko van Heummen, Jeroen Kreijne, Cees Gajentaan, John
Rebel, Andreas Krause
2015
Ben van Berkel with Arjan Dingsté and Misja van Veen, René Toet
Public Transport Terminal: 2016
Ben van Berkel with Arjan Dingsté and Misja van Veen, René Toet, Marc
Hoppermann, Kristoph Nowak, Tobias Wallisser, Nuno Almeida, Rein
Werkhoven, Albert Gnodde, Marc Herschel, Sander Versluis, Derrick
Diporedjo, Ahmed El-Shafei, Matthew Johnston, Juliane Maier, Daniel
Gebreiter, Kirstin Sandner, William de Boer
Platform Roofs: 2012
Ben van Berkel and Caroline Bos with Arjan Dingsté and Marc Hoppermann,
Marc Herschel, Derrick Diporedjo, Kirstin Sandner, Rein Werkhoven, René
Toet, Sander Versluis
Platforms: 2015
Ben van Berkel with Arjan Dingsté and René Toet, Fedor Bron, William de
Boer
Service Building: 2012
Ben van Berkel with Arjan Dingsté and René Toet, Marianthi Tatari, Fedor
Bron
Retaining Wall: 2011
Ben van Berkel with Arjan Dingsté and Marc Hoppermann, René Toet,
Sander Versluis
Cyclist & Pedestrian Bridge (passing over train tracks): 2010
Ben van Berkel with Arjan Dingsté and Marc Hoppermann, René Toet,
Derrick Diporedjo
Pedestrian Bridge (Nieuwe Stationsstraat West): 2011
Ben van Berkel with Nuno Almeida and Sander Versluis
Park Tower: 2005
Ben van Berkel with Tobias Wallisser and Ton van den Berg, Jacco van
Wengerden, Harm Wassink
Rijn Tower: 2005
Ben van Berkel with Gerard Loozekoot and Henri Snel, Olaf Gipser, Rene
Wysk
K4 Offices: 2008
Ben van Berkel with Gerard Loozekoot, Jacques van Wijk, Christian
Veddeler and Mirko Bergmann, Nanang Santoso, Misja van Veen, Cristina
Bolis, Ron Roos, Wouter Hilhorst Erwin Horstmanshof, Thomas Harms, HP
Nunning, Jack Chen, Job Mouwen, Katja Groeger, Kristoph Nowak, Ren Yee
Horng, Kyle Miller, Marcus Berger, Dennis Ruarus, Matthew Johnston,
Ramon Hernandez, Marie Morin, Jesca de Vries, Sadegh Tangestani
Elevated Office Square: 2016
Ben van Berkel with Arjan Dingsté and Misja van Veen, René Toet, Sander
Versluis, Marc Hoppermann, Adolfo Nadal, Mieneke Dijkema, Diogo
Aguiar, Rein Werkhoven, Fedor Bron
Bus Terminal: 2002
Ben van Berkel and Caroline Bos with Tobias Wallisser, Jacques van Wijk
and Paul Vriend, Nuno Almeida, Katrin Meyer, Phillip Köhler, Marco
Hemmerling, Jacco van Wengerden, Sibo de Man 
Underground Parking Garage: 2002
Ben van Berkel and Caroline Bos with Sibo de Man, Tobias Wallisser,
Jacques van Wijk, Nuno Almeida and Ton van den Berg, Marc Herschel,
Matthew Johnston, Paul Vriend, Jacco van Wengerden, Mark Westerhuis, Eli
Aschkenasy, Remko van Heumen, Jeroen Tax, Khoi Tran, Marcel Buis,
Sander Versluis
Willemstunnel: 1999
Ben van Berkel and Caroline Bos with Freek Loos, Ger Gijzen, Jacques van
Wijk, John Rebel
Zijpse Poort: 2004
Ben van Berkel with Tobias Walliser, Astrid Piber, Khoi Tran, Ton van den
Berg, Louis Gadd, Joanna Coleman, Jorgen Grahl-Madsen
OAT (Underground Waste Transport): 2004
Ben van Berkel with Marcel Buis, Arjan van der Bliek, Ton van den Berg
and Jeroen Tacx, Alice Gramigna, Paolo Basetto, Yuri Werner, Rombout
Lohman
Advisors
Masterplan phase:
Architect: UNStudio
Structural/Civil Engineering, Transport Planning: Arup
Design and specifications phase:
Structural Engineering: Arup (public transport terminal), Van der Werf &
Lankhorst (bus station, car park, office square)
MEP: Arcadis
Fire safety: DGMR Bouw BV
Public transport terminal lighting: Arup
Public space lighting: Atelier LEK
Wayfinding: Bureau Mijksenaar
Building specifications: ABT
Landscaping design: Bureau B+B stedebouw en landschapsarchitectuur
Project management to Definitive Design: Arcadis
Engineering and construction of pedestrian tunnel:
Main contractor: Besix-Welling
Tendering phase contractor: Arcadis
Engineering and construction phase 1: pedestrian tunnel and public transport
terminal
Main contractor: construction consortium BAM Ballast Arnhem Centrum
VOF (BBB, BAM & Ballast Nedam)
Structural engineering, Lighting, Climate and Sustainability: Arup
MEP: BAM Techniek, Unica
Engineering and construction phase 2: public transport terminal
Main contractor: construction consortium OV-Terminal Arnhem (BCOVTA,
BAM & Ballast Nedam)
Structural engineer: BAM Advies & Engineering, ABT
MEP: BAM Techniek, Unica
Photography
© Christian Richters
© Ronald Tilleman
© Frank Hanswijk
© Ronald Tilleman
© Siebe Swart

Videos
Nielson & Claus, Studio Halfvol

Awards
European Concrete Award 2016, Arnhem Central Station
Blueprint Award 2016, Commended
Architizer A+Awards 2016 (Masterplan and Transfer Terminal)
The Heuvelink Architecture Prize 2016, Public Choice
Concrete Award 2015 (Transfer Terminal)
Roof of the Year 2015 (Transfer Terminal)
European Steel Design Award 2013 (Platforms)
National Steel Prize, Utility Building 2012 (Platforms)
ANWB Award 2005, Best Designed Parking Garage (Car park)
Related projects

Doha Metro Network

Hardt Hyperloop

IJbaan Cable Car

Arnhem Central Masterplan

o Arnhem centraal video

o Transfer Hall, 2015
o Platform Tunnel
o Platform Roofs, 2012
o Bus Terminal, 2002
o Car Park, 2002
o Park and Rijn Towers, 2005
o Willems Tunnel, 1999
o Arnhem centraal video
o Concept and Design
o Post-occupancy