Steel-concrete composite

bridges

David Collings

"I 1 ThomasTelford
Contents

Foreword IX

Acknowledgements x

Notation xi

1. General concepts
Introduction 1
Structural forms 1
Materials 2
Codes 2
Concrete 3
Steel 6
Composite action 11
Shear connectors 13

2. Simple beam bridges 16

Introduction 16
Initial sizing 16
Example 2.1 16
Initial design of girder 20
Bracing of the steelwork 20
Initial design of the concrete slab 25
Initial shear connector design 26
Safety through design 26
Environmental issues 27

3. Integral bridges 29
Introduction 29
Soil-structure interaction 30
Example 3.1 31
Weathering steel 34
Compact sections 38
Portal frame structures 38
Example 3.2 38
Effects of skew 40
Example 3.3 41
 Painting 42
Shrinkage 44
Differential temperature 44

4. Continuous bridges 46
Introduction 46
Motorway widening 47
Moment—shear interaction 49
Example 4.1 50
Moment rounding 51
Cracking of concrete 53
Bearing stiffeners 55
Precamber 55
Natural frequency 57
Through-girder bridges 58
Example 4.2 60
Shear lag 61
Fatigue 63

5. Viaducts 66
Introduction 66
Concept design 66
Example 5.1 68
Articulation 69
Construction methods 71
Deck slab 74

6. Haunches and double composite action 78

Introduction 78
Haunches 78
Longitudinal shear at changes of section 79
Double composite action 80
Example 6.1 80
Slender webs 81
Lightweight concrete 83

7. Box girders 85
Introduction 85
Behaviour of boxes 85
Diaphragms 87
Example 7.1 88
Example 7.2 92
Noise from bridges 93
Shear connectors for composite boxes 94
Composite plates 95
Example 7.3 97
8. Trusses 98
Introduction 98
Example 8.1 99
Member type 101
Steel sections under axial load 101
Joints in steelwork 102
Example 8.2 103
Enclosure 104
Local loading of webs 107
Continuous trusses 109
High-strength steel 110
9. Arches 111
Introduction 111
Example 9.1 112
Composite compression members 114
Example 9.2 117
Fabrication of curved sections 118
Nodes in tubular structures 118
Aesthetics 120
Tied arches 122
Example 9.3 123
Arch buckling 124
10. Cable-stayed bridges 129
Introduction 129
Deck-stay connection 130
Example 10.1 131
High-strength concrete 131
Buckling interaction 137
Shear connection 138
Towers 139
Tower top 140
Example 10.2 141
Stainless steel 142
Strain-limited composite section 143
11. Prestressed steel—concrete composite bridges 145
Introduction 145
Displacement of supports 145
Prestress using tendons 146
Design of prestressed composite structures 147
Prestress losses 148
Example 11.1 149
Durability 151
Prestressed composite box girders 151
Corrugated webs 151
Example 11.2 152
Extra-dosed bridges 153

VII
12. Assessment of composite bridges 155
Introduction 155
History 155
Structure types 157
Inspection 157
Loads 157
Materials 159
Testing of the shear connection 160
Analysis 160
Incidental and partial composite action 161
Cased beams 161
Strengthening 162
Life-cycle considerations 162

Appendix A: Approximate methods 164

Appendix B: Calculation of section properties 165

Section properties for steel sections 165
Section properties for steel—concrete composite sections 165
Section properties for cracked steel—concrete composite sections with
reinforcement 166

Appendix C: Section properties for examples 167

Appendix D: Plastic section properties for steel—concrete composite

sections 168

Appendix E: Torsional properties for steel—concrete composite

sections 170

Appendix F: Moment-axial load interaction for compact

steel-concrete composite sections 171

References 172

Index 177