4 SOUND STRUCTURED WORKSHEET This question is about measuring the speed of sound in air. Astudent stands in front of a large wall. She hits a drum and hears an echo. Fig. 8.1 shows the position of the student and the wall wall student Fig. 8.1 (@) (i) State the name of a piece of equipment for measuring the distance from the student to the wall [1] (ii) Explain how sound forms an echo. 1] (b) The student hits her drum repeatedly once per second. She walks away from the wall and listens for the echo. When the student is 170m from the wall she hears the echo from one beat of the drum at the same time as the next beat of the drum. Use this information to determine the speed of sound. State the unit. speed = . os 4 Total: 6] a2 (a) Complete the sentences about sound. Use words from the box above each sentence. 0 glows reflects refracts vibrates Sound is produced when a source .... ty] ay electromagnetic longitudinal transverse Sound waves are .... . waves. t) ai) metal vacuum liquid Sound waves cannot travel through a " (b) Humans, elephants, mice and dolphins have different hearing ranges. Fig. 8.1 shows the hearing range for each type of animal 1000000 100000. frequency /Hz 10000. 1000 100: 104 humans elephants mice dolphins Fig. 8.1 ())_ State the lowest frequency of sound that can be heard by mice, . Hz [1] (ii) State the highest frequency of sound that can be heard by elephants. Hz [1]4 (ili) Explain how the chart shows that elephants can hear some sounds that humans cannot hear. [2] (iv) State the term given to the high frequencies that dolphins can hear but humans cannot hear. 1] [otal: 8] (a) The boxes contain words about waves. Complete each sentence. Choose a term from each box. @ an electromagnetic a longitudinal a transverse Sound travels as seo wave. 1 aw) amplitude pitch speed wavelength Aloud sound has a large ro} ii) amplitude pitch speed wavelength A student listens to two sounds. The sound with the higher frequency has a higher tt) (b) Explain what is meant by the term ultrasound. 2) [otal: 5]‘Sound is a longitudinal wave. (a) Sketch a representation of a longitudinal wave. On your sketch + indicate and label a distance to show the wavelength, mark and label the centre of one compression, mark and label the centre of one rarefaction. B) (b) Alongitudinal wave passes from one medium into another medium. The speed of the wave is slower in the second medium. State what happens to (i) the frequency of the wave, (ii) the wavelength of the wave. (c) State a typical value for the speed of sound in air. [1] (Total: 6]6 Accruise ship has a firework display near a cliff as shown in Fig. 8.1 lift exploding firework 1.0km str. container ship cruise ship Fig. 8.1 (not to scale) firework is sent into the air from the cruise ship. The firework explodes with a bright flash of light and a loud bang. (@) People on a container ship see the flash before they hear the bang. Explain why. (2) {b) The people on the container ship hear two bangs. They hear the second bang shortly after the first bang. (Explain why they hear two bangs. [2] (ii) The speed of sound in air is 330m/s. The firework explodes at a distance of 1.0km from the container ship. 1. Calculate the time for the first bang to reach the people on the container ship. time = [3] Estimate the time delay between hearing the first bang and second bang. 2 oS [1] time = Total: 8]6 (@) Fig. 7.1 shows a man listening to a radio, o di) (iti) Ww \ \ \ centre of loudspeaker Fig. 7.4 ‘Sound from the radio makes an air particle at X vibrate. On Fig. 7.1 draw two arrows on point X to show the directions of vibration of the air particle, re} Which of these terms correctly describes the sound wave? Tick one box. transverse longitudinal LC] electromagnetic (1 ‘Suggest a value for the frequency of the sound that the man can hear. State the unit. frequency = a a Explain why the man cannot hear ultrasound (1)8 (b) Fig. 7.2 shows a distance-time graph for ultrasound travelling in sea-water. 1000: distance/m 800- 600- 400: 200- 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 time/s Fig. 7.2 (Use the graph to calculate the speed of ultrasound in sea-water. speed = mis [2] (li) A scientist measures the depth of the sea by using ultrasound. She sends a pulse of ultrasound from the ship to the seabed. It reflects from the seabed as shown in Fig. 7.3. Fig. 7.3 The time taken between sending a pulse and receiving the echo is 0.60. Use the graph to determine the depth of the sea, depth = ma (Total: 10}Fig. 12.1 shows some equipment used in a demonstration. wires from battery electric bell ( glass jar hammer gong =—> to vacuum pump Fig. 12.1 The glass jar is connected to a vacuum pump. The electric bell is switched on. The observers see and hear the bell working. (2) () The vacuum pump removes air from the glass jar. State what the observers see and what they hear after the air is removed. observers see ... observers hear . 2) (il) State what the demonstration in (a)(i) shows about the transmission of sound waves. 2) (ii) When the bell is working, the hammer strikes the gong. Describe how the gong produces the sound.10 (b) Indicate the lowest and highest frequencies that can be heard by the human ear. Tick one box from each column. lowest frequency 2Hz 20Hz 200Hz 2kHz highest frequency 20kHz 200kHz 2MHz 20MHz I (Total: 7]"1 ‘Amachine pushes a metal post into the ground using a hammer, as shown in Fig. 9.1. The hammer makes a loud noise when it hits the post. machine. Aman stands 160m from the hammer. (a) Aman sees the hammer hit the post and a short time later hears the sound of the post being hit. Explain the delay in hearing the sound. (1) (b) (i) The hammer is 320m from a large building as shown in Fig. 9.2. large building 320m 160m post | machine i Fig. 9.2 ‘The man hears the hammer hit the post and then hears an echo. Explain why he hears the echo,Fig. 9.1 shows the position of a man working in a rock quarry. A single explosion is used to break part of one rock face. 430m 170m Fig. 9.1 (a) Explain why the man sees the flash of the explosion before he hears the bang cee . t (b) The man hears a second bang shorty after the first bang. (i) State the name given to this second bang, ti) (ll) State how the second bang compares with the first bang in terms of its amplitude and speed. amplitude SPOOD oo censenntnneeni se 2) () The man stands 170m from the back rock face. The time between hearing the first bang and hearing the second bang is 1.0s. Use the information in Fig. 9.1 to determine the speed of sound in the quarry. speed Of SOUND = ooo. VS [3] [otal: 7]A sound wave is a longitudinal wave. Fig. 7.1 shows a spring being used to demonstrate a longitudinal wave. spring direction of (CCC "**"* coils Fig. 7.1 (a) The coils of the spring vibrate. Draw two arrows on Fig. 7.1 to show the directions of the vibrations. fay (b) Through which of these is sound not able to travel? Tick one box. air steel vacuum water — 1) (Very old people cannot hear the highest frequencies of sound that can be heard by young people. () Suggest the highest frequency that very old people can hear. (ii) State the meaning of the term ulfrasound. lt] [Total: 6]uw (a) The left-hand column of the table shows some possible speeds of a sound wave. In the right-hand column, write down the medium in which a sound wave has this speed. Choose from solid, liquid or gas. speed of sound wave medium mis 1500 5000 300 (2) (b) Fig. 6.1 represents a series of compressions and rarefactions of a sound wave. Fig. 6.1 ()_ On Fig. 6.1, mark, with the letters X and Y, the mid-points of two rarefactions. tl (li) State, in terms of pressure, what is meant by a rarefaction, [1 (c) Astronauts set up a mirror on the Moon's surface. A laser beam is transmitted from the Earth's surface to the mirror and is then reflected back to Earth. (On a certain day, the time between transmitting the beam from a point on the Earth's surtace and receiving the reflected signal at the same point is 2.56s. ‘The speed of the laser beam is 3.00 x 108m/s. Calculate the distance between the Earth’s surface and the Moon's surface, distance = [3] Total: 7](c) The frequency of the sound wave is 6800Hz. The speed of sound in air is 340m/s. (i) Calculate the wavelength of the sound wave in ait. wavelength = ool] State a typical value for the speed of sound in a liquid. [otal: 8]12 (@) (State a typical value for the speed of sound in air. speed = 1 (li) State the range of frequencies that can be heard by a healthy human ear. (e) Asound wave in air has a wavelength of 22mm. Fig. 6.1 represents wavefronts of this sound. These wavefronts are successive compressions. 22mm Fig. 6.1 (i) Using your value for the speed of sound in (a)(), calculate the frequency of the sound wave. frequency = 2] (li) On Fig, 6.1, draw dotted lines to represent three different rarefactions. ti il) State, in terms of both molecules and pressure, what is meant by a rarefaction. (2) Total: 7]B Fig, 7.1 shows how a fishing boat uses ultrasound to locate fish, iy / vf _// sound wave returmed sound wave sent out /) Fig. 7.1 (a) The boat sends out a pulse of ultrasound. The pulse reflects off the fish and retums to the boat. ‘The time between sending and receiving the pulse is 0.38. The speed of sound in sea water is 1500m/s, Calculate the distance from the boat to the fish. distance = m3] (b) Tick the box alongside the correct statement for ultrasound, ‘The frequency of ultrasound is less than 20Hz, ‘The frequency of ultrasound is between 20Hz and 2000H2. ‘The frequency of ultrasound is between 2000Hz and 20000 Hz. ‘The frequency of ultrasound is more than 20000Hz 1 (©) Ultrasound is not part of the electromagnatic spectrum. State the name of a wave that forms part of the electromagnetic spectrum, ro} (Total: 5)14 A loudspeaker is built into the side of a swimming pool. The loudspeaker produces sound waves in the water of wavelength 0.25m. (a) (i) The frequency of the sound waves is 6.0 kHz. Calculate the speed of the sound waves in water. speed of sound waves in water = .. (2) (li) State a typical value for the speed of sound in air. speed of sound in air= . sone] (lil) State and explain, for the sound produced by the loudspeaker, how the wavelength of the sound in air compares with the wavelength of the sound in water. (b) Sound is a longitudinal wave. Explain what is meant by a fongitudinal wave. (2) (c) The sound emerges from the loudspeaker through a gap. The sound diffracts as it passes through the gap. (i) State how the width of the gap affects the diffraction. State how the wavelength of the sound affects the diffraction. io) [Total: 8]15. A loudspeaker produces a sound wave of constant frequency. {a) State what is meant by frequency. 1) {b) The sound wave travels in air towards a barrier with a small gap at its centre. Fig. 7.1 represents the compressions of the wave travelling towards the barrier. ger. barrier direction of travel a ‘compression barrier Fig. 7.1 (i) State what is meant by a compression. (ji) The width of the gap is smaller than the wavelength 2. of the wave. On Fig. 7.1, draw the pattern of the compressions after the sound wave has passed through the gap. 2) (iii) The barrier is adjusted so that the gap becomes wider. Describe how this affects the patter of the compressions after the sound wave has passed through the gap.16 (a) (i) The pitch of a sound wave increases, Tick one box to indicate the change that occurs. amplitude decreases amplitude increases frequency decreases frequency increases — 1) (li) The loudness of a sound wave increases, Tick one box to indicate the change that occurs. amplitude decreases amplitude increases frequency decreases frequency increases — (1) (b) Fig. 6.1 shows an astronaut and a spacecraft on the surface of the Moon, where there is no atmosphere. Fig. 6.1 A plece of machinery within the spacecraft produces a loud sound of frequency 12kHz. Tick the one box that indicates the reason why the astronaut cannot hear this sound. ‘The material of the space sult is soundproof. ‘Sound cannot travel through a vacuum. ‘Sound of frequency 12kHz cannot travel through the air in the spacesuit ‘Sound of frequency 12kHz cannot be heard by any human ear. 1)(b) A device at the bottom of the sea emits a sound wave of frequency 200 Hz. (i) The speed of sound in sea-water is 1500m/s. Calculate the wavelength of the sound in sea-water. wavelength =... oo - a 2 ‘The sound wave passes from the sea-water into the air. State what happens, if anything, to + the frequency of the sound, + the speed of the sound... 2] [Total: 8]17. (a) Two students are measuring the speed of sound The students are provided with a starting pistol, a stopwatch and a long measuring tape. The starting pistol, when fired, produces a loud sound and a puff of smoke at the same instant. Describe how the students use the apparatus and how they calculate the speed. You may draw a diagram, sn connie [A]