1 Module 1 – Mathematics in Our World

2 Module 1 – Mathematics in Our World

Lesson 2
Patterns Around Us

Lesson Learning Outcomes

In this lesson, you will be able to:

1. discuss observations for each of the given pattern-related pictures;
2. collect pictures that involve the concept of patterns as observed at home;
3. analyze problems involving sequences;
4. supply the missing shape of the given sequence of shapes;
5. identify what type of sequence are the given sequences;
6. solve the next and missing terms of sequence; and
7. compute the series of the first n terms of a given sequence

PRE-ASSESSMENT

Instruction: Find out how much you already know about this lesson. Encircle the letter of the best answer.
Take note of the items that you were not able to answer correctly and find the right answer as you go through
this lesson.

1. It is a regularity in the world, in human-made design, or in abstract ideas.

a. Sequence
b. Pattern
c. Guide
d. Numbers

2. It is a particular order in which related events, movements, or things follow each other.
a. Numbers
b. Pattern
c. Sequence
d. Nature

3. Nest built bees. It is made from beeswax, and is composed of cells in the shape of hexagon, sometimes
pentagon or heptagon. This illustrates:
a. Flowers
b. Bees
c. Honeycomb
d. Honey

4. If you observe numbers of petals of some flowers in your garden, you count the number of its petals and you
will get the numbers __________________.
a. 3, 5, 8,13, 21, 34, or 55.
b. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7.
c. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10
d. 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0
3 Module 1 – Mathematics in Our World

5. Weather is observed to repeat a pattern for days, weeks, or months after which a new weather sets in. This
sequence of weather patterns produces a cycle, such as, dry monsoon seasons, summer-autumn-winter-
spring seasons, habagat-amihan wind patterns, etc.. This concept illustrates:
a. Human productivity
b. Human populations
c. Weather patterns
d. Nature patterns

6. Which of the following is an example of a number sequence?

a. Arithmetic sequence
b. Geometric sequence
c. Fibonacci sequence
d. All of the above

7. Which of the following is not an example of a number sequence?

a. Harmonic sequence
b. Fibonacci sequence
c. Geometric sequence
d. None of the above

8. Which is true about an arithmetic sequence?

a. It has common ratio, r
b. It has a common difference, d
c. It is always infinite
d. It is always finite

9. Which of the following is an example of a finite sequence?

a. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
b. 2, 4, 6, 8, …
c. 3, 6, 9, 12, …
d. 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, …

10. Which of the following is not an example of an infinite sequence?

a. 1, 1, 1, 1, 1
b. 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, …
c. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …
d. 5, 10, 15, 20,…

11. What do you mean by a1 of the given sequence?

a. It is an nth term
b. It is the first term
c. It is the unknown term
d. It is always the given term

12. Which of the following is the formula in finding for the missing term of a geometric sequence?
a. an = a1 + (n-1) d
𝑛
b. Sn = (a1 + an)
2
c. an = a1(rn-1)
𝑎1(1−𝑟 𝑛 )
d. Sn =
1−𝑟

13. What type of a sequence is 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, …?

a. Finite geometric sequence
4 Module 1 – Mathematics in Our World

b. Finite arithmetic sequence

c. Harmonic sequence
d. Fibonacci sequence

1 1 1 1
14. What is the a5 of the sequence , , , , …?
3 5 7 9
1
a.
5
1
b.
14
1
c.
11
5
d.
11

15. Given the sequence 2, 4, 8, 16, …, what is S5?

a. 62
b. 30
c. 32
d. 35

LESSON MAP

Human Natural
Works Phenomena

Animals
Flowers

Trees Art

Numbers
Arithmetic Harmonic

Geometric Fibonacci

Figure 1: This figure shows that as you learn the concept of patterns, you would be able to
discuss the patterns involved in human works, animals, trees, art, flowers, natural phenomena,
and in numbers. In number patterns, arithmetic, geometric, harmonic, and Fibonacci sequences
will be tackled.
5 Module 1 – Mathematics in Our World

CONTENT

ENGAGE ENGAGING MYSELF ON PATTERNS AROUND US

Activity No. 1- Tell Me More!

Instruction: Given the following pictures, write down your observations for each of the pictures.

This picture is a picture of a sunflower. with its ray florets and disk
florets is shown. and it shows the pattern of the disk florets forms in a
circular pattern or should i say Swirlies.

It is shown that its a plant with its roots in the soil that is shown. As the
roots keeps getting deeper down the soil, its getting little by little. from
big roots to small roots along the way.

An animal so called Zebra has a black and white variant color. and
its Stripe pattern is best known for the animal that is being known
for years.

a seashell also has a pattern of themselves. but there pattern is

not much seen on the outside but seen in the inside. as the animal
grows its home or its shell gets bigger, and so they grow their
shells layer upon layer, creating growth bands or growth
increments, within the shell. its pattern is also in a form of swirlies.

This illustrate the life timeline of a person. And its pattern tells us from
the quote "from ashes we begin, to ashes we end." it means the
pattern is we grow and live and rest if we get older.

the picture shown is an illustration of a typhoon or a super

typhoon headed to the philippines. and its pattern showed a
form of swirlies and kind of a rapid one.

It is shown in the picture of a pattern of shapes. the first one

________________________________________________
is triangles and rectangles and the next is a hexagon and
pentagon.

The picture shown more on________________________________________________

numbers. and its
pattern is when the number goes higher, it gets
bigger.

__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
____________
6 Module 1 – Mathematics in Our World

EXPLORE EXPLORING PATTERNS AROUND US

Activity No. 2 – Read Me!

Instruction: Closely read the discussion below.

As you observe around, regularities in the world, human-made designs and products, or even
abstract ideas are very evident. This gives emphasis on the concept of patterns. Specifically, patterns are
present in nature such as flowers and trees. It is also present in human activities, natural phenomenon, art,
animals, and numbers. The table below illustrate some of the examples of patterns.

FREQUENTLY OBSERVED PATTERNS IN NATURE AND IN OUR WORLD

PATTERN DESCRIPTION
Nest built bees. It is made from beeswax, and is composed of cells in the shape of
1. Honeycomb
hexagon, sometimes pentagon or heptagon.
A feathery snow crystal which nucleated from dust particles suspended in the
2. Snowflake atmosphere. Molecules in ice crystals join to form hexagonal structure, which is
then repeated as the crystal accumulate more crystals and grow in size.
The stripes on the tiger are, in general, evenly spaced and perpendicular to the
3. Tiger stripes spine. The stripes help with camouflage, they allow the tiger to blend with its
environment.
The spots on hyenas are shaped and distributed in a pattern that helps also with
4. Hyena’s spots
camouflage.
A sunflower displays many patterns, the most prominent among them are
5. Sunflower
intersecting families of spirals.
The snail’s shell has the shape of a spiral. The radius of the shell increases in
6. Snail’s shell
length as the mollusk grows inside the shell.
The number of petals of a flower are observed to follow the following pattern: 3, 5,
7. Flower’s petals
8, 13, … which are numbers found in Fibonacci sequence.
Human productivity in many organizations is observed to follow the 80:20 percent
8. Human
rule. Twenty percent of the members produce 80% of the organization’s total
productivity
output.
Weather is observed to repeat a pattern for days, weeks, or months after which a
9. Weather new weather sets in. This sequence of weather patterns produces a cycle, such as,
patterns dry monsoon seasons, summer-autumn-winter-spring seasons, habagat-amihan
wind patterns, etc.
10. Human The demographic distribution of people in human populations is observed to follow
populations a pattern.

For the online video-discussion about patterns, you may click

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aqnDgBjd85o&t=272s and watch the video-lecture via YouTube.
7 Module 1 – Mathematics in Our World

If you are to arrange certain objects in order, this includes the concept of a sequence. List of numbers
in order is called a number sequence.

SEQUENCES AND SERIES

A sequence is a list of something. It could be a list of numbers, called number sequence. A number
sequence can be denoted as An where n refers to the number of terms that a sequence have. Each of the
numbers being listed on a sequence is called term. Each term is being separated by a comma (,).

A number sequence can be either finite or infinite. A finite sequence is a sequence with a fixed
number of terms. While an infinite sequence has infinite number of terms, that is, can also be observed of
having an ellipsis (…) on the end.
8 Module 1 – Mathematics in Our World

The series is the summation or total value of the terms in a sequence. It is denoted as S n where n is
the number of terms to be added.

For the online video-discussion about number sequence and its general forms, you may click
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bBP41TZzy10&t=90s and
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UyAWj8ue5Mk&t=512s , then watch the video-lectures via
YouTube.

ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE AND SERIES

An arithmetic sequence is a sequence whose consecutive terms having a common difference. The
sequence a1, a2, a3, … , an ,is arithmetic if there is a number d such that:

a2-a1 = d, a3-a2 = d, a4-a3 = d

and so on. The number d is the common difference in the arithmetic sequence.

Formula for the nth Term of an Arithmetic Sequence

The nth term, an, of an arithmetic sequence with first term, a1, and common difference d is given by

an = a1 + (n-1) d

Example: Find the 8th term of the sequence 20, 22, 24,26, …

Solution: First, check the given sequence if it is arithmetic by solving the common difference d. That
is,
22-20 = 2
24-22 = 2
26-24 = 2
Thus, d= 2. Therefore, the given sequence is arithmetic.

Next, substitute to the formula in finding for the 8th term of the given sequence considering that your
n=8, a1=20, and d=2.

Now, we have
an = a1 + (n-1)d
a8 = 20 + (8-1)2
a8 = 20 + (7)2
a8 = 20 + 14
a8 = 34.

Hence, the 8th term of the arithmetic sequence is 34.

For the online video-discussion about arithmetic sequence, you may click
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wF8DnV8vD2c&t=1694s and watch the video-lecture via
YouTube.

Series of the First n Terms of an Arithmetic Sequence

Given an arithmetic sequence where a1 is the first term and an is the nth term, the series of the first n
terms is given by:
𝑛
Sn = 2 (a1 + an)
9 Module 1 – Mathematics in Our World

Example: Find the series of the first 50 terms of the arithmetic sequence if the first term is 21 and the
20th term is 154.

Solution:

First, solve for d using the formula: an = a1 + (n-1)d.

That is,
an = a1 + (n-1)d.
a20 = 21 +(20-1)d.
154 = 21 + 19d
133 = 19d
d=7

Next, find a50. That is,

an = a1 + (n-1)d
a50 = 21 + (50-1)7
a50 = 21 + 343
a50 = 364

Thus,
𝑛
Sn = (a1 + an)
2
50
S50 = (21 + 364)
2
S50 = 25(385)
S50 = 9,625

Therefore, the series of the first 50 terms is 9,625.

For the online video-discussion about arithmetic series, you may click
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YPBfZZCwUpA and watch the video-lecture via YouTube.

GEOMETRIC SEQUENCE AND SERIES

Geometric Sequence is a sequence in which each term is obtained by multiplying the preceding term
by a fixed number.

Formula for the nth Term of a Geometric Sequence

The nth term, or an, of a geometric sequence with first term a1 and common ratio r is given by the formula:

an = a1(rn-1)

Example: Find the 8th term of the geometric sequence 24,12,6,3,…

Solution:
1
First, consider a1 = 24 and r =
2
Then, an = a1(rn-1)
1
a8 = 24( )8-1
2
1
a8 = 24( )7
2
3
a8 = .
16
3
Therefore, the 8th term is .
16

Series of the First n Terms of a Geometric Sequence

The series of a finite geometric sequence is calculated by the formula:

𝒂𝟏(𝟏−𝒓𝒏 )
Sn =
𝟏−𝒓
10 Module 1 – Mathematics in Our World

where a1 is the first term, r is the common ratio, and n is the number of n terms.

Example: Find the series of the first 12 terms of the geometric sequence 3,-9,27,-81,243,…

Solution:
First, consider a1 = 3 and r = -3
Then, solve for S12. That is,
𝑎1(1−𝑟 𝑛 )
Sn =
1−𝑟
3[1−(−3)12 ]
S12 =
1−(−3)
3(1−531441)
S12 =
1+3
3(−531440)
S12 =
4
S12 = -398580

Therefore, the series of the first 12 terms of the geometric sequence is -398580.

For the online video-discussion about geometric sequence and series, you may click
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5bdt-JE3eT4 and watch the video-lecture via YouTube.

HARMONIC SEQUENCE

If a1, a2, a3,… an, are terms of an arithmetic sequence, then the sequence of reciprocals of these
1 1 1 1
terms, , , , … , is called a harmonic sequence.
a1 a2 a3 an

FIBONACCI SEQUENCE
Fibonacci sequence is a sequence that starts with 1, followed by 1 and proceeds with enumerating
the rest of the elements based on a a rule that each element is the sum of the preceding two integers.

F1=1, F2=1, and Fn= Fn-1 + Fn-2 , for n≥3, where n is a positive integer.

For the online video-discussion about other number sequences, you may click
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NR9CvcuJX-g and watch the video-lecture via YouTube.
11 Module 1 – Mathematics in Our World

EXPLAIN DELVING PATTERNS AROUND US

Activity No. 3- Let Me Share!

Instruction: From the concepts presented above, answer the following process questions. You may share
your answers during the online synchronous class schedule.

Process Questions:

1. When can we say that a certain object or scenario has a pattern?

2. Aside from those patterns given on the table, what are these other frequently observed patterns in
nature and in our world (give at least five).
3. What’s the differences between the number sequences: arithmetic, geometric, harmonic, and
Fibonacci?
4. Can you make your own number sequence? What is it? What are the rules? How did you make it?

TOPIC SUMMARY

In this lesson, you learned that:

• Patterns are evident anywhere: human works, population, and productivity; flowers, trees,
animals, natural phenomena, arts, numbers, etc.
• A sequence is a list of something. It could be a list of numbers, called number sequence.
• A number sequence can be either finite or infinite. A finite sequence is a sequence with a fixed
number of terms. While an infinite sequence has infinite number of terms
• The series is the summation or total value of the terms in a sequence. It is denoted as S n where n
is the number of terms to be added.

• An arithmetic sequence is a sequence whose consecutive terms having a common difference.

• The formula in finding for the missing term of an arithmetic sequence is
an = a1 + (n-1)d.
• Given an arithmetic sequence where a1 is the first term and an is the nth term, the series of the
first n terms is given by:
𝑛
Sn = (a1 + an).
2
• Geometric Sequence is a sequence in which each term is obtained by multiplying the preceding
term by a fixed number.
• The nth term, or an, of a geometric sequence with first term a1 and common ratio r is given by the
formula:
an = a1(rn-1)
• The series of a finite geometric sequence is calculated by the formula
𝑎1(1−𝑟 𝑛 )
Sn =
1−𝑟
• If a1, a2, a3,… an, are terms of an arithmetic sequence, then the sequence of reciprocals of these
1 1 1 1
terms, , , , … , is called a harmonic sequence.
a1 a2 a3 an
• Fibonacci sequence is a sequence that starts with 1, followed by 1 and proceeds with
enumerating the rest of the elements based on a rule that each element is the sum of the
preceding two integers.

REFERENCES

• Richard T. Earnhart, Edgar M. Adina, Mathematics in the Modern World, 2018

12 Module 1 – Mathematics in Our World

• Ethel B.,Carmelita R.,Justina E., Mathematics in the Modern World, 2018

• Burns Carol JVF One Mathematical Cat, Please (A First Course in Algebra) [Journal]. -
Massachusetts : [s.n.], 2004.
• Orlando O., Marilyn M., E-Math 10 Worktext, 2015
• [Journal]. - Clemson University : [s.n.], 2000.
• Dana, Charles A. Advanced Mathematical Decision Making. Center at The University of Texas at
Austin, 2010
• Harary, Frank. Graph Theory. Addison Wesley, Reading, MA, 1969
• Aufmann, Richard, et.al., Mathematical Excursion. Brooks/Cole CENGAGE Learning, 2013
• Esmeralda A. Manlulu, Liza Marie M. Hipolito, A Course Module in Mathematics in the Modern World,
2019
• Juan Apolinario C. Reyes, Mathematics in the Modern World, 2018
• Winston S. Sirug, Mathematics in the Modern World,2018
• Caraga State University -MMW TG, 2019