Hoop Stress

Hoop stress is defined as a normal stress in the tangential direction.

From: Unconventional Shale Gas Development, 2022

Related terms:

Axial Stress, Tensiles, Circumferential, External Pressure, Internal Pressure, Longi-

tudinal Stress, Radial Stress, Wellbore

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Deepwater Geology & Geoscience

Peter Aird, in Deepwater Drilling, 2019

Hoop Stress
Hoop stress as illustrated in Fig. 2.31 depends on:

1. Wellbore pressure,

2. In situ stress magnitude and orientation,

3. Pore pressure, and

4. Wellbore inclination and direction.

Note: Wellbore pressure is directly related to equivalent mud weights (EMW) that
exist at any period of time that will change as operating activities and conditions
change.

Key Points to Hoop Stress

• For a vertical wellbore with equal horizontal stresses, hoop stress depends on
the mud weight and the magnitude of the horizontal stresses and is equally
distributed around the wellbore.
• A deviated well creates unequal distribution of hoop stress around the wellbore
due to the redistribution of the horizontal and vertical stresses.
• Hoop stress acting on a cross-section of the wellbore is a maximum at the
sides of the wellbore perpendicular to the maximum stress.
• The same is true when drilling a vertical well in an in situ environment of
unequal horizontal stress.
• Hoop stress is a maximum at the side of the well bore perpendicular to the
maximum horizontal stress.

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Subsea Pipelines
Yong Bai, Qiang Bai, in Subsea Engineering Handbook (Second Edition), 2019

31.5.1.3 Hoop Stress

Hoop stress H varies across the pipe wall from a maximum value on the inner
surface to a minimum value on the outer surface of the pipe, as expressed in the
hoop stress of Equation (31-1). The equation for the hoop stress is also called the
Lame equation and is rewritten as follows:

(31-2)

where

H: Lame hoop stress;

D: diameter at which hoop stress is calculated;

De: external pipe diameter;

Di: internal pipe diameter;

pe: external pressure of pipe;

pi: internal pressure of pipe.

Hoop stress for a thin-wall pipe can be obtained from the force balance below,
assuming the hoop stress to be constant in the radial direction:

(31-3)

where t is the minimum wall thickness of the pipeline.

The radial stress R varies across the pipe wall from a value equal to the internal
pressure, pi, on the inside of the pipe wall, to a value equal to the external pressure,
pe on the outside of the pipe. The magnitude of the radial stress is usually small when
compared with the longitudinal and hoop stresses; consequently it is not specifically
limited by the design codes.

According to ASME B31.8 (2010) [8], Hoop stress for a thin wall (D/t > 30) can also
be expressed in the following equation:

(31-4)

Hoop stress for a thick wall (D/t < 30) can be calculated using the following equation:

(31-5)

Depending on which code/standard is used, the hoop stress should not exceed a
certain fraction of the specified minimum yield stress (SMYS).

> Read full chapter

Snubbing Theory and Calculations

Les Skinner PE, in Hydraulic Rig Technology and Operations, 2019

4.3.8.3 Hoop Stress

The hoop stress, or tangential stress, is the stress around the circumference of the
pipe due to a pressure gradient. The maximum hoop stress always occurs at the inner
radius or the outer radius depending on the direction of the pressure gradient. Like
the radial stress, the hoop stress can be analyzed at any investigation point within
the pipe wall at radius r. The Lame equation, Eq. (4.67), is also used to determine
this type of stress:

(4.67)

where h = hoop stress (psi).

> Read full chapter

Introduction to Fatigue of Plastics and

Elastomers
Laurence W. McKeen, in Fatigue and Tribological Properties of Plastics and Elas-
tomers (Third Edition), 2016
1.1.5 Hoop Stress
Hoop stress ( h) is mechanical stress defined for rotationally symmetric objects such
as pipe or tubing. The real-world view of hoop stress is the tension applied to the iron
bands, or hoops, of a wooden barrel. It is the result of forces acting circumferentially.
Fig. 1.7 shows stresses caused by pressure (P) inside a cylindrical vessel. The hoop
stress is indicated on the right side of Fig. 1.7 that shows a segment of the pipe.

Figure 1.7. Illustration of hoop stress.

The classic equation for hoop stress created by an internal pressure on a thin wall
cylindrical pressure vessel is given in Eq. (1.6):

(1.6)

where P, the internal pressure; t, the wall thickness; r, the radius of the cylinder.

The SI unit for P is Pascal, while t and r are in meters.

If the pipe is closed on the ends, any force applied to them by internal pressure will
induce an axial or longitudinal stress ( l) on the same pipe wall. The longitudinal
stress under the same conditions of Fig. 1.7 is given by Eq. (1.7):

(1.7)

There could also be a radial stress especially when the pipe walls are thick, but
thin-walled sections often have negligibly small radial stress ( r). The stress in radial
direction at a point in the tube or cylinder wall is shown in Eq. (1.8):

(1.8)

where P, internal pressure in the tube or cylinder; a, internal radius of tube or

cylinder; b, external radius of tube or cylinder; r, radius to point in tube where radial
stress is calculated.

Often the stresses in pipe are combined into a measure called equivalent stress. This
is determined using the Von Mises equivalent stress formula which is shown in Eq.
(1.9):

(1.9)
where l, longitudinal stress; h, hoop stress; c, tangential shear stress (from mate-
rial flowing through the pipe).

Failure by fracture in cylindrical vessels is dominated by the hoop stress in the

absence of other external loads because it is the largest principal stress. Failure by
yielding is affected by an equivalent stress that includes hoop stress and longitudinal
stress. The equivalent stress can also include tangential shear stress and radial stress
when present.

> Read full chapter

Introduction
Qiang Bai, Yong Bai, in Subsea Pipeline Design, Analysis, and Installation, 2014

Pipeline Stress Checks

Hoop Stress
Hoop stress ( h) for a thin wall pipe can be determined using the following equation,
as shown in Figure 1.4:

Figure 1.4. Pipe hoop stress.

[1.1]

where:

pi = internal pressure
po = external pressure
D = outside diameter of the pipeline
t = minimum wall thickness of the pipeline

Depending on the code or standard, the hoop stress should not exceed a certain
fraction of the specified minimum yield stress (SMYS).
Longitudinal Stress
The longitudinal stress ( l) of pipeline is the axial stress experienced by the pipe wall
and consists of stresses due to

• End cap force induced stress ( ec).

• Bending stress ( b).

• Thermal stress ( t).

• Hoop stress ( h).

The longitudinal stress can be determined using the following equation:

[1.2]

The components of the longitudinal stress are illustrated in Figure 1.5. It should be

ensured that sign conventions are utilized when employing this equation (i.e., tensile
stress is positive).

Figure 1.5. Longitudinal stress of pipeline.

Equivalent Stress
The combined stress is determined differently depending on the code/standards
utilized. However, the equivalent stress () can usually be expressed as:

[1.3]

where

h = hoop stress
l = longitudinal stress

lh = tangential shear stress

For high pressure pipes with D/t ratios less than 20 and ignorable shear stresses, the
equivalent stress may be calculated as

[1.4]
where the radial stress, r, varies across the pipe wall from a value equal to the
internal pressure, pi, on the inside of the pipe wall, to a value equal to the external
pressure, po on the outside of the pipe. The magnitude of the radial stress is usually
small when compared with the longitudinal and hoop stresses; consequently, it is
not specifically limited by the design codes.

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Thick circular cylinders, discs and

spheres
JOHN CASE M.A., F.R.Ae.S, ... CARL T.F. ROSS B.Sc., Ph.D, D.Sc., C.Eng., F.R.I.N.A.,
M.S.N.A.M.E., in Strength of Materials and Structures (Fourth Edition), 1999

21.4 Compound tubes

A compound tube is usually made from two cylinders of different materials where
one is shrunk onto the other.

Problem 21.4
A circular steel cylinder of external diameter 0.2 m and internal diameter 0.1 m
is shrunk onto a circular aluminium alloy cylinder of external diameter 0.1 m and
internal diameter 0.05 m, where the dimensions are nominal.

Determine the radial pressure at the common surface due to shrinkage alone, so
that when there is an internal pressure of 300 MPa, the maximum hoop stress in
the inner cylinders is 150 Mpa. Sketch the hoop stress distributions.

For steel, Es = 2 × 1011 N/m2, vs, = 0.3

For aluminium alloy, Ea, = 6.7 × 1010 N/m2, va = 0.32

Solution

P = the hoop stress due to pressure alone

s = the hoop stress due to shrinkage alone

,2s = hoop stress in the steel on the 0.2 m diameter

,1s = hoop stress in the steel on the 0.1 m diameter

r,2s = radial stress in the steel on the 0.2 m diameter

r,1s = radial stress in the steel on the 0.1 m diameter
,1a = hoop stress in the aluminium on the 0.1 m diameter

r,1a = radial stress in the aluminium on the 0.1 m diameter

 ,1a = hoop stress in the aluminum on the 0.05 m diameter
r,5a = radial stress in the aluminium on the 0.05 m diameter

Consider first the stress due to shrinkage alone, as shown in Figures 21.9 and 21.10.

Figure 21.9. Lamé line for aluminium alloy tube.

Figure 21.10. Lamé line for steel tube, due to shrinkage with respect to e.

Equating similar triangles in Figure 21.9.

(21.23)

Similarly, from Figure 21.9,

(21.24)

Equating similar triangles in Figure 21.10.

(21.25)

Consider the stresses due to pressure alone

Pc = internal pressure
= pressure at the common surface due to pressure alone

The Lamé lines will be as shown in Figures 21.11 and 21.12.

Figure 21.11. Lamé line in aluminium alloy, due to pressure alone.

Figure 21.12. Lamé line for steel, due to pressure alone.

Equating similar triangles in Figure 21.11.

(21.26)

Similarly, from Figure 21.11,

(21.27)

Similarly, from Figure 21.12,

(21.28)

Owing to pressure alone, there is no interference fit, so that

Now

(21.29)

Similarly

(21.30)

Equating (21.29) and (21.30)

(21.31)

Substituting equation (21.31) into Equations (21.26) and (21.27)

(21.32)

(21.33)

Now the maximum hoop stress in the inner tube lies either on its internal surface
or its external surface, so that either

(21.34)

or

(21.35)

Substituting Equations (21.32) and (21.24) into equation (21.34), we get

Substituting Equations (21.33) and (21.23) into equation (21.35), we get

i.e. , as Pcs cannot be negative!

(21.36)

Figure 21.13. Hoop stress distribution.

> Read full chapter

Pipeline Riser Design

Boyun Guo, ... Tian Ran Lin, in Offshore Pipelines (Second Edition), 2014

7.5 Allowable Stress Criteria

Tables 7.3 and 7.4 list the allowable stress criteria, based on ANSI/ASME B31.8 and
B31.4, for offshore gas and oil risers, respectively. Three types of stresses should be
checked in riser design: hoop, longitudinal, and von Mises. A typical riser model is
shown in Figure 7.4.

Table 7.3. Maximum Allowable Stress Criteria for Gas Risers

Stress Type Maximum Allowable Stress Criteria

Operation (Case 1) Hydrostatic Test (Case 2) Installation (Case 3)
Hoop stress 0.5 SMYS 0.9 SMYS –
Longitudinal stress 0.8 SMYS 0.8 SMYS 0.8 SMYS
von Mises stress 0.9 SMYS 0.9 SMYS 0.9 SMYS

Table 7.4. Maximum Allowable Stress Criteria for Oil Risers

Stress Type Maximum Allowable Stress Criteria

Operation (Case Hydrostatic Test Expansion Only Sustained Load Installation
1) (Case 2) (Case 3) (Case 4) (Case 5)
Hoop stress 0.6 SMYS 0.9 SMYS – – –
Longitudinal 0.8 SMYS – 0.9 SMYS 0.54 SMYS 0.8 SMYS
stress
von Mises or 0.9 SMYS – – – 0.9 SMYS
Tresca com-
bined stress
Figure 7.4. Typical riser model for pipelines.

Hoop stress can be calculated by Eq. (7.1). Longitudinal stress should be calculated
considering end-cap effect. The maximum von Mises stress in a riser is calculated
using

(7.2)

where

h=hoop stress (+ value),

r=radial stress=P (internal pressure),

V=von Mises stress,

and the axial stress is given by

(7.3)

where

Di=riser inside diameter,

Mb=bending moment,
I=moment of inertia,
Ta=axial force,
As=steel cross-sectional area.

Note that the maximum von Mises stress normally occurs at the inside wall of the
compressive side of bending moment. Therefore, the negative value of bending
moment and “without end-capped” tensile stress should be used in axial stress
calculations.

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Choosing a line size and wall thickness

Maurice Stewart, in Surface Production Operations, 2016

7.2.3 General hoop stress formula

Once the inside diameter (ID) of the piping segment has been determined, the pipe
wall thickness can be calculated. There are many factors that affect the required
pipe wall thickness, which include the maximum allowable working and operating
pressures, maximum and operating temperatures, chemical properties of the fluid,
fluid velocity, pipe material and grade, and required code safety factors. The engineer
must verify whether the particular country in which the project is located has specific
regulations, codes, and standards that apply to facilities and/or pipelines.

Before one discusses the determination of pipe wall thickness in accordance with
the ASME codes, it is necessary to introduce the concept of hoop stress, which is the
basis of all code equations. Figure 7.6 is an equilibrium diagram of a length of pipe
that was cut in half.

Figure 7.6. General hoop stress free body diagram.

The hoop stress “ ” in the pipe, a tensile (positive) stress caused by pressure trying
to tear the pipe apart, is considered a uniform stress over the thickness of the wall,
for a thin-wall cylinder. Therefore, the force equilibrium equation can be expresses
as

(7.10)

where

 = hoop stress in pipe wall (psi (kPa)),

t = pipe wall thickness (in. (mm)),
P = internal design pressure (psig (kPa)),
do = pipe outside diameter (in. (mm)),
L = pipe length (ft. (m)).

Rearranging and solving for required thickness (“t”), the equation reduces to

(7.11)

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Limit-State Based Strength Design

Qiang Bai, Yong Bai, in Subsea Pipeline Design, Analysis, and Installation, 2014

Stress Based Design

A stress based design, which is used in traditional pipeline design and the majority
of pipelines installed to date around the world, limits the hoop stress and equivalent
stress in the pipe under the worst loads by design factors on the specified minimum
yield strength (SMYS) of the pipe material, depending on the considered design
cases.

Hoop stress limit:

[4.2]

Equivalent stress limit:

[4.3]

The design factors, 1 and 2, are defined in the traditional pipeline design codes [3],
[6], [7] , and [8]. Stress based design was widely used in traditional pipeline designs,
which have a large experience basis. It is possible to be used up to 0.5% strain with
ECA analysis when the limited welding qualification tests are satisfied [9, 10].

The hoop stress criterion for pipe may be used in combination with a material
derating factor. The equivalent stress criterion limits the von Mises stress to a
fraction of the SMYS. For D/t ratios larger than 20, the form of equivalent stress
may be calculated and the criterion reads as

[4.4]

where

h = hoop stress
l = longitudinal stress (axial stress)

= torsional shear stress

2 = usage factor (design factor)

For high-pressure pipes with D/t ratios less than 20, the shear stresses are ignorable;
the form of equivalent stress may be calculated and the criterion reads as

[4.5]

where R is the radial stress. For the restrained pipeline such as buried on-land
pipelines with no bending, the longitudinal stress due to internal pressure, external
pressure, and increasing temperature is expressed as

[4.6]

For the displacement-controlled buried pipeline, the temperature difference is also a

control factor for the longitudinal stress and equivalent stress. The equivalent stress
beyond the yield stress is also acceptable in cases in which the strain based design
should be used.

For a stress based design of subsea pipeline, the bending moments, equivalent
stresses, and allowable stresses are determined for the following scenarios:

• Empty condition.

• Flood condition.

• Hydrotest condition.

• Operational conditions.

The strength criteria are applicable for the following situations:

• Pipeline in-place behavior.

• Trawl pullover response.

• Free-spanning pipelines.

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Casing string and design

Jiang Wu, in Applied Well Cementing Engineering, 2021

2.3.3 Casing triaxial yield

Casing in the wellbore is generally under combined loads, i.e., internal pressure
(Pi), external pressure (Po), and axial load (T), as shown in Fig. 2.5. Casing under
the combined loads will be in triaxial stress condition, with casing hoop stress ( ),
casing radial stress ( r), and casing axial stress ( a). Casing triaxial stress condition
needs to be considered in predicting casing yield under combined loads, to improve
the casing burst and collapse design under the combined loads.

Fig. 2.5. Casing under combined loads (pressures and axial load).

Casing hoop stress and radial stress are produced by casing internal pressure and
external pressure, and can be expressed by Lame’s equations (Eqs. 2.8, 2.9). Casing
axial stress is produced by casing axial load, and is simply calculated by dividing
casing axial load by the casing cross-sectional area (Eq. 2.10), considering it is
constant over casing cross-sectional area.

(2.8)
(2.9)

(2.10)

where

Pi: internal pressure, psi

Po: external pressure, psi
D: casing OD, in.
d: casing ID, in.
r: radial coordinate (r varies from d/2 to D/2), in.
T: casing axial load (tension positive), lb.
a: casing axial stress (tensile positive), psi
r: casing radial stress (compressive negative), psi
y: casing material yield strength, psi
: casing hoop stress (tensile positive), psi

Casing hoop stress and casing radial stress are generally varying across the casing
wall, except when casing internal pressure is equal to casing external pressure,
which results in a constant compressive hoop stress and radial stress over casing
wall thickness. Casing hoop stress is a tensile stress under casing burst condition
(internal pressure is much larger than external pressure) with its maximum value at
casing internal diameter location (Fig. 2.6), and casing hoop stress is a compressive
stress under casing collapse condition (external pressure is much larger than internal
pressure) with its maximum value also at casing internal diameter location. Casing
radial stress is always a compressive stress with its largest value equal to casing
internal pressure (Pi) at casing internal diameter location, or equal to casing external
pressure (Po) at casing external diameter location. The maximum casing hoop stress
at casing internal diameter location is the main stress contributing to casing burst
and collapse.

Fig. 2.6. Tensile hoop stress under casing burst condition.

The Von Mises equivalent stress ( e, Eq. 2.11), combining casing hoop, radial, and
axial stresses, can be used to determine casing yielding under triaxial stress condi-
tion, and casing yielding starts when the maximum Von Mises equivalent stress ( e)
at casing internal diameter location reaches to casing material yield strength ( e = Yp
or y, at r = d/2).

(2.11)

By substituting casing hoop, radial, and axial stresses (Eqs. 2.8–2.10) into Eq. (2.11)
and considering the Von Mises equivalent stress ( e) at casing internal diameter
(r = d/2) reaches to casing material yield strength ( e = Yp, at r = d/2), casing triaxial
yield criterion (Eq. 2.12) can be derived and expressed as a limit of casing differential
pressure (Pi − Po). This casing triaxial yield criterion can be plotted as an ellipse by
a normalized casing differential pressure vs. a normalized casing axial stress plus
internal pressure , as shown in Fig. 2.7. Casing will be triaxial-yielded when casing
combined loads are on or outside the ellipse, and casing will be remaining in elastic
status as long as the casing combined loads are inside the ellipse.

Fig. 2.7. Casing triaxial yield ellipse.

(2.12)

From the casing yield ellipse in Fig. 2.7, the limit of casing burst differential pressure
(Pi − Po) at casing triaxial yield is reduced by the axial compression load (in the second
quadrant of Fig. 2.7), and casing triaxial yield can start at a casing burst differential
pressure (Pi − Po) lower than API burst strength under axial compression load. Casing
triaxial yield will therefore be considered to use and improve casing burst design
under combined loads. The limit of casing collapse differential pressure (Po − Pi) at
casing triaxial yield is also reduced by the axial tension load (in the fourth quadrant
of Fig. 2.7), which will also be considered to modify API collapse strength under axial
tension load in casing collapse design. More discussion will be presented in a later
section.
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