SESSIONAL ASSIGNMENT ZOOLOGY

SUBMITTED BY : AYESHA KHALID

SUBMITTED TO : SIR JAVED IQBAL

ROLL NO : 143

Assignment Topic : ROLE OF GALLBLADDER IN DIGESTION

SUBJECT : ZOOLOGY

COURSE TITLE : ANIMAL FORM and FUNCTION-2

COURSE CODE : (ZOL-404)

SEMESTER : 4TH

SESSION : (2020-2024)

DEPARTMENT : ZOOLOGY

GOVT ISLAMIA GRADUATE COLLEGE, FAISALABAD

CONTENT PAGE
(1) Role of Gallbladder in digestion...............................................................................(4)

(1.1) Located........................................................................................................................(4)

(1.2) Function.......................................................................................................................(4)

(1.3) Gallbladder helps other organs..........................................................................(4)

(1.4) Gallbladder Function before eating..................................................................(5)

(1.5) Some issues that affect Gallbladder..............................................................(5)

(1.5.1) Gallstones............................................................................................................(5)

(1.5.2) Cholecystits........................................................................................................(6)

(1.5.3) Gallstones Pancreatitis...................................................................................(6)

(1.5.4) Gallbladder Cancer...........................................................................................(7)

(1.6) Symptoms of Gallbladder Problems...............................................................(7)

(1.7) Gallbladder issue Treatment............................................................................(8)

(1.7.1) Open Cholecystectomies..............................................................................(8)

(1.7.2) Laparoscopic Cholecystectomies.............................................................(8)

(1.7.3) Robotic Cholecystectomies.........................................................................(8)

(1.8) Gallbladder Treatments other than Surgery..............................................(8)

(1.8.1) Antibiotics...........................................................................................................(8)

(1.8.2) Chemotherapy and Radiation therapy.....................................................(8)

(1.8.3) Ursodeoxycholic Acid....................................................................................(9)

(1.8.4) Extracorporeal shock waves lithotripsy..................................................(9)

(1.8.5) Contact solvent dissolution..........................................................................(9)

(1.9) Gallbladder Tests.....................................................................................................(9)

(1.9.1) Abdominal Ultrasound,........................................................................................(9)

(1.9.2) HIDA scan (Cholesintigrahy).............................................................................(9)

(1.9.3) Endoscopic Retrograde......................................................................................(9)

(1.9.4) Magnetic Resonance............................................................................................(10)

(1.9.5) Endoscopic Ultrasound.........................................................................................(10)

(1.9.6) Abdominal X-ray.....................................................................................................(10)

(1.10) Does weight affect chance for Gallstones...................................................(10)

Reference Page...............................................................................................................(11)

ROLE OF GALLBLADDER IN DIGESTION

Gallbladder is a small,pear-shaped organ that stores and release bile. Bile is the fluid liver
produces that helps digest fats in the food we eat.

1.1 LOCATED:
Gallbladder is located in the upper right part of your abdomen. It sites just under your liver.

1.2 FUNCTION:
Gallbladder is part of your digestive system. Its main function is to store bile. Bile helps your
digestive system break down fats. Bile is a mixture of mainly cholesterol, bilirubin and bile salts.

1.3 GALLBLADDER HELPS OTHER ORGANS:

Gallbladder is connected to other parts of your digestive system through a series of bile ducts
called the biliary tract. The biliary tract is a pipe like system that carries bile from your liver to
your small intestine.

1.4 GALLBLADDER FUNCTION BEFORE EATING:

Before you start eating your gallbladder is full of bile. When you start eating, your gallbladder
receives signals to contact and squeeze the stored bile through the biliary tract. The bile
eventually finds its way to your largest bile duct, the common bile duct. Bile passes through the
common bile duct into the duodenum, the first part of your small intestine, where it mixes with
food waiting to be digest. After you eat, your gallbladder is empty and resembles a deflated
balloon , waiting to be filled up again.

1.5COMMON ISSUE THAT EFFECT THE GALLBLADDER:

Several conditions can cause problems in your gallbladder. The most common condition is
gallstones. Gallstones are typically harmless but can sometimes lead to disease state.
Gallbladder issues include.

1.5.1 GALLSTONES:
Gallstones are pebble like objects made of bile material that develop in the gallbladder or bile
ducts. They can be as tiny as grains of sand to as large as golf balls. They are usually harmless
but can cause pain, nausea or inflammation.

1.5.2 CHOLECYSTITIS:
Cholecystitis is inflammation of Your gallbladder. It can occur when a gallstone blacks bile from
existing your gallbladder. Cholecystitis cause fever and pain and usually requires surgery.
1.5.3 GALLSTONE PANCREATITIS:
Gallstone pancreatitis is inflammation of your pancreas. It occurs when a gallstone travels down
the common bile duct and blocks the pancreatic duct at a common point just before draining
into the small intestine.

1.5.4 GALLBLADDER CANCER:

Gallbladder cancer is rare. You might fell pain in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen . but,
it is far more likely for this pain to occur due to another condition.
1.6 SYMPTOMS OF GALLBLADDER PROBLEM:
The symptoms of gallbladder problems vary. Some people din't fell gallstones or even know
they have them. But if gallstones block flow of bile, they can affect your gallbladder or
pancreas.

You may experience the following symptoms:

 Upper right abdomen pain

 Upper mid abdomen pain
 Upper right abdominal pain rediating to the right shoulder or back .
 Pain after eating a fatty meal
 Jaundice (yellow of your skin and white of your eyes)
 Nausea and vomiting
 Fever
 Chills
 Light brown pee or light-colored poop

1.7 GALLBLADDER ISSUES TREATED:

most gallbladder issues are treated with the removal of your gallbladder. Surgery to remove
your gallbladder is called a cholecystectomy. Your gallbladder is not an essential organ. This
means you can live without your gallbladder. When a surgeon removes your gallbladder, bile
will flow out of your bile ducts directly into your digestive system instead of being stored in
your gallbladder first.
Surgeon can perform Cholecystectomies three ways:

1.7.1 OPEN CHOLECYSTECTOMIES:

With open surgery, your surgeon operates through one large incision. Your surgeon may
perform an open cholecystectomies if your gallbladder is severally inflammated or scarred.

1.7.2 LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY:

With laparoscopic surgery, your surgeon operates through a few small incision. Laparoscopic
cholecystectomy generally leads to a faster recovery, less pain and smaller scars. In most cases ,
cholecytectomy wil be performed laparoscopically.

1.7.3 ROBOTIC CHOLECYTECTOMY:

This is a more recent method and is available in a small number of centers.

1.8 GALLBLADDER TREATMENTS OTHER THAN SURGERY:

1.8.1 ANTIBIOTICS:
Infections may be present during cholecytitis though antibiotics don't typically cure
cholecystitis, they can prevent on infection from spreading.

1.8.2 CHEMOTHERAPY AND RADIATION THERAPY:

After surgery for gallbladder cancer, chemotherapy and radiation may be used to help prevent
cancer from returning.

1.8.3 URSODEOXYCHOLIC ACID:

In people with problems from gallstones who are not good candidate for surgery, this oral
medicine is an option. Ursodeoxycholic acid may help dissolve small cholesterol gallstones and
reduce symptoms. Another oral solutions is called chenodial.

1.8.4 EXTRACORPOREAL SHOCK-WAVE LITHOTRIPSY:

High energy shock waves are projected from machine through abdominal wall breaking up
stones. Lithotripsy works best if only a few small stones are present.

1.8.5 CONTACT SOLVENT DISSOLUTION:

A niddle is inserted through the skin into the gallbladder and chemicals are injected that
dissolve gall stones. This technique us rarely used.

1.9 GALLBLADDER TESTS

1.9.1 ABDOMINAL ULTRASOUND:

A non invansive test in which a probe on the skin bounces high-frequency sound waves off
structures in the belly-ultrasound is an excellent test for gallstones and to check the gallbladder
wall.

1.9.2 HIDA SCAN (CHOLESCINTIGRAPHY)

In this nuclear medicine test, radioactive dye is injected intravenously and is secreted into the
bile. Cholecystitis is likely if the scan shows bile doesn't make it form the liver into the
gallbladder .

1.9.3 ENDOSCOPIC RETROGRADE

CHOLANGIOPANCREATOGARAPHY(ERCP):
Using a flexible tube inserted through the mouth , through the stomach, and into the small
intestine, a doctor can see through the tube and inject dye into the bile system ducts. Tiny
surgical tools can be used to treat some gallstone condition during ERCP.

1.9.4 MAGNETIC RESONANCE CHOLANGIOPANCREAOGRAPHY(MRCP):

An MRI scanner provides high resolution images of the bile ducts, pancreas, and gallbladder.
MRCP images help guide further tests and treatments.

1.9.5 ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASOUND:

A tiny ultrasound probe on the end of a flexible tube is inserted through the mouth to the
intestines. Endoscopic ultrasound can help detect choledochlithiasis and gallstone pancreatitis.
1.9.6 ABDOMINAL X-RAY:
Although they may be used to look for other problems in the abdomen, x-rays generally can not
diagnose gallbladder disease. However, x-ray may be able to detect gallstones.

1.10 DOES MY WEIGHT AFFECT MY CHANCES FOR GALLSTONES:

People who are over weight especially women are more likely to develop gallstones. This is
because people who are over weight may have more cholesterol in their bile. More cholesterol
in your bile can cause gallstones. People who are over weight may also have bigger gallbladder
that don't work as well. But slowly losing weight may help you prevent them. Diet change after
gallbladder surgery. Your gallbladder was not essential, but it did help you digest fatty foods.
Immediately after gallbladder removal , you'll want to avoid fried and greasy food.

After surgeory, fat calories should make up no more than 30% of your diet . Take your time
reintroducing high fiber foods such as whole grains, nuts, seeds and vegetables. They may
cause sever bloating and gas if you eat them too quickly.

REFERENCE PAGE:
 Zoology Miller and Harley
 Integrated Principles of Zoology by Hickman
 Zoology Animal Form and Function 2 by Riaz ul Had Ramy
 Google websites