telecommunication communication at a distance.

data information presented in whatever form is agreed upon by the

parties creating and using the data.
Data the exchange of data between two devices via some form of
communications transmission medium
Components of ◼ Message: Data to be communicated.
Data ◼ Sender & Receiver.
Communications ◼ Medium: Transmission medium is the physical path by which a
message travels from sender to receiver.
◼ Twisted-pair, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable or radio waves.
◼ Protocol: Set of rules that govern data communications.
Effectiveness of ◼ Delivery: Deliver data to the correct destination.
Data ◼ Accuracy: Deliver the data accurately. ◼ Timeliness: Deliver data in
Communication a timely manner. Real-time transmission requires timely delivery
[without significant delay].
◼ Jitter: Variations in packet arrival time.
THREE main types - Simplex mode, the communication is unidirectional, as on a
of transmission one-way street.
circuits (channels): - half-duplex mode, each station can both transmit and
receive, but not at the same time.
- full-duplex mode, both stations can transmit and receive
simultaneously
network is a set of devicesm or nodes connected by communication links.
Network Criteria

Types of
Connections

Topology of a the geometric representation of the relationship of all the links and
network linking devices (nodes) to one another.
Topologies >>
Mesh Topology

Star Topology

Bus Topology
 Ring Topology

Categories of
Networks

A switched WAN a network with more than two ends

A point-to-point a network that connects two communicating devices through a
WAN transmission media
Internetwork A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs
switched in which a switch connects at least two links together.
networks(internet)
The two most
common types of
switched networks
are:
 The Internet

Protocols A set of rules that governs data communications.

Key elements of
protocols

Standards: It is a formalized regulation that must be followed.

U2
OSI 7 Layers
 TCP/IP 5 layers

The physical addresses will change from hop to hop, but the logical
addresses usually remain the same.
Multiplexing in this case means that a protocol at a layer can encapsulate a packet
from several next-higher layer protocols
Demultiplexing means that a protocol can decapsulate and deliver a packet to
several next-higher layer protocols
M%D Multiplexing at the source and Demultiplexing at the destination.

Client-Server Clinet: send, Server: wait

Paradigm
◼ To define a ◼ Host: the IP address of the server or the unique name given to the
web page, we server. (for the name we need DNS)
need three ◼ Port: a 16-bit integer, is normally predefined for the client-server
identifiers: host, application. For example, port 80 is used in HTTP protocol for
port, and path. accessing the web page.
◼ Path: identifies the file’s location and name in the underlying
The documents in  Static documents
WWW can be  Dynamic documents
grouped into  Active documents
three broad
categories:
HTTP used to define (the rules) how the client-server programs can be
written to retrieve web pages from the Web.
HTTP uses the services of TCP, is a connection-oriented and reliable
protocol.
Nonpersistent
Connection

Methods
HTTP status code

Cookies

A proxy server is a computer that keeps copies (caches) of responses to recent

requests.

The proxy server reduces the load on the original server, decreases
traffic, and improves latency.
 Why two Separation of commands and data transfer makes FTP more efficient.
connections?

Message Transfer Agent (MTA):

The formal protocol that defines the MTA client and server on the
Internet is called Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

Secure Shell (SSH) s a secure application program that can be used today for several
purposes such as remote logging and file transfer.
SSH for Remote Logging
◼SSH for File Transfer
 ◼Port Forwarding
Domain Name The Internet needs to have a directory system (phonebook) that can
System (DNS) map name to IP addresses.
The name space is the structure of the DNS database
domain a subtree of the domain name space.

The generic domains define registered hosts according to their

generic behavior.
The country domains section uses two-character country
abbreviations (e.g., “sa” for Saudi Arabia).
A resolver is a host that needs to map a domain name to an address.
ICANN to register domain name