NATURAL HAZARDS

❖– Monitoring and practicing

precautions for Earthquakes and
earthquake – related risks hazards.
 Earthquake:
Goals and Objectives
■ 1. Teach students what to do in case of an
earthquake: simulation training and
evacuation.

■ 2. Inform students and their parents about

the measures that must be taken before an
earthquake happens in order to minimize
the possible damages.
 EARTHQUAKE

■ A shaking of a part of the

earth’s surface that often
causes great damage.

■ A shaking or trembling of
the ground produced by
the sudden displacement
of rocks or rock materials
below the earth’s surface
that is volcanic or tectonic
in origin.
 - induced by rising
lava beneath
active volcanoes

- The weak or violent

shaking of the earth’s
surface caused by the
sudden movement of
rock materials beneath
it.
■ FOCUS- a place where the energy is
released like an explosion. (anywhere)

■ EPICENTER- the point that is

immediately above the focus.
■ FAULT LINES- are
cracks on the earth’s
surface along which
smaller plates move or
slip against each other.

■ PLATES- a large
movable segments into
which the earth’s
lithosphere is divided.

■ LITHOSPHERE- outer
part of a solid earth
usually composed of
rocks.
 ACTIVE FAULT
■ A fault which has
moved within the
last 10,000
years.

■ the movement
can be shown by
fault slips based
on displaced
rocks or soil, or
through
displaced
landforms.
Earthquake
Hazards
1. Ground shaking-
■ caused by the passage of
seismic waves beneath the
structures.
■ disruptive up-down and
sideways movement or
motion experienced during
an earthquake.
2.Ground
rupture
displacement of the
ground due to the
violent shaking of the
surface. Occurs when
one side of the ground
goes up or down or
both sides moved.
■ Causing building to
collapse
3. Liquefaction
■ takes place when there is an increase in
water pressure in saturated soils because
of ground shaking, water is squeezed
towards the surface which creates a
condition similar to quick sand.
4.Ground
subsidence-
the lowering of the land
surface.
Contributing factors:
■ 1. Extraction of
ground water.
■ 2. mining
■ 3. earthquake
5. Tsunami-
■ series of large waves resulting from the disturbance of
sea water commonly due to an earthquake.
■ Large object can be moved inland causing massive
injuries.
Signs of an approaching tsunami include:
■ Extreme lowering of sea level, noticeable rise and fall
of coastal water, rumbling sound of approaching
waves.
 Facts about Tsunami
■ 1. The height of waves
increases significantly and
may reach anywhere from
10 to 50 meters.
■ 2. Tsunamis can travel up
to the speed of 500- 800
kilometers per hour.
■ 3. Deep in the ocean,
tsunamis are only 1-3 feet
tall and the passers may
not even be aware of the
occurring tsunami under
the water.
■ 4. Flooding caused by
tsunami on the mainland
can be more than a
thousand feet.
Assessing Tsunami Practices
A. I should go to the shore to watch a tsunami.
B. All undersea earthquakes cause tsunami.
C. If I felt a strong earthquake while near the coast, I should
wait to hear the rumbling sound before moving to high
ground
D. If a small tsunami is coming, I should get out of the water
and wait until I hear it is safe to return.
E. Is a big tsunami is coming, I should move as far inland as I
can or to higher ground.
F. If I am swimming when a small tsunami comes, I could get
dragged out to sea by the strong rips
and currents.
G. A tsunami is most often caused by undersea earthquakes.
6.Earthquake
Induced
LANDSLIDE
■ failure in hilly
slopes triggered
by an earthquake.
Resulting in mass
movement.
Time to
Reflect
■ A measure of the total
energy released at the
earthquake’s point of origin
which is below the earth’s
surface.(size of the
earthquake)

■ Quantitative measurement
of the size of an
earthquake.
Information is derived from a
SEISMOGRAPH an instrument
that measures the
magnitude.(Richter scale)
 Measures ground movement
P wave, S wave , Surface wave
■Perceived strength of an
earthquake based on relative
effect to people and
structures on the Earth’s
surface.
Intensity
WHAT TO DO
Before an
Earthquake?
 BEFORE an Earthquake !

▪ PLANNING

▪ determine your location if there is a

fault line, prone to landslide.

▪ follow proper structural building

design and code, retrofit if necessary
 BEFORE an Earthquake !

▪ breakable items, harmful chemicals and

flammable materials should be stored in the
lowermost shelves and secured firmly.

▪check the stability of hanging objects which may

break loose and fall during an earthquake.
 BEFORE an Earthquake !

■ - familiarize yourself with your

place of work and residence.
(where to take refuge during an
earthquake)

■ - learn to use fire extinguishers,

first aid kits, alarms and
emergency exits. These should
be accessible, conveniently
located and prominently marked.
BEFORE an Earthquake !

- prepare and maintain an

earthquake survival kit consisting
of?? (flashlight, water & food, battery
operated radio, whistle, meds,
money, important documents)
 BEFORE an Earthquake !

■ Identify danger areas

of the
classroom.(near
windows, ceiling fan)

■ Introduce the
suggested
evacuation route.
And open area to go
to.
WHAT TO DO
During an
Earthquake?
 DURING AN EARTHQUAKE
■ if you are inside a
structurally sound building,
stay there!!
■ if you are outside move to an
open area
■ get away from power lines,
posts, walls and other
structures that may fall or
collapse.
■ when driving a vehicle, pull
to the side of the road and
stop.
 DURING AN EARTHQUAKE

❑ do not attempt to cross bridges or

overpasses which may have been damaged.

❑if you are on a mountain or near a steep hill

slope, move away from steep escarpments
that may be affected by landslide.

❑ if you are along the shore and you feel a

very strong earthquake, go to higher ground
right away.
DURING AN EARTHQUAKE

■ Duck, cover and

hold
■ Watch out for
falling objects
■ Keep calm and
don’t panic
 DURING AN EARTHQUAKE
As soon as the shaking stops:
■ Be alert
■ Listen to teachers instructions
■ Walk out of the classroom in an orderly manner
■ While walking along the corridors to the nearest exit
be alert for falling objects
■ DON’T RUN
■ DON’T PUSH
■ DON’T talk
■ DON’T RETURN OR GO BACK
 DURING AN EARTHQUAKE
■ Quietly and quickly proceed to the
designated evacuation area and wait for
further instructions from the teacher.
■ Follow evacuation procedure using the
available map(flow of student evacuation
from room to evacuation site). Go to the
nearest exit.
■ Avoid the 4 Don’ts
WHAT TO DO
After an
Earthquake?
 AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE

■ Make sure all

students are
accounted for in
the designated
area.
■ Treat the victim
as necessary.
■ Watch out for
AFTERSHOCKS
 A Fact or a Myth?
■ 1. Get in a doorway when an earthquake occurs.
■ 2. All earthquakes are powerful enough to cause
damage.
■ 3. Earthquakes are happening all the time.
■ 4. Earthquakes can strike anywhere.
■ 5. The worst is over. It is time to assess damage and
clean up.
■ 6. The ground can open up and swallow people and
buildings.
■ 7. An “Aftershock” can be greater than the initial
earthquake.
■ 8. Animals can sense earthquakes and give advance
warning.
Sample Earthquake Hazard
Map
 EARTHQUAKE DRILL

■ is a drill used to
practice in
preparation for an
earthquake.
■ Objectives of an
Earthquake drill??
 PHASES OF AN
EARTHQUAKE DRILL
ACTUAL CONDUCTION OF EARTHQUAKE DRILL
ASSUMPTIONS
■ 1. 1minute strong shaking signifies by 1 minute siren or
bell.
■ 2. Person cannot stand
■ 3. Buildings may have been damaged but not collapse.
Possible falling objects can be observed.
■ 4. Self help and support to each other should be done
■ 5. Possible injuries, panic and fear can be observe
■ 6. Once the siren is heard do the proper and expected
actions: DO THE DUCK, COVER AND HOLD for 1min.
■ 7. After the 1min siren, students quietly go out of the room
and proceed to designated open space.
■ 8. Teacher will do head count in the open field