5.

8 Modulation Settings Panel

The Modulation Settings panel can be used in the single-carrier and multicarrier mode. All modulation
parameters of the signal are defined in this panel.

Fig. 5-17 Modulation Settings panel

The parameters defined in this panel are described below. The availability of some entry fields in the
panel depends on the settings made in other fields. So, entering window parameters is not useful when
a window function is selected for which no parameters have to be defined. Irrelevant entry fields are
automatically displayed in grey. Most of them can be read but cannot be operated.

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Modulation Settings Panel WinIQSIM

5.8.1 Type of Modulation

This is the most important parameter of the panel. The selected type is indicated in the Modulation
Type field. A click with the left mouse key on the field opens a two-level selection menu where the new
type of modulation can be set.

Fig. 5-18 Two-level modulation type selection menu

Definition of terms

Before describing the modulation types, a few terms shall be defined that will be used in the description.

Modulation mapping Representation of the binary input data vector to a modulation status.
Modulation level Number of input data bits defining a modulation status. For instance,
the level of 8PSK is three.
Mapping table Tabulated mapping order for assigning a sequence of m input data bits
(m = level of modulation) to a phase shift in the case of PSK, to a value
pair at the complex level with QAM and to a frequency offset with FSK.
Constellation diagram Graphical representation of permissible modulation states at the I/Q
level.

The selectable modulation types and the respective mapping are described below. The constellation
diagram is often displayed in addition to the mapping table.
CW (none): With this item selected, a continuous wave signal is obtained. The in-phase (I) component
and the quadrature (Q) component of the signal are constant (in WinIQSIM: I = 1, Q = 0). A pure,
unmodulated carrier signal is thus obtained.
Dirac pulse: The transmission system is excited with a true Dirac pulse (Kronecker delta). This allows
the impulse response of the whole transmission system to be determined. This modulation type can also
be used, for instance, for determining the impulse response of a filter (provided all other components in
the transmission path are switched off).
The function of a digital Dirac pulse corresponds to (n) = {1 for n = 0, 0 for others.}
The following modulation types are arranged in groups. The first group contains phase shift keying
(PSK), the next quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) and the last all the methods using frequency
shift keying (FSK).
PSK modulations
WinIQSIM supports 6 types of PSK modulation: BPSK, QPSK, Offset QPSK, /4 DQPSK, 8 PSK and 8
PSK EDGE.

BPSK: With binary phase shift keying, two different start phases are assigned to the binary input data.
Phase 0° is assigned to input data bit 0 and phase 180° to input bit 1.

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Table 5-5 Mapping of BPSK

Data symbol Phase

0 0°
1 180°

QPSK: Quadrature phase shift keying also called 4PSK is a two-level modulation mode. A data symbol
consisting of two input bits is assigned to one of four modulation states. For details refer to the mapping
table below.
Table 5-6 Mapping of QPSK

Data symbol Phase

00 45°
01 135°
10 225°
11 315°

Offset QPSK: Offset QPSK uses the same mapping as QPSK with the sole difference that the transition
from one modulation state to another is performed in two steps. The I component is shifted first and
after half a symbol the Q component. To obtain optimum results, even-numbered oversampling should
be selected to avoid interpolation when the Q components are delayed.

The advantage of Offset QPSK over QPSK is that zero-crossings do not occur at the origin of the
complex level when the modulation status changes by 180°. 100% amplitude modulation can thus be
avoided. The diagrams below compare the status transition from 00 to 10 for QPSK and for Offset
QPSK (the use of a rectangular filter and window function is assumed).

Fig. 5-19 Comparison of status transitions with QPSK (left) and Offset QPSK (right)

When an suitable filter is used, the transition between two states can be performed almost entirely on
the unit circle. As a result the signal amplitude remains almost constant.

/4 DQPSK: /4-shifted differentially encoded QPSK is a differential 4-phase modulation with an
additional phase shift of /4 at each modulation step. With differential phase modulation, the transferred
information is contained in the difference of the absolute phases of consecutive symbols. The
assignment of data symbols to phase differences is shown below.

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Table 5-7 Assignment of data symbols to phase differences with /4 DQPSK

Data symbol Phase difference

00 45°
01 135°
10 225°
11 315°

Due to the additional phase shift of /4 (45°), this modulation assumes eight different states in the
constellation diagram. Four states for the even-numbered symbol intervals (0, 2, 4, ...) and four for the
odd-numbered intervals (1, 3, 5, ...).

The benefit of /4 DQPSK modulation is that phase transitions of +or -do not occur. Same as with
Offset QPSK, a more constant signal amplitude is thus obtained.

8 PSK: 8PSK is a three-level phase modulation which assigns one of eight possible modulation states to
three binary input bits.

Table 5-8 Mapping of 8PSK

Data symbol Phase

000 0°
001 45°
010 90°
011 135°
100 180°
101 225°
110 270°
111 315°

8 PSK EDGE: 8 PSK EDGE is a special type of the three-level PSK suggested by ETSI for the
extension of GSM (GSM EDGE: Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution) . One of eight possible
modulation states is assigned to three binary input bits.

Table 5-9 Mapping 8 PSK EDGE

Data symbol Phase

000 135°
001 180°

010 90°
011 45°
100 270°
101 225°
110 315°

111 0°

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QAM.: Quadrature amplitude modulation is the second large modulation group. QAM uses phase and
amplitude modulation. A modulation status or modulation symbol represents several input data bits.
With 64QAM, for instance, a modulation symbol represents six input data bits. The transmission rate of
these symbols is lower than the bit rate by a factor of six. WinIQSIM supports the following QAM modes:
16QAM, 32QAM, 64QAM and 256QAM.

16QAM: 16QAM is a four-level modulation with 16 phase/amplitude states. The first two input data bits
denominate the quadrant of the respective modulation symbol at the complex level (00: first quadrant,
top right; 10: second quadrant, top left; 11: third quadrant, bottom left; 01: fourth quadrant, bottom right).
The last two input data bits denominate the position of the modulation symbol in the quadrant. The
following table shows the mapping of input data bit sequences into complex modulation states. The I
(real) and Q (imaginary) components of the modulation status are also given.
Mapping of 16QAM is according to (DVB) ETS 300 429 standard (Digital Video Broadcasting for Cable
Systems).
Table 5-10 Mapping of 16QAM

Data symbol I component Q component

0000 1/6 2 1/6 2
0001 1/2 2 1/6 2
0010 1/6 2 1/2 2
0011 1/2 2 1/2 2 -
0100 1/62 1/62 -
0101 1/6 2 1/2 2
0110 1/2 2 -1/6 2
0111 1/2 2 - -1/2 2
1000 1/6 2 1/6 2
1001 -1/6 2 1/2 2
1010 -1/2 2 1/6 2
1011 -1/2 2 1/2 2 -
1100 -1/6 2 1/6 2
1101 -1/2 2 -1/6 2
1110 -1/6 2 -1/2 2
1111 -1/2 2 -1/2 2

32QAM: 32QAM is a five-level modulation with 32 phase/amplitude states. The two most significant bits
(top left) of a data symbol again denominate the quadrant of the respective modulation symbol at the
complex level (00: first quadrant, top right; 10: second quadrant, top left; 11: third quadrant, bottom left;
01: fourth quadrant, bottom right). The last three input data bits denominate the position of the
modulation symbol in the quadrant. The following table shows the assignment of input data bit
sequences to the complex modulation states. The modulation status of the I (real) and Q (imaginary)
signal is also given. Only the modulation symbols of the first quadrant are shown. The symbols of the
other quadrants are obtained by rotating the first quadrant by 90°, 180° or 270°.
Mapping of 32QAM is according to (DVB) ETS 300 429 standard (Digital Video Broadcasting for Cable
Systems).
Table 5-11 Mapping of 32QAM

Data symbol I part Q part

00000 3/10 2 1/2 2
00001 1/10 2 1/10 2
00010 3/10 2 1/10 2
00011 1/2 2 1/10 2
00100 1/10 2 1/2 2
00101 1/10 2 3/10 2
00110 3/10 2 3/10 2
00111 1/2 2 3/10 2

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64QAM: 64QAM is a six-level modulation with 64 phase/amplitude states. The two most-significant (left-
most) bits of a data symbol denominate the quadrant of the modulation symbol at the complex level (00:
first quadrant, top right; 10: second quadrant, top left; 11: third quadrant, bottom left; 01: fourth quadrant,
bottom right). The four subsequent input data bits denominate the position of the modulation symbol in
the quadrant. The following table shows the assignment of input data bit sequences to the complex
modulation states. The I (real) and Q (imaginary) components of the modulation status are also given.
Only the modulation symbols of the first quadrant are shown. The symbols of the other quadrants are
obtained by rotating the first quadrant by 90°, 180° or 270°.

Mapping of 64QAM is according to (DVB) ETS 300 429 standard (Digital Video Broadcasting for Cable
Systems).

Table 5-12 Mapping of 64QAM

Data symbol I part Q part

000000 1/14 2 1/14 2

000001 3/14 2 1/14 2
000010 1/14 2 3/14 2
000011 3/14 2 3/14 2
000100 1/2 2 1/14 2
000101 5/14 2 1/14 2
000110 1/2 2 3/14 2
000111 5/14 2 3/14 2
001000 1/14 2 1/2 2
001001 3/14 2 1/2 2
001010 1/14 2 5/14 2
001011 3/14 2 5/14 2
001100 1/2 2 1/2 2
001101 5/14 2 1/2 2
001110 1/2 2 5/14 2
001111 5/14 2 5/14 2

256QAM: 256QAM is an eight-level modulation with 256 phase/amplitude states. The two most-
significant (left-most) bits of a data symbol denominate the quadrant of the respective modulation
symbol at the complex level (00: first quadrant, top right; 10: second quadrant, top left; 11: third
quadrant, bottom left; 01: fourth quadrant, bottom right). The six subsequent input data bits denominate
the position of the modulation symbol in the quadrant. The mapping of input data bit sequences into
complex modulation states is not shown in a table to avoid confusion. The modulation symbols in the
first quadrant assume all combinations of {1/302, 3/302, 5/302, 7/302, 9/302, 11/302, 13/302,
1/22} for the I and Q signal. The symbols of the other quadrants are again obtained by rotating the first
quadrant by 90°, 180° or 270°.

Mapping of 256QAM is according (DVB) ETS 300 429 standard (Digital Video Broadcasting for Cable
Systems).

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WinIQSIM Modulation Settings Panel

FSK: The third and last group are the digital frequency modulation modes, frequency shift keying (FSK).
With FSK the frequency of the input symbols is shifted. WinIQSIM supports the following FSK modes:
MSK, 2FSK, 4FSK and GTFM.
The modulation index h of digital frequency modulation is defined as
f
h 2  where f  frequency deviation.
symbol
The frequency deviation is derived as
f 
 f symbol
2
The modulation and FSK index can be used for varying the frequency deviation. In WinIQSIM this
parameter can also be set (see FSK Index in this section).

MSK: Minimum shift keying is a digital frequency modulation permitting two frequency shifts. The
modulation index (FSK Index) of MSK is permanently fixed to 1/2. The FSK index cannot therefore be
changed for MSK. The frequency deviation of MSK is set to ¼ of the symbol rate.

Table 5-13 Mapping of MSK

Data symbol Frequency

0 - f
1 f

2FSK: 2 frequency shift keying is a digital frequency modulation with two frequency states. With 2FSK
the modulation index (FSK Index) can be selected. The frequency deviation is defined according to the
above formula.

Table 5-14 Mapping of 2FSK

Data symbol Frequency

0 - f
1 f

4FSK: 4 frequency shift keying is a four-state digital frequency modulation. With 4FSK the modulation
index (FSK Index) can be selected. The frequency deviation is calculated according to the above
formula. The relationship between data symbols and frequencies is shown in the following table.

Table 5-15 Mapping of 4FSK

Data symbol Frequency

00 - f
01 - f/3
10 f/3
11 f

GTFM: Same as with MSK, with generalized tamed frequency modulation (GTFM) the phase is shifted
by 90° within a data symbol. In contrast to MSK, the phase change of 90° is spread over three
consecutive bit periods. The spread of the phase change to the bit periods is controlled by the weighting
factor b.
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Modulation Settings Panel WinIQSIM

User modulation: To allow also new modulation types to be used that are not predefined by WinIQSIM,
a user-specific modulation type can be configured via a data file. When User Modulation is selected, a
window is opened where a file with the extension *.IMP (IQSIM mapping file) can be selected. The user
modulation file must be an ASCII file of the following format.
Table 5-16 Format of user modulation file

Line Content
1 ROHDE&SCHWARZ IQSIM MAPPING FILE
2 Comment line with any kind of entries
3 PSK QAM FSK
4 0 (no offset of I/Q signal) or 0 (no offset of I/Q signal) or 0
1 (offset of IQ signal) 1 (offset of IQ signal)
5 Number of modulation states Number of modulation states Number of modulation states

6 I value, Q value for data symbol 0
7 I value, Q value for data symbol 1
8 Cont'd for all modulation states
I value, Q value for data symbol 0
I value, Q value for data symbol 1
Cont'd for all modulation states
Standard frequency change for data
symbol 1
Standard frequency change for data
symbol 1
Cont'd for all modulation states
 The first data line gives the name ROHDE&SCHWARZ IQSIM MAPPING FILE to distinguish user
files. Any number of comment lines can be written before the first line. They must all start with #.
These lines are followed by a compulsory comment line (without #). Subsequently it has to be
decided whether PSK, QAM or FSK modulation should then be defined. With PSK and QAM
modulation, the following line determines whether an offset of the Q signal should be used (1) or
not (0) in bit 0 (weighting 1). Bit 2 (weighting 2) decides about differential coding.

The number of modulation states must be specified for all types of modulation. Up to 4,096
modulation states may be contained in the file. With PSK and QAM, the following lines specify
the pairs of I/Q values assigned to a data symbol. Only one pair is specified in each line, separated
by a comma. This is continued until all modulation states are defined. The I/Q values are to be
defined in the logical order of the assigned data symbols. First the I/Q values for data symbol 0
(000...000), then that for data symbol 1 (000...001), etc.
It should be noted that the maximum amplitude of the vector defined by an I/Q pair should not exceed 1.
r  I² Q² 1
The procedure is the same for FSK with the difference that a frequency shift normalized to the
symbol rate is specified instead of the I/Q pair.

The selected user modulation file is displayed in the File field below the Modulation Type selection
field. To select another modulation file, click into the file field with the left mouse key. The
described file selection window is opened and another modulation file can be selected.
A user modulation file for a special 8PSK modulation using different angles between adjacent
states is given as an example.

ROHDE&SCHWARZ IQSIM MAPPING FILE

special 8-PSK with mapping point
compression PSK
0
8
0.866,

0.5 0.5,

0.866
-0.5,

0.866 -0.866,

0.5 -0.866,
-0.5
-0.5,

-0.866 0.5,

-0.866
0.866,

-0.5

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