IOT AND CLOUD COMPUTING

Submitted by – Group 1, Section B Submitted to;

22617 – Abhilash Roy Dr. Sunil M V

22619- Akriti Sharma

22621- Anshita Jain

22623- Arghya Bose

22625-Avanish S Purohit

22627-Chamallamudi Nanda Krishna

22629-Chauhan Akanksha

22631-Deepshika Shetty

22633-Harsha H M

22635-Karan B L
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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We, the members of Group 1, 1st year PGDM “B” section of SDMIMD have worked
diligently to finish our Understanding Information Systems in Organizations group
assignment on the topic of "IOT and CLOUD COMPUTING". We are grateful for the chance
to study this subject; we have undoubtedly learned much from it. However, without the
assistance, backing, direction, and encouragement of a few people, to whom we would like to
express our profound gratitude, this would not have been possible.
We owe Prof. Dr. Sunil M V, our UISO faculty, a debt of gratitude for his generosity,
cooperation, and inspiration. His valuable advice and assistance were quite helpful in
finishing this group assignment.
Second, we want to acknowledge and thank our parents and friends for being our pillars of
support and for being there for us in every way.

Thanking you,
Group 1 (Section B).

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Works Cited
Khongdet Phasinam, T. K. (2022). Application of IoT and Cloud computing in Automation of
Agriculture Irrigation. Hindawi journal of food quality, 8.

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 APPLICATION OF IOT AND CLOUD COMPUTING IN
AUTOMATION OF AGRICULTURE IRRIGATION

INTRODUCTION TO TECHNOLOGY

INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT)

The Internet of Things is a network of physical objects, or "things," that have been equipped
with sensors, software, and other technologies in order to communicate with other systems
and devices and exchange data with them online (IOT). According to research, there are
already 7 billion linked IoT devices; by 2020, that expected future to increase to 10 billion,
and by 2025, it reaches 22 billion.

In the 21st-century technologies to recently emerge is the Internet of things. IoT Intelligent
Applications are pre-built SaaS programmes that analyse and display data from IoT sensors
to corporate users through dashboards. Intelligent IoT applications come in many different
forms. IoT apps analyse massive amounts of connected sensor data that is stored in the cloud
using machine learning algorithms.

CLOUD COMPUTING

Cloud computing is the term

for a network of remote
computers that are accessible
online and are used for data
preservation and retrieval.
The cloud provides access to
a wide range of IT services,
including servers, databases,
software, virtual storage, and networking. Your data may be stored and accessed without
limitations online thanks to a virtual platform called "cloud computing."

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Cloud providers are companies that supply all of the aforementioned services. Through
configuration portals, they make it possible to utilize programs, save and retrieve data, and
maintain configuration. Amazon Web Services and Microsoft Azure are now the two top
cloud service providers.

TYPES OF CLOUD COMPUTING: -

1. Infrastructure as a service (IaaS): Here, cloud providers offer pay-as-you-go rentals of

servers, networks, and other IT infrastructure. The fact that this service offers you access to
the services you've offered—some of which even grant you root-level access—is its strongest
feature.

2. Platform as a service (PaaS): Here, you have access to a ready-made platform where you
can deploy your programs and codes. Only the programs and apps must be managed; the
infrastructure need not be.

3. Software as a service (SaaS): Here, in this case, the cloud providers give you the final
product, which might be software or an application that you can buy and subscribe to
directly. The customer keeps control over the software environment but does not maintain
any equipment as part of this service. Both AWS and Microsoft Azure have certain products
that provide SaaS.

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REVIEW OF THE ARTICLE

INTRODUCTION

Water is a crucial natural resource for agriculture, but it is limited in quantity. In India, a
considerable percentage of water is necessary for irrigation. Crop irrigation is a major factor
determining crop productivity. The principal sources of natural water resources are rainwater,
subterranean water, and surface water. The seas hold 96.5 percent of the world's water. The
remaining water in the globe is available as 1.7 percent in groundwater and 0.001% in the
atmosphere as mist and clouds. In summary, the ocean (salt water) contains most of the
world's surface water. As a result, overall freshwater availability is limited. However, from a
global perspective, just 2.53% of the total water body is presently available as fresh water in
that 6% of Water is utilized for home purposes, 13% for industry, and 81% for irrigation.
This data shows that water resources are being used inefficiently, notably in agriculture.
However, most of the world's agriculture is severely deficient in irrigation water.

The most crucial aspect of PA is the ability to find real-time information. A production
estimate generates a vital production database prior to crop harvesting. vital production
database with such a database, PA may be used for purposes other than its original ones. It is

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useful for resource management, harvest workforce estimation, harvesting time, postharvest
issues, storage, and transportation. Furthermore, production counts have been shown to aid in
financial choices such as determining how much to charge for a product, when to sell it, and
how much profit or loss it would generate. Furthermore, wireless sensor networks have
emerged as a new precision agricultural strategy. Smart sensor networks are employed in
modern irrigation systems to collect field information for optimal plant irrigation.

ADAPTATION OF TECHNOLOGY

Reviews on water conservation

In agriculture, water conservation is crucial. As a result, numerous academics carried out

research to find fresh approaches to water conservation.
Abubaker carried out trials over a number of seasons for sessional analysis based on dry and
wet seasons, and they also investigated the effects of five water collecting systems. Their
model considered the soil's moisture content in three seasons—sowing, midseason, and after
harvest and they showed that their approach is successful at cutting water use and boosting
output.

Gutierrez created an algorithm for successful plant soil temperature management, the
author conducted the study for 136 days, and the results showed that their approach could
reduce water usage by 90% as compared to traditional agricultural methods.
Grace offered a wireless control system; he provided a method for operating drip irrigation
without a human operator. The main advantage of this model was to gather rain data.
Gaddam’s drought monitoring system for wireless networks evaluated soil to forecast and
identify drought conditions. Their model was capable of gathering and evaluating information
to ensure the best water conservation.

Review on WSN

WSN stands for wireless sensor networks. It is a infrastructure-free wireless network that is
used to monitor system, physical, and environmental factors using a large number of wireless
sensors. In WSN, sensor nodes with an integrated CPU are utilized to control and keep an eye

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on a specific area's environment. They are linked to the Base Station, which serves as the
WSN System's processing hub.
A WSN system's base station connects to the Internet to share data. It plays a crucial role in
several industries including agricultural and military uses in day-to-day life.
It is indeed important to enhance the yield of the soil and crop. So, Dong established a self-
contained agricultural precision system that was based on the central pivot irrigation which
helped in monitoring field characteristics such as soil temperature and its humidity. It is also
vital to check soil moisture so that the watering requirements can be predicted so for this a
sensor array was designed. As the data transmission requires more energy so it should be
conserved as well so Nesa Sudha said that it can be done more efficiently into WSN
irrigation systems. Since the data and wireless sensor is involved in irrigation system so it
might happen sometimes that the node can get failed in network or does not work properly so
for that Goumopoulos suggested a novel automated zone irrigation system that can detect

node failure in the network and can work through the speaking plant in order to save more
water.
This is a well-known fact that cotton crop takes much more amount of water in irrigation time
as compared to other crops. So, they focused more on the key aspects of the soil such as pH
value, the longevity of soil, and statistical characteristics of the soil and for that, they came up
with the soil moisture content sensors, weed seeker sensors, temperature sensors pH sensors,
and wind sensors.
Since there was a lack of a decision support system as to which sensor network to choose for
the best optimization of soil irrigation and different varieties of crops so Kassim created a
green WSN solution i.e., an eco-friendly solution called the intelligent house greenhouse
monitoring system to tackle and overcome with several issues of farmers such as decision
support, farmer resource optimization, and land monitoring. This approach turned out to be
really effective in increasing the output of the system’s crops and plant development while at
the same time lessening the impact of environmental concerns.

The methodology for the system explained in the article

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Here the method regarding the whole process of smart irrigation for agriculture is been
explained in detail to understand the concept in a brief manner. The major composed of the
proposed framework which is been researched here are the following:

The major components in the framework: -

1. Raspberry Pi: - The core of this system is ARM11 CPU which is a 32-bit RISC (reduced
instruction set computer) processor core. This system includes multi-processor
support and a new cache architecture. It is used in smartphones as it significantly
improves instruction processing. It has 512 MB of RAM. It has all types of ports for
connection purposes to the internet. They offer 5 V, 1 A (Amp) to power the
application via a micro-USB port. An 8 GB capacity SD card is been used to save files
such as the applications required for the project with the assistance of the operating
system. In short, we can say that in addition to being a relatively affordable Linux-
running computer, the Raspberry Pi also offers a set of GPIO (general purpose
input/output) pins that let you explore the Internet of Things and control electronic
components for physical computing (IoT).

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2. Humidity sensor: -It is a moisture sensor that automatically checks the amount of
humidity and moisture in the soil. The data which is been detected by the sensor is
been saved in the cloud via Raspberry Pi.

3. Soil Moisture Sensor: -The water content of the soil is determined using a -is a
sensor. It is frequently used for tasks that require precise estimations of soil water
levels in agriculture, water systems, greenhouses, and other research centers. It is
divided into two parts: a dirt mugginess test and an electrical board that houses the
hardware.

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4. Cloud Storage: - All the information related to the soil are been saved in a single
cloud storage repository. The climate information for that area is also been kept in
the cloud. Machine learning algorithms like SVM, Random Forest, and Naive Bayes
are available on the cloud. To determine the precise amount of data needed for a
particular crop, machine learning algorithms are applied to soil data and climatic
data. This information is then made available to registered users using mobile
applications. Users who have registered can examine machine learning predictions. A
registered user may control the level of moisture and humidity for his crop.

The following are the machine learning algorithms which are been used in the cloud
storage for the precise data to be collected:

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 a) Support Vector machine classifier- The system can be used to accurately
predict crop yield to produce accurate results and aids farmers in selecting
the right crop for the region and climatic conditions because, in the
system's prediction process, data on soil nitrogen, underground water,
temperature, and rainfall are included, which may produce accurate results
in advising farmers to invest in farming that crop or not.

b) Random Forest- it is an assembled learning algorithm (used to describe

algorithms that aggregate the results from multiple models) used in
classification tasks. The random forest creates decision trees using samples
of training data drawn at random, lowering variation in the model as a
whole, enhancing performance, and preventing overfitting.

c) Naïve Bayes- a classifier that can forecast a probability distribution over a

range of classes given an observation of an input, as opposed to just
producing the class to which the observation is most likely to belong. It is
based on Bayes’s theorem.

Benefits and Drawbacks

There are various benefits associated with IoT systems in irrigation and some of them could
be considered as overall water consumption reduction, high cost-efficiency, high-
performance efficiency, lesser energy consumption, lesser wastage of crops, and more;

One of the main benefits of IoT systems in irrigation is associated with lower water
consumption. Also, most of the work related to irrigation is automated through such an
approach, only the required amount of water is utilized for the irrigation process and lesser
wastage takes place. In traditional ways of irrigation where most of the handling and
operations were carried out manually, an ample amount of water was wasted in the irrigation
process where human intervention was required. With Smart irrigation, there is no, or less
human involvement, and the resource of water is only used to the extent to which it is
required only.

Further, high cost-efficiency is one of the other benefits linked to it as lesser water utilization
and precision in the process allow saving costs and overall expenses. Energy consumption is
also reduced significantly through the approach as machines must run for a lower amount of
time and planned intervals take place during the process which lowers the utilization of

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overall energy. Moreover, resources are limited, and businesses must limit their costs to a
certain extent, it is imperative to control the costs and save resources. With Smart irrigation,
the factor of cost is taken into consideration, and it becomes feasible to carry out related
activities in an effective manner with lesser expenses incurred.

Lastly, one of the other advantages is that with higher efficiency in the irrigation process and
water management, the plants and crops are only provided the needed amount of water, and
this reduces the wastage of crops due to lesser or overprovision of water.
The challenge facing the irrigation sector is SECURITY AND PRIVACY ISSUES using the
IoT network irrigation infrastructure and cloud computing because it is very easy for hackers
to assess IoT customer networks. Another drawback is that since the cloud infrastructure is
entirely owned, managed, and monitored by the cloud service provider, it transfers minimal
control over to the customer. Therefore, IoT networks for the irrigation sector need to be
designed and implemented with sufficient security and privacy protection to avoid hacker
attacks or network failures. Lastly one of the drawbacks of cloud computing and IoT
implementation is cost. Adopting cloud solutions on a small scale and for short-term projects
can be perceived as being expensive. Pay-as-you-go cloud services can provide more
flexibility and lower hardware costs, but the overall price tag could end up being higher than
you expected, and Indian farmers are mostly poor so they might think a lot before going for
technological advancement.

Summary
 According to research, there are already 7 billion linked IoT devices; by 2020, that
expected future to increase to 10 billion, and by 2025, it reaches 22 billion.
 IoT Intelligent Applications are pre-built SaaS programmes that analyse and display
data from IoT sensors to corporate users through dashboards.
 Amazon Web Services and Microsoft Azure are now the two top cloud service
providers.
 PA is useful for resource management, harvest workforce estimation, harvesting time,
postharvest issues, storage, and transportation. Furthermore, production counts have
been shown to aid in financial choices such as determining how much to charge for a
product, when to sell it, and how much profit or loss it would generate.
 Here the method regarding the whole process of the smart irrigation for the
agriculture has been explained in detail to understand the concept in brief manner.
 Linux-running computer, the Raspberry Pi also offers a set of GPIO (general purpose
input/output) pins that let you explore the Internet of Things and control electronic
components for physical computing (IoT).
 To determine the precise amount of data needed for a particular crop, machine
learning algorithms are applied to soil data and climatic data, the information is then
made available to registered users using mobile applications. Users who have
registered can examine machine learning predictions. A registered user may control
the level of moisture and humidity for his crop.
 One of the main benefits of IoT systems in irrigation is associated with the lower
water consumption.

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 Advantages are that with higher efficiency in the irrigation process and water
management, the plants and crops are only provided the needed amount of water, and
this reduces the wastage of crops due to lesser or over provision of water.
 Challenge facing the irrigation sector is SECURITY AND PRIVACY ISSUES using
the IoT network irrigation infrastructure and cloud computing because it is very easy
for hackers to assess IoT customer networks.

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