International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE)
ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-8 Issue-11, September 2019
Mechanical Property Variation of a Rotating
Cantilever FGSW Beam under Parametric
Excitation
S.N.Padhi, K.S.Raghuram, T.Rout, V.Naga Sudha, Gill Santosh Kumar
 continuously varying material properties, which give great
Abstract: We report here the dynamic stability of
functionally graded sandwich (FGSW) rotating cantilever
Timoshenko beams under parametric excitation. Power law with
various indices as well as exponential law were used to find out
the properties along the thickness of the FGSW beam. The
stability boundaries were established using Floquet’s theory. The
equation of motion was governed by Hamilton’s principle and
solved by Finite element method. The power index was optimized
for uniform variation of shear modulus along the thickness of
FGSW beam.The shear modulus variation along the thickness of
the FGSW beam was compared both by power law and
exponential law.It has been confirmed that the Exponential
distribution of constituent phases renders better stability
compared to power law distribution of the phases in the
functionally graded material(FGM).
Keywords: Exponential law, FGSW beam, Power law, Shear
modulus, Stability.
I. INTRODUCTION
Functionally Graded Sandwiched structures find their use
in spacecrafts, machinery and automobile industries because
they have their high strength and stiffness compared to their
low weight. In modern engineering, the FGSW beams have
gradually substituted the large weighed metallic beams.
Rotating FGSW beam structures are commonly found in
engineering applications, including robotics, turbine blades,
and helicopter rotors. Vibration of rotating structures has
become a commonly occurring phenomenon. The vibration
becomes severe because of resonance which causes heavy
mechanical damage. Therefore, the stability and dynamic
behavior of these rotating structures are of great practical
importance to eliminate the problems of resonance. In actual
practice, the rotating components mentioned above are
usually pre-twisted and of asymmetric cross-section.
However, beams of uniform cross-section under rotation can
be used as a simple model and compared at par with the
actual rotating structures to investigate the stability and
dynamic behavior. The research on functionally graded
materials (FGMs) is rapidly growing because of their
Revised Manuscript Received on September 03, 2019
* Correspondence Author
Dr.S.N.Padhi, Dept.of Mechanical Engg., Koneru Lakshmaiah Education
Foundation, Guntur, India.
Dr.K.S.Raghuram, Department of Mechanical engineering, Vignan's
Institute of Information Technology, Visakhapatnam, A.P., India.
*Dr.T. Rout, Dept.of Mechanical Engg., Parala Maharaja Engineering
College, Berhampur,India.
Retrieval Number K14160981119/2019©BEIESP
DOI: 10.35940/ijitee.K1416.0981119 495
advantages over the conventional homogeneous and layered
materials. The major issues in conventional laminated
composite materials, such as debonding, huge residual stress,
locally large plastic deformations can be eliminated by using
FGM. An FGM can be made as a good substitute for the
rotating beam material. Many researchers have worked on
the stability of the rotating beams. Stafford and Giurdiutiu
[1] have developed a simplified model of helicopter blade
considering shear deformation and rotary inertia corrections
and investigated the natural frequencies using transfer
matrix method. Dokumaci [2] has presented his work on the
effects of pre-twist, ratio of bending rigidities and loading
angle on the unstable zones of pre-twisted blades under
lateral parametric excitation. Celep [3] studied the dynamic
stability of pre-twisted column. The author showed that
combination resonances of the sum type may exit or
disappear depending on the pre-twist angle and rigidity ratio
of the cross-section in case of simply supported columns.
Abbas [4] used finite element method to determine the effect
bb bb bb bb b b b b b
of rotational speed and root flexibility on the stability of a
b b b b b b b b b b b
rotating Timoshenko beam. Ishida et al. [5] have investigated
b b b b b b b b b
the parametrically excited oscillations of rotating shaft under a
b b b b b b b b b
periodic axial force. They have observed that an elastic shaft
b b b b b b b b b b
with a disk exhibits only difference type combination
b b b b b b b b
resonance. Chen and Ku [6] have revealed from their
b b b b b b b b b
investigation of cantilever shaft-disc system that gyroscopic
b b b b b b b
couple can enlarge the principal regions of dynamic
b b b b b b b b
instability. Kosmatka [7] has developed a simple two-node
b b b b b b b b
Timoshenko beam element for the matrices of linear flexural
b b b b b b b b b b
,incremental stiffness, mass, and force based upon Hamilton's
b b b b b b b b
principle, where interdependent cubic and quadratic
b b b b b b
polynomials are used for the transverse and rotational
b b b b b b b b
displacements, respectively. He reported that the buckling
b b b b b b b
load and natural frequencies of axially-loaded isotropic and
b b b b b b b b
composite beams can be found for a variety of -lengths and
b b b b b b b b b b b b
boundary conditions. Lin and Hsiao [8] has derived the
b b b b b b b b b
governing equations for linear vibration of a rotating
b b b b b b b b
Timoshenko beam by D'Alembert’s principle and the virtual
b b b b b b b b
work principle and investigated the effect of Coriolis force on
b b b b b b b b b b
the natural frequency of rotating beams with different angular
b b b b b b b b b
velocity, hub radius and slenderness ratio. Yang, Jiang and
b b b b b b
Chen [9] have investigated flexible motion of a uniform
rotating Euler-Bernoulli beam
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 Mechanical Property Variation of a Rotating Cantilever FGSW Beam under Parametric Excitation

and found that the vibration control can be improved by the axial force is Ps . The amplitude and frequency of the
combining positive position feedback and momentum
dynamic component of the force are Pt and  respectively,
exchange feedback control laws. Wang and Wereley [10]
have proposed a method based on a spectral finite element and t is time. The coordinate system of the typical two noded
technique and reported that only one single spectral finite finite element used to derive the governing equations of
element is enough to obtain any modal frequency or mode motion is shown in Fig. 1(b). The mid-longitudinal(x-y) plane
b b b b b b

shape, which is as accurate or better than other approaches. is chosen as the reference plane for expressing the
b b b b b b b b b

displacements as shown in Fig. 1(b). The thickness coordinate

Mohanty, Dash and Rout [11] have carried out the free
b b b b b b b b b

is measured as ‘z’ from the reference plane. The displacement

b b b b b b b b b b

vibration analysis of functionally graded ordinary (FGO) and

b b b b b b b b

vector of a point on the reference plane and along the

b b b b b b b b b b b

functionally graded sandwich (FGSW) rotating cantilever

longitudinal axis is expressed as
b b b b b b

b b b b b

beam and found that the effect of property distribution laws on

b b b b b b b bb b b b

u   u w  T
the frequencies is predominant for lower values of rotary
b b b b b b b b b

inertia parameter and for higher values of rotational speed

b b b b b b b b b
(1)
parameter and hub radius parameter .DeValve and
b b b b b b b
Here, u , w and  are respectively the axial displacement b b b

Pitchumani [12] have studied the damping behaviour of

b b b b b b b b transverse displacement and rotation of cross-sectional plane
b b b b b b b

carbon nanotubes (CNT's) embedded in the matrix of

b b b b b b b b with respect to the un-deformed configuration. Figure 1(c)
b b b b b b b b

fiber-reinforced composite materials used in rotating

b b b b b b
shows a two nodded beam finite element having three degrees
b b b b b b b b b b

structures and performed a parametric study to examine the

b b b b b b b b b
of freedom per node.
b b b b

effects of various beam geometries, angular speed profiles, and

b b b b b b b b b

CNT damping values on the vibration settling times of the

b b b b b b b b b b

numerically simulated beams. Padhi, Choudhury and Rout

b b b b b b b

[13] evaluated the static and dynamic behavior of simply

b b b b b b b b b

supported sigmoid functionally graded ordinary (SFGO)

b b b b b b b b b

beam using finite element method and observed that an SFGO

b b b bb bb b b b b b

beam with lower power index is a better beam as per as

b b b b b b b b b b b b

parametric instability is concerned. Rafiee, Nitzsche, and

b b b b b b b

Labrosse [14] reviewed about rotating composite beams

b b b b b b b

analytical, semi-analytical and numerical studies dealing

b b b b

with dynamical problems involving Figure 1(a). FGSW Cantilever beam under rotation.
adaptive/smart/intelligent materials (e.g. piezoelectric
materials, electrorheological fluids, shape memory alloys,
etc.), damping and vibration control, advanced composite
materials (e.g. functionally graded materials and
nanocomposites), complicating effects and loadings (e.g.
added mass, tapered beams, initial curve and twist, etc.), and
experimental methods. Padhi, Rout and Raghuram studied
on stability of functionally graded ordinary (FGO) rotating
cantilever Timoshenko beam and reported that the properties
drawn by Exponential distribution confirms better stability
compared to properties drawn by power law.
Though many researchers have reported on static and
Figure 1(b) Forces and displacement coordinate system
dynamic stability of ordinary beams plentily, the literature on
of the FGSW beam element.
dynamic stability of functionally graded rotating beams
b b b b b b

reported are not enough to the best of the authors’ knowledge.

b b b b b b b b b b b

In the present article, a functionally graded rotating ordinary

b b b b b b b b b

beam with fixed-free support condition is considered for

b b b b b b b b

dynamic stability analysis.

b b b

II. FORMULATION

A functionally graded sand witch(FGSW) beam with top skin Figure 1(c) Degrees of freedom of ith element of FGSW
as alumina, bottom skin as steel and core as FGM is shown in beam.
Fig. 1(a). The beam fixed at one end free at the other end is
A. Shape functions
subjected to a pulsating axial force P(t) = Ps + Pt cos  t ,
According to first order Timoshenko beam theory the
acting along its undeformed axis. The static component of
displacement fields can be expressed as

Published By:
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DOI: 10.35940/ijitee.K1416.0981119 496 & Sciences Publication
 International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE)
ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-8 Issue-11, September 2019

U ( x, y, z, t )  u ( x, t )  z ( x, t ),
W ( x, y, z, t )  w( x, t ), 2

U and W are axial and transverse displacement of a

material point respectively.
The material properties of the FGM that varies along thickness
b b b b b b b b b

are assumed to follow exponential law given by

b b b b b b b b

R( z )  Rt exp( e(1  2 z / h)), 3

Fig. 2(b) Variation of Rigid modulus along thickness of
steel-aluminum FGSW beam with steel-rich bottom
1  Rt  according to power law at n = 0.5 and exponential law.
e log  , and power law given by
2  Rb 
B. Element elastic stiffness matrix

The element elastic stiffness matrix is given by the relation

k e uˆ  F  7 
n
 z 1
R( z )  ( Rt  Rb )    Rb 4
h 2 Here, F   N x V y M xy  is the nodal load vector, k e 
is the required element elastic stiffness matrix and
Here, R (z ) denotes a material property such as, E , G ,
b b b b b b b N x V y M xy are respectively axial force, shear force and
b  etc., R t and R b denote the values of the properties at
b b b b b b b b b b bending moment acting on the beam.
topmost and bottommost layer of FGSW beam respectively,
b b b b b

and n is an index. The variation of rigid modulus (G) of C. Element mass matrix
FGSW beam along thickness as per power law with different The element mass matrix is given by

 
indices and a comparison between power law and
uˆ m u
1 T
exponential law is shown in Fig. 2(a) and Fig. 2(b) T ˆ 8
respectively. 2
The shape function is derived following the article by D. Element centrifugal stiffness matrix
Mohanty et. al [11]
The centrifugal force on ith element of the beam can be
The displacement vector shown in eqn. (1) can be expressed
expressed as
in terms of shape function as follows. h
xi  l 2

  b z N R  x dzdx
~
Fc  2
(9)
u   x uˆ (5) xi  h
2
~
Where xi is the distance of ith node from axis of rotation, N
is angular velocity of beam in rad/s and R is the radius of hub.
Here, the nodal displacement vector is Work done by the centrifugal force is given by
uˆ  ui wi i u i 1 wi 1 i 1 
T
(6)
 dw 
l 2

Wc   Fc   dx  uˆk c uˆ
1 1
(10)
2 0  dx  2
Here, the centrifugal element stiffness matrix is
l
kc    Fc w T w dx 11
0

E. Element geometric stiffness matrix

The work done by an axial load P can be expressed as

1  w 
l 2

W p   P  dx 12
2 0  x 

Fig. 2(a) Variation of Rigid modulus along thickness Substituting the value of w from eq. (6) into eq. (12) the
of steel-aluminium FGSW beam with steel-rich work done can be expressed as
bottom according to power law with various indices.

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DOI: 10.35940/ijitee.K1416.0981119 497 & Sciences Publication
 Mechanical Property Variation of a Rotating Cantilever FGSW Beam under Parametric Excitation

   uˆdx  P2 uˆk uˆ

l 2
W p   uˆ 'w K ef     d / 2P K g  
P T T 2
1
M  21
'

 
w g (13) 0
20  
 1 4

k  g is called the element geometric stiffness matrix.


The solution of eq. (21) will give two sets of values of 
III. GOVERNING EQUATION OF MOTION   
 1
The element equation of motion for a beam is obtained by for given values of  , d ,
using Hamilton's principle.

P  , and  1 . The plot between  d and   will give
 1 
t2

  T  S  Wc  W p dt  0 14 the regions of dynamic instability.

t1
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Substituting Eqns (7, 8, 10 and 13) into Eqn (14) the
equation of motion for the beam element is obtained as A steel-alumina functionally graded sandwich (FGSW)
follows rotating cantilever beam of length 1m and width 0.1m is

muˆ  k ef  Pt k g  uˆ  0 15 

considered for the parametric study. The bottom and top skin
of the beam are steel and alumina respectively, whereas the
core is the mixture of alumina and steel with bottom layer
muˆ k ef  P     d cos  t k g  uˆ  0 16 rich in steel. Both the top and bottom skin are of same
thickness. The thickness of the core d  is 0.3 times of total
thickness h . Figure 3 shows the effect of property
k   k   k 
ef e c 17  distribution laws in the core on the dynamic stability
behavior of the FGSW beam. It is observed that exponential
Here, k ef   is the effective stiffness matrix. Assembling the distribution of properties along the thickness of the core
causes shifting of the instability regions for both the modes
element matrices the equation in global matrix form which is (Fig.3(a) and Fig.3(b)) away from dynamic load factor axis.
the equation of motion for the beam, can be expressed as
M Uˆ K ef  P     d cos  t K g  Uˆ   0
Therefore, it ensures less sensitiveness to parametric
18 instability.
The material properties of the constituent phases of the beam
M  , K ef , K g  are global mass, effective stiffness and are as follows.
Properties of steel: E =2.1x1011 Pa, G =0.8x1011 Pa
geometric stiffness matrices respectively and Û is global   =7.85x103kg/m3
displacement vector. Equation (19) represents a system of Properties of alumina E =3.9x1011 Pa, G =1.37x1011 Pa,
second order differential equations with periodic coefficients  =3.9x103kg/m3,
of the Mathieu-Hill type. The periodic solutions for the
boundary between the dynamic stability and instability zones The shear correction factor is chosen as
can be obtained from Floquet Theory as described by k=(5+ν)/(6+ν)=0.8667, where ν the poisson’s ratio is
Mohanty et. Al.[ ] assumed as 0.3. The additional data for dynamic stability
analysis are static load factor  =0.1, Critical buckling

  
  
2
 ef d 
 K     / 2 P  K g   M  Uˆ  0 19

 
load, P =6.49x107 N, and fundamental natural frequency
 4   1 =1253.1 rad/s.
Equation (19) represents an eigenvalue problem for known
values of P ,  ,  d . P is the critical buckling load of a
 
b b b b b b

1
homogeneous steel beam of same dimensions as FGSW beam 2 1

 
b b b b b b b b b

This equation gives two sets of eigenvalues  binding the

b b b b b b b b b
0.8 =0.1

regions of instability due to the presence of plus and minus

b b b b b b b b b b b

0.6
sign. The instability boundary can be determined from the
b b b b b b b b b
d

solution of the equation

b b b b

0.4

K        2

ef d / 2P  K g  M   0 20 0.2

4
0
0 1 2 3 4
 / 1

Choosing    1 , eq. (20) can be rewritten as

 1 

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DOI: 10.35940/ijitee.K1416.0981119 498 & Sciences Publication
 International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE)
ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-8 Issue-11, September 2019

Figure 3(a). Effect of property distribution on first mode 10. G. Wang and N. M. Wereley, “Free Vibration Analysis of Rotating Blades
b b b b b b b b b b b

With Uniform Tapers,” American Institute of Aeronautics and

instability region of steel-alumina FGSW beam for δ=0.1,
b b b b b b b b

Astronautics Journal, 2008,Vol.42(12),pp: 2429-2437

s =0.2,  =1.15 (*n=1.5, on=2.5, +exp. law)
b bb b b

11. S.C. Mohanty, R.R. Dash and T. Rout, “Free Vibration of a Functionally
b b b b b b b b b b b

Graded Rotating Timoshenko Beam Using FEM”, Advances in Structural

b b b b b b b b b

Engineering, 2013,Vol. 16 (2),pp:405-418.

b b b b

1 12. C. DeValve and R. Pitchumani, “Analysis of vibration damping in a

b b b b b b b b b b

2 2 rotating composite beam with embedded carbon nanotubes,” Composite

b b b b b b b b

Structures, 2014, Vol.110(1), pp:289–296

b b b b

0.8 =0.1 13. S. N. Padhi, S. S. Choudhury, T. Rout, “Static and Dynamic stability
b b b b b b b b b b b

analysis of a Sigmoid Functionally Graded Timoshenko Beam”,

b b b b b b b b

International Journal of Advances in Mechanical and Civil Engineering,

b b b b b b b b b

0.6 2015, Vol.2(5), pp:18-23.

b b b

14. M. Rafiee, F. Nitzsche, and M. Labrosse, “Dynamics, vibration and control

d

b b b b b b b b b b

of rotating composite beams and blades: A critical review”, Thin-Walled

b b b b b b b b b b

0.4 Structures,2017,Vol.119, pp:795-819.

b b

15. S.N.Padhi, T.Rout, K.S.Raghuram, “Parametric instability and property

variation analysis of a rotating cantilever FGO beam”, International
0.2 Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering,
2019,Vol.8(1),pp:2921-2925.

0
10 10.5 11 11.5 12 12.5 13
/ 1

Figure 3(b). Effect of property distribution on second

mode instability region of steel-alumina FGSW beam for
δ=0.1, s =0.2,  =1.15 (*n=1.5, on=2.5, +exp. law)

V. CONCLUSION

Finite element method was used to study the dynamic

stability analysis of functionally graded sandwich (FGSW)
rotating cantilever beams. The variation of shear or rigid
modulus along the thickness of FGSW beam was studied at
different power index to optimize the power index at which
the variation of rigid modulus is uniform along the thickness
of the FGSW beam. The power index also was optimized for
which the variation of rigid modulus along the thickness of
FGSW beam remains same both by power law and
exponential law. The effect of property distribution on
parametric instability of the FGSW beams is investigated on
both first mode and second mode. Exponential distribution of
material properties ensures better dynamic stability
compared to power law distribution of properties for FGSW
beams on both first mode and second mode.

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b b b b b b b b

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b bb b b b b b b

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b

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