Engineering Materials ME205

Neeraj Kumar Bhoi

PhD Research Scholar

Department of Mechanical Engineering

PDPM Indian Institute of Information Technology,
Design and Manufacturing, Jabalpur (MP) 1
Materials in day to day life
What would life be like without Materials??
Fig: Modern Periodic table of elements
Fig: Historical development in material timeline
Fig: Iterative materials tetrahedron applied to mechanical
behavior of materials.
Key words: History of materials science; Material
development; Progress of human civilization

Thank you
 Grain is a virtual single crystal

Polycrystalline materials consist

of perfect crystals and boundaries
Fig.: Representative micrographs showing grain morphology of: (a) pure
Mg and (b) Mg/Y2O3 sintered at low heating rate.
Strain Hardening (Cold Working)
 STRENGTHENING BY GRAIN SIZE REDUCTION

Severe plastic deformation

1. Materials are subjected to the imposition of very large
strains without the introduction of concomitant changes
in cross-sectional dimensions of the samples.
2. Materials produced by SPD techniques have grain sizes in
the range of 50–1000 nm
 Fig: ECAP
Ref: Schematic model of dislocation structure evolution at different stages during severe
plastic deformation (adapted from R.Z. Valiev, R.K. Islamgaliev, I. Alexandrov. Bulk
nanostructured materials from severe plastic deformation, Progress in Mat. Sci., 2000, v. 45,
103–189)
SEVERE PLASTIC DEFORMATION: TORSION
 FORMING OPERATIONS

Cold working produces an increase in strength with the

attendant decrease in ductility, since the metal strain
hardness.
Fig: Forging operation
Fig: Rolling operation
Figure: Grain size (a) Before rolling and (b) after rolling
 A0  Ad
% cold work= X 100
Ao
Example: Calculate for D0=15.2mm and Dd=12.2mm
Creep Deformation and Fracture
At room temperature, most metals and ceramics deform in a
way which depends on stress but which, for practical
purposes, is independent of time:

As the temperature is raised, loads which give no permanent

deformation at room temperature cause materials to creep.
Creep is slow, continuous deformation with time: the strain,
instead of depending only on the stress, now depends on
temperature and time as well:
It is important to note that atomic mobility is related to
diffusion which can be described using Ficks Law

D = DO exp (- Q/RT )
where D is the diffusion rate, Do is a constant, Q is
the activation energy for atomic motion, R is the
universal gas constant (8.314J/mole K) and T is the
absolute temperature
The point, then, is that the temperature at which
materials start to creep depends on their melting
point.

Where Tm is in K
Ref: Dowling, Norman E. Mechanical Behavior of Materials.3rd edition. 2007
The meaning of 'failure' depends on the application.
We distinguish four types of failure
Displacement-limited applications

Rupture-limited applications

Stress-relaxation-limited applications

Buckling-limited applications
 Creep testing and creep curves

Ref: Dowling, Norman E. Mechanical Behavior of Materials.3rd edition. 2007

 Creep-resistant materials

• The first requirement that we should look for in

choosing materials that are resistant to creep is that
they should have high melting (or softening)
temperatures.

• If the material can then be used at less than 0.3 of

its melting temperature creep will not be a problem.

• If it has to be used above this temperature, various

alloying procedures can be used to increase creep
resistance.
 RECRYSTALISATION

During the process of plastic deformation in metal forming, the

plastic flow of the metal takes place and the shapes of the grains
are changed. If the plastic deformation is carried out at higher
temperatures, new grains start growing at the location of
internal stresses caused in the metal. If the temperature is
sufficiently high, the growth of new grains is accelerated and
continuous till the metal comprises fully of only the new grains.
This process of formation of new grains is known as
recrystallisation and is said to be complete when the metal
structure consists of entirely new grains.
Cold Working
Below recrystallisation temperature

Hot Working
Above recrystallisation temperature

Difference between cold working and hot working of metal ?