See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/286862897

EXPERIMENTATION OF FLAME STABILIZATION USING HALF V-GUTTER

MADE OF POROUS MATERIAL FOR AFTERBURNER APPLICATION

Conference Paper · November 2015

CITATIONS READS

3 721

4 authors:

Parammasivam K M Abdul Basidh

Anna University, Chennai
6 PUBLICATIONS   4 CITATIONS   
133 PUBLICATIONS   219 CITATIONS   
SEE PROFILE
SEE PROFILE

Suganya Gunasekar Devanathan Devarasu

Madras Institute of Technology Madras Institute of Technology
8 PUBLICATIONS   21 CITATIONS    7 PUBLICATIONS   4 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Mars flyby Mission Architecture of Spacecraft View project

wind turbine aerodynamics View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Parammasivam K M on 14 December 2015.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 EXPERIMENTATION OF FLAME STABILIZATION USING HALF V-GUTTER
MADE OF POROUS MATERIAL FOR AFTERBURNER APPLICATION
Dr. Paramasivam. K.M 1, Professor
Department of Aerospace Engineering
Anna University, MIT Campus,
Chennai, Tamil Nadu,
India 60044
Abstract--- Present experimental study is .
focused on the Half “V” gutter made of three different
porous materials for afterburner application with non
reactive flows. Flame stabilization can be achieved with
Low Velocity Bypass ports, Refractory burner tiles, Bluff
body flame holders and Swirls. In this experimentation
bluff body flame holders made of porous materials are
used for estimation of the important parameters of flame
stabilization in non reactive flows.
The types of porous material used as a flame
holder are Silicon Carbide(SiC), Zirconium Oxide(ZiO)
and Aluminium Oxide(Al2O3). The porous materials are
fabricated in the shape of Half V gutters with an gutter
angles of 300, 450 and 600. The Half V shaped gutters
produces strong wake zone in the downstream which
enhances the mixing process and increases the flame
stabilization. Non reactive flow studies are carried out and
the wake zone length for each porous material at three
different angles are obtained experimentally.
Experiments are conducted in the combustor test
rig. The porous material half V gutters are fitted in the
combustor test rig with the help of plug type fixture. Air is
fed through a radial blower with constant velocity of 4.5
m/s. The parameter of interest in the cold flow studies is
the wake zone length. Plots are along the length of the
combustor for the velocity fluctuations with different
porous material.
It is observed that, due to irregular pores in the porous
materials the velocity fluctuations are more immediately
behind the gutter and gradually reduces in the
downstream upto exit plane. It is also observed that the
wake zone length differs for different porous material with
different gutter angles. The maximum wake zone length
for Silicon carbide flame holder is 15 cm formed at 600
angle, the maximum wake zone length for Zirconium oxide
flame holder is 15 cm formed at 600 angle and the
maximum wake zone length for Aluminium Oxide flame
holder is 17 cm formed at 600 angle.
1
Madras Institute of Technology
N. Abdul Basidh. 2, Suganya G.3, D. Devanathan 4
Department of Aerospace Engineering
Anna University, MIT Campus,
Chennai, Tamil Nadu,
India 60044
I. INTRODUCTION
Exothermic reaction occurs in the flame due to
chemical heat release. Formation of vortex structure in
the flow field can be altered by the type of bluff-body
and the orientation i.e how the bluff body obstructs the
flow field. Occurrence of blow out in the bluff body
stabilized combustion is studied in detail by
Huelskamp (2013). The 60 degree gutter shows better
stability on the aspects of dilation ratio of the flame as
reported by Shanbhogue and Lieuwen (2007). Non-
reactive flow helps in validating the reactive flow. The
research work of Kiel.B, et al. (2006) states how the
recirculation zone length prediction helps in simulating
the breakage of vortices. The research work of Turtle,
et al. (2010) and Hussain (2008) explain the dynamics
of bluff body stabilized flame near the blowout. The
results are numerically validated using large eddy
simulations. The results illustrate how the changes in
mass flow rate of the flow cause vibration and results
in breakage of vortices. The results are limited to
dynamics of flame at constant specific heat, since the
dynamics of the bluff body flame flow field greatly
depends on the equivalence ratio and the temperature
of flame.
II. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
The combustion test rig has a cross sectional area
of 85x85 mm. the combustor is a constant area combustor
required to match flow conditions as in a real gas turbine
engine. The dump type combustor severely influences the
fluid dynamic phenomena in the flow.
The experimental setup is shown in the figure. The flow is
channelized through a flow meter by means of a flow
regulator. The main function of flow meter is that the mass
flow rate of flow can be varied with it.
1. Flow meter with 500LPM mass flow rate and
2. Flow meter with 1800LPM mass flow rate
 case of a half v gutter the front face should face the upstream.
In addition to that, the mean centre line should be in face with
the pointed half.

Property Half ‘V’ Gutter

Angles 30∘,45∘,60∘

Defining • Asymmetric about centerline

Characteristics
Investigating • Wake length
parameters • Asymmetric wake formation
Variable • Pressure measured under
various velocities (4.5m/s)
Fig a: Experimental Setup
Table 2: Half V Gutter
Two flow meters are available for the experimental purpose. The purpose of using half V gutters in flame
The cold flow studies are carried out using 500LPM flow stabilization is threefold.
meter. Flow meter is followed by a settling chamber. Settling 1. It generates an asymmetric vortex which is helpful in
chamber ensures uniform constant flow into the combustion understanding the combustion instabilities.
chamber. The square combustor starts right after the settling 2. The effect of fluid entrainment on vortex formation
chamber. The main characteristics of combustor are tabulated can be studied in detail.
below.

Combustor Constant area ,Square, dump type

Flame Holder • Half V Gutters (30,45,60
apex angles)

Flame Holder Plug Type Fixtures

Fixtures
Fig b. Half “V” Gutter made of porous materials
Air Flow • Blower

Pre Heater • 5 Step filament heater

Speed and mass • 4.5m/s @1110LPM

flow rate
Table 1: Experimental Setup

Half V-Gutters
V-gutters can be inserted in the plug type fixture
space located in the combustor unit. The V-gutter
characteristics are explained in the table below.
The half V gutters are essentially one half of vee gutters. The Fig c. various configuration of Half “V” gutter
structure of a half v gutter is asymmetric about the centreline.
It is a flat plate structure inclined at an angle in the upper half III. POROUS MATERIALS
and free stream supporting in the lower half. The major
difference between a flat plate inclined at an angle and a half v POROUS BURNER
gutter is that in flat plates the plate can literally be anywhere Porous burners are used to burn fuels with low
with no restriction on what side should face centreline. But, in calorific value. This may be a solution to reduce the methane
in the off-gas to carbon di oxide, inturn it will decrease the

2
Madras Institute of Technology
carbon footprint left by the gas turbine engines. The lean
flammability limit for a free flame for methane is 5% in
volume of air at one atmosphere and 25C. To decrease this
limit, porous burners are used. Porous burners have very
efficient heat recovery. The heat produced by combustion of
the volatile fuel or gas mixture is transported back through the
porous media and tube wall to heat the incoming mixture. The
circulation of heat is established which lowers the
flammability of methane, an important design aspect is the
porous material used in the burner. In most burners, two
different types of porous materials are used, a highly porous
part and a low porous part. This is done to stabilize the flame
on the interface between these two layers, thus making stable
operation of the burner. Ceramic foams like silica foam,
Zirconium foam and high temperature metal alloys which are
all commercially available porous materials.
FUNDAMENTALS OF FLAME STABILIZATION IN
POROUS MEDIA
The described burner was designed with the aim
to operate over a wide range of gas compositions with
different calorific values and for high preheating temperatures.
This means that the stable operation had to be achieved
between two significantly different operational boundaries,
accomplished by small pressure losses. A stable temperature
distribution in the porous material, low polluntant emission
makes the compactness which is possible to the geometry
holding the flame inside its body. The porous burner consists
of a porous inert solid structure which allows flame
propagation. Stabilization of the flame front occurs when the
burning velocity in the porous medium accelerates the fresh
unburnt gases. In order to allow a wide operation range of
power load and air ratio for this stabilization concept, the
porous matrix is shaped in form of a conical diffuser. The
conical section is designed so as to avoid flow separation
caused by the expansion of the cross section. A recirculation
zone in the porous matrix would lead to predictable behavior
of the flame stabilization region. Combustion processes under
high pressures are widely used in different applications such
as car engines, aero engines, stationary gas turbines and
process plants etc.
CERAMIC MATERIALS EMPLOYED IN THE POROUS
COMBUSTION
The intensive heat transfer between the gas phase
and the porous medium that this entails gives rise to a unique
combination of advantages for combustion technology, the
burners are compact, have low pollutant emissions and can be
adjusted continuously over a wide range of powers. A special
emphasis of optimization work in PM technology has
therefore been the development of high temperature-resistant
ceramic and metal components. Important criteria for the
selection of ceramics include its temperature resistance, its
mechanical stability and it is ageing behavior. Also of major
importance for the use in PM are the pressure drop and the
heat capacity of the ceramic materials. The pressure drop
influences the necessary power of the blower and therefore
3
Madras Institute of Technology
also the amount of electrical energy necessary in a crucial
way. Larger and stronger blowers demand much higher
investment and running costs. Furthermore, noise emission
might also be promoted. The heat capacity of the ceramic
materials also determines the thermal inertia of the burner.
With high thermal inertia, the burner is insensitive to
fluctuations of gas mixture properties. On the other hand, with
a high heat capacity the start-up of the burner requires a rather
long time until it reaches steady-state operation, leading to
significantly increased start-up emissions.
The temperature resistance is determined mostly
by the melting point, but also by the thermal expansion rate of
material. Moderate thermal expansion rates avoid thermal
stresses, which can promote breaking of porous matrix, as
ceramic material tends to show a poor modulus of elasticity,
which even decreases with higher temperatures. These criteria
also affect the temperature switch resistance. High heat
conductivity of the ceramic materials is also considered to be
of major importance as hot spots are avoided, leading to an
even temperature distribution only with minor thermal stress
inside the material. The main materials used today are ceramic
foams or structures that resemble the static mixers or regular
packing often used in process engineering. The advantages of
these structures are as follows:
• The open-pore structures with good flow-through
properties keep pressure losses low and therefore,
low cost burner blowers with low energy
consumption can be used.
• Heat transfer is excellent. The gas is often forced to
flow inwards and outwards, to split and reunite. With
the convective heat transfer that this causes, a
balanced temperature field is generated at a low level.
This is accompanied by low pollutant emissions.
• The structures are characterized by a very low
weight. This means that the thermal inertia is low,
which has the effect that the burner heats up quickly
on starting and adapts to power changes quickly.
Metallic materials are lesser suitable as porous media because
of their inadequate thermal stability. Temperature-resistant
metal alloys might be used for temperatures below 1250⁰C
their thermal properties are a high heat conductivity ranging
from 10 W/mk at 20⁰C to about 28 W/mk at 1000⁰C, extreme
thermal expansion and an extremely good resistance to
thermal shock. The emissivity of metals varies strongly with
surface finish processing and the surface itself. It stretches at
300K from 0.045 for polished nickel to about 0.5 for used
stainless steel. For nickel-base and Fe Cr Al alloys the upper
temperature limit is approximately 1400⁰C. For PMBs, typical
maximum temperatures could be between 1400⁰ and 1600⁰C,
and in extreme cases even 1700⁰C. Therefore, materials based
on aluminium oxide, silicon carbide and zirconium oxide are
mainly used.
TYPES OF POUROUS MATERIALS
The types of Porous Materials are
[1] Aluminium Oxide
 [2] Silicon Carbide
[3] Zirconium Oxide

Aluminium Oxide
(Al2O3) can be used up to approximately 1900⁰C
under air. High SiO2 contents between 20 and 40% reduce the
application limit to approximately 1650⁰C. Because of its high
thermal expansion coefficient and an average thermal
conductivity, the resistance to temperature change of Al2O3
ceramics is relatively low.

Silicon Carbide
Silicon carbide can also be used at very high
temperatures, usually up to 1600⁰C. The resistance to
temperature change of SiC ceramics is very good, which is
due to the low expansion coefficients and the high thermal 1. Result without Flame Holder
conductivity. Speed: 4.5 m/s
Graph: Position versus Velocity
Zirconium Oxide
Zirconium Oxide can be used 23000C under air.
It has very good resistance to temperature and also has very
high thermal conductivity and low thermal expansion.

Position versus Velocity

Porous material gutters with blockage ratio of
45% and various induced angles of 0, 45 and 90o are each
placed in the combustor as shown in figure 3. The surface
of the combustor wall and the flat plate gutter wall are
required to fit on to each other as ideally as possible and
this is accomplished using a plug type fixture. Higher
blockage ratio studies are also reported in the literature
by using H2 flames for suitable stability criteria to the
area ratio is inferred from the above work. The fixture is
mounted along the surface of the wall in order to avoid
any obstruction to the flow.
Observations from the graph
The velocities in the different ports are streamline, when
there is no flame holder is fitted in the combustor rig. The
positioning of ports are marked as the legend of the
graph.Each series number on the legend refers to the
corresponding port number on the pressure rack.
Result of 30° Flame holder (SiC)
Speed: 4.5 m/s
Graph: Position versus Velocity

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Pressure readings are obtained from the
scanivalve. It gives the raw data in text format. The raw
data is extracted and converted to tables using
Spreadsheet tool. The pressure readings are converted
into velocity using the Bernoulli’s Formula. A sample
data for 30 degree gutter for 4.5m/s velocity is shown
below.

4
Madras Institute of Technology

Position versus Velocity
Observations from the graph
The wakes zone length is depicted in the above
figure. Velocity fluctuations are intense near the gutter and
gradually decreases along the downstream up to exit plane.
The positioning of ports are marked as the legend of the graph.
Each series number on the legend refers to the corresponding
port number on the pressure rack.
Result of 45° Flame holder (SiC)
Speed: 4.5 m/s
Graph: Position versus Velocity
Position versus Velocity
Observations from the graph
The wakes zone length is depicted in the above figure.
Velocity fluctuations are intense near the gutter and gradually
decreases along the downstream up to exit plane. The
positioning of ports are marked as the legend of the graph.
Each series number on the legend refers to the corresponding
port number on the pressure rack.
Result of 60° Flame holder (SiC)
Speed 4.5 m/s
5
Madras Institute of Technology
Graph: Position versus Velocity
Position versus Velocity
Observations from the graph
The wakes zone length is depicted in the above figure.
Velocity fluctuations are intense near the gutter and gradually
decreases along the downstream up to exit plane. The
positioning of ports are marked as the legend of the graph.
Each series number on the legend refers to the corresponding
port number on the pressure rack.
Result of 30° Flame holder (ZiO)
Speed: 4.5 m/s
Graph: Position versus Velocity
Position versus Velocity
Observations from the graph
. The wakes zone length is depicted in the above figure.
Velocity fluctuations are intense near the gutter and gradually
decreases along the downstream up to exit plane. The
positioning of ports are marked as the legend of the graph.
Each series number on the legend refers to the corresponding
port number on the pressure rack.
Result of 45° Flame holder (ZiO)
Speed: 4.5 m/s Each series number on the legend refers to the corresponding
Graph: Position versus Velocity port number on the pressure rack.
.

4.8 Result of 30° Flame holder (Al2O3)

Speed: 4.5 m/s
Graph: Position versus Velocity

Position versus Velocity

Observations from the graph

The wakes zone length is depicted in the above figure.
Velocity fluctuations are intense near the gutter and gradually
Position versus Velocity
decreases along the downstream up to exit plane. The
positioning of ports are marked as the legend of the graph.
Each series number on the legend refers to the corresponding Observations from the graph
The wakes zone length is depicted in the above figure.
port number on the pressure rack.
Velocity fluctuations are intense near the gutter and gradually
decreases along the downstream up to exit plane. The
positioning of ports are marked as the legend of the graph.
Each series number on the legend refers to the corresponding
Result of 60° Flame holder (ZiO)
port number on the pressure rack.
Speed: 4.5m/s
Graph: Position versus Velocity
Result of 45° Flame holder (Al2O3)
Speed: 4.5 m/s
Graph: Position versus Velocity

Position versus Velocity

Observations from the graph
The wakes zone length is depicted in the above
figure. Velocity fluctuations are intense near the gutter and Position versus Velocity
gradually decreases along the downstream up to exit plane.
The positioning of ports are marked as the legend of the graph. Observations from the graph

6
Madras Institute of Technology
The wakes zone length is depicted in the above figure.
Velocity fluctuations are intense near the gutter and gradually
decreases along the downstream up to exit plane. The
positioning of ports are marked as the legend of the graph.
Each series number on the legend refers to the corresponding
port number on the pressure rack.
• Due to irregular pores in the porous material, the
wake length differs for different porous material at
different angles.
• The wake zone length increases as the gutter angle is
increased.

• Velocity Fluctuations are high at region nearer to the

Result of 60° Flame holder (Al2O3) gutter and less for the farer region.
Speed: 4.5 m/s
Graph: Position versus Velocity • As pressure decreases and velocity increases,
formation of wake is higher in the region nearer to
the Half V gutter whereas pressure increases and
velocity decreases behind the gutter so that the
formation of wake is lesser along the axial direction.

• In this experiment, the maximum wake length is

formed at 600 flame holder made of Aluminium
Oxide, than the other porous materials with different
angles.

Position versus Velocity
Observations from the graph
The wakes zone length is depicted in the above figure.
Velocity fluctuations are intense near the gutter and
gradually decreases along the downstream up to exit
plane. The positioning of ports are marked as the legend
of the graph. Each series number on the legend refers to
the corresponding port number on the pressure rack.
IV. CONCLUSION
Cold flow studies have been carried out in the constant area
combustor test rig with three different porous material half V-
gutter configurations at three different angles at a constant
speed of 4.5 m/s. From the experiments it can be concluded
that the wake zone length differs for different porous material
with different gutter angles. It can also be inferred from the
results that the optimum angle with maximum wake formation
and minimum loss in total quantities occurs at 600 flame
holder made of Aluminium oxide porous material.

V. REFERENCES
Experimentation result of wake length for different
flame holder at different angles [1] Parammasivam K M, K. Kirubhakaran,”
Experimental Studies on Behavior of Flame Structure due to
Materials Silicon Zirconium Aluminium Vortex in V-Gutter Combustors (AIAA 2015-4090)”, 51st
with carbide oxide oxide AIAA/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference, 2015,
different 10.2514/6.2015-4090, July 28, Florida, USA
angles
300 12 cm 13 cm 15 cm [2] Parammasivam K M, S. Subramanian, Sai Suganth P.
450 13 cm 14 cm 16 cm Baskaran, Shaik Shahabaz Ahamed, Jayakumar Venkatesan,”
600 15 cm 15 cm 17 cm Experimental Investigation on Flame Stabilization with V
Gutters for Afterburner Applications (AIAA 2015-4018)”,
Table: Experimental Results 51st AIAA/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference, 2015,
10.2514/6.2015-4018, July 28, Florida, USA
Observations from experiments
[3] Parammasivam K M,S.Subaramanian, Sai P Suganth,
The following observations are made from the Shaik Shahabaz Ahamed and ( 2015),“Experimental Studies
experimental results. Of Flame Holding In Cold Flows”,2nd National Propulsion
Conference, 2015, Organized by IIT Bombay, 23-24, February
2015

7
Madras Institute of Technology

[4] Lipatnikov, A.N. and Chomiak, J., 2002, Turbulent
flame speed and thickness: phenomenology, evaluation,and
application in multi-dimensional simulations. Progress in
Energy and Combustion Science, 28, 1–74
[5] Kobayashi, H., Nakashima, T., Tamura, T., Maruta,
K. and Niioka, T., 1997, Turbulence measurements and
observations of turbulent premixed flames at elevated
pressures up to 3.0 MPa. Combustion and Flame, 108, 104–
117.
[6] Lipatnikov, A.N. and Chomiak, J., 2005, Molecular
transport effects on turbulent flame propagation and structure.
Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 31, 1–73
[7] Cheng, R.K. and Sheperd, I.G., 1991, The influence
of burner geometry on premixed turbulent flame propagation.
Combustion and Flame, 85, 7–26.
[8] Li, S.C., Libby, P.A. andWilliams, F.A., 1995,
Experimental investigation of a premixed flame in an
impingingturbulent stream.Proceedings of the 25th
International Symposium on Combustion, pp. 1207–1214, The
Combustion Institute.
[9] Kalt, P.A.M., Chen,Y.-C. and Bilger,R.W., 2002,
Experimental investigation of turbulent scalar flux in
premixed stagnation-type flames. Combustion and Flame,
129, 401–415
[10] Bray, K.N.C., Champion, M. and Libby, P.A., 2000,
Premixed flames in stagnating turbulence. PartV: evaluation
of models for the chemical source term. Combustion and
Flame, 127, 2023–2040.
[11] Biagioli, F. and Zimont, V.L., 2002, Gas dynamics
modelling of counter-gradient transport in open and impinging
turbulent premixed flames. Proceedings of the 29th
International Symposium on Combustion, pp. 1207–1214, The
Combustion Institute.
[12] Dinkelacker, F., Soika, A., Most, D., Hofmann, D.,
Leipertz, A., Polifke,W. and D¨obbeling, K., 1998, Structure
of locally quenched highly turbulent lean premixed flames.
Proceedings of the 27th International Symposium on
Combustion, pp. 857–865. The Combustion Institute.
[13] Zimont,V., Polifke,W., Bettelini, M.
andWeisenstein,W., 1998, An efficient computational model
for premixed turbulent combustion at high Reynolds numbers
based on a turbulent flamespeed closure. Transactions of the
ASME, 120, 526–532.
[14] Flohr, P., 2003, Perspectives ofLESin
turbomachinery design. Proceedings of the 5th
InternationalERCOFTAC Workshop on Direct and Large-
8
Madras Institute of Technology
Eddy Simulation, R. Friedrich, B. Geurts, O. M´etais (Eds),
Munich University of Technology.
[15] Flohr, P. and Pitsch, H., 2000, A turbulent flame
speed closure model for LES of industrial burner
flows.Proceedings of the 2000 CTR Summer Program, p. 169–
179.
[16] Abdel-Gayed, R.G., Al-Khishali, K.J. and Bradley,
D., 1984, Turbulent burning velocities and flame straining in
explosions. Proceedings of the Royal Society, London, A391,
393–414.
[17] Karpov, V.P., Lipatnikov, A.N. and Zimont, V.L.,
1994, A model for premixed turbulent combustion and its
validation. Archivium Combust., 4, 125–141.
[18] Raushenbah, B.V., Bely, C.A., Bespalov, I.B.,
Borodachev, B.Ja., Bolinsky, M.S., and Prudnikov, A.G.,
1964, Physical Principles of the Processes in Combustion
Chambers of Air-Breathing Jet Propulsions (Moscow:
Mashinostroenie), p. 265–280 (in Russian).
[19] Moreau, P., 1977, Turbulent flame development in a
high velocity premixed flow. AIAA paper No 7749. \
[20] Dinkelacker, F. and H¨olzer, S., 2000, Investigation
of a turbulent flame speed closure approach for premixed
flames calculations. Combustion Science and Technology,
158, 321–340.
[21] Maciocco, L. and Zimont,V.L., 1997, in: 20th
Annual Meeting of the Italian Section of the Combustion
Institute, Frantic ’97, pp. X-2.1–2.4
[22] Zimont, V.L., 2000, Gas premixed combustion at
high turbulence. Turbulent flame closure combustion model.
Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 21, 179–186.
[23] Biagioli, F., 2004, Position, thickness and transport
properties of turbulent premixed flames in stagnating flows.
Combustion Theory and Modelling, 8, 1–22.
[24] Zimont, V.L. and Biagioli, F, 2002, Gradient,
counter-gradient transport and their transition in turbulent
premixed flames. Combustion Theory and Modelling, 6, 79–
101. 412 F. Biagioli
[25] Rusak, Z., Kapila, A.K. and Choi, J.J., 2002, Effect
of combustion on near-critical swirling flow. Combustion
Theory Modelling, 6, 625–645.
[26] Kee, R.J., Rumpley, F.M. and Miller, J.A., 1989,
CHEMKIN-II: A Fortran Chemical Kinetics Package for the
Analysis of Gas Phase Chemical Kinetics, Government
Publication SAND89-9009B, September 1989.
[27] Shih, T.-H., Liou, W.W., Shabbir A., Yang Z. and
Zhu J., 1995, A new k − _ eddy viscosity model for high
Reynolds number turbulent flows. Computers and Fluids, 3,
227–238.

[28] Patankar, S.V. and Spalding, D.B., 1972, A

calculation procedure for heat, mass and momentum transfer
in three-dimensional parabolic flows. International Journal
for Heat and Mass Transfer, 15, 1787–1806.

[29] Leonard, B.P., 1979, A stable and accurate

convective modelling procedure based on quadratic upstream
interpolation. Comp. Meth. in Appl. Mech. and Engrng., 19,
59–98.[AQ5]

[30] Kr¨oner, M., Fritz, J. and Sattelmayer, T., 2003,

Flashback limits for combustion induced vortex breakdown in
a swirl burner. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and
Power, 125, 693–700.

[31] Martins, G., Cabot, G., Taupin, B., Vauchelles, D.

and Boukhalfa, A., 2005, Structure effect of pressure in a lean
swirl flames. In: Proceedings of the 2nd European
Combustion Meeting, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium.

[32] Batchelor, G.K., 1967, An Introduction to Fluid

Dynamics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

Scurlock (1948) and Williams(1951). Geometrical flame

holding. Mae.buffalo.edu

Acknowledgement
The combustor test rig is developed in the Department of
Aerospace Engineering, Madras Institute of Technology with
the financial support from the Propulsion Panel of
Aeronautical Research and Development Board (AR&DB),
DRDO, Govt. of India for the study fluid dynamics with
porous material.

9
Madras Institute of Technology

View publication stats