Act.3 Bingcang PF Ae 404 3

ACTIVITY NO.
3 Preliminary Specifications and Three Views
DESIGNER: BINGCANG, PAUL FRANCIS 0. REVISION: 8. 14, 2022
INSTRUCTOR: ENGR. MARK ANTHONY CHAN RATING :
I. Description65
This aircraft has a utility category certificate. It is
1. Type
designed to use for sightseeing and flight training.
The low-winged airplane has straight tapering wings.
2. Wings consisting of fixed tricycle landing gear. This wing has
a NACA 2712 airfoil profile.
The oval-shaped fuselage has a semi-
3. Fuselage
monocoque structure.
The airfoil profile for the tail unit of the aircraft is
4. Tail Unit NACA 0009, and it is of the conventional kind.
Lycoming 320-O, a 4-cylinder air-cooled

horizontally opposed aviation piston engine, was
5. Powerplant
selected as the engine for the aircraft design. At
2,700 rpm, it has a 150 horse power capacity.
The maximum number of people the aircraft can
6. Accommodation
carry is two—one for the crew and one for a
passenger.
Liberty Aerospace of Melbourne, Florida produced the
7. Avionics and Equipment
aircraft avionics and instruments from 2004 to 2011. A
variant of Europa XS kit plane.
II. Preliminary Specifications

English Metric
A. Gross Weight (GW) 1700lbs 771.11kg
B. Useful load/Payload 562.69lbs 355.21kg
a. Pilot 170lbs 77.10kg
b. Passenger 170lbs 77.10kg
c. Baggage 100lbs 45.36kg
PAGE 1 OF 24
ACTIVITY NO. 3 Preliminary Specifications and Three Views
d. Fuel 115lbs 52.16kg
e. Oil 7.69lbs 3.49 kg
C. Empty Weight (EW) 1021.54lbs 463.36kg
2. Dimensions, External
English Metric
12
A. Wingspan, b 30ft 9 in. 9.39m
25
4
B. Wing Chord at Root, 𝐶𝑟 5.5ft 1 in. 1.57m
5
3
C. Wing Chord at Tip, 𝐶𝑡 3 ft in. 1.07m
5
D. Wing Aspect Ratio, A 6.0
E. Wing Taper Ratio, λ 0.50

4
F. Length Overall 20ft 6 in. 6.27m
5
G. Height Overall 7ft 5 in. 2.26m
H. Tail plane Span 21
10ft 9 in. 3.30m
25
I. Wheel Track 14
8ft 7 in. 2.84m
25
J. Wheel Base 12
6ft 6 in. 1.99m
25
K. Propeller Diameter, D 19
5ft 5 in. 1.67m
25
L. Propeller Ground Clearance 7 in. 0.18m
PAGE 2 OF 24
3. Areas
English Metric
A. Wing, gross, S 136.05 ft2 12.64m2
B. Ailerons, total 9.32 𝑓𝑡 2 0.87𝑚2
C. Flaps, total 16.07 𝑓𝑡 2 1.49 𝑚2
D. Rudder 6.5 ft 2 0.60 m2
E. Vertical Stabilizer 6.23 ft 2 0.58m2
F. Horizontal Stabilizer 20.12 ft 2 1.97m2
G. Elevators, total 16.24 ft 2 1.51m2
4. Loadings
English Metric
𝑤 lbs kg
A. Wing loading, 𝑠
11.24 2 54.88
ft m2
𝑤 lbs kg
B. Power Loading, 𝑝 11.39 6.84
hp kW
𝑤 lbs kg
C. Span Loading, 𝑏 57.66 84.32 m
ft
PAGE 3 OF 24
5. Engine Specifications
English Metric
A. Make/Type
Lycoming 320-O-E2D
B. Rated Maximum Power, P 150 hp 111.85 kW
C. Rated Maximum Revolution of

2700 rpm
Propeller, N
gal L
D. Fuel Consumption, C 5.2 19.68 hr
hr
E. Number of Cylinders, K 4
F. Engine Dry Weight 268 lbs 121.26 kg
6. Performance
English Metric
km
A. Top Speed, Vmax 193.24mph 310.99
hr
B. Cruising Speed, 𝑉𝐶 149.7mph km
240.92
hr
C. Stalling Speed, 𝑉𝑆 58mph km

93.34 hr
PAGE 4 OF 24
D. Maximum Rate of Climb, R.C. ft m

682 min. 3.46
s
E. Service Ceiling, 𝐻𝑆 12,500 ft 3810m
F. Take-off Distance, total 832 ft 253.59m
G. Landing Distance, total 854 ft 260.30m
H. Range, R 500 nmi 926km
I. Endurance, E 6 hours
III. Formulas and Assumption
1. Standard Assumptions
A. Weigh of pilot / passenger(s):
77.11kg (170 lbs)
B. Weight of Fuel (avgas):
2.7kg/gal (6 lbs/gal)
C. Weight of Oil
3.4kg/gal (7.5 lbs/gal)
D. Weight Baggage Allowed:

18.1kg (40lb) / pilot / passenger
E. Propeller Ground Clearance Limit:
Not less than 7” --- Nose wheel type landing gear
Not less than 9” --- Tail wheel type landing gear
F. Aspect Ratio Range

From 6.30-7.01
G. Wing Loading
PAGE 5 OF 24
a. Light aircraft 12-14psf

b. Agricultural aircraft 14-17psf
Computations
• For the Payload, 𝑾𝒑

a. Pilot 170 lbs
b. Passengers 170 lbs
c. Baggage 100 lbs
Total Payload 440 lbs = 199.58 kg
• For the Gross Weight, GW

Wp +WENG
WTO = MTOW = W W
1- VAR - F
WTO WTO
Where:
WTO = Take-off Weight
MTOW = Maximum Take-off Weight
WP = 440 lbs.
WENG = 268 lbs.

𝑊𝑉𝐴𝑅
𝑊𝑇𝑂
= 0.50 (Utility Category)
And,
WF R
WTO
= K 1,000 rUC A-0.5 +0.035
PAGE 6 OF 24
Where:
WF
= Fuel Fraction
WTO
K = 0.31 if R is in Nautical miles
R = Range
= 340 nautical miles (assumed)
r𝑈C = Undercarriage drag correction factor
= 1.35 – fixed gear, no streamlined wheel
fairings
A = Aspect Ratio (6.88)
WF 304 nautical miles

= (0.31) ( ) (1.35)(6.88)-0.5 +0.035
WTO 1,000
WF
WTO
=0.07
440 lbs + 268 lbs

WTO = MTOW = 1 – 0.5 – 0.08353
WTO = MTOW = 1700 lbs. = 771.11 kg
Since GW = MTOW,
GW = 1700 lbs. = 771.11 kg
PAGE 7 OF 24
• For the Fuel Weight, WF
WF
WF = ( )(WTO )
WTO
Where:
WF
WTO
= 0.1059
WTO = 1700 lbs.
WF = (0.08353) (1700 lbs.)
WF = 142 lbs. = 61.41 kg
• For the Oil Weight, WO
WO 2
=
WF 37
2
WO = 37 𝑊𝐹
Where:
WF = 142 lbs
2
WO = (37) (142 lbs)
WO = 7.69 lbs = 3.48 kg
PAGE 8 OF 24
• For the Useful Load, 𝐖𝐔
a. Payload 562.69 lbs
b. Fuel 115 lbs
c. Oil 7.69 lbs
Total Fuel Load 678.46 lbs = 307.74 kg
• For the Empty Weight, EW
EW = GW - WU
Where:
EW = Empty Weight
GW = 1700 lbs
WU = 678.46. lbs
EW = 1700 lbs – 678.46 lbs
EW = 1021.54 lbs = 463.36 kg
• For the Wing Area, S

2W
S=
CL max ρV2 S
Where:
W = 1700 lbs
CL max = 1.68 (read from NACA 2712)
ft
VS = 55.25 mph = 81.03 s
(assumed)
(2)(1700 lbs)
S= ft
(1.68)(0.002377slug⁄ft3 )(81.03 )2
s
S = 102.51 ft 2 = 9.53m2 PAGE 9 OF 24

• For the Wing Aerodynamic Chord, 𝐜̅

S
A = c̅2
S
c̅ = √A
Where:
𝑆 = 102.51 𝑓𝑡 2
𝐴 = 6.88 (𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑)
102.51 𝑓𝑡 2
𝑐̅ = √ 6.88
43
𝑐̅ = 3.86 𝑓𝑡 = 3 𝑓𝑡 𝑖𝑛 = 1.18 𝑚
50
• For the Wing Span, b

𝑏
𝐴= 𝑐̅
𝑏 = 𝐴𝑐̅
Where:
𝐴 = 6.88 (𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑)
𝑐̅ = 3.86 𝑓𝑡
𝑏 = (6.88)(3.86𝑓𝑡)
14
𝑏 = 26.56 𝑓𝑡 = 26 𝑓𝑡 25
𝑖𝑛. = 8.10 𝑚
PAGE 10 OF 24
• For the Wing Root Chord, 𝑪𝑳
2 𝜆2 +𝜆+𝟏
𝑐̅ = 𝐶𝑟 ( )
3 𝜆+𝟏
3 𝜆+𝟏
𝐶𝑟 = 𝑐̅ ( )
2 𝜆2 +𝜆+𝟏
Where:
𝜆 = 0.46 (𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑)
𝑐̅ = 3.86 𝑓𝑡
3 0.46+1
𝐶𝑟 = (2) (3.86 𝑓𝑡) [(0.46)2 + 0.46 + 1]
3
𝐶𝑟 = 5.06 𝑓𝑡 = 5 𝑓𝑡 50
𝑖𝑛. = 1.54 𝑚
• For the Wing Tip Chord, 𝑪𝒕

𝐶
𝜆 = 𝑪𝑡
𝒓
𝐶𝑡 = 𝜆𝐶𝑟
Where:
𝜆 = 0.46 (𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑)
𝐶𝑟 = 5.06 𝑓𝑡
𝐶𝑡 = (0.46)(5.06𝑓𝑡)
PAGE 11 OF 24
33
𝐶𝑡 = 2.33 𝑓𝑡 = 2 𝑓𝑡 100
𝑖𝑛. = 0.71 𝑚
• For the Overall Length, L

𝐿
𝑏
= 0.65 (𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑)
𝐿 = 0.65𝑏
Where:
b = 26.56 ft
𝐿 = (0.65)(26.56 𝑓𝑡)
13
𝐿 = 17.26𝑓𝑡 = 17 𝑓𝑡 𝑖𝑛. = 5.26 𝑚
50
• For the Horizontal Tail Area,𝐒𝐇

𝑉𝐻 ∙ 𝑆 ∙ 𝑐̅
𝑆𝐻 = 𝑙𝐻
Where:
𝑆 = 102.51 𝑓𝑡 2
𝑉𝐻 = 0.70(𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝐴𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒)
MAC = c̅ = 3.86 ft
𝑙𝐻 = 2.88𝑐̅ = (2.88)(3.86)
𝑙𝐻 = 11.12 𝑓𝑡 = 3.39 𝑚
(0.70)(102.51 𝑓𝑡 2 )(3.86 𝑓𝑡)

𝑆𝐻 = 11.12𝑓𝑡
PAGE 12 OF 24
𝑆𝐻 = 24.91 𝑓𝑡 2 = 2.31 𝑚2
• For the Horizontal Tail Span, 𝐛𝐇
𝑏𝐻 2
𝐴𝐻 = 𝑆𝐻
𝑏𝐻 = √𝐴𝐻 𝑆𝐻
Where:
𝐴𝐻 = 4.0 (𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑)
𝑆𝐻 = 24.91 𝑓𝑡2
𝑏𝐻 = √(4.0)(24.91)𝑓𝑡 2
49
𝑏𝐻 = 9.98 𝑓𝑡 = 9 𝑓𝑡 𝑖𝑛. = 3.04 𝑚
50
▪ For the Mean Aerodynamic Chord of the Horizontal Tail, 𝒄̅𝑯
𝑆𝐻
𝐴𝐻 =
𝑐̅𝐻2
𝑆𝐻
𝐶𝐻̅ = √
𝐴𝐻
Where:
𝑆𝐻 = 24.91 𝑓𝑡 2
𝐴𝐻 = 4.0 (𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑)
24.91𝑓𝑡 2
𝐶𝐻̅ = √
4.0
PAGE 13 OF 24
1
𝐶𝐻̅ = 2.50 𝑓𝑡 = 2 𝑓𝑡 𝑖𝑛. = 0.76 𝑚
2
▪ For the Root Chord of the Horizontal Tail, 𝒄̅𝒓 𝑯
2 𝜆2𝐻 + 𝜆𝐻 + 1
𝐶𝐻̅ = 𝐶𝑟 𝐻 ( )
3 𝜆𝐻 + 1
3 𝜆𝐻 + 1
𝐶𝑟 𝐻 = 𝐶𝐻̅ ( 2 )
2 𝜆𝐻 + 𝜆𝐻 + 1
Where:
𝐶𝐻̅ = 2.50 𝑓𝑡
𝜆𝐻 = 0.4 (𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑)
3 0.4 + 1
𝐶𝑟 𝐻 = ( ) (2.50 𝑓𝑡) ( )
2 (0.4)2 + 0.4 + 1
37
𝐶𝑟 𝐻 = 3.37 𝑓𝑡 = 3 𝑓𝑡 𝑖𝑛. = 1.03 𝑚
100
▪ For the Tip Chord of the Horizontal Tail, 𝒄̅𝒕 𝑯
𝐶𝑡 𝐻
𝜆𝐻 =
𝐶𝑟 𝐻
𝐶𝑡 𝐻 = 𝜆𝐻 𝐶𝑟 𝐻
Where:
𝜆𝐻 = 0.4 (𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑)
𝐶𝑟 𝐻 = 3.37 𝑓𝑡
PAGE 14 OF 24
𝐶𝑡 𝐻 = (0.4) (3.37𝑓𝑡)
7
𝐶𝑡 𝐻 = 1.35 𝑓𝑡 = 1 𝑓𝑡 20 𝑖𝑛 = 0.41 𝑚
▪ For the Vertical Tail Area, Sv
𝑉̅𝑉 ∙ 𝑆 ∙ 𝑏
𝑆𝑉 =
𝑙𝑉
Where:
S = 102.51 𝑓𝑡 2
𝑉̅𝑉 = 0.04 (𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒)
b = 26.56 ft
𝑙𝑉 = 12.02 ft = 3.66 𝑚
(0.04)(102.51 𝑓𝑡 2 )(26.56𝑓𝑡)
𝑆𝑉 =
12.02 𝑓𝑡
𝑆𝑉 = 9.06 𝑓𝑡 2 = 0.84 𝑚2
PAGE 15 OF 24
▪ For the Vertical Tail Span, Sv

𝑏𝑉2
𝐴𝑉 =
𝑆𝑉
𝑏𝑉 = √𝐴𝑉 𝑆𝑉
Where:
𝐴𝑉 = 1.6 (𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑)
𝑆𝑉 = 9.06 𝑓𝑡 2
𝑏𝑉 = √(1.6)(9.06𝑓𝑡 2 )
81
𝑏𝑉 = 3.81 𝑓𝑡 = 3 𝑓𝑡 𝑖𝑛. = 1.16 𝑚
100
• For the Mean Aerodynamic Chord of the Vertical Tail, 𝒄̅𝑽

𝑆
𝐴𝑉 = 𝑐̅𝑉2
𝑉
𝑆
𝑐̅𝑉 = √𝐴𝑉
𝑉
Where:
𝑆𝑉 = 9.06 ft²
𝐴𝑉 = 1.6 (Assumed)
9.06 𝑓𝑡²
𝑐̅𝑉 = √
1.6
PAGE 16 OF 24
19
𝑐̅𝑉 = 2.38 ft = 2 ft 50 in. = 0.73 m
• For the Root Chord of the Vertical Tail, 𝑪𝒓𝑽
2 𝜆2𝑉 + 𝜆𝑉 + 1
𝑐̅𝑉 = 𝐶𝑟𝑉 ( )
3 𝜆𝑉 + 1
2 𝜆𝑉 + 1
𝐶𝑟𝑉 = 𝐶𝑟𝑉 ( )
3 𝜆2𝑉 + 𝜆𝑉 + 1
Where:
𝐶𝑉̅ = 2.38 ft
𝜆𝑉 = 0.42 (𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑)
3 0.42+1
𝐶𝑟𝑉 = (2) (2.38𝑓𝑡)[(0.42)2+0.42+1]
9
𝐶𝑟𝑉 = 3.18 𝑓𝑡 = 3 𝑓𝑡 50
𝑖𝑛 = 0.97 𝑚
• For the Tip Chord of the Vertical Tail, 𝑪𝒕𝑽
𝑪𝒕𝑽
𝜆𝑉 =
𝐶𝑟𝑉
CtV = 𝜆𝑉 𝐶𝑟𝑉
Where:
𝜆𝑉 = 0.42 (𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑)
PAGE 17 OF 24
𝐶𝑟𝑉 = 3.18 𝑓𝑡
𝐶𝑡𝑣 = (0.42)(3.18𝑓𝑡)
17
𝐶𝑡𝑣 = 1.34 ft = 1 ft 50 𝑖𝑛. = 0.41 m
▪ For the Wheel Track
Wheel Track = (25% - 30%) of wingspan
Wheel Track = 0.3 (assumed) ∙ b
Where:
b = 26.56 ft
Wheel Track = (0.3)(26.56 ft)
Wheel Track = 7.97 ft = 2.43 m
▪ For the Wheel Base

Wheel Base = (25% - 30%) of length
Wheel Base= 0.3 (assumed) * l
Where :
l = 22.35 ft
71
Wheel Base = 6.71 ft = 6 ft 100
𝑖𝑛. = 2.05 m
▪ For the Aileron Area. Gross
Aileron area, gross = 0.07 S (for trainer)
Where:
S = 102.51 𝑓𝑡 2
Aileron area, gross = (0.07) (102.51 𝑓𝑡 2 )
PAGE 18 OF 24
Aileron area, gross = 7.18 𝑓𝑡 2 = 0.67 𝑚2
▪ For the Aileron Width
Aileron width = 0.25𝑐
Where:
𝑐 = 3.86 ft
Aileron width = 0.97 ft = 0.30 m
• For the Aileron Length
𝑏
Aileron Length = 0.35(2) (one side)
Where: b = 26.56 ft
26.56 𝑓𝑡
Aileron length = (0.35)( 2
)
65
Aileron length = 4.65 ft = 4 ft 100
in. = 1.42 m.
• For the Area of the Flaps

Using the formula for the area of rectangle, we can find the
total area of the flaps.
A=L∗W
Where:
W = Flaps width = 1.11 ft
L = Flaps length
L, total = 0.6(b) – 50 (fuselage width)
Where:
PAGE 19 OF 24
b = 26.56 ft
Note: Fuselage width is 50 in. (assumed) for this two-seater side by side aircraft.
L = (0.5)[(0.6)(26.56 ft) – 3.86 ft]

11
L = 4.11 ft = 4 ft 100
in. = 1.25 m
Flaps area, total = (2)(4.11ft)(1.11 ft)
Flaps area, total = 9.12 𝑓𝑡 2 = 0.85 𝑚2
• For the Rudder Area
Rudder Area = 0.55SV
Where:
SV = 9.06 ft 2
Rudder area = (0.55)(9.06 ft 2 )
Rudder area = 4.98 ft 2 = 0.46 m2
• For the Vertical Stabilizer Area
Vertical stabilizer = SV – Rudder area
Where:
SV = 9.06 ft 2
Rudder area = 4.98ft 2
Vertical stabilizer area = 9.06 ft 2 − 4.98 ft 2
Vertical stabilizer area = 4.08 ft 2 = 0.38 m2

PAGE 20 OF 24
• For the Elevator Area, gross

•
Elevator area, gross = 0.45SH
Where:
SH = 24.91 ft 2
Elevator area, gross = (0.45)(24.91 ft 2 )
Elevator area, gross = 11.21 ft 2 = 1.04 m2
• For the Horizontal Stabilizer Area

•
Horizontal stabilizer = SH − Elevator gross area
Where:
SH = 24.91 ft 2
Elevator area = 11.21 ft 2
Horizontal stabilizer area = 24.91 ft 2 − 11.21 ft 2
Horizontal stabilizer area = 13.7 ft 2 = 1.27 m2
PAGE 21 OF 24
• For the Propeller Diameter
303 4 𝑃
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = √
√𝑁 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
Where:
𝑃 = 140 ℎ𝑝
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 130.54 𝑚𝑝ℎ
𝑁 = 2,700 𝑟𝑝𝑚
303 4 140 ℎ𝑝
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = √
√2,700 𝑟𝑝𝑚 187.25 𝑚𝑝ℎ
PAGE 22 OF 24
93
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 5.93𝑓𝑡 = 5 𝑓𝑡 𝑖𝑛. = 1.81 𝑚
100
• For the Wing Loading

𝑤 1700 𝑙𝑏𝑠
𝑠
= 102.51 𝑓𝑡 2
𝑤 𝑙𝑏𝑠 𝑘𝑔
𝑠
= 16.58 𝑓𝑡 2
= 63.97 𝑚2
▪ For the Power Loading
W 1700 lbs
P
= 150 hp
𝑊 𝑙𝑏𝑠 𝑘𝑔
𝑃
= 11.33 ℎ𝑝
= 6.49 𝑘𝑊
▪ For the Span Loading
𝑊 1,700 𝑙𝑏𝑠
𝑏
= 26.56 𝑓𝑡
w lbs kg
b
= 64.01 ft
= 82.22 m
PAGE 23 OF 24
Engine Coding
A. A, AE - aerobatic
B. G - geared
C. H - helicopter
D. I - fuel-injected
E. S - supercharged
F. T - turbocharged
G. V - vertical crankshaft / mounted
H. D - direct drive
I. L - left-hand rotation
J. O - opposed cylinders
LYCOMING
O—320 – E2D
Model/Series designation
2
360 𝑖𝑛.
Total piston displacement = PAGE 24 OF 24
Opposed Cylinder
PAGE 25 OF 24

Act.3 Bingcang PF Ae 404 3

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Act.3 Bingcang PF Ae 404 3

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ACTIVITY NO.

3 Preliminary Specifications and Three Views

DESIGNER: BINGCANG, PAUL FRANCIS 0. REVISION: 8. 14, 2022

INSTRUCTOR: ENGR. MARK ANTHONY CHAN RATING :

Lycoming 320-O, a 4-cylinder air-cooled

II. Preliminary Specifications

A. Gross Weight (GW) 1700lbs 771.11kg

B. Useful load/Payload 562.69lbs 355.21kg

a. Pilot 170lbs 77.10kg

b. Passenger 170lbs 77.10kg

c. Baggage 100lbs 45.36kg

d. Fuel 115lbs 52.16kg

e. Oil 7.69lbs 3.49 kg

C. Empty Weight (EW) 1021.54lbs 463.36kg

E. Wing Taper Ratio, λ 0.50

A. Wing, gross, S 136.05 ft2 12.64m2

B. Ailerons, total 9.32 𝑓𝑡 2 0.87𝑚2

C. Flaps, total 16.07 𝑓𝑡 2 1.49 𝑚2

D. Rudder 6.5 ft 2 0.60 m2

E. Vertical Stabilizer 6.23 ft 2 0.58m2

F. Horizontal Stabilizer 20.12 ft 2 1.97m2

G. Elevators, total 16.24 ft 2 1.51m2

B. Rated Maximum Power, P 150 hp 111.85 kW

C. Rated Maximum Revolution of

F. Engine Dry Weight 268 lbs 121.26 kg

C. Stalling Speed, 𝑉𝑆 58mph km

D. Maximum Rate of Climb, R.C. ft m

E. Service Ceiling, 𝐻𝑆 12,500 ft 3810m

F. Take-off Distance, total 832 ft 253.59m

G. Landing Distance, total 854 ft 260.30m

H. Range, R 500 nmi 926km

III. Formulas and Assumption

D. Weight Baggage Allowed:

F. Aspect Ratio Range

a. Light aircraft 12-14psf

• For the Payload, 𝑾𝒑

b. Passengers 170 lbs

c. Baggage 100 lbs

Total Payload 440 lbs = 199.58 kg

• For the Gross Weight, GW

WTO = Take-off Weight

MTOW = Maximum Take-off Weight

WENG = 268 lbs.

K = 0.31 if R is in Nautical miles

= 340 nautical miles (assumed)

r𝑈C = Undercarriage drag correction factor

= 1.35 – fixed gear, no streamlined wheel

A = Aspect Ratio (6.88)

WF 304 nautical miles

440 lbs + 268 lbs

WTO = MTOW = 1700 lbs. = 771.11 kg

GW = 1700 lbs. = 771.11 kg

• For the Fuel Weight, WF

WTO = 1700 lbs.

WF = (0.08353) (1700 lbs.)

WF = 142 lbs. = 61.41 kg

• For the Oil Weight, WO

WO = 7.69 lbs = 3.48 kg

• For the Useful Load, 𝐖𝐔

a. Payload 562.69 lbs

b. Fuel 115 lbs

c. Oil 7.69 lbs

Total Fuel Load 678.46 lbs = 307.74 kg