1. Discuss the relative advantages and
+TCP is connection-oriented
disadvantages between circuit-switched and
packet-switched networks.
+advantage
Circuit-switched networks offer bandwidth,
low latency, and real-time applications,
while packet-switched networks provide
resource efficiency, scalability, fault
tolerance, and flexibility, making them
popular in modern communication systems.
+disadvantages
Circuit-switched networks have inefficient
resource usage, limited scalability, and
higher latency, while packet-switched
networks have variable performance,
complexity in management, and require
sophisticated fault tolerance protocols.
2.(a) Give an example of a client-server
application that runs on top of TCP.
(b) Give an example of a client-server
application that runs on top of UDP.
(a) A client-server application that runs on
top of TCP is a web browser and web
server.(b) A client-server application that
runs on top of UDP is DNS .
3. some website have multiple IP addresses
for reasons such as load balancing, fault
tolerance, and geographic distribution.
4. The two major benefits of using a reverse
proxy is load balancing and security.
5. HTTP/2 able to use of single tcp
connection, instead of our connection for
each item, the single tcp connection allow
multiple items to be fetched by chopping
them into the chunks.
5. What is the purpose of the socket API?
The socket API purpose is communicated
between computers over a network,
enabling programs to create, manage, and
send/receive data, establish connections,
and manage network protocols.
6.What is a access network? Is a
communication network that connect end
user device, such as computer, tablet to WAN
such as internet.
7.Which layers in the Internet protocol stack
does a router process? How about a host?
-Routers work at Network layer, so it
processes on Network layer, Date-link layer
and Physical layer.
-host processes all the layers in the Internet
protocol stack.
8.We have said that an application may
choose UDP for a transport protocol
because UDP offers finer application control
(than TCP) of what data is sent in a segment
and when.
+What is the purpose of DNS caching?
+The purpose of DNS caching is to speed
up the domain name resolution process by
storing the DNS records of recently visited
websites and domain in a local database or
we can say DNS caching also reduces the
network traffic and the load on the DNS
servers.
Q2. What is the role of the root DNS
servers? the tld DNS servers?
A2. The role of the root DNS servers is root
severs know tld server IP addresses. And tld
(the Top-level domain) DNS servers are
authoritative name servers that store
information about the domain names and IP
addresses of the second-level domain
under a specific tld, such as .com, .org, .net .
+Why does an application have more
control of what data is sent in a segment?
- Because UDP encapsulates in a segment
whatever the application gives it.
+Why does an application have more
control on when the segment is sent?
- Because UDP does not have delays due to
flow control and congestion control.
+Protocols: is a rules for formatting,
transmitting, processing data.
(Protocols is the way to communicate).
. If we break a protocols a another device
will don’t know what u communicate.
+Throughput is the amount of data that can
be transmitted over a network in a given
amount of time.
+Network Delay Factors:
-Propagation Delay: depends on link speed,
length of link.
-Transmission Delay: time required to push
pkt(packet) out.
-Queuing Delay: The time a packet spends
in a router's queue waiting to be
transmitted. Or time waiting for other pkt to
be transmitted.
-Processing Delay: The time it takes for a
router to examine the packet header and
determine where to direct the packet. Or pkt
integrity check queuing read dst address.
+ way for processes to communicate:
*Client – server model.
-server application(always on).
+Run on always-on host.
+has a fixed address.
-client application(client take to the server)
+make requests of the server.
*P2P (peer-to-peer)
-no dedicated server.
-host = peers.
-every host is both a client and a server.
Step1: set up before sending data.
Hand-shake (exchange information to each
other.)
Step2: tcp connect is established, data is
exchanged full-duplex communication.
Step3: communication tar-down.
If u do step1 and step2 don’t do step3 is still
waiting a shutdown by himself.
-Reliable: Steam of data will be delivered in
order; no mussing pieces.
-Has congestion control.
+UDP is faster so they use this but loss
information.
-connectionless
-unreliable(no guarantees)
-no congestion control.
-more scalable than client-server model.
DNS – domain name system
-Main responsibility: name to IP address
translation
-Distributed collection of DNS servers(e.g.
BIND : Berkeley Internet Name Domain)
-Use UDP port 53
-DNS servers store RRs(resource records)
+Type of resource records
- A (IPv4) store IP addresses
- AAAA (IPv6)
- TXT (comments)
- CNAME (alias)
- NS(name server)
- MX(mail exchanger) is a type of DNS
record that specifies the mail server for a
domain. It is used by email systems to route
messages to the correct destination.
+Why web appeal to general population
-info is on-demand
-allow everyone to publish
-easy navigation with hyperlinks
-front-end to other services
-user can interact with websites.
Protocol e.g. http(1, 1,1, 2, 3)
+http in TCP and TCP is port 80 and TCP in
client-server protocol.
-http is a stateless protocol
-http protocol uses cookies to create a
session on top of the stateless protocol
+ web cache
-aka reverse proxy always live close a client.
+forward proxy always live close a
server(e.g. cloudflare.com)
+Forward proxy sit on a web server.
+A reverse proxy is a server that sits in
front of web servers and forwards client
requests to those web servers.Proxy benefit
reducing speed balancing fast response.
+Submission port 465/587 The port 587 use Process mean is program
for encrypted email transmissions using
SMTP Secure(SMTPS). The port 587
differs from the port 25 is port tcp/25 used
for server-to-server communication to
transfer email messages mail servers, while
port tcp/587 is used for client-to-server
communication to submit outgoing email.
+bit torrent
- swarm a collection of all peers(peer mean communication.
friend) participating in distribution oof a
particular file
- peers download fixed-size chuck.
- downloading and uploading occurs
simultaneously(simultaneously mean in a
same time).
- peers in swarm register with a tracker.
- a new peer is given a small umber (e.g.
50) of neighboring peer.
- peers ask neighboring peers for list of
available chunks.
- rarest-first strategy
- offer chucks to those neighboring peers
giving you their own chucks at faster rate.
-5 unchoked peers = 4 good + 1 optimally -add 8 bytes overhead.
unchoked.
+Five-layer Internet protocol stack is :
-Applications,Transport (segment
(datagram)),network (packet),link (frame)
-physical
+email
-How work a email send eg. Smtp(simple mail -Checksum ( aka hashes, digests)
transfer protocols) one protocol talking to
another protocol Application send file transport-connection-oriented, reliable
chopped file into pieces and go to physical -application send/receive stream of data
layer and transmit physical layer go to link andto/from transport layer.
network and then transport collect(ប្រមូល)
information get to application.
+How to choose transport layer protocol?
Considerations
-do you need guaranteed
delivery?Guarantee delivery when u miss a
some information a guaranteed delivery
send you a message back.
-do you need guaranteed throughput?
-do you need data to arrive within a set time?
-do you need encryption, authentication?
+Network layer is host-to-host
communication, Transport layer is process-
to-process communication.
+Two main layer 4 protocols:
-UDP: unreliable, connectionless
-TCP : reliable, connection-oriented
+Transport layer
1.extends services provided by network
layer by providing
process-to-process communication.
2.procides integrity checking
3.reliability
- data arrive,data arrive correctly,data arrive
in order, data arrive without duplication
4. congestion control
-gives fair share of overall bandwidth to all
connection.
-transport layer provide socket-to-socket
-socket provide himself by port number.
-socket pair has IP and port number.
+Socket in TCP is listen that particular
socket .TCP socket are pair servers socket
and client socket.
+Why people use UDP
+No congestion
+Small header bytes
+Don’t waste a times
+Connection state
+Socket is like a file communicate to
another socket.
+Talked about UDP(User datagram
protocol)
-Src/dst port identify src/dst sockets(IP, Port
number)
-Length: 216 -1 max byte
-Checksum check datagram without error.
+Transport layers offer 2 things :
-Multiplexing and demultiplexing
TCP pdu is segment.
-transport layer maintains state of
connection between endpoints.
+State means variable/buffers – send and
receive buffers.
-TCP sends and receives buffers.
-TCP header min 20 byte.
-Header length- of 4-byte words of header
-TCP asks layer 3 how length a file.
-TCP no length because length is
computed.
+ Sequence number first
-Sequence number n indicates that the data
byte in this segment is the n byte of the
steam. is a byte number of the stream
+Acknowledgement number of m:
- am waiting for you sequence number m
to arrive(have received everything up to m)
- is the next seq number expected
- In networking acknowledge means yes, I
got it.
+Flag
-Ack – acknowledgement number is valid.
-SYN and FIN connection
establishment/termination, RST reset.
+The “three-way handshake”
1.When B receives SYN, it allocates
resources to connection.
2.When A receives SYN-ACK send B send
SYN, ACK
3.And A start connection with B and SYN
contain a data
+Closing a TCP connection
1.When A send a data with FIN and ack is
don’t know
2.When B receives a data B start send A ack
back
3.If A don’t respond back B send a FIN and
A send SYN
+Each side of a tcp has timer ack needs to
be received before timer expired. Timer:
(RTT + e1 0)
+If A don’t know B receives A need to
retransmit how A know that because of stop
watch or timer have a round trip time.
+Back-to-back segment:
-If A loss a data with seq = 92 and another
data with seq number is 100 and then B
receive seq number 100 and B figure out
seq number 92 and send ack = 92
+ receive window :
Specifics number of bytes the sender is
willing to receive.
(number of free bytes in the receive buffer)
+ optional headers
-Timestamps (used for RTT computation)
-MSS (maximum segment size)
-SACK (selective ACKs)
-Receive window scaling is multiple size
with receive window can storing a data.
+socket programming
+TCP setup use (AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM)
And then use connect and use send.
+UDP setup use(AF_INET,SOCK_DGRAM)
And use sendto to send message.