Green peas (Pisum sativum)

Green peas, or “green peas”, are the small, spherical seeds that come from
pods produce by the Pisum sativum plant. Strickly speaking, green peas
are not vegetables. They are part of the legume family, which consists of
plants that produce pods with seeds inside. Lentils, chickpeas, beans and
peanuts are also legumes.

Green peas (Pisum sativum) are original from the Old Continent, although
there are many doubts about their true origin. Their use is relatively
common in Europe, and they were probably introduced from Palestine or
Egypt into European Eastern areas of the Mediterranean sea, considered
as the main centre of diversification.

2000 BC; in Harappan civilization around modern-day Pakistan and

Western and Northwestern India in 2250-1750 BC. In the second half of the
2nd millennium BC, this legume crop appears in the Ganges Basin and
Southern India, In early time, peas were grown mostly for their dry seeds.

CHARACTERISTICS

Positive

 Peas are good source of vitamins C and E, Zinc and other

antioxidants that strengthen your immune system. Other
nutrients, such as vitamins A and B and coumestrol, help
reduce inflammation and lower your risk of chronic conditions,
including diabetes, heart disease, and arthritis.
Negative
 Like other legumes, green peas have been reported to cause
bloating, an uncomfortable swelling of the stomach often
accompanied by gas and flatulence. These effects may occur
for a few reasons, one of them being the content of FODMAPs-
fermentable oligo-, di-, mono-saccharides and polyols.

PLANTING MANAGEMENT

Select a sunny location and well-draining soil. Although peas

can grow in part shade, they won’t be as sweet or productive as
those grown in full sun. Prepare the soil, preferable in the fall,
mixing in aged manure and/or compost, and much well. Peas
like well-draining soil.

NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT

A crop giving a yield of 4500kg of green pea removes

approximately.
 55 kg of nitrogen
 20 kg of phosphorus and
 40 kg of potash
 PEST MANAGEMENT

Disease
 Aphanomyces root rot (Aphanomyces euteiches)
 Aschochyta disease (Mycosphaerell pinodes)
 Brown spot ( Psuedomonas syringae)
 Downy mildew (Peronospora viciae)
 Fusarium root rot (Fusarium solani)
 Gray mold (Botrytis cinerea)
 Powdery mildew (Erysiphe pisi)
 Septoria blotch (Septoria pisi)

Pest
 Aphids (Pea aphid, Bean aphid, Cowpea aphid, Melon aphid,
Peach aphid
 Leafminers
 Mexican bean beetle
 Spider mites (Two spotted spider mite)
 WATER MANAGEMENT

 The water requirement of pea crop is very low and it can even
be grown without irrigation but for the critical stages like pre
sowing, flowering and pod filling and development.
 If soil is light and sandy, more frequent irrigations are given.
 Proper drainage is a must and it is important as irrigation
schedule.
 Again, water management is classified on the basis of method
of sowing.

In flat sown crop

 Field should have adequate amount of moisture at the time of

sowing.
 Pre- sowing irrigation is a must if soil does not have enough
moisture at sowing.
 Irrigation just after sowing results in poor germination due to
formation of hard crust and impediment in the emergence of
plant.
 Second and third irrigations are recommended at flowering and
at pod filling stages, as per requirements.

Furrow and bed system of planting

 Watering is required more frequently.

 A light irrigation is given immediately after sowing, if moisture
stress is observed.
  Second and third irrigations are recommended at flowering and
at pod filling stages.

Sprinkler system of irrigation

 Sprinkler system of irrigation is useful in early sown crop.

DIFFERENT VARIETIES
 Sweet peas
 Snow peas
 Snap peas

Harvesting Management

Harvest green peas when they are young and tender.

They will become hard and starchy if left on the vine too long.
Green peas are best shelled and cooked within
an hour of harvest. Harvest edible-pod peas when the peas are
just beginning to form; when the outline of the
pea is just visible in the pod.
 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY PROCESSING

 Peas
 Size grading
 Washing/ Dry Cleaning
 Peeling/Preparation
 Blanching
 Pre-cooling or chilling to 5-7degreecelcius
 Freezing (IQF) at-18degreecelcius
 Weighing & Packaging
 Frozen peas
PRODUCTS
 HEALTH BENEFITS

 Help losing weight

 Help controlling blood sugar levels
 Help in preventions of wrinkles Alzheimer’s, arthritis, bronchitis and
osteoporosis
 Source of antiaging, strong immune system, and high energy
 Help in prevention of stomach cancer
 Help in improving digestion

Global impact to the economy

• The economics of production and factors influencing the productivity

of green peas in Punjab have been studied using the primary data
from pea growers. The data have been analyzed using simple tabular
and functional analyses. The results have revealed that the green
peas and wheat are the main crops in rabi season. It has been
noticed that 75.85 per cent of the farmers purchase pea seeds from
dealers.

Summary and conclusion

Green peas

-Pisum sativum

-60 to 70 days after planting

-good source of vitamin C and E, Zinc and other antioxidants

 Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan)

Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh) is an important grain legume

of the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia and East Africa. More than

85% of the world pigeonpea is produced and consumed in India, where it

is a key crop for food and nutritional security of the people. The centre of

origin is the eastern part of peninsular India, including the state of Orissa,

where the closest wild relatives occur. Pigeon peas for healthy heart.
Pigeon peas contain dietary fiber, potassium and low cholesterol which
help to maintain the healthy heart. Potassium lowers the strain on heart by
reducing the blood pressure.

Dietary fiber maintains cholesterol balance and prevent atherosclerosis.

It quickly develops a deep (2m depth) poisonous taproot. The stems are
woody at the base, angular and branching.

PLANTING MANAGEMENT

• Pigeon pea grows best in hot humid climates where temperatures are
between 18 and 38°C.

• plants will grow in a wide range of soils, from sandy soil to clay and
also in soils with low fertility. Pigeon pea will grow optimally in a well
 drained soil with a pH between 5.0 and 7.0. Once established,
pigeon pea is relatively tolerant to drought conditions and can survive
for long periods with little irrigation.

• Pigeon pea is propagated directly from seed which should be sown in

a prepared seed bed. Seeds should be planted to a depth of 2.5–10
cm (1–4 in) leaving 30–50 cm (12–20) between plants and 170 cm
(60 in) between rows.

NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT

• As pigeon pea is a leguminous crop so it does not require more

fertilizer.

• It requires very little nitrogen because the bacteria found in its roots
absorb nitrogen from the atmosphere and transfer it to pigeon pea
crop.
The doses of fertilizers should be given on the basis of soil test.

• At the time of sowing, it requires 18-20 kg nitrogen, 45-50 kg

phosphorus, 20 kg potash and 20 kg sulphur per hectare. Once in
three years, apply 25 kg zinc sulphate per hectare before the last
ploughing gives good yield.
It is beneficial to use seed drill while applying the nutrients.

• Chemical fertilizers should not be given by sprinkling because by

doing this the main crop gets less and weeds get more benefits.
 PEST MANAGEMENT

Disease

 Alternaria blight (Alternaria alternata)

 Anthracnose (Colletotrichum spp.)

 Cercospora leaf spot (Cercospora cajani)

 White mold (Sclerotinia rot)

 Wilt (Fusarium udum) 

 Aphids (Cowpea aphid, Pea aphid etc.)

 Army wPorms (Beet armyworms, Western striped armyworms)

 Corn earworm

 Cutworms

 Leafminers

WATER MANAGEMENT

Most pigeon pea- growing regions in India receives 60-140 cm annual

rainfall. Pigeonpea uses about 20-25 cm water to produce about
11 ha-1 of grain under traditional production systems.

Most pigeonpea-growing regions in India receives 60-140 cm annual

rainfall. The moisture available in soils is generally sufficient to meet
pigeonpea's requirements in northern and central India.
 DIFFERENT VARIETIES

Congo pea- An edible dark red tropical seed.

Angola Pea- A tropical plant (Cajanus indicus) and its edible seed, a
kind of pulse.

Red gram -Can be grown as mixed crop with ground nut, puddy or

tapioca or as a pure crop.

Harvesting Management

 Harvest when pods are dry, which can be judged by a rattling sound
when pods are shaken.

 Harvest pods from each plant separately.

 Clearly label bags/packets.

 Keep the bags of a plot (accession) together inside a labelled jute

sack for drying.

 Do not harvest diseased plants.

 Culture for pigeon peas is similar to Southern peas and

ediblesoybeans. Plant seed 3/4 to 1 inch deep in late spring after
soil temperatures have risen. Place seed 3 to 4 inches apart on
raised beds which are 40 inches apart. It is a long season crop
requiring approximately 140 days from seeding to the beginning of
harvest.
 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY PROCESSING

 Bean cleaning section

 Bean coloring sorting section

 Bean peeling section

 Suspension

 Bean flour milling section

 Measuring and packaging section

HEALTH BENEFITS 

 Maintains Blood Pressure

 Prevents Anemia

 Aids Weight Loss

 Helps to Boost Energy

 Promotes a Healthy Heart

 Improves Digestive Health