KAYLA ANN T.

SARON BSED MATH 2F

ERA/ Mathemat Contributions Figure and

TOPI icians Sample
C &
YEAR
1. 1.  the Egyptian scribe
EGYPT Ahmes who wrote the Rhind
AND 1680 BC Papyrus - one of the
MESOPO – oldest known
TAMIA 1620 BC mathematical
documents.
Fig. 1 Rhind Papyrus
2. 1.  Thales was the first to
THE Thales of discover the period of
BEGINNI Miletus (c. 630-c one solstice to the next.
NGS OF 550) He discovered the
MATHEM seasons, which he
ATICS IN divided into 365 days.
GREECE He was the first to state
that the size of the Sun Fig 1. Thales
was 1/720 part of the
solar orbit just as the
Moon was 1/720 part
of the lunar orbit.
 Thales has been
credited with the
discovery of
five geometric theorem
s: (1) that a circle is Fig 2. Thales
bisected by its
diameter, (2) that
angles in a triangle
opposite two sides of
equal length are equal,
(3) that opposite angles
formed by intersecting
straight lines are equal,
(4) that the angle
inscribed inside a
semicircle is a right
angle, and (5) that a
triangle is determined
if its base and the two
angles at the base are
given.

2.  Attempt to give the

KAYLA ANN T. SARON BSED MATH 2F

Anaximander of dimensions of the

Meletus (c. 610- universe. The
c. 547) radius of the stars
circles was 9 times
the radius of the
circle on top of the
cylindrical earth,
the radius of the
moons circle was
18 times that of the Fig. 1 Anaximander
earth, and the ratio Cosmology
of the sun's to the
radius of the earth
was 27.
 the first to develop
a cosmology, or
systematic
philosophical view
of the world.

Fig 2. Anaximander
perspective

3.  He is best known in the

modern day for the
Pythagoras of Pythagorean Theorem,
Samos (c. 570-c. a mathematical formula
490) which states that the
square of the
hypotenuse of a right
triangle is equal to the
sum of the squares on
the other two sides.

Fig 1. Phytagorean
Theorem

4.  best known for his For example:

doctrine that air is the Earthquakes occurred
Anaximenes of source of all things. In from either a lack or
Miletus (fl. c. this way, he differed overabundance of
546)) with his predecessors water, which came
like Thales, who held from air, both of which
that water is the source would supposedly
KAYLA ANN T. SARON BSED MATH 2F

of all things, and cause the earth to

Anaximander, who crack in an earthquake
thought that all things
came from an
unspecified boundless
stuff
5.  Eudoxus' major
contribution to
Eudoxus of mathematics are
Cnidos (c. 400-c. his "method of
347) exhaustion" and his
"theory of proportion",
essentially the
introduction of
irrational numbers.
Before Eudoxus
mathematicians could
deal with fractions Fig 1. Theory of
(such as 7/13), known Proportion
as rational numbers.

Fig. 2

6.  Aristotle provides
Aristotle (384- several examples of
322 such triads of terms in
mathematics, e.g., two
right angles-angles
about a point-triangle,
or right angle-half two
right angles-angle in a
semicircle.
 He explored the
underlying
mathematics of
everyday objects like
knots and games, and Fig 1. The Infinite
he contributed to group
KAYLA ANN T. SARON BSED MATH 2F

theory, number theory

and many other areas
of mathematics.
 one of Aristotle's
favorite examples is the
problem of squaring a
circle (finding a square
equal to a given circle).

Fig 2. Triangle

3. 1.  Euclid's vital Figure 1. Axioms

3. contribution was to
3. Euclid (c. 295) gather, compile,
EUCLID’S organize, and
ELEMEN rework the
TS mathematical
concepts of his
predecessors into a
consistent whole,
later to become
known as Euclidean Figure 2. Fifth
geometry. In Postulate
Euclid's method,
deductions are
made from
premises or axioms.
 he is chiefly known
for the Elements
treatise, which
established the
foundations of
geometry that Figure 3. Axiomatic
largely dominated System
the field until the
early 19th century.

4. 1.  He invented a Figure 1. Exact value

ARCHIME Archimedes system for of Pi
DES expressing large
numbers. In
KAYLA ANN T. SARON BSED MATH 2F

mechanics
Archimedes
discovered
fundamental
theorems
concerning the
centre of gravity of
plane figures and
Figure 2. Death Ray
solids. His most
famous theorem
gives the weight of
a body immersed in
a liquid, called
Archimedes'
principle.
Figure 3. Catapult
 Exact Value of Pi
 Volumes and Areas
 Quadrature of
Parabola
 Infinitesimal
 Sphere and
Cylinder (Ratio of
Volume and
Surface Area)
 Scientific Notation
(Sand Reckoner)
 Volume of Irregular
objects
 Archimedes Death
Ray
 Archimedes
Catapult Figure 4. Spiral
 Archimedean Spiral

2.  Diophantus was the

first Greek
KAYLA ANN T. SARON BSED MATH 2F

mathematician Fig. 1 On Polygonal

Diophantus of who recognized Numbers
Alexandria (c. fractions as numbers;
250) thus he allowed
positive rational
numbers for the
coefficients and
solutions. In modern
use, Diophantine
equations are usually
algebraic equations
with integer
coefficients, for which
integer solutions are PORISM
sought.
 Created Diophantine a3-{b}^{3}b3
Algebra =
 Diophantus’ {c}^{3}c3+{d}^{3}d3
Arithmetica
 Diophantus’
mathematical notation FIg. 2 Diophantus
 Diophantine Equation Arithmetica
 On Polygonal Numbers
 Porisms
 An Insight to
Arithmetica

5. 1.  One of Eratosthenes' Fig. 1 Earths

MATHEM Eratosthenes contributions to circumference
ATICAL mathematics was his
METHOD measurement of the
S IN Earth. He calculated
HELLENI the circumference of
STIC the Earth to be about
TIMES 252,000 stadi which is
equal to about 24,662
miles
 He invented a system
of longitude and
KAYLA ANN T. SARON BSED MATH 2F

latitude and made a

map of the known
world. He also
designed a system for
finding prime numbers
— whole numbers that
can only be divided by
themselves or by the
number 1. This
method, still in use
today, is called the
“Sieve of
Eratosthenes.”

2.  Hero of Alexandria Fig. 1 Heron’s formula

Heron was an important
geometer and
worker in
mechanics who
invented many
machines including
a steam turbine. His
best known
mathematical work
is the formula for
the area of a
triangle in terms of
the lengths of its
sides.

3.  who first conceived Fig. 1 Menelaus Theorem

Menelaus
KAYLA ANN T. SARON BSED MATH 2F

and defined
a spherical
triangle (a triangle
formed by three
arcs of great circles
on the surface of a
sphere).
 Menelaus’s most
important work
is Sphaerica, on Fig. 2 Sphaerica
the geometry of
the sphere, extant o
nly in an Arabic
translation. In Book
I he established the
basis for a
mathematical
treatment of
spherical
triangles analogous 
to Euclid’s
treatment of plane
triangles.
 he originated the
use of arcs of great
circles instead of
arcs
of parallel circles
on the sphere, a
major turning point
in the development
of spherical
4.  known as 'The Fig. 1 Intro
Apollonius of Great Geometer'.
Perga His works had a
very great influence
on the development
of mathematics
and his famous
book Conics
introduced the
terms parabola, Fig. 2 Theorem
ellipse and
hyperbola.
KAYLA ANN T. SARON BSED MATH 2F

5.  Hipparchus was not Fig 1

Hipparchus only the founder of
trigonometry but
also the man who
transformed Greek
astronomy from a
purely theoretical
into a practical
predictive science. Fig 2. Arcs and Chords
He also introduced
the division of a
circle into 360
degrees into
Greece.
KAYLA ANN T. SARON BSED MATH 2F

6. 1.  Nicomachus provid
THE Nicomachus ed one of the
FINAL earliest Greco-
CHAPTER Roman
S OF multiplication
GREEK tables, whereas the
MATHEM oldest extant Greek
ATICS multiplication table
is found on a wax
tablet dated to the Fig. 1 Theorem
1st century AD
(now found in the
British Museum).
 wrote Arithmetike
eisagoge
(Introduction to
Arithmetic) which
was the first work
to treat arithmetic
as a separate topic
from geometry.
2.  His main Fig 1. Pappus Theorem
Pappus contribution to
mathematics
was primarily as an
encyclopedist.
Pappus summarized
and enlarged all of
Greek mathematics
in his work
Synagoge (The
(Mathematical)
Collection) of
which eight
volumes survived
(perhaps originally
in twelve) of which
the first and part of
the second are
missing.
KAYLA ANN T. SARON BSED MATH 2F

7. 1.  His major
ANCIENT Liu Hui contributions as
AND recorded in his
MEDIEVA commentary on The
L CHINA Nine Chapters on
the Mathematical
Art include a proof
of the Pythagorean
theorem, theorems
in solid geometry,
an improvement on
Fig. 1 Liu Hui Algorithm
Archimedes's
approximation of π,
and a systematic
method of solving
linear equations in
several unknowns.

2.  Li Yeh developed a
Li Ye new system of
notation for
designating
negative numbers,
using a cancellation
mark drawn across
the numerical
symbol. He was
also notable for the
application of what
he dubbed the
"celestial unknown"
in polynomial
equations.
KAYLA ANN T. SARON BSED MATH 2F

3.  Yi Xing was famed

Yi Xing for his genius,
known to
have calculated the
number of possible
positions on a go
board game (though
without a symbol
for zero as he had
difficulties
expressing the
number).

4.  Among his
Qin Jiushao accomplishments
are the introduction
techniques for
solving certain
types of algebraic
equations using a
numerical
algorithm (equivale
nt to the 19th
century Horner's
method) and for
finding sums of
arithmetic series.
He also introduced
the use of the zero
symbol into written
Chinese
mathematics.
5.  In 132
Zhang Heng Zhang invented the
first seismograph
for measuring
earthquakes. One
has to understand
how significant
earthquakes were in
China at this time,
not only for the
destructive power
which they
unleashed but also
KAYLA ANN T. SARON BSED MATH 2F

because they were

seen as punishment
from the gods for
poor governance of
the country.
6.  Yang Hui
Yang Hui also wrote the
Xiangjie suanfa
(Mathematical
Methods with
Detailed
Explanations) on
the processes of
multiplication and
division. Then in
1262 he produced
an elementary text
for beginners called
the Riyong suanfa
(Everyday
Mathematics).
 Yang Hui was a
Chinese
mathematician who
wrote several
outstanding
mathematical texts.
These
contained solutions
of quadratic
equations as well as
Pascal's triangle
and magic squares.

REFERENCES

1. A B Chace, L S Bull, H P Manning and R C Archibald, The Rhind Mathematical

Papyrus (Oberlin, Ohio, 1927-29).
KAYLA ANN T. SARON BSED MATH 2F

2. L N H Van Bunt, Ahmes tot Euclides. Hoofdstukken uit de geschiedenis van de

wiskunde (Dutch) (Groningen-Djakarta, 1954).
3. R J Gillings, The recto of the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus. How did the ancient Egyptian
scribe prepare it?, Archive for the History of Exact Sciences 12 (1974), 291-298.
4. J J Sylvester, On the theory of vulgar fractions, Amer. J. Math. 3 (1880), 332-385, 388-
389.
5. https://www.math.tamu.edu/~don.allen/history/thales2/thales2.html
6. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Anaximander/#:~:text=He%20did%2C
%20however%2C%20attempt%20to,of%20the%20earth%20was%2027.
7. https://studiousguy.com/pythagoras-contribution-in-mathematics/
8. https://study.com/academy/lesson/philosopher-anaximenes-theory-quotes-
quiz.html#:~:text=Anaximenes%20also%20explained%20natural%20phenomena,to
%20crack%20in%20an%20earthquake.
9. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hippocrates-of-Chios
10. https://gyre.umeoce.maine.edu/physicalocean/Tomczak/science+society/lectures/
illustrations/lecture8/eudoxus.html#:~:text=Eudoxus'%20major%20contribution%20to
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AABAO
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and-his-contributions
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3&psig=AOvVaw1kY9wfWVN0ybaFck4wnPP7&ust=1668006123696000&source=ima
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16. https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencefacts.net
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spiral.html&psig=AOvVaw26xIJdqiypny6G3QrINghV&ust=1668006424842000&sourc
e=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CA4QjhxqFwoTCOC98KTunvsCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE
17. https://studiousguy.com/diophantuss-contribution-in-mathematics/#5_Porisms
18. https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/big-history-project/solar-system-and-earth/
knowing-solar-system-earth/a/eratosthenes-of-cyrene
19. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Menelaus-of-Alexandria
20. https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fstudiousguy.com
%2Fhipparchuss-contribution-in-mathematics
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21. https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fprezi.com%2Fi_qnoaxfi6ev
%2Fzhang-heng%2F&psig=AOvVaw2TIALRnuScG-
7IakawxkyH&ust=1668011412773000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CA4QjhxqFwo
TCNCN2u-An_sCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE
KAYLA ANN T. SARON BSED MATH 2F