A

MINI PROJECT REPORT

ON

Issues and Challenges in Telecom Industry

“5G IN IT INDUSTRY”

Submitted in partial fulfillment for

MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

Programmer of

UNITED INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF: SUBMITTED BY –

Prof. (PRIYATOSH MISHRA SIR) RAHUL SHARMA

Prof. (ANSHUL PANDEY SIR) Roll No.: 2000110700103

 UNITED INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT
A-31 UPSIDC Industrial Area, Naini, Prayagraj – 211010
Ph. 0532–2686070. 2686090 Fax 0532-2687147

Certificate
Mini Project Report – 2,AY 2020-21

This is to certify that Mr RAHUL SHARMA,Roll No 2000110700103 student of MBA 2nd

Semester of our institute has prepared a report on the

Topic - 5G IN IT INDUSTRY.

He / she has worked on identifying the issues & challenges as well as the application of
emerging technologies in the above industry, under my supervision and has completed the
same in conformance with / partial fulfillment of the provisions of AKTU, Lucknow.

The work is original and has not been submitted anywhere else in any manner.

Signature……………………………………………..
NameMr/Ms/Dr…………………………………..
Date……………………………………………………..
Department of Business Administration

Counter signed

Signature…………………
(Prof K KMalviya)
Principal
Date…………..……..……
 Declaration

I hereby declare that the Project Report entitled “5G IN IT INDUSTRY ”

Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirement of Master of Business

Administration (MBA) Of United Institute of Management ALLAHABAD

Is based on primary and secondary data found by me in books, magazines, and

Websites & collected by me in under guidance of Prof.Anshul Pandey Sir and

Prof. Priyatosh Mishra Sir.

DATE: RAHUL SHARMA

12/06/2021 Roll No. : 2000110700103

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The success behind the completion of any good job is the support and the joint team effort of a number of

people. There are many persons, whose help and cooperation, made this project Successful. My deepest

sense of gratitude, profound respect and sincere thanks to Dr. Anshul Pandey Sir.

(Prof. of United institute of Management, ALLAHABAD) my project guide for his valuable assistance,

keen interest and constant motivation at each step of the project. It would not have been possible for me to

reach this stage without his support and guidance.

My special thanks to Principal Sir “PROFESSOR. K.K.MALVIYA” And Head of Department(HOD) Sir

“ DR. VISHNU PRAKASH MISHRA” And Assistant Prof. MR. PRIYATOSH MISHRA sir, had the

answer to my any queries be it regarding any concept Related to 5G.. His warmth support, practical

guidelines and easy explanation not only regarding the project matters but others too add to the success of

my project His continuous Interaction and support made it possible for the successful completion of the

project.

I would also like to thank my parents and my friends, for all their time to time assistance. Last but not the

least I would like to thank god because without his divine grace nothing would have been possible.

DATE: RAHUL SHARMA

12/06/2021 MBA – II Semester “Sec – C”

 INTRODUCTION

The present cell phones have it all. Today phones have everything ranging fromthe smallest

size, largest phone memory, speed dialing, video player, audio player,and camera and so on.

Recently with the development of Pico nets and Blue toothtechnology data sharing has become a

child's play. Earlier with the infrared featureyou can share data within a line of sight that means

the two devices has to

bealignedproperlytotransferdata,butincaseofbluetoothyoucantransferdataeven when you have the

cell phone in your pocket up to a range of 50 meters. Thecreation and entry of 5G technology

into the mobile marketplace will launch a newrevolution in the way international cellular plans

are offered. The global

mobilephoneisuponthecellphonemarket.Justaroundthecorner,thenewest5Gtechnologies will hit

the mobile market with phones used in China being able toaccessand call locally phones in

Germany.

Trulyinnovativetechnologychangingthewaymobilephoneswillbeused.With the emergence of cell

phones, which are similar to a PDA, you can now haveyour whole office within the phone. Cell

phones will give tough competitions tolaptop manufacturers and normal computer designers.

Even today there are phoneswith gigabytes of memory storage and the latest operating systems

.Thus one cansay thatwith the current trends,the industry has arealbrightfutureif

itcanhandlethebesttechnologiesandcanproduceaffordablehandsetsforitscustomers. Thus you will

get all your desires unleashed in the near future

whenthesesmartphonestakeoverthemarket.5GNetwork'srouterandswitchtechnologydeliversLastY

ardConnectivitybetweentheInternetaccessproviderandbuildingoccupants.5G'stechnologyintellige

ntlydistributesInternetaccesstoindividualnodeswithinthebuilding.
In the simplest possible definition, 5G LTE-A is the fifth generation of cellular networking. It’s

the next step in mobile technology, what the phones and tablets of the future will use for data,

and it should make our current LTE networks as slow and irrelevant as 3G data seems now.

There are so many different technology for 5G LTE-A communication.

CONCEPT OF 5G NETWORK

5G is the newest, but yet-to-be-released, mobile network that will ultimately replace the current

4G technology by providing a number of improvements in speed, coverage, and reliability. The

primary focus and reason for needing an upgraded network is to support the growing number of

devices that demand internet access, many of them requiring so much bandwidth in order to

function normally that 4G simply doesn't cut it anymore. The radio spectrum is broken up into

bands, each with unique features as you move up into higher frequencies. 4G networks use

frequencies below 6 GHz, but 5G will likely use extremely high frequencies in the 30 GHz to

300 GHz range. These high frequencies are great for a number of reasons, one of the most

important being that they support a huge capacity for fast data.
 OBJECTIVE

 The objectives of this project is to study, investigate, and provide solutions for some of the
key challenges that will face the deployment of the 5G cellular networks. The focus of this
research project is the reliability and energy efficiency.
The main objective is to support the mobile data traffic at extremely high speed and To
deliver 5G network to whole world and there should be No loss by using 5G Network, to
deliver worldwide in low price.
 Ultra high reliability, Ultra high density and Flexible channel bandwidth between 5 and
20MHz, optionally upto 40MHz
 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

EVOLUTIONFROM 0G-5GNETWORKS

Cell phones are used millions and billions of users worldwide. How many of usknow the

technology behind cellphones that is usedfor our communication? Ihave also intrigued about the

type of technology used in my phone. What are0G,1G,2G,3Gand4Gtechnologies?

0G , 1G, 2G, 3G & 4G ("G" stands for "Generation") are the generations

ofwirelesstelecomconnectivity.In1945,thezerogeneration(0G)ofmobiletelephoneswasintroduced.

MobileTelephoneService,werenotofficiallycategorized as mobile phones, since they did not

support the automatic change ofchannel frequency during calls.1G (Time Division Multiple

Access and FrequencyDivision Multiple Access) was the initial wireless telecom network

system. It'sout-datednow.Theanalog“brickphones”and“bagphones”areunder1Gtechnology.Cell

phones era began with1G.

The next era, 2G has taken its place of 1G. Cell phones received their first majorupgrade

when they went from 1G to 2G. This leap effectively took cell

phonesfromanalogtodigital.2Gand2.5GwereversionsoftheGSMandCDMAconnections. And

GSM is still the most popular technology, but with no internet.Fortunately, GPRS, an additional

service, is provided over GSM for the purpose ofinternet access. GPRS has been developed and

thus, EGPRS was created. It's moresecureandfasterthanGPRS.

Then 3G came, the new Wireless CDMA technology. It is the first wirelesstelecom technology

that provides broadband-speed internet connection on mobilephones. It has been specially made

for the demand of internet on smart

phones.Furtherdevelopmentledtothecreationof3.5G,whichprovidesblazing fast internet

connection on phones, up to the speed of 7.2 MBPS. A smart phone can beconnected to a PC to
share its internet connection and 3G and 3.5G are ideal forthis. But, as this WCDMA technology

is not available in all regions, its not aspopularasGSMyet.Beforemakingthemajorleapfrom

2Gto3G wirelessnetworks, the lesser-known 2.5G was an interim standard that bridged the

gap.Following 2.5G, 3G ushered in faster data-transmission speeds so you could

useyourcellphoneinmoredata-demandingways.Thishasmeantstreamingvideo(i.e. movie trailers and

television), audio and much more. Cell phone companiestoday are spending a lot of money to

brand to you the importance of their 3Gnetwork.Theabove

systemsandradiointerfacesarebasedonkindred spreadspectrum

radiotransmissiontechnology.Whilethe GSMEDGE standard("2.9G"), DECT cordlessphonesand

MobileWiMAXstandardsformally alsofulfil the IMT-2000 requirements and are approved as 3G

standards by ITU, thesearetypicallynotbranded3G,andarebasedoncompletelydifferenttechnologies.

4G, which is also known as “beyond 3G” or “fourth-generation” cell phonetechnology, refers

to the entirely new evolution. Developers are now going for 4G(OFDMA), which will provide

internet up to the speed of 1 GBPS! It is said to beable to overcome the problems of weak

network strength and should provide amuchwidernetwork,makingsurethattheusersgethigh-

speedconnectivityanytime anywhere. No doubt, 4G will open new doors of revolutionary

internettechnologies, but for now, 3G and 3.5G are the best. 4G will allow for speeds of upto

100Mbps. 4G promisesvoice, dataand high-quality multimedia in real-timeformallthetime

andanywhere.
 0GWIRELESSSYSTEM:-

In 1945, the zero generation (0G) of mobile telephones was introduced.0G mobiletelephones,

such as Mobile Telephone Service, were not officially categorized

asmobilephones,sincetheydidnotsupporttheautomaticchangeofchannelfrequency during calls,

which allows the user to move from one cell (the basestation coverage area) to anothercell, a

feature called"handover".

Technologies used in 0G systems included PTT (Push to Talk), MTS

(MobileTelephoneSystem),IMTS(ImprovedMobileTelephoneService),AMTS(Advanced Mobile

Telephone System), OLT (Norwegian for OffentligLandmobilTelefoni ,Public Land Mobile

Telephony) and MTD (Swedish abbreviation forMobileTelephony system D).

Thesemobiletelephoneswereusuallymountedincarsortrucks,thoughbriefcase models were also

made. Typically, the transceiver (transmitter receiver)was mounted in the vehicle trunk and

attached to the "head" (dial, display, andhandset) mounted near the driver seat. They were sold

through WCCs

(WirelineCommonCarriers,AKAtelephonecompanies),RCCs(RadioCommonCarriers), andtwo-

wayradiodealers.Theprimaryuserswereloggers,construction foremen, realtors, and celebrities.

They used them for basic voicecommunication.

1GWIRELESSSYSTEM

First Generation wireless technology (1G) is the original analog (An analog

oranaloguesignalisanycontinuoussignalforwhichthetimevaryingfeature(variable) of the signal is a

representation of some other time varying quantity),voice-

onlycellulartelephonestandard,developedinthe1980s.Themaindifference between two succeeding

mobile telephone systems, 1G and 2G, is thatthe radiosignalsthat1G networksuseareanalog,

while2Gnetworksare digital.

Althoughbothsystemsusedigitalsignallingtoconnecttheradiotowers(whichlistentothehandsets)tot

herestofthetelephonesystem,thevoiceitselfduringacallisencodedtodigitalsignalsin2Gwhereas1Gis

onlymodulatedtohigherfrequency,typically150

MHzandup.OnesuchstandardisNMT(NordicMobileTelephone),usedinNordiccountries,EasternEu

ropeandRussia.Othersinclude AMPS(AdvancedMobilePhoneSystem)

usedintheUnitedStates,TACS(Total Access Communications System) in the United Kingdom,

JTAGS inJapan,C-Netzin

WestGermany,Radiocom2000inFrance,andRTMIinItaly.Analogcellularserviceisbeingphasedouti

nmostplacesworldwide.1Gtechnologyreplaced0Gtechnology,whichfeaturedmobileradiotelephon

esandsuchtechnologiesasMobileTelephoneSystem(MTS),AdvancedMobileTelephoneSystem(A

MTS), Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS), andPushto Talk (PTT).

Key1s.:Developedin1980s andcompletedinearly1990’s
2. 1Gwasoldanalogsystemandsupportedthe1stgenerationofanalogcellphonesspeedupto
2.4kbps

3. Advancemobilephonesystem(AMPS)wasfirstlaunchedbytheUSandisa1Gmobilesystem

4. Allows userstomakevoicecalls in1country

1GMobilePhone
 2GWIRELESSSYSTEM

2G (or 2-G) is short for second-generation wireless telephone technology. Second

generation2G cellular telecom networks were commercially launched on the GSM

standardin Finland by Radiolinja (now part of Elisa Oyj) in 1991. 2G network allows for much

greaterpenetration intensity. 2G technologies enabled the various mobile phone networks to

provide theservicessuchastextmessages,picturemessagesandMMS(multimediamessages).

2Gtechnology is more efficient. 2G technology holds sufficient security for both the sender and

thereceiver. All text messages are digitally encrypted. This digital encryption allows for the

transferofdata in such awaythatonlythe intendedreceiver canreceiveand readit.

Second generation technologies are either time division multiple access (TDMA) or

codedivisionmultipleaccess(CDMA).TDMAallowsforthedivisionofsignalintotimeslots. CDMA

allocateseachuseraspecialcodetocommunicateoveramultiplexphysicalchannel.DifferentTDMAtec

hnologiesareGSM,PDC,iDEN,IS-136.CDMAtechnologyisIS-

95. GSM has its origin from the Group special Mobile, in Europe. GSM (Global system

formobile communication) is the most admired standard of all the mobile technologies.

Althoughthis technology originates from the Europe, but now it is used in more than 212

countries in

theworld.GSMtechnologywasthefirstonetohelpestablishinternationalroaming.Thisenabledthe

mobile subscribers to use their mobile phone connections in many different countries of

theworld’s is based on digital signals ,unlike 1G technologies which were used to transfer

analoguesignals. GSM has enabled the users to make use of the short message services (SMS) to

anymobile network at any time. SMS is a cheap and easy way to send a message to anyone,

otherthan the voice call or conference. This technology is beneficial to both the network

operators andtheultimateusers at thesame time.

In comparison to 1G's analog signals, 2G's digital signals are very reliant on location

andproximity. If a 2G handset made a call far away from a cell tower, the digital signal may not

beenough to reach it. While a call made from a 1G handset had generally poor quality than that

of a2G handset, it survived longer distances. This is due to the analog signal having a smooth

curvecomparedtothedigitalsignal,whichhadajagged,angularcurve.Asconditionsworsen,the quality

of a call made from a 1G handset would gradually worsen, but a call made from a

2Ghandsetwould fail completely.

Keys:

1. Fieldedin thelate1980sandfinished in thelate 1990s

2. Plannedforvoicetransmissionwithdigital signaland thespeedsup to64kbps

3. 2Gwas thedigital handsetsthat weareusedtoday

4. 2Gnetworkallowsformuchgreaterpenetrationintensity.

2GMobilePhone
3GWIRELESSSYSTEM

InternationalMobileTelecommunications-2000(IMT--2000),betterknownas 3G or

3rdGeneration,isa generation of standards for mobile phones and mobiletelecommunications

servicesfulfillingspecificationsbythe InternationalTelecommunicationUnion. The use of 3G

technology is also able to transmit packet switch data efficiently at betterand increased

bandwidth. 3G mobile technologies proffers more advanced services to

mobileusers.Thespectralefficiencyof3Gtechnologyisbetterthan 2Gtechnologies.Spectralefficiency

is the measurement ofrateofinformation transferover any communication system.3Gis also

known asIMT-2000.

1. Transmissionspeedsfrom 125kbpsto2Mbps

2. In2005,3Gisreadytoliveuptoitsperformanceincomputernetworking(WCDMA,WLANandB

luetooth) and mobiledevices area(cell phoneandGPS)

3. Dataaresent throughtechnologycalled packet switching

4. Voicecallsareinterpreted usingcircuitswitching

5. AccesstoGlobalRoaming

6. Clarityin voice calls

7. FastCommunication,Internet,MobileT.V,VideoConferencing,VideoCalls,MultiMedia

Messaging Service (MMS), 3D gaming, Multi-Gaming etc are also available

with3Gphones
 3GMobilePhone

4GWIRELESS SYSTEM

4Greferstothefourthgenerationofcellularwirelessstandards.Itisasuccessorto 3G and 2G families

of standards. The nomenclature of the generations generally refers to

achangeinthefundamentalnatureoftheservice,non-backwardscompatibletransmissiontechnology,

and new frequency bands.3G technologies make use of TDMA and CDMA.

3G(ThirdGenerationTechnology)technologiesmakeuseofvalueadded

serviceslikemobiletelevision, GPS (global positioning system) and video conferencing. The basic

feature of 3GTechnology (Third Generation Technology) is fast data transfer rates. However this

feature is notcurrently working properly because, ITU 200 is still making decision to fix the data

rates. It isexpected that 2mbit/sec for stationary users, while 348kbits when moving or travelling.

ITU sellvarious frequency rates in order to make use of broadband technologies. Network

authenticationhas won the trust of users, because the user can rely on its network as a reliable

source oftransferring data.3G technology is much flexible, because it is able to support the 5

major radiotechnologies. These radio technologies operate under CDMA, TDMA and
FDMA.CDMA holdsfor IMT-DS (direct spread), IMT-MC (multi carrier). TDMA accounts for

IMT-TC (time code),IMT-SC (single carrier). FDMA has only one radio interface known as

IMT-FC or frequencycode. Third generation technology is really affordable due to the agreement

of industry. Thisagreementtookplace inorder toincrease itsadoptionby the users.3G

(ThirdGenerationTechnology) system is compatible to work with the 2G technologies. 3G (Third

GenerationTechnology)technologiesholdsthevisionthattheyshouldbeexpandableondemand.Theai

mofthe3G(ThirdGenerationTechnology)istoallowformorecoverageandgrowthwithminimuminvest

ment.

The bandwidth and location information available to 3G devices gives rise to applications

notpreviouslyavailable to mobilephoneusers. Some ofthe applications are:

1. Mobile TV–aprovider redirectsaTVchanneldirectlytothesubscriber'sphone where

itcanbewatched.

2. Videoon demand – aprovidersendsa movieto thesubscriber's phone.

3. Videoconferencing–subscriberscanseeas wellastalktoeachother.

4. Tele-medicine–

amedicalprovidermonitorsorprovidesadvicetothepotentiallyisolatedsubscriber.

5. Location-basedservices–aprovidersendslocalizedweatherortrafficconditionstothephone,or

thephone allows the subscriber tofindnearbybusinesses orfriends

6. mobileultra-broadband (gigabitspeed)access andmulti-carriertransmission.

7. MobileWiMAX(WorldwideInteroperabilityforMicrowave Access)
 Keys:

1. 4Gisaconceptualframeworkandadiscussionpointtoaddressfutureneedsofahighspeedwireles

s network

2. Itofferboth cellularand broadbandmultimediaserviceseverywhere

3. Expectedtoemerged around2010–2015

4. 4Gshould be ableto provided verysmooth global roamingubiquitouslywith lower cost

4G Mobile Phone

THE 5G TECHNOLOGY

5G Technology stands for 5th Generation Mobile technology. 5G technology haschanged the

means to use cell phones within very high bandwidth. User neverexperienced ever before such a

high value technology.The 5G technologies includeall type of advanced features which makes

5G technology most powerful and inhuge demand in near future.

The gigantic array of innovative technology being built into new cell phones isstunning. 5G

technologies which are on hand held phone offering more power

andfeaturesthanatleast1000lunarmodules.Ausercanalsohooktheir5Gtechnologycellphonewiththeir
Laptoptogetbroadbandinternetaccess.5Gtechnology including camera, MP3 recording, video

player, large phone

memory,diallingspeed,audioplayerandmuchmoreyouneverimagine.Forchildrenrocking

funBluetooth technologyand Piconetshas becomein market.

KEYCONCEPTS OF5G

➢ Realwireless worldwithno morelimitationwithaccessand zoneissues.

➢ WearabledeviceswithAIcapabilities.

➢ Internet protocol version 6 (IPv6), where a visiting care-of mobile IP addressis

assignedaccordingto locationandconnectednetwork.

➢ Oneunifiedglobalstandard.

➢ Pervasivenetworksprovidingubiquitouscomputing:Theusercansimultaneouslybeconnectedt

oseveralwirelessaccesstechnologiesandseamlessly move between them (See Media

independent handover or verticalhandover, IEEE 802.21, also expected to be provided by

future 4G releases).These access technologies can be a 2.5G, 3G, 4G or 5G mobile

networks,Wi-Fi, WPAN or any other future access technology. In 5G, the concept maybe

furtherdevelopedinto multipleconcurrentdata transferpaths.

➢ Cognitive radio technology, also known as smart-radio: allowing

Differentradiotechnologies to share the same spectrum efficiently by Adaptivelyfinding

unused spectrumand adapting thetransmission schemeto the

requirementsofthetechnologiescurrentlysharingthespectrum.Thisdynamicradioresourcema

nagementisachievedinadistributedfashion,and relies on software defined radio.

➢ Highaltitudestratosphericplatformstation(HAPS)systems.Theradiointerfaceof5Gcommunic
 ationsystemsissuggestedinaKoreanresearchand development program to be based on beam

➢ division multiple access(BDMA) and group cooperativerelay techniques.

Featuresof5GTechnology

➢ 5Gtechnologyofferhighresolutionforcrazycellphoneuserandbi-
directionallargebandwidthshaping.

➢ Theadvancedbillinginterfacesof5Gtechnologymakesitmoreattractiveandeffective.

➢ 5Gtechnologyalsoprovidingsubscribersupervisiontoolsforfastaction.

➢ Thehighqualityservicesof5GtechnologybasedonPolicytoavoid error.

➢ 5GtechnologyisprovidinglargebroadcastingofdatainGigabitwhich
supportingalmost65,000connections.

➢ 5G technology offer transporter classgateway

withunparalleledconsistency.

➢ Thetrafficstatisticsby 5Gtechnologymakesitmoreaccurate.

➢ Through remote management offered by 5G technology a user can get better and fast
solution.

➢ The remote diagnostics also a great feature of 5G technology.

➢ The 5G technology is providing up to 25 Mbps connectivity speed.

 ➢ The5Gtechnologyalsosupportvirtual privatenetwork.

➢ The new 5G technology will take all delivery service out of

businessprospect

➢ The uploading and downloading speed of 5G technology touching

thepeakThe5Gtechnologynetworkofferingenhancedandavailableconnectivity

just about the world.

Conclusion

➢ A new revolution of 5G technologyis going to give tough completion

tonormalcomputerandlaptopswhosemarketplacevaluewillbeeffected.

➢ The new coming 5G technology is available in the market in

affordablerates,highpeakfutureandmuchreliabilitythanitsprecedingtechnolo

gies

➢ Thistechnologyhelpstopromotesstrongerlinksbetweenpeopleworkingindif
ferentfieldscreatingfutureconceptsofmobilecommunication ,internet

services , cloud computing , all pienetwork ,and nanotechnology .

IT INDUSTRY

The global information technology industry is on pace to reach $5 trillion in 2019, according to

the research consultancy IDC. The enormity of the industry is a function of many of the trends

discussed in this report. Economies, jobs, and personal lives are becoming more digital, more
connected, and increasingly, more automated. Waves of innovation build over time, powering

the technology growth engine that appears to be on the cusp of another major leap forward.

The United States is the largest tech market in the world, representing 31% of the total, or

approximately $1.6 trillion for 2019. In the U.S., as well as in many other countries, the tech

sector accounts for a significant portion of economic activity. CompTIA’s Cyberstates report

reveals the economic impact of the U.S. tech sector, measured as a percentage of gross domestic

product, exceeding that of most other industries, including notable sectors such as retail,

construction, and transportation.

Despite the size of the U.S. market, the majority of technology spending (69%) occurs beyond its

borders. Spending is often correlated with factors such as population, GDP, and market maturity.

Among global regions, Asia-Pacific is the largest, accounting for approximately one of every

three technology dollars spent worldwide. Many APEC countries enjoy the twofold effect of

closing the gap in categories such as IT infrastructure, software, and services, along with

leadership positions in emerging areas such as robotics. If these patterns hold, APEC will

continue to grow its share of the global technology pie at the expense of slower growing markets.

OVERVIEW

The information technology (IT) sector is comprised of companies that produce software,

hardware or semiconductor equipment, or companies that provide internet or related services.

The three major industry groups within the IT sector are software and services, technology

hardware and equipment and semiconductors and semiconductor equipment. These three

industry groups are further divided into industries and sub-industries. Companies are aligned to a
 specific sub-industry that best describes their core or most profitable business. In this guide, we

will cover the various industries and sub-industries that make up the three major industry groups

within the IT sector.

• Software and Services

• Technology Hardware and Equipment

• Semiconductors and Semiconductor Equipment

• Information Technology Sector ETFs and Mutual Funds

The bulk of technology spending stems from purchases made by corporate or government

entities. A smaller portion comes from household spending, including home-based businesses.

With the blurring of work and personal life, especially in the small business space, along with the

shadow IT phenomenon, it can be difficult to precisely classify certain types of technology

purchases as being solely business or solely consumer.

CompTIA projects the global information technology industry will grow at a rate of 4.0% in

2019. The optimistic upside forecast is in the 6.4% range, with a downside floor of 1.5%. This is

a broader forecast range than what has been seen in the past couple of years, meaning industry

executives see the possibility of more extreme divergence in growth scenarios. To the upside, if

customer-buying patterns for core tech products and services maintain, and spending on

emerging tech accelerates, growth of 6% or more is attainable. Conversely, a global slowdown in

demand, or any slowdown in the adoption of emerging technologies could dampen growth

enough to push it towards the 1.5% pessimistic side.

Growth expectations for the U.S. market are in line with the global projection. As the largest tech

market in the world, U.S. forecasts and global forecasts are inextricably linked.
CompTIA uses a consensus forecasting approach. This “wisdom of the crowds” model attempts

to balance the opinions of large IT firms with small IT firms, as well as optimistic opinions with

pessimistic opinions. The results attempt a best-fit forecast that reflects the sentiment of industry

executives.

Other factors that influence revenue growth projections include currency effects, pricing, and

product mix. The tech space is somewhat unique in that prices tend to fall, which may result in

large numbers of units shipped, but modest revenue growth. In the year ahead, the product mix

will be an especially important factor, as the high growth rates of emerging categories are

expected to more than offset the slow growth mature categories.

There are a number of taxonomies for depicting the information technology space. Using the

conventional approach, the industry market can be categorized into five top level buckets. The

traditional categories of hardware, software and services account for 53% of the global total. The

other core category, telecom services, accounts for 30%. The remaining 17% covers various

emerging technologies that either don’t fit into one of the traditional buckets or span multiple

categories, which is the case for many emerging ‘as-a-service’ solutions that include elements of

hardware, software, and service, such as IoT, drones, and many automating technologies.

The allocation of spending will vary from country to country based on a number of factors. In the

mature U.S. market, for example, there is robust infrastructure and platforms, a large installed

base of users equipped with connected devices, and bandwidth. This paves the way for

investments in the software and services that sit on top of this foundation. As noted in trend #1

above, advances in cloud computing, edge, 5G, and other infrastructure technologies, will usher

in the next wave of services and software.

Tech services and software account for nearly half of spending in the U.S. technology market;

significantly higher than the rate in many other global regions. Countries that are not quite as far

along in these areas tend to allocate more spending to traditional hardware and telecom services.

Building out infrastructure and developing a broad-based digital workforce does not happen

overnight. Scenarios do exist, however, whereby those without legacy infrastructure – and the

friction that often comes with transitioning from old to new, allows for an easier path to jump

directly to the latest generation of technologies.

Information Technology (IT) Sector in India

India is the world's largest sourcing destination for the information technology (IT) industry,

accounting for approximately 67 per cent of the US$ 124-130 billion market. The industry

employs about 10 million workforce. More importantly, the industry has led the economic

transformation of the country and altered the perception of India in the global economy. India's

cost competitiveness in providing IT services, which is approximately 3-4 times cheaper than the

US, continues to be the mainstay of its unique selling proposition (USP) in the global sourcing

market. The IT industry has also created significant demand in the Indian education sector,

especially for engineering and computer science. The Indian IT and ITeS industry is divided into

four major segments – IT services, business process management (BPM), software products and

engineering services, and hardware. The IT-BPM sector in India grew at a Compound Annual

Growth rate (CAGR) of 15 per cent over 2010-15, which is 3-4 times higher than the global IT-

BPM spend, and is estimated to expand at a CAGR of 9.5 per cent to US$ 300 billion by 2020.
 ISSUES AND CHALLENGES

There are many challenges in implementing 5G networks. If we want to group them, they are

divided into technical and non-technical including business continuity and social challenges and

regulation issues.

A. Technical issues

The Technical challenges in 5G implementation have been categorized in mmWave, D2D

communications, Backhaul, Technology maturity, Security challenges and EMF and Technology

Maturity.

Security challenges

5G Network uses new technologies such as Virtualization and Software Defined Networking

(SDN) / Network Function Virtualization (NFV) for infrastructure to provide services and use

cases. On the other hand, service security cannot be provided unless the network infrastructure is

secure. In traditional networks, elements are isolated from each other, however in 5G, the

functions are virtualized and their infrastructure resources are shared. In this environment,

different virtual network slices are defined which require distinct security capabilities. Moreover,

security heterogeneity in 5G network is a new issue that should be considered. According to ITU

service framework, 5G support different services with various requirements including mMTC,

URLLC and eMBB. Each of them has different security requirements. For example, IoT services

need light security while URLLC services such as industrial services require high efficient
security. In this environment, a multi-level architecture security framework is needed to

dynamically support policies and threats detection and mitigation.

Technology Maturity

Currently, operators have started 5G service with eMBB cases and other service types e.g.

URLLC are not available in near future due to lack of technology maturity. Despite the

presenting architecture and some implementation, however, a maturity level to propose different

services is required for used technologies in 5G era. Because the growth of 5G requires the

development of enablers such as SDN, orchestration and NFV and RAN technologies.

B. Non-Technical issues

None-technical challenges in 5G implementation have been categorized including Business

continuity and social issues. Business continuity has been analyzed in terms of business models

and investment costs.

C. Regulation issues

None-technical challenges in 5G implementation have been categorized including Spectrum

management and spectrum fragmentation.

Spectrum Management

Despite the potential of microcells to facilitate entry by local and specialized providers, it is

unclear whether the implementing 5G will create new opportunities in rural areas, or strengthen

existing incumbent monopolies or oligopolies. Micro licensees might have to pay high charges to
incumbent competitors in their area for backhaul or middle mile connectivity. Some jurisdictions

may not allow micro licenses and other licenses for new entrants. In addition, if the spectrum is

auctioned, the result may perpetuate the dominance of incumbents. As with other services, key

issues involve access to 5G technology and services, and affordability for rural users.

Spectrum fragmentation

Sub 6GHz spectrum including 3400–3800 MHz band is proposed for 5G. Fragmentation of the

spectrum is a challenge that it may cause interoperability problems among vendors and mobile

operators and reduces the impact of 5G efforts. This should be considered in the market approach

(e.g. spectrum trading) and controlled by regulators of spectrum licenses for new 5G spectrum

releases to achieve a harmonized 5G spectrum. The fragmentation of the spectrum can even

cause issues in the development of 5G commercial services that repacking can relax it and

introduces the mobile services in the vacated spectrum (e.g. assignment the TVs stations to new

channel).

Security Issues and Challenges in 5G Communication Systems The most attractive targets for

future attackers in the upcoming 5G communication systems will be the User Equipment, the

access networks, the mobile operator’s core network and the external IP networks. To help

understand the future security issues and challenges affecting these 5G system components, we

present representative examples of possible threats and attacks specific to these components. To

derive these examples, we explore threats and attacks against legacy mobile systems (i.e.,

2G/3G/4G) that can affect the upcoming 5G communication systems by exploiting specific

features in this new communication platform. For the presented attacks, we also discuss potential
mitigation techniques derived from the literature, in order to provide a roadmap towards the

deployment of more enhanced countermeasures

TOP 5 CHALLENGES

1. Frequency bands

Unlike 4G LTE that already operates on established frequency bands below 6GHz, 5G requires

frequencies up to 300GHz. Some bands, better known as mmWaves, can carry far more capacity

and deliver a 20-fold increase over LTE’s fastest theoretical throughput.

Wireless carriers still need to bid for the higher spectrum bands, as they build and roll out their

respective 5G networks. In the U.S., bidding in the 28GHz spectrum alone reached $690 million

(€615 million) by December 2018.

2. Deployment and coverage

Though 5G offers a significant increase in speed and bandwidth, its more limited range will

require further infrastructure. Higher frequencies enable highly directional radio waves, meaning

they can be targeted or aimed — a practice called beamforming. The challenge is that

5G antennas, although able to handle more users and data, can only beam out over shorter

distances.

This means that antennas and base stations will likely be smaller in the 5G era, but more of them

would have to be installed on buildings or homes to compensate for their shorter range. Cities

will need to install extra repeaters to spread out the waves and extend range, while also
maintaining consistent speeds in more densely populated areas. For this reason, it is likely that

carriers will continue to use lower-frequency bands to cover wider areas until the 5G network

matures.

3. Costs to build and buy

Building a network is expensive – carriers will raise the money to do it by increasing customer

revenue. Much like LTE plans incurred a higher initial cost, 5G will probably follow a similar

path. And it’s not just building a layer on top of an existing network, it’s laying the groundwork

for something new altogether.

Total global spending on 5G is set to reach $88 billion (€78.4 billion) by 2023, according

to Heavy Reading’s Mobile Operator 5G Capex. Once it becomes truly viable, certain device

segments will be connected in entirely new ways, particularly vehicles, appliances, robots and

city infrastructure.

4. Device support

There’s plenty of buzz already generating around 5G-enabled smartphones and other devices.

However, their availability will hinge on how expensive they are for manufacturers to make, as

well as how quickly the network rolls out. Some carriers in the U.S., South Korea and Japan

have already launched 5G pilots in select cities, and manufacturers have confirmed compatible

mobile devices are coming in 2019.

Similarly, autonomous vehicle technology is already in the market in limited forms but fully

autonomous vehicles are still years away. They are waiting on 5G deployment, as they would be

driving blind without the super-fast network to communicate with.

The concept behind the Internet of Things (IoT) is too predicated on a fast network that can tie

devices and services together. That is one of the promises analysts have forecast for 5G’s

potential, but people will first want to see how much the additional speed will enrich their lives.

5. Security and privacy

Like any data-driven technology, 5G rollout will have to contend with both standard and

sophisticated cybersecurity threats. Though 5G falls under the Authentication and Key

Agreement (AKA), a system designed to establish trust between networks, it would currently be

possible to track people nearby using their phones or even eavesdrop on live phone calls.

Much like it is now, the onus will be on the carriers and network consortiums to provide a digital

safety net for customers.

With data speeds expected to be magnitudes faster than current levels, so too will connectivity

increase. It will force cloud-based and data virtualisation services to be as airtight as possible to

protect user data and privacy. In the same vein, their users will have to be more careful and

vigilant, as stewards of their data.

The rollout of a technology as life-changing as 5G won’t be an easy one, and challenges are

already starting to come to light as we step in to this new era of connectivity. Even so, the
benefits far outweigh the issues, as the rollout of 5G also signals the dawn of autonomous

vehicles, next-level smart cities and homes, and more. By building out infrastructure, updating

policy, and rethinking the role we play in privacy, we all can do our part to prepare for the 5G

era.

• Multiple Services − Unlike other radio signal services, 5G would have a huge task to

offer services to heterogeneous networks, technologies, and devices operating in

different geographic regions. So, the challenge is of standardization to provide dynamic,

universal, user-centric, and data-rich wireless services to fulfil the high expectation of

people.
 • Infrastructure − Researchers are facing technological challenges of standardization and

application of 5G services.

• Communication, Navigation, & Sensing − These services largely depend upon the

availability of radio spectrum, through which signals are transmitted. Though 5G

technology has strong computational power to process the huge volume of data coming

from different and distinct sources, but it needs larger infrastructure support.

• Security and Privacy − This is one of the most important challenges that 5G needs to

ensure the protection of personal data. 5G will have to define the uncertainties related to

security threats including trust, privacy, cybersecurity, which are growing across the

globe.

• Legislation of Cyberlaw − Cybercrime and other fraud may also increase with the high

speed and ubiquitous 5G technology. Therefore, legislation of the Cyberlaw is also an

imperative issue, which largely is governmental and political (national as well as

international issue) in nature.

IMPACT OF 5G IN IT INDUSTRY

As enterprises undergo digital transformations to stay ahead of the curve, robustness of networks

is critical to their success. Rapid improvements in bandwidth has allowed mobile service

providers to deliver superior end-user experiences, and the fifth generation wireless (5G)

promises to accelerate this further. 5G services will:

• Enable fast data transmission, reception, and uninterrupted connectivity

• Ensure noticeable growth and transformation opportunities in every industry

 SUGGESTIVE STRATEGIES

 Promote cooperation between telecommunications and user industries

 Initiate 5G for towns and cities
 Make available frequencies based on demand
 Conduct Phased Trials
 Massive Internet of Things (IOT)

My Strategy is to Implement 5G BAND to existing towers, then by this strategy cost will

minimum, and profit maximum.

5G LEARNING OUTCOMES

Emerging 5G networks feature lower latency, higher capacity, and increased bandwidth

compared to 4G. These network improvements will have far-reaching impacts on how people

live, work, and play all over the world.

1.Speed Upgrades

Each wireless network generation has reflected a significant increase in speed, and the benefits

of 5G—the fifth generation of cellular network technology—will push far beyond 4G LTE.

Predicted speeds of up to 10 Gbps represent up to a 100x increase compared to 4G.1 In practical

terms, 4G vs. 5G speed enhancements will mean exciting possibilities for consumers.

Transferring a high-resolution movie at peak download speeds will go from taking seven minutes

to just six seconds.2 That time savings could mean being able to grab that new hit film before the

flight attendant asks you to put your phone in airplane mode.

After carriers roll out full 5G features, consumers and businesses may begin to consider 5G

networks a strong alternative for fast broadband connections.

2. Low Latency

Latency measures how long a signal takes to go from its source to its receiver, and then back

again. One of the goals for each wireless generation has been to reduce latency. New 5G

networks will have even lower latency than 4G LTE, with the round-trip transmission of data

taking less than five milliseconds.1

5G latency will be faster than human visual processing, making it possible to control devices

remotely in near-real time. Human reaction speed will become the limiting factor for remote

applications that use 5G and IoT—and many new applications will involve machine-to-machine

communication that isn’t limited by how quickly humans can respond.

While agriculture, manufacturing, and logistics will all benefit from lower latency, gamers also

eagerly anticipate the 5G rollout. The combination of high speed and minimal lag is perfect for

virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) applications, which are likely to explode in

popularity as connectivity improvements create a more seamless, immersive experience.

3.Enhanced Capacity

Speed is exciting, but one of the questions on the minds of analysts and industry leaders is this:

How will 5G help businesses scale their technology initiatives?

5G will deliver up to 1,000x more capacity than 4G,3 creating fertile ground for IoT

development. 5G and IoT are a perfect match, set to redefine how wireless networks—and the

internet as a whole—are used. With capacity for hundreds or thousands of devices seamlessly

communicating, new applications and use cases for cities, factories, farms, schools, and homes

will flourish.

Imagine 5G use cases involving thousands of sensors on hundreds of different machines

automating supply chain management processes, ensuring just-in-time delivery of materials

while using predictive maintenance to minimize work stoppages.

Smart homes and cities will also take a giant leap forward in the future of 5G. Using more

connected devices than ever, AI will be taken to places it has never been before with edge
computing. From houses that give personalized energy-saving suggestions that maximize

environmental impact to traffic lights that change their patterns based on traffic flow, 5G

applications relying on added network capacity will impact nearly everyone.

From industrial automation to smart city traffic lights, the additional network capacity of 5G

will impact nearly everyone.

4.Increased Bandwidth

The combination of increased speed and network capacity on 5G networks will create the

potential for larger amounts of data to be transmitted than was possible with 4G LTE networks.

5G networks are architected differently from traditional 4G networks, allowing greater

optimization of network traffic and smooth handling of usage spikes. Crowded stadiums and

other venues have struggled to provide seamless connectivity to large audiences, but 5G could

make it possible for sports fans to live stream their experience from any seat in the arena.For

businesses, the impact of increased bandwidth will echo across many departments and divisions

in the form of big data. Today, companies receive far more information from customers,

suppliers, and teams than they can process and analyze for insights. With 5G connectivity and

big data analytics, these businesses can turn large volumes of data into actionable knowledge.

5.Availability and Coverage

While consumers and businesses are eager to experience the benefits of 5G for themselves,

availability of 5G coverage is still limited. Today, all major US cellular carriers are deploying

5G networks in major cities as they prepare for wider rollouts.

 RECOMMENDATION

➢ To provide 5G services to consumers at reasonable price, cost should be effective.

➢ Use radiations in that way that it don’t harm birds.
o To provide 5G services in villages areas also not only in urban areas.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

▪ Toni Janevski, 5G Mobile PhoneConcept,Consumer Communications and

Networking Conference, 2009 6th IEEE.

▪ AleksandarTudzarovandToniJanevskiFunctionalArchitecture for 5g Mobile

NetworkInternational Journal

ofAdvancedScienceandTechnologyVol.32,July,2011

▪ International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR) ISSN: 2321-

0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P) Volume-8, Issue-5, May 2018

▪ L. Tello-Oquendo, IF. Akyildiz,SC. Lin,V. Pla, “Sdn-based architecture for

providing reliable internet of things connectivity in 5g systems” 17th Annual

Mediterranean Ad Hoc Networking Workshop, PP. 1-8, 2018.