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A5 Marble statues are being damaged by acid rain. The chemical name for marble is calcium
carbonate.

A student investigated the reaction between marble chips and nitric acid.

CaCO3(s) + 2HNO3(aq) → Ca(NO3)2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

The diagram shows the apparatus the student used.

50 cm3 of 2.0 mol/dm3 2.0 g marble chips

nitric acid

93.30 g

The student recorded the balance reading every minute.

The table shows the results.

time / minutes balance reading / g

0 93.30
1 93.28
2 93.26
3 93.24
4 93.22
5 93.21
6 93.20
7 93.19
8 93.18
9 93.17
10 93.16
11 93.15
12 93.15
13 93.14
14 93.14

(a) Explain why the balance reading decreases during the experiment.

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(b) How can the student tell when the reaction has finished?

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(c) The student repeats the experiment using the same quantities of calcium carbonate and
nitric acid. This time the acid is at a higher temperature. Describe and explain, in terms
of collisions between reacting particles, the effect of increasing the temperature on the
rate of reaction.

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A2 Aqueous hydrogen peroxide, H2O2(aq), is used to sterilise contact lenses.

H2O2(aq) slowly decomposes at room temperature to make water and oxygen.

The decomposition can be made faster by

• using a more concentrated solution of H2O2(aq),
• heating the H2O2(aq),
• adding an enzyme called peroxidase.

(a) Construct the equation for the decomposition of H2O2(aq).

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(b) Explain why concentrated H2O2(aq) decomposes faster than dilute H2O2(aq).

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(c) Explain why hot H2O2(aq) decomposes faster than cold H2O2(aq).

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(d) Explain, using ideas about activation energy, why an enzyme such as peroxidase makes
the decomposition of H2O2(aq) faster.

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(e) The table shows some information about an investigation on the decomposition of
H2O2(aq) using two different catalysts. In each experiment, 0.100 g of the catalyst and
25.0 cm3 of H2O2(aq) were used. The concentration and temperature of the H2O2(aq)
were kept constant.

total volume of oxygen

time taken to collect
catalyst made at the end of the
50 cm3 of oxygen / s
reaction / cm3
manganese(IV) oxide 25 95

peroxidase 10

(i) What is the total volume of oxygen made at the end of the reaction in which
peroxidase was used as a catalyst?

volume of oxygen = ............................. cm3 [1]

(ii) Describe, with the aid of a labelled diagram, how you could carry out an experiment
to collect the measured volumes of gases recorded in the table.

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[Total: 10]
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10 Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, decomposes slowly at room temperature to form water and
oxygen.

2H2O2 (aq) 2H2O(l) + O2(g)

A student investigated how the rate of decomposition changed by using two catalysts,
manganese(IV) oxide and copper.

The volume of oxygen produced was measured at intervals using the apparatus shown below.

10 20 30 40 50

gas syringe

hydrogen peroxide

catalyst

The student carried out two experiments using the same volume of hydrogen peroxide but
with the same mass of a different catalyst in each experiment.

Experiment 1 uses manganese(IV) oxide as the catalyst.

Experiment 2 uses copper as the catalyst.

(a) The results for experiment 1 and some of the results for experiment 2 are shown in the
table.

Use the diagrams to complete the results for experiment 2.

10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50

1 min 2 min

10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50

3 min 4 min

time / min 1 2 3 4 5 6

volume of oxygen collected

9 17 24 29 32 35
in experiment 1 / cm3
volume of oxygen collected
50 50
in experiment 2 / cm3

[2]
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(b) Plot the results from experiments 1 and 2 on the grid below and draw a smooth curve
through each set of points.

Label the curves 1 and 2.

60

50

40

volume
of oxygen 30
collected / cm3

20

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
time / min
[3]

(c) Which of the two experiments first reached completion?

Explain your answer.

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(d) Use your graph to estimate the time taken in experiment 1 (using manganese(IV) oxide)
to double the volume of oxygen produced from 15 cm3 to 30 cm3. Record your answers
in the table below.

experiment 1

time taken to produce 30 cm3 / min

time taken to produce 15 cm3 / min

time taken to double the volume

from 15 cm3 to 30 cm3 / min

[2]

The rate of a reaction may be calculated using the formula:

volume of oxygen produced / cm3
rate of reaction = .
time taken / min

(e) Using the two graphs and the above formula calculate the rate of each reaction after the
first 2.5 minutes.

• rate of reaction using manganese(IV) oxide (experiment 1)

........................................ cm3 / min

• rate of reaction using copper (experiment 2)

........................................ cm3 / min

[3]
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(f) Using your answers to (e) suggest which is the better catalyst, manganese(IV) oxide or
copper?

Explain your answer.

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(g) At the end of experiment 2 the copper was removed from the solution by filtration. It was
dried and weighed. How does this mass of copper compare with the mass of copper
used at the start of the experiment?

Explain your answer.

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(h) Suggest how the rate of decomposition in either experiment could be further increased.

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[Total: 14]
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11 When potassium chlorate(V) is heated it decomposes and oxygen is evolved.

Experiment 1

A student heats a sample of potassium chlorate(V) for three minutes. The volume of oxygen
produced is measured in the syringe.

The results are shown in the table below.

Experiment 2

The experiment is repeated using the same mass of potassium chlorate(V) to which a small
amount of copper(II) oxide is added.
All other conditions are the same.

The diagram shows the volume of oxygen produced in this experiment after 30, 60, 90 and
120 seconds.

20 40 60 80 100 20 40 60 80 100

30 seconds 60 seconds

20 40 60 80 100 20 40 60 80 100

90 seconds 120 seconds

(a) Complete the table using the volumes of oxygen as shown in the diagrams.

time / s volume of oxygen volume of oxygen

collected / cm3 collected / cm3
experiment 1 experiment 2

30 22

60 40

90 54

120 64

150 70 72

180 72 72
[1]
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(b) Plot the results for both experiment 1 and experiment 2 on the grid below and draw
a smooth curve through each set of points. Label the curves ‘experiment 1’ and
‘experiment 2’.

100

80

60
total volume
of oxygen
collected / cm3
40

20

0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
time / s
[3]

(c) Use your graphs to answer the following questions.

(i) What volume of oxygen is produced in experiment 1 after 45 seconds?

........................................... cm3 [1]

(ii) How much more oxygen is produced after 75 seconds in experiment 2 than in
experiment 1? Show your working.

........................................... cm3 [2]

(d) Suggest the function of copper(II) oxide in the experiment 2.

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(e) Why are the final two readings recorded in the table for experiment 2 the same?

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(f) The equation for the reaction is For

Examiner’s
2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2 Use

By referring to your results in the table, calculate the mass of potassium chlorate(V)
used in the experiment.
Show your working.
[1 mole of a gas has a volume of 24 dm3 at room temperature and pressure.]
[Ar: O,16; Cl, 35.5; K, 39]

............................................... g [3]

[Total: 12]