Lesson I: He noted that the weather model would fail to
Patterns in Nature and the Regularities in the World
Patterns in nature are visible regularities of form found
in the natural world. These patterns recur in different
contexts and can sometimes be modelled
mathematically. Natural patterns include symmetries,
trees, spirals, meanders, waves, foams, tessellations,
cracks and stripes.
Symmetry
Symmetry is pervasive in living things. Animals mainly
have bilateral or mirror symmetry, as do the leaves of
plants and some flowers such as orchids. Plants often
have radial or rotational symmetry, as do many flowers
and some groups of animals such as sea anemones.
Bilateral Symmetry- Tiger
Fivefold Symmetry- Star Fish
Trees, fractals
The branching pattern of trees was described in the
Italian Renaissance by Leonardo da Vinci. He stated
that: All the branches of a tree at every stage of its height
when put together are equal in thickness to the trunk
[below them].
Spirals
Spirals are common in plants and in some animals,
notably molluscs. For example, in the nautilus, a
cephalopod mollusc, each chamber of its shell is an
approximate copy of the next one, scaled by a constant
factor and arranged in a logarithmic spiral. Given a
modern understanding of fractals, a growth spiral can be
seen as a special case of self-similarity.
Spirals: phyllotaxis of spiral aloe, Aloe polyphylla
Nautilus shell's logarithmic growth spiral
Fermat's spiral: seed head of sunflower, Helianthus
annuus
Chaos, flow, meanders
In mathematics, a dynamical system is chaotic if it is
(highly) sensitive to initial conditions (the so-called
"butterfly effect"), which requires the mathematical
properties of topological mixing and dense periodic
orbits.
The term butterfly effect is closely associated with the
work of Edward Lorenz. It is derived from the
metaphorical example of the details of a tornado (the
exact time of formation, the exact path taken) being
influenced by minor perturbations such as a distant
butterfly flapping its wings several weeks earlier.
Lorenz discovered the effect when he observed that runs
of his weather model with initial condition data that
were rounded in a seemingly inconsequential manner.
reproduce the results of runs with the unrounded initial
condition data. A very small change in initial conditions
had created a significantly different outcome.
Chaos: vortex street of clouds
from space
Meanders: sinuous path of Rio Cauto, Cuba
Meanders: sinuous snake crawling
Waves, dunes
Waves are disturbances that carry energy as they move.
Mechanical waves propagate through a medium – air or
water, making it oscillate as they pass by. Wind waves
are sea surface waves that create the characteristic
chaotic pattern of any large body of water, though their
statistical behaviour can be predicted with wind wave
models. As waves in water or wind pass over sand, they
create patterns of ripples. When winds blow over large
bodies of sand, they create dunes, sometimes in
extensive dune fields as in the Taklamakan desert.
Dunes may form a range of patterns including crescents,
very long straight lines, stars, domes, parabolas, and
longitudinal or self ('sword') shapes.
Waves: breaking wave in a ship's wake
Dunes: sand dunes in Taklamakan desert, from space
Bubbles, foam
A soap bubble forms a sphere, a surface with minimal
area — the smallest possible surface area for the volume
enclosed. Two bubbles together form a more complex
shape: the outer surfaces of both bubbles are spherical;
these surfaces are joined by a third spherical surface as
the smaller bubble bulges slightly into the larger one.
A foam is a mass of bubbles; foams of different
materials occur in nature. Foams composed of soap
films obey Plateau's laws, which require three soap
films to meet at each edge at 120° and four soap edges to
meet at each vertex at the tetrahedral angle of about
109.5°.
Tessellations
Tessellations are patterns formed by repeating tiles all
over a flat surface. There are 17 wallpaper groups of
tilings. While common in art and design, exactly
repeating tilings are less easy to find in living things.
The cells in the paper nests of social wasps, and the wax
cells in honeycomb built by honey bees are well-known
examples.
Cracks
Cracks are linear openings that form in materials to
relieve stress. When an elastic material stretches or
shrinks uniformly, it eventually reaches its breaking
strength and then fails suddenly in all directions, creating
cracks with 120 degree joints, so three cracks meet at a  Mathematics is at the center of our culture and
node. its history.
 There is also mathematics in art.
Spots, stripes  Mathematics has a number of very useful
Leopards and ladybirds are spotted; angelfish and zebras benefits to our mind if we go into its study.
are striped. These patterns have an evolutionary  The mathematics is present in our daily lives
explanation: they have functions which increase the
chances that the offspring of the patterned animal will Benefits of Mathematics for Education
survive to reproduce. One function of animal patterns is As boring as math may seem, the study translates into
camouflage; for instance, a leopard that is harder to see benefits for education and for our life in general as:
catches more prey. Another function is signalling— for  Math helps us to have analytical thinking.
instance, a ladybird is less likely to be attacked by  Analytical thinking develops the ability to
predatory birds that hunt by sight, if it has bold warning investigate and know the truth about the world
colours, and is also distastefully bitter or poisonous, or around us.
mimics other distasteful insects. A young bird may see a
 Mathematics develops the ability to think
warning patterned insect like a ladybird and try to eat it,
 Thanks to mathematics, we can explain how
but it will only do this once; very soon it will spit out the
things work
bitter insect; the other ladybirds in the area will remain
undisturbed. The young leopards and ladybirds,  Mathematics quickens our minds
inheriting genes that somehow create spottedness,  Mathematics promotes wisdom
survive. But while these evolutionary and functional
arguments explain why these animals need their patterns, More importance of mathematics
they do not explain how the patterns are formed.  Math makes your child smarter.
 Can make money with math.
What is the Fibonacci Sequence?  Mathematics is essential in order not to lose
The Fibonacci sequence is a series of numbers that money.
follow a unique integer sequence.  Math can provide your child with a ticket to the
These numbers generate mathematical patterns that world.
can be found in all aspects of life.  Mathematics is essential in a world of constant
The patterns can be seen in everything from the change.
human body to the physiology of plants and animals.  Math will be more represented in the future.
 Math makes up a large part of our everyday life.
How does the Fibonacci Sequence Work?
The Fibonacci sequence is derived from the Fibonacci Activity
numbers. The Fibonacci Complete the table:
numbers are as follows: A F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10
0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144...____and so on. 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144
These numbers are obtained by adding the two previous
numbers in the sequence to obtain the next higher B F F2 F3 F F5 F F7 F8 F9 F10
number. 1 4 6
Example: 1+1= 2, 2+3= 5, 5+8= 13... 8 8 16 24 40 64 104 168 27 440
The formula is: Fn = Fn-1 + Fn-2 2
Lesson 2:
People sometimes have trouble understanding
Importance of Mathematics in Life and its Nature
mathematical ideas: not necessarily because the ideas are
difficult, but because they are being presented in a
Mathematics makes our life orderly and prevents chaos.
foreign language—the language of mathematics.
Certain qualities that are nurtured by mathematics are
power of reasoning, creativity, abstract or spatial
The language of mathematics makes it easy to express
thinking, problem solving ability and effective
the kinds of thoughts that mathematicians like to
communication skills.
express.
It is:
These are the lists of reason why learning math is
 Precise (able to make very fine distinctions)
important to you and the world.
 Concise (able to say things briefly)
 Powerful (able to express complex thoughts
with relative ease)
 1+1=3 Is A (False) Sentence
Every language has its vocabulary (the words) X+1=3 Is A (Sometimes True/Sometimes
and its rules for combining these words into complete False) Sentence
thoughts (the sentences).
1. Identify the verbs in the following sentences.
Mathematics is no exception.
The capital of Philippines is Manila. -ENGLISH
As a first step in studying the mathematical language, SENTENCE
we will make a very broad classification between the The girl is crying. – ENGLISH SENTENCE
‘nouns’ of mathematics (used to name mathematical 5 + 2 = 7 – MATHEMATICAL SENTENCE
objects of interest) and the ‘sentences’ of mathematics 6 + 2 = 8– MATHEMATICAL SENTENCE
(which state complete mathematical thoughts).
TRUE OR FALSE
ENGLISH (nouns versus sentence)
The capital of the Philippines is Manila. -TRUE
MATHEMATICS (Expression versus sentence) The girl is crying. -TRUE
5 + 2 = 7 -TRUE
DEFINITION  6 + 2 = 8- TRUE
An expression is the mathematical analogue of
an English noun; it is a correct arrangement of Classify the following entries if it is an
mathematical symbols used to represent a mathematical  English Noun or Mathematical Expression
object of interest.  English Sentence or Mathematical Sentence
An expression does not state a complete thought;
it does not make sense to ask if an expression Cat - English Noun
is true or false. 2 - Mathematical Expression
The most common expression types are numbers, sets, The word “cat” begins with the letter “k”- English
and functions. Sentence
1 + 2 =4 - Mathematical Sentence
Numbers have lots of different names: for example, the 5-3- Mathematical Expression
expressions 5 – 3 =2 - Mathematical Sentence
5 2+3 10/2 (6+2) + 1 1+1+1+1 The cat is black- English Sentence
X - English Noun
all look different, but are all just different names for the X = 1- Mathematical Sentence
same number. X – 1=0- Mathematical Sentence
This simple idea—that numbers have lots of different t + 3- Mathematical Expression
names—is extremely important in mathematics! t + 3 = 3 + t- Mathematical Sentence
This sentence is false- English Sentence
DEFINITION X + 0- Mathematical Expression
 A mathematical sentence is the analogue of an English 1 . X =x- Mathematical Sentence
sentence; it is a correct arrangement of mathematical
symbols that states a complete thought. Which are true?, false?, are there possibilities other that
Sentences have verbs. true or false?
In the mathematical sentence ‘3+4=7, the verb is ‘=’.
A sentence can be (always) true, (always) false, or
sometimes true/sometimes false.
For example, the sentence ‘1+2=3’ is true.
The sentence ‘1+2=4’  is false.
The sentence  ‘x=2’  is sometimes true/sometimes
false: it is true when x is 2, and false otherwise.
The sentence  ‘x+3=3+x’  is (always) true, no matter
what number is chosen for x.
Examples;
2 Is An Expression
1+1 Is An Expression
X+1 Is An Expression
1+1=2 Is A (True) Sentence
Consider the entries in the previous example that are = (18÷ 6x5) -14÷ 7
sentence. = (3x5) -14÷ 7
= (15) -14÷ 7
3. The word “cat” begins with the letter “k”- False = 15-14÷ 7
1 + 2 =4- False = 15-2
5 -3 =2 -True = 13
The cat is black .-Sometimes True/False
X = 1-True
X -1 = 0-True Lesson 4:
t + 3 = 3 + t-True Inductive and Deductive Reasoning

NUMBER, SETS, AND FUNCTIONS Inductive Reasoning

The three (3) of the most common types of expression
are number, sets and functions. These are like the
people, places and things in English.
As mentioned earlier, a key idea in mathematics
is that expression have lots of different names. The
name we use depends on what we are doing with the
expression.
For example, number 1 goes by this name:
½+½
(Cite other expressions that name number 1)
Perform Operations on Mathematical Expression
Correctly
In simplifying mathematical expressions, the following
order of operations is one critical point to observe. Order
of operations is the hierarchy of mathematical
operations. It is the set of rules that determines which
operations should be done before or after others.
PEMDAS is merely a set of rules that prioritize the
sequence of operations starting from the most
important to least important.
 Do as much as you can to simplify everything
inside the parenthesis.
 Simplify every exponential number in the
numerical expression.
 Multiply and divide whichever comes first, from
left to right.
 Add and subtract whichever comes first, from
left to right.
Examples;
6x4÷ 12+72÷ 8-9 (17-6÷ 2) +4x3
=24÷ 12+ 72÷ 8-9 = (17-3) +4x3
= (14) +4x3
=2+72÷ 8-9
= 14+12
=2+9-9
=26
=11-9
=2
(18÷ 6x5) -14÷ 7 = (18÷ 6x5) -14÷ 7
Inductive reasoning is the process of arriving at a
conclusion based on a set of observations. In itself, it is
not a valid method of proof. Just because a person
observes a number of situations in which a pattern
exists doesn't mean that that pattern is true for all
situations.
For example, after seeing many people outside walking
their dogs, one may observe that every dog that is a
poodle is being walked by an elderly person. The person
observing this pattern could inductively reason that
poodle are owned exclusively by elderly people. This is
by no means a method of proof for such a suspicion; in
fact, in the real world it is a means by which people and
things are stereotyped.
A hypothesis based on inductive reasoning, can,
however, lead to a more careful study of a situation. By
inductive reasoning, in the example above, a viewer has
formed a hypothesis that poodles are owned exclusively
by elderly people. The observer could then conduct a
more formal study based on this hypothesis and
conclude that his hypothesis was either right, wrong, or
only partially wrong.
Problem: Can inductive reasoning be used to formally
prove something?
No.
Problem: What is the basic role of inductive reasoning
in geometry?
Inductive reasoning leads people to form hypotheses
based on observations made. Then these hypotheses can
be tested rigorously using other methods. Inductive
reasoning is how people make generalizations about sets
of things and form hypotheses accordingly.
Examples of Inductive Reasoning:
 Jennifer always leaves for school at 7:00 a.m.
Jennifer is always on time. Jennifer assumes,
then, that if she leaves at 7:00 a.m. for school
today, she will be on time.
 Every windstorm in this area comes from the
north. I can see a big cloud of dust in the
 distance. A new windstorm is coming from the
north.
 Bob is showing a big diamond ring to his friend
Larry. Bob has told Larry that he is planning to
marry Joan. Bob must be surprising Joan with
the diamond ring tonight.
 The chair in the living room is red. The chair in
the dining room is red. The chair in the bedroom
is red. All the chairs in the house are red.
 Every time you eat peanuts, you start to cough.
You are allergic to peanuts.
Deductive reasoning
Deductive reasoning, unlike inductive reasoning, is a
valid form of proof. It is, in fact, the way in which
geometric proofs are written. Deductive reasoning is the
process by which a person makes conclusions based
on previously known facts.
An instance of deductive reasoning might go something
like this: a person knows that all the men in a certain
room are bakers, that all bakers get up early to bake
bread in the morning, and that Jim is in that specific
room. Knowing these statements to be true, a person
could deductively reason that Jim gets up early in the
morning.
Such a method of reasoning is a step-by-step process of
drawing conclusions based on previously known truths.
Usually, a general statement is made about an entire
class of things, and then one specific example is given. If
the example fits into the class of things previously
mentioned, then deductive reasoning can be used.
Examples of Deductive Reasoning:
 All numbers ending in 0 or 5 are divisible by 5.
The number 35 ends with a 5, so it must be
divisible by 5.
 All birds have feathers. All robins are birds.
Therefore, robins have feathers.
 It's dangerous to drive on icy streets. The streets
are icy now, so it would be dangerous to drive
on the streets.
 All cats have a keen sense of smell. Fluffy is a
cat, so Fluffy has a keen sense of smell.
 Cacti are plants, and all plants perform
photosynthesis. Therefore, cacti perform
photosynthesis.
Let's take a look at a few examples of inductive
reasoning. After we examine the inductive reasoning,
we'll flip it and see what it looks like in the form of
deductive reasoning.
Inductive Reasoning: The first lipstick I pulled from
my bag is red. The second lipstick I pulled from my bag
is red. Therefore, all the lipsticks in my bag are red.
Deductive Reasoning: The first lipstick I pulled from
my bag is red. All lipsticks in my bag are red. Therefore,
the second lipstick I pull from my bag will be red, too.
Inductive Reasoning: My mother is Irish. She has blond
hair. Therefore, everyone from Ireland has blond hair.
Deductive Reasoning: My mother is Irish. Everyone
from Ireland has blond hair. Therefore, my mother has
blond hair.
Inductive Reasoning: Most of our snowstorms come
from the north. It's starting to snow. This snowstorm
must be coming from the north.
Deductive Reasoning: All of our snowstorms come
from the north. It's starting to snow. Therefore, the storm
is coming from the north.
Inductive Reasoning: Maximilian is a shelter dog. He is
happy. All shelter dogs are happy.
Deductive Reasoning: Maximilian is a shelter dog. All
shelter dogs are happy. Therefore, he is happy.
Analyzing Deductive Reasoning Using Venn Diagram
 
Venn Diagram is a diagram representing mathematical
or logical sets pictorially as circles or closed curves
within an enclosing rectangle (the universal set),
common elements of the sets being represented by the
areas of the overlap among circles.
Some statements illustrated using Venn Diagram
U All A are B: If A then B:
A is a subset of B, have
the same Venn Diagram
U Some A are B: at least
one A is b have the same
A B Venn Diagram
U
A No A are B: A and B are
disjoint, have the same
B Venn Diagram
 Therefore, Roseanne is not unemployed.

Complete the procedure for several different numbers.

Valid:
an argument is valid if the conclusion of the argument
is guaranteed to follow from the premises
Invalid:
an argument is invalid if there is at least one instance
where the conclusion does not follow from the
premises
Classify the argument as deductive or inductive:
I ate a chili dog at Joe’s and got indigestion.
I ate a chili dog at Ruby’s and got indigestion
Therefore, chili dogs give me indigestion.
All spicy foods give me indigestion.
Chili dogs are spicy food.
Therefore, chili dogs give me indigestion.
Make a conclusion about the resulting number or about
the relationship between the size of the resulting number
and the size of the original number.
Pick any two numbers. Add 3 to the larger number.
Subtract the smaller number from the sum. Add 11 to
the difference. Subtract the larger number from the
Sum. Finally, add the final answer to the smaller
number.
Pick a number. Multiply the number by 8, add 6 to the
product, divide the sum by 2, and subtract 3 from the
quotient.
ACTIVITY:
Construct a Venn Diagram for the following deductive
arguments. Identify if the argument if valid or invalid.
 
All fashion designer are artists.
Amboy is a fashion designer.
Therefore, Amboy is an artist.
All basketball are round.
The earth is round.
Therefore, the earth is basketball.
 
All even numbers are divisible by 4.
6 is an even number.
Therefore, 6 is divisible by 4.

Draw a Venn diagram to determine if the argument is

valid or invalid:

No one who can afford health insurance is unemployed.

All politicians can afford health insurance.
Therefore, no politician is unemployed.

PEOPLE CAN
AFFORD
HEALTH
INSURANCES
UNEMPLOYED

All doctors are men.

My mother is a doctor.
Therefore, my mother is a man.

All homeless people are unemployed.

Roseanne is not a homeless person.