RESEARCH TITLE

(bold, center, all caps, Arial, 14)

Author’s Name (Arial, 11)
Affiliation (Arial, 11, italicized)
Email address (Arial, 11, italicized)
(single space)
Abstract
The abstract should be a single paragraph in block format (without paragraph
indentation). The length should be between 250 and 300 words. The abstract is
important because many readers first read the abstract to determine if the entire article
is worth reading. The abstract should describe all four parts of an empirical paper (i.e.,
Introduction, Method, Results, and Discussion). It follows the chronology of the paper
and provides logical connections or transitions between the information included. One
or two sentences summarizing each part of a paper may constitute a good abstract. It
does not add new information but simply summarizes the report. The abstract should be
about the research, not about the act of writing. Write the abstract last. An abstract is a
brief, comprehensive summary of the contents of an article, allowing readers to survey
the contents quickly. A good abstract is accurate, self-contained, concise, and specific,
non-evaluative, and coherent and readable. Ensure that the abstract correctly reflects
the purpose and content of the paper. Do not include information that does not appear
in the body of the paper. Make each sentence maximally informative, especially the lead
sentence. Begin the abstract with the most important information but do not repeat the
title. Be as brief as possible. Report rather than evaluate do not add to or comment on
what is in the body of the manuscript. Write in clear and vigorous prose. Use the third
person rather than the first person. An abstract must contain key words about what is
essential in a research paper for others to retrieve information from the report. Three to
five key words may be listed for the electronic filing of the report.

Keywords: abstract, keyword, summary, manuscript

INTRODUCTION-(JOYCE)
(single space)
Write introduction here.

Review of Literature- (KAILA)

The review of literature should contain a smooth presentation of studies, journal

articles, books, that relates to the variables being studied. It is not an enlistment of
varying studies copied and pasted in separate paragraphs. The literature and studies
should be connected to the current study one way or another. Plagiarizing another
person’s work should be avoided.
Plagiarism occurs when one copies the work of another either in a few words or a
full paragraph. Even if the author is cited, the material should not be totally copied.
Paraphrasing or writing a précis of another study is the proper way to do it and citing the
source is still a
Requirement.
 It should have a narrative. It should tell a story about what previous researchers
have explored and how they came up with the results that may contribute to the
understanding of your study.
It should have subheadings that would serve as a guide to the readers formatted
as italicized. Example of this is as follows.

Mental health during pandemic

Write your review of related literature about mental health during a pandemic
here.

Theoretical AND/OR Conceptual Framework (KENNETH)

This sub-section describes the underlying theory/concept that governs the

conduct of the study. The theory shall provide the comprehensive background on the
variables being considered in the study. It may be presented in textual form or with the
use of diagrams. The author of the theory should be stated, and the proper citation
should be made. The conceptual framework, on the other hand, may consist of a
diagram that would summarize the variables used. This will guide the reader on the
variables and parameters measured and evaluated.

Objectives of the Study –(AYEN)

State the OBJECTIVES of the study in paragraph form. Use objectives that show
what the researcher shall do with the data and not words to indicate what the
researcher intends to do as a research process. Write the objectives in paragraph form
setting one from the others by a number in close parenthesis. Do not use problem
statements/questions.

METHOD

This section includes comprehensive discussion of the research design,

respondents of the study, research instrument/s used, data collection, ethical
consideration, and data analysis.

Research design- (KENNETH)

This is a presentation of the research design used in the study. This would
normally include the variables used in the study.

Respondents of the study- (AYEN)

This brief section describes the people who participated in your study. Mention
the number of participants and where they come from. The demographic profile of the
participants may be included here, if such profile will not be used in any way in the
analysis of the other variables. If there is no sampling done because the entire
population is used, the heading Participants of the Study is used. However, if the
population is very large and sampling had to be done, this section may be referred to as
“Sampling and Sampling Design”. If sampling is done, the details of how the participants
are selected should be presented. The criteria used in the selection of the participants
should be explained here.

Data Gathering Procedure- (CHRISTIAN)

This section describes in detail the data-collection procedures. Describe how

participants were recruited, whether they participated alone or in groups, how informed
consent or assent was obtained, what they were asked to do, how the data were
collected, and how the data are to be analyzed. This part should describe the procedure
in a way that another researcher could conduct the same study (i.e., replicate it) just by
reading about the procedure.

Data Analysis

This section presents the methods of analysis done on the collected data. If
statistical tests are used, the reason why they are used, and the formula should be
presented with the specific variables of the study identified in the symbols used.

Ethical Consideration

This section contains a complete description of how the researcher addressed

the ethical aspects of the study.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The Results section contains the findings of the study. The findings may be
presented in paragraph form or as narrative. Normally tables and graphs may be used
to summarize data. It is often helpful to use tables (see Table 1) to help describe your
results, especially when you have a lot of data to report, such as means and standard
deviations. Description and analysis of the data should be done. Do not repeat
information presented in a table by simply enumerating the frequencies and the
percentages. An analysis should be done when making the description of the tables or
the graphs.

The Use of Tables

All tables should be numbered (e.g. Table 1, Table 2, Table 3). Each table should
have an individual title and presented with only the first letter of the word capitalized.
For example: Correlations between age and test scores. Discussion always precedes
the table. Do not split a table unless it is too large to fit on one entire page. If a table
must go over to the next page, then type (table continues) under the table, flush right.
Repeat column headings at the top of the continuation. Horizontal lines can be used to
separate information and make it clearer. There should be three horizontal lines for an
APA format table. All elements of the table should be double-spaced. All tables should
be referenced in the text of the paper. Tables have titles on top. Figure number and title
is placed at the bottom of the figure. Sample is shown below.

Table 1. Correlations between age and test scores

Variables Correlation coefficient Verbal Interpretation
Weak, direct
Age and test scores 0.344
relationship
Gender and test Weak, direct
0.013
scores relationship
Strong, inverse
Status and test scores -0.875
relationship

Figure 1. Conceptual framework of the study

Interpret the tables and analyze the results. Try to explain why you found what
you did in your study. Is it what you predicted? If not, why? You may have to think about
your results in a theoretically meaningful way. Also, how do your findings fit in with
previous theory and literature? Are your results consistent or inconsistent with what has
been found in the past? If they are inconsistent, how can you explain this? The
explanation and interpretation of results will probably be the biggest part of the
discussion.

CONCLUSIONS

This section provides a generalization of the findings gathered from the study, its
implications and contribution to the body of knowledge. Conclusions should briefly
answer the objectives of the study. They are no repetitions of the discussions but are
judgments of the results obtained.
Recommendations

This section presents suggestions for further improvement of the results. This
contains the limitations of the present study and provides an avenue for further studies
in similar field.

REFERENCES
The reference list is presented in alphabetical order, with no groupings of the sources. It
should be presented with the APA format: Author. (year). Title of article. Source. If there
is no author, start with the title of the article followed by the year and the source. Each
reference should be presented with hanging indention.

American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American

Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory.
APA Format Examples. http://psychology.about.com/od/apastyle/ig/APA-
FormatExamples/title-age.htm
Crowne, C. P., & Marlowe, D. (1960). A new scale of social desirability independent of
psychopathology. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 24, 349-354.
doi:10.1037/h0047358
Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Cronbach, L. J., & Meehl, P. E. (1955). Construct
validity in psychological tests. Psychological Bulletin, 52, 281- 302.
doi:10.1037/h0040957