11/7/2022

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Content of the Session

• Definition of Web GIS
• Client Server Architecture
Overview of WebGIS and Application • WebGIS Architecture
Development •
•
Component of Web GIS
Geospatial Web Services
• Open Geospatial Consortium
• Data standards for WebGIS (WMS, WFS etc.)
• WebGIS data formats (GeoJSON/XML/KML) etc.
• Use Case of Web GIS:
Kamal Pandey
Geoweb Services, IT & Distance Learning Department • Biodiversity Information System
Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS), ISRO Dehradun • Forest Fire Risk Advisory and Monitoring System
kamal@iirs.gov.in
03.11.2022

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Definition of WebGIS What it contains and How it works WebGIS

A WebGIS is a computer software and hardware • A GIS server (identified by a URL) e.g.
https://forestfire.iirs.gov.in or https://bhuvan.nrsc.gov.in etc.
configuration that allows
• A client (a web browser, a desktop application, or a
• the sharing of maps, spatial data, and geographic mobile application) e.g. Google Chrome, QGIS etc.
processing operations throughout one’s own network • The communication is via Hypertext Transfer
and beyond Protocol (HTTP/HTTPS)
• The format of the response can be an HTML, binary
• using common Web communications protocols such image, XML (Extensible Markup Language), GML
as HTTP(S) and WebSockets. (Geography Markup Language), or JSON (JavaScript
Object Notation).

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Client Server Architecture Client Server Architecture - Secured

HTTPS HTTPS
Req. Req.

HTTPS HTTPS
Resp. Resp.

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Inside the Server

Client end Advantages of the client-server model
 Data Protect: With access controls enforced by security
policies
Web browser Request W
E  Platform agnostic – Client and Server can have different

Application Server
B
Operating Systems.
Data Server
S
Response E  Large user base: can be addressed at same time.
R
Thick client V
E Limitation of Client Server model
r

Apache/IIS  Overloading and denial of service - due to very large

etc.
Other web client number of users requests.

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

What is Web Server Popularly used web server software

 Apache HTTP Server – Free and Open Source
A web server is software and hardware that  Most widely used

uses HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) and  Apache Tomcat Server – Free and Open Source
Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS)
other protocols to respond to client requests 
 Proprietary
made over the World Wide Web.  Nginx – Pronounced as Engine X – Free and Open Source
 Lighttpd – Free and open source. You can select one based on
• how well it works with the operating system
 Sun Java System Web Server and other servers;
• its ability to handle server-side programming;
• security characteristics; and
• the publishing, search engine and
• site-building tools that come with it.

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Client Server Architecture – Web GIS

Client end WebGIS Components : GIS on Internet
Data Server

Web browser Request

W
E
Application Server

Response S
GIS/Map Server

E
Thick client
R
V
E
r

Other web client

Fig.-11.4. Typical architecture for Internet base geo-spatial data access

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Basic elements of a web map Web GIS Advantages

1. A web application • A Large Number of Users
2. Digital basemaps
3. Operational layers • A Global Reach
4. Tasks and tools
5. One or more geodatabase • Better Cross-Platform Capability

• Basemaps
• Low Cost as Averaged by the Number of Users
 OpenStreetMap, Google Maps/Images
• Easy to Use
• Thematic layers
 Landuse Maps etc. • Unified Updates
• Interactive elements
 PAN/ZOOM/Tilt/Popups etc. • Diverse Applications

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Web 2.0 and Geography 2.0 Full GIS Servers are Emerging
Providing Centralized GIS Services

Standard Web
 Web 2.0 is referred as an interactive web application Open Services
• Standards-Based
• Cross-Platform
Platform
with public participation which allows participatory • IT Focused

information sharing, interoperability, user-centered GIS Server

design, and collaboration on the World Wide Web. Mapping - Data

Editing
Geoprocessing Catalog
Visualization Services Services Services

 The integration of web 2.0 with GIS data application

is known as GeoWeb 2.0. Geo-RDBMS
XML Standards
Distributed Computing

Centralized & Distributed GIS Development and Processing

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Typical WebGIS Architecture: Implementation Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) for GIS

Adapted from Emmanuel Jolaiya.

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GIS Web services GIS Web services Example

• A Web service is a piece of code that runs on the
server and can perform some action in response to a
client request.
• GIS Web services are self-contained, self-described
modular component of geospatial application which
can be accessed through standard protocols
• A Web service might receive some bounding coordinates and
an image format from a client, draw a map image, and then
send the image back to the client.
• Another type of Web service might receive some vector
feature coordinates, calculate an intersection of those
features, and send back to the client the coordinates of the
intersecting feature set.

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Important Consideration for WS Differences between a Website & Web Services

Websites Web Services
For issuing the request and receiving the Provide HTML pages and NOT websites
response forms for human users to Operations that can be called
navigate and perform to return information
functions Invoked automatically
• Format (XML/JSON)
 Searching, Shopping, through a program
Interaction
Publicly available and
• Protocol (http/https) Front end user interfaces standardized for use by all
through the browser programmers
Example: www.google.com Example: ?

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

The Open Geospatial Consortium OGC Web Services (OWS)

Web Map Service (WMS)
Develops standards for geospatial web services HTTP interface for requesting geo-registered map images.

• International consortium of 500+
organizations.
• More than 200K OGC Web Services deployed
across the Web
Geospatial web services such as:
• Web Mapping Services (WMS)
• Web Feature Services (WFS)
• Web Coverage Services (WCS)
• Web Processing Services (WPS)
Request : A WMS request defines the geographic layer(s) and area of interest to be
processed.
Response: One or more geo-registered map images (returned as JPEG, PNG, etc).
Web Feature Service (WFS)
The WFS operations support INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, LOCK, QUERY and
DISCOVERY operations on geographic features.
Web Coverage Service (WCS)
The term "grid coverages" typically refers to content such as
• Satellite images,
• Digital aerial photos,
• Digital elevation data, etc.

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Web Mapping Services (WMS) Example Web Map Services (WMS)

 Basic WMS Service Village-Level Geospatial Socio-Economic Data for the state of Uttarakhand, India, 2001

Every WMS service MUST support the following two functions:
 GetCapabilities
– Describes the capabilities and available layers
 GetMap – Generates a map image based on input parameters
 Queryable WMS Service The following function is optional for
WMS services: The following function is optional for WMS
Service URL https://maps-public.geo.nyu.edu:443/geoserver/
GetCapabilities URL https://maps-public.geo.nyu.edu:443/geoserver/ows?SERVICE=WMS&
Formats supported by image/png, application/atom+xml, application/pdf, application/rss+xml, application/vnd.google-
earth.kml+xml, application/vnd.google-earth.kml+xml;mode=networklink,
GetMap application/vnd.google-earth.kmz, image/geotiff, image/geotiff8, image/gif, image/jpeg,
image/png; mode=8bit, image/svg+xml, image/tiff, image/tiff8, text/html; subtype=openlayers

services: GetMap URL https://maps-public.geo.nyu.edu:443/geoserver/ows?SERVICE=WMS&

 GetFeatureInfo – Gets the attributes for a specified feature Formats supported by text/plain, application/vnd.ogc.gml, text/xml,
GetFeatureInfo application/vnd.ogc.gml/3.1.1, text/xml; subtype=gml/3.1.1, text/html,
text/javascript, application/json
GetFeatureInfo URL https://maps-public.geo.nyu.edu:443/geoserver/ows?SERVICE=WMS&

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Web Feature Services (WFS)

 WFS is the OGC specification for implementing a feature (vector) service
 WFS provides 3 main functions for clients to access functionality
 GetCapabilties
same function as for WMS
 DescribeFeatureType - this retrieves the XML schema to allow the WFS
client to parse the resultsets.
 GetFeature There are 11 operations supported
• GetCapabilities (discovery operation)
• DescribeFeatureType (discovery operation)
request=GetFeature& • GetPropertyValue (query operation)
service=WFS& • GetFeature (query operation)
• GetFeatureWithLock (query & locking operation)
VERSION=1.1.0& • LockFeature (locking operation)
maxfeatures=10& • Transaction (transaction operation)
• CreateStoredQuery (stored query operation)
typeName=gsml:Borehole&
DEMO in QGIS
• DropStoredQuery (stored query operation)
outputFormat=gml3 • ListStoredQueries (stored query operation)
• DescribeStoredQueries (stored query operation)

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Example Web Feature Services (WFS) Web Coverage Services (WCS)

Village-Level Geospatial Socio-Economic Data for the state of Uttarakhand, India, 2001
 A Web Coverage Service (WCS) offers multi-dimensional
Service URL https://maps-public.geo.nyu.edu:443/geoserver/
coverage data for access over the Internet.
GetCapabilities URL https://maps- A coverage contains digital geospatial information
public.geo.nyu.edu:443/geoserver/wfs
text/xml; subtype=gml/3.2, GML2, KML, SHAPE-ZIP,
representing space-varying phenomena that are returned
Formats supported by
application/gml+xml; version=3.2, application/json, as grid values (e.g. as a GeoTIFF file)
GetFeature application/vnd.google-earth.kml xml, application/vnd.google-
earth.kml+xml, csv, gml3, gml32, json, text/javascript, text/xml;  WCS provides the following functions for clients to access
subtype=gml/2.1.2, text/xml; subtype=gml/3.1.1
functionality
GetFeature URL https://maps-public.geo.nyu.edu:443/geoserver/wfs
 GetCapabilities
 DescribeCoverage
DEMO in QGIS  GetCoverage

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Types of Web Service Specifications for GIS Types of Web Service Specifications for GIS
 Catalogue Services (Examples- CS Core,CS-W ebRIM, CS-W
 Data Services (Examples- Simple Features Specification (SFS),
19115/19119 and CS-W ebRIM for EO)
Web Coverage Service (WCS), WCS Transactional, Sensor
Observation Service (SOS), Table Join Service (TJS) and Web
 Processing Services (Examples- Sensor Planning Service (SPS),
Feature Service (WFS).
and Web Processing Service (WPS), Coordinate Transformation
Service (CTS and Web Coverage Processing Service (WCPS)).
 Portrayal Service (Examples-Web Map Service (WMS) and Web
Map Tiling Service)  Encoding (Examples- Geography Markup Language (GML),
CityGML, GML Simple Features, Filter Encoding (FE), GML in JPEG
2000, KML, Observations & Measurements (O&M), Sensor Model
 Other Services (Examples- GeoXACML, GeoRSS, Geospatial Language (SensorML), Symbology Encoding (SE), Styled Layer
Objects, OWS Common) Descriptor (SLD), SWE Common, Transducer Markup Language
(TML).

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

WebGIS Servers Examples of FOSS web mapping APIs

• OpenLayers :
 GeoServer Most Matured with extensive documentation and samples
 UMN Map Server • Leaflet: FOSS Based web
Light Weight and Mobile Friendliness mapping APIs for
 ESRI ArcGIS Server building browser-based
apps with HTML and
• D3:
 Appolo Server
JavaScript.
Web app with interactive maps and charts
• Polymaps:
Mashing up map tiles with vector features drawn from GeoJSON and
other sources.
• ModestMaps
Lightweight FOSS API for displaying tiled maps

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Leaflet Example Mapping on the Web Today

<html>
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://unpkg.com/leaflet@1.4.0/dist/leaflet.css" integrity="sha512-
puBpdR0798OZvTTbP4A8Ix/l+A4dHDD0DGqYW6RQ+9jxkRFclaxxQb/SJAWZfWAkuyeQUytO7+7N4QKrDh+drA==" crossorigin=""/>
<script src="https://unpkg.com/leaflet@1.4.0/dist/leaflet.js" integrity="sha512- How can I combine
QVftwZFqvtRNi0ZyCtsznlKSWOStnDORoefr1enyq5mVL4tmKB3S/EnC3rRJcxCPavG10IcrVGSmPh6Qw5lwrg==" crossorigin=""></script>
</head> data from each of
<style>#mapid
{ these sources to
width: 100%;
height:100%; answer my question?
}
</style>

<body>
<div id="mapid"></div>
<script>
var mymap = L.map('mapid',{zoom: 3});
var wmsLayer = L.tileLayer.wms('https://bhuvan-vec2.nrsc.gov.in/bhuvan/wms', {
layers: 'lulc:UK_LULC50K_1112',
transparent: true,
maxZoom: 14,
minZoom: 0,
format:'image/png',
version: '1.1.1',
attribution: "myattribution"
}).addTo(mymap);
var corner1 = L.latLng(28.715,77.575),corner2 = L.latLng(31.467,81.043), bounds = L.latLngBounds(corner1, corner2);
mymap.fitBounds(bounds);
</script>

</body>
</html>

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3D algorithms and visualization- 3D in Web
Collaborative mapping and data services
 Collaborative mapping and crowdsourcing are two methods of generating
Virtual reality in Web GIS
environment is emerging… content on the internet, which involves contributions from a large, disparate
group of individuals.

 These methods rely upon web applications that allow people to upload
information easily and allow many others to view and react to this information.
Such web applications are often considered part of Web 2.0 or Geoweb 2.0.

 There are several tools available which allow users to create and edit web
content, such as tagging tools, wiki software (Wikipedia), and web-based spatial
data editors (e.g., Google Map Maker, OpenLayers, Bhuvan Collaborative tool etc).


Applications of Web and Distributed GIS, Harish Karnatak

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Collaborative mapping and data services National Spatial Data Infrastructure

Openstreet Maps- A typical example- http://www.openstreetmap.org/
 In order to more effectively share geodata, organisations may need to develop and
institutionalize a Spatial Data Infrastructure.

 An SDI is a coordinated series of agreements on technology standards, institutional

arrangements, and policies that enable the discovery and use of geospatial information by
users and for purposes other than those it was created for.

 SDIs facilitate the discovery and integrated use of geo-information across organisations in a
standardized way.

 They are built at local, national, regional and global scales.

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

National Spatial Data Infrastructure

Gateway Clearing house server

Central Govt. organization

users
State Govt. organization

Universities/ Academia
Some of the GeoWeb Applications
NGOs

Others

Web user interface One gateway using standard Metadata from Organizations
protocols

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National Biodiversity Information System National Biodiversity Information System

http://bis.iirs.gov.in

Launched in August 2012

National Data Repository for

online data analysis, data
sharing and dissemination of
BCLL Free Data download facility

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Contact Details of the Faculty:

Phone: 01352524331
Email- kamal@iirs.gov.in

Disclaimer:
The content used in this presentation have been used from multiple internet sources

Applications of Web and Distributed GIS, Harish Karnatak