234 7agether with Science-10

in a bowl and keep them over.

Procedure :1. Soak few seeds of Bengal gram seeds covered with a wet cloth for
wet elas
and keep the
2. Drain the excess
water a
day

Pl imule-
(future shoot)

Cotyledon Radicle
(food store) (Future root)

Germination of seed

out a few radicle.

Now the seeds get germinated
by giVing
3.
observe the different parts.
seeds carefully to
4. Cut and open the
two cotyledons.
:1. The brown coloured gram encloses
Observations 2. A small embryo consisting of radicle and plumule lies in between the ocotyle

Gram seed is dicotyledonous.

Conclusion

NCERT INTEXT QUESTIONS

is neither hot or cold and if the temperature ofr
Page 128
increases suddenly, then most of the bactera b
copying in
1. What is the importance of DNA would die. But some bacteria whti
in that water
reproduction? resistant to heat would be able to survive.Hon
Ans. DNA contains information for inheritance of characters these variation were not there, then the entrest
from parents to the next generation. As a result of
of bacteria would not have been survived.
DNA copying, blueprints of body design are produced
which passes from parents to the offsprings. Thus, Page 133
DNA copying maintains the body features in different . How does binary fission differ from mu
generations of a species. Sometimes DNA copying also
fission?
creates variation which are useful for the survival of
species over time. Ans. Differences:
Multiplefis
2. Why is variation beneficial to the species but not Binary fission
divis"
the
necessarily for the individual? () It is the division (i) It is
of the paren
include of the parent into
Ans. A species a large number of
individuals of into many
the same kind. All the organisms of a two nearly equal Small daughtr
species have sized daughter
similar body design and well adapted to a niche or Individuals

individuals.
place. If a variation arises in the individual, it may Nucleus oft
(i) Nucleus of the (i) parentcelldi:e
not be of much benefit to it, even this
variation may parent cell divides
lead to the death of the individual. But the form
a nun
variation to form two nuclei.
o

may be beneficial if the

species faces a drastically ofnucle
altered condition. In this
condition, the population (in) Plasmodium

(iii) Ameoba and yeastdivideb

may be wiped out completely. But if some
are there in few individuals of these
variations Leishmania divide m u l t p l ei x R "

could be chances for survival and

populations, there by binary fission. rpnt

thus, variation is
beneficial for the species. For example, if there 2. How will an rganism be benefi
is a
nopulation of certain bacteria living in water through spores?
which
 How do organisms Reproduce? 235

There are some benefits for the organisms which

Page 140D
reproduce through spore formation. They are given .How is the process of pollination different from
below:
fertilisation?
Reproduction through spores is a simple as Ans. Differences between
well as faster mode of reproduction.
T h e spores are light in weight and thus, they Pollination Fertilisation
keep floating in the air. This helps in the (a) It is the transfer of| (a) It is the fusion of
dispersal of the organism. pollen grains from male and female
(n1) The spores are covered with thick layer which anther to the stigma gametes.
enable them to survive in the unfavourable of a flower
conditions like extreme temperatures lack of 6) Pollination precedes (b) Fertilisation occurs|
food and water. fertilisation. only after pollination
when the pollen grain
3. Can you think of reasons why more complex
has germinated and
organisms cannot give rise to new individuals
sentthe male gametes
through regeneration?
to ovule.
Ans. More complex organisms cannot give rise to new (c) Pollination carries (c) Fertilisation brings
individuals through regeneration because: the male gamete about fu sion of
(i) Simple organisms reproduce through producing pollen gametes.
regeneration as their entire body is made up of grains to the female
similar kind of cells whereas complex organisms Sex organ.
have a very high degree of organisation in their
2. What is the role of the seminal vesicles and the
body. prostate gland? DoE, AI 2011
(ii) There are specific organs to do specific Ans. () Seminal vesicles are a pair of thin-walled
functions. muscular elongated sac which secrete fluid for
(ii) There is a labour division in the body of nourishment and smooth transport of sperms.
complex organisms. i) Prostate gland also produce fluid which is
(i) Regeneration is carried out by specialised cells released in the urethra along with the secretion
which are not present in complex organisms. of seminal vesicles to make transportation of
4. sperms easier and also provides nutrition.
Why is vegetative propagation practised for
growing some types of plants? 3. What the changes in
are seen girls at the time of
AnS. puberty?
Vegetative propagation is generally preferred for
growing those plants which cannot produce their Ans. At the time of puberty, the changes which are seen

seeds or those which produce non-viable seeds (or in girls are given below:
seeds with prolonged Thick hair grows in armpits and in the
period of dormancy). pubic
DWhy is DNA copying essential part region.
an
of the
process of reproduction? DoE, Delhi 2011] Mammary glands develop and begin to enlarge.
T h e process The hips broaden.
of reproduction results in the production
O offsprings which resemble to their parents. This Fat is deposited in various parts of the body as
means during the reproduction there must be a thigh, hips and shoulders.
ransfer of the blueprint of the body design from Menstruation starts and the ovaries also start to
parent to the offsprings. DNA copying is essential release eggs.
to
as it passes generic information from parents 4. How does the embryo get nourishment inside the
OT1spring.It determines the body design of an mother's body? Delhi 2012, AI
nividual. The reproducing cells produce a copy 2011
Ans. The embryo gets nutrition from the mother's blood
OI their DNA through some chemical reactions and
with the help of a special tissue called
ESults in two copies of DNA. Out of these two placenta.
This is a disc which is embedded in the uterine wall.
to the newly formed
es, one copy is passed The embryo receives the oxygen and nutrients from
individual.
 the mother's blood through placenta. The wasteAns. If a woman is using a copper.
also cleared protecting her from copper-I, i wil
sexually
exchangeransmiof bogted
are
materials produced by the embryo tra
STDs transmit due to
away through placenta.
copper-T cannot prevent from excha
If a woman is using copper-1. will it help
in protecting her from sexually
a
transmitted exchangnab
diseases?

NCERT EXERCISES
6. Why does menstruation occur?
. Asexual reproduction takes place through
Ans. Menstruation is a process in which thick t
budding in
out in the form of vaginal
(a) Amoeba. b) Yeast. bleeding. Ths
(d) Leishmania.
take place every month because every
(c) Plasmodium. egg is receive from the ovary and utenUs
Ans. (6) Yeast reproduces asexually by budding. itself to recieve the fertilized egg. Thus. i
2. Which of the following is not a part of the female lining of the uterus gets thickened and i g
reproductive system in human beings? with blood to nourish the embryo. If the e
(a) Ovary. (b) Uterus. fertilised, then the lining of the uterus breais
(c) Vas deferens. (d) Fallopian tube. slowly and gets released in the form of ba
Ans. (c) Except vas deferens, all others are parts of female mucous from the vagina.
reproductive system in human beings. 7. Draw a labelled diagram of the longind

3. The anther contains section of a flower.

(a) sepals. (b) ovules. Ans.

(c) carpel (d) pollen grains. Stigma Anther

Ans. (d) Anther contains pollen grains. Style Filaner

What are the advantages of sexual reproduction Petal
over asexual reproduction?
Ans. Advantages of sexual reproduction:
(i) Sexual reproduction promotes diversity of Ovary Sepal
characters in the offsprings.
(i) The sexual mode of reproduction incorporates
fower
Longitudinal section of a
process of combining DNA from two different
or Contra
individuals during reproduction. It plays a 8. What are the different
methods co
prominent role in the origin of new species. tion?
n are
(iii The genetic variations that arise as a result Ans. The different methods of contracepuo :Intt
of sexual reproduction also provide wider Methods:
) Mechanical B a r r i e r cora

adaptability to the offsprings which ensures

methods, physical
devices sucu U s e d

survival advantage.
diaphragm and cervical
caps ar
What are the functions performed by the testis devices prevent
>p
the entry
o1

in human beings? Iemale genital tract

copuduring
ADs. The functions pertormed by the testis in human between tnc
cting as a barrier thods,.

beings are as follows:

( ) Chemical Methods: In theseme
(i) Formation of spcrms takes place in testis. are used by afemales, W.
drugs n d v a g i n a lp i l s

ii) t secretes the hormone testosterone which s0

ypes oral pills which

the formation ntotheOn

regulates of
h o r m o n e s

sperms and brings Oral pills: It contains

about secondary exual characters in boys at Ovaries from relcasing ovum o r a l
contra

the time of puberty. These pills are also called o

 How da otganisms eprohuce 237

w h u h aut hy changing the hormonal
halane o1 the bod. so that cggs are not
neoased and fenilisation cannot occur
o flntta l tctine ContraccptieDevices
1D Copper-T is very effecting in
preventing pregnaney prevents mplantation
n the utenus lt is piaccd satcly nside the uteus
by a doctor or a nurse.
n Nargical Methods: In these methods, a small
portron of \as deterens in male and the fallopian
tubc n female is surgically removed or tied. It
is called vasectomy in males and tubectomy in
The multicellular organisms contarn various celh
and separate systern for reproduction, s that they
Can reproduce by hoth sexual and asexual methoxs
10, How does reproduction help in providing stability
to populations of species?
Ans. Reproduction hclps in providing stability to
populations of speCies because it helps living
organisms to produce new individuals that rescrnbles
to the parents
The process of reproduction also introduce new
variations. These variations introduce changes
which enable species to survive in even adverse

females 1f the vas deferens in male is blocked. environment.

sperm transfer will

be prevented and if the 11. What could be the reasons for adopting
fallopian tube in the female is blocked, the contraceptive methods?
will not be able to reach the uterus, thus Ans. Contraceptive methods are adopted for the following
cge
fertilisation will not take place.
reasons.
the modes of reproduction different in
9

How are
() For preventing unwanted pregnancy:
unicellular and multicellular organisms? So.
Childbirth affects the health ofa woman.
different in unicellular issues
there should be a gap between the
two
Ans. The modes ofreproduction are
and multicellular organisms. The unicellular
and contraceptives are used to prevent and
only one cell. There is no separate delay the unwanted pregnanCy
organisms have
reproduction. So, they can reproduce by used to
for STDs: Condom is
uSsue (i) For preventing
process of fission,
i.e. binary or multiple fission, transmission of fatal diseases like
the prevent the
in Yeast. through sexual act
or by budding as AIDS which transmits

SOLVED QUESTION BANK

the
4. Many unicellular organisms reproduce by
Questions [1 Mark]
Very Short Answer/Objective Type for the evolution of
process of
(6) ovulation
1.There is a greater possibility (a) tission
wlhich reproduce by (d) non-disjunction
Dew species in organisms (C) regeneration

(a) binary fission (h) budding Ans. (a)

to develop whole body
(c) fertilisation (d) regeneration 5. The ability of an organism
o r tragment is called
from a broken piece
Ans. ) (a) binary tission (b) budding
Which is the most common method of reproductlon (c) multiple tission (d) regeneration

in majority of fungi and bacteria?

Ans. (d)
(h) Spore formation
(u) Budding . Pollen grains are produced by
(d) Multiple fission b) ovule
(c) Binary fission (u) ovary
(d) corolla
( ) anther
Ans. (b)
artificial nieth00 Ans. () takes
Which ofthe following is not an
7. The fertilisation
of human egg by the sperm
of vegetative propagation? place in
(b) Layering (b) uterus
(a) Cutting (a) vagina
(d) oviduct
(c) Budding (d) Grafting (c) ovary
Ans. (c) Ans. (d)
 (a) (i) and (iv) (b) t), (ii) and
primary ser organ in
8Which of the follow ing is
(d) i). ti) (iv
a
(c) ) and (iv)
and
NCERT Eemplar ivProa
a mammal

(a) Ovar (6) Vagina

Ans. (6)
(c) Uterus d) Mammary glands
Direction (17 to 21: In the following
Ans (a
Assertion and Reason have been ut
9 The ability to reproduce
(6)
is lost in a

menstruation
female after
statements carefully and hoose the correct
forward. Read te
( ) fertilisation

c gamete formation (d) menopause

the following alternative f
(a) Both the Assertion and the Reason are coer
Ans. ()
Reason is the corect explanation of the
coTeci 2d t
into the vagina which
10 When a sperm is
oute does it travel?
deposited
(b The Assertion and the Reason are coecT Assertur
Cervix Reason is not the correct explanation of the As
(a)agina » Oviduct » Uterus > (c) Assertion is true but the Reason is false.
Oviduct
) Vagina Ovary » Uterus »
»

Oviduct (d) The statement ofthe Assertion is false but the D

(c) agina» Cervix » Uterus » Rsr
is true.
(d) Vagina > Uterus » Cervix » Oviduct
17. Assertion: Amoeba reproduced by fission
Ans. (C
Reason: All unicellular organisms reproduced
11. In case the ova does not fertilise, which of the
asexual method.
following events will take place?
Ans. (a) Both the Assertion and the Reason are
(a) Menstruation (b) Pregnancy COTT&
and the Reason is the correct explanation of te
(c) Implantation (d) Ovulation
Assertion.
Ans, (a)
18. Assertion: In human beings, the female play
12 When the foetus is growing inside the uterus major role in determining the sex of the ofsprig
it needs nutrients. Which part provides these
Reason: Women have two X chromosomes.
Dutrients?
Ans. (d) The statement of the Assertion is false but ès
(a) Placenta (6) Amniotic sac
Reason is true.
(c) Oviduct (d) Uterus
19. Assertion: In male reproductive system, transpert
Ans. (a) of sperm takes place in a fluid which also provide
13. What marks the beginning of the reproductive nutrition.
life of a woman? Reason: Protective glands and seminal vesicles
b) Menarche secret in the vas deferens.
(a) Menopause
(c) Fertilisation (d) Ovulation Ans. (a) Both the Assertion and the Reason are comeT
Ans. (b) and the Reason is the correct explanation ot n*
14. Where does fertilisation take place? Assertion.
(a) Uterus (b) Vagina 20. Assertion: Plants raised by vegetative propaganod
(c) Fallopian tube (d) Cervix can bear flower and seed earlier than those

Ans. (c) produced from seeds.

15. A pair of duct arising from testis, which carry Reason: Plants which lost capacity to beare
Viable seeds, can propagate through vegetabe
sperms are
propagation.
(a) fallopian tube (b) vas deferens bur
Ans. (b) The Assertion and the Reason are comec
(c) oviduct (d) urethra
the Reason is not the correct Kplanation ofthe
Ans. (b) Assertion.
1onth.

16. In the list of organisms given below, those that 21. Assertion: Ovary releases one egg every' m
asexual method are Reason: The lining of uterus is always thick au
reproduce by the
i) banana (i) dog spongy.
(iv) Amoeha Ans. (c) Assertion is true but the Reason is falsc
(ii) yeast
 How do organisms Reproduce? 239

in human beings is about

22. The gestation period 35. An embryo is formed by the growth and
days. development of an foetus. True/Falsel
Ans. 280 Ans. False.
3 The process of release of an egg from the ovary 36. An important feature of barrier method is that
is called it protects a person from STDs. True/Falsel
Ans. ovulation.
Ans. True.
24, The development of foetus inside the uterus till 37. The killing of the unborn girl child is called female
birth is called foeticide. ITrue/Falsel
Ans. gestation.
Ans. True.
25, The attachment of the embryo to the uterus is 38. The surgical procedure carried out in females is
called called vasectomy. True/False
Ans. implantation. Ans. False.
26. Sterilisation in males is called
39. Copper-T cannot protect from acquiring sexually
Ans. vasectomy. transmitted diseases. True/False]
27. The ability of a cell to divide into several cells Ans. True.
during reproduction in . is
40. Gonorhoea and syphilis are caused by bacteria.
called
ITrue/Falsel
Ans. Plasmodium, multiple fission
Ans. True.
28. The disease is caused by
microorganism known as Direction (41 to 42): Match column I with Column II.
Ans. kala-azar, leishmania. 41. Column I Column III
29. The organism like can reproduce ) Placenta (A)Binary fission
by the method of_ ii) Male gametes of| (B) Bryophyllum
Ans. spirogyra, fragmentation. plant
(C) Nourishment of|
30. In Rhizopus the fine thread like struetures spread (ii) Budding
embryo
on the whole surface of slice of bread are called iv) Amoeba
(D) Yeast
()Vegetativepropaga- (E) Pollen grains
tion by leaves
Ans. hyphae.
31. A tiny animal having tentacles which reproduces
Ans. () (C), (i) (E), (ti) (D), (iv) (A), (v) (B)
by growing buds on the side of its body is 42. Column I Column II
)Fission (A) Spirogvra
Ans. hydra. (i) Fragmentation (B) Hydra
32. The importance of variations in organisms is (iin) Regeneration (C) Amoeba
that it helps the species of various organisms to (iv) Budding D) Planaria
survive in adverse environment. True/Falsel Ans. ()(C), (G) (A), (ii) D), (v) (B)
Ans. True. 43.Name the life process of an organism that
helps
S5, Complex multicellular organisms eannot give rise in the growth of its population.
AI 2015]
to new organisms through budding True/Falsel Ans. Reproduction.
Ans. True. 44. What are the two types of
reproduction?
34. Testes are the primary reproductive organs in
Ans. Sexual and asexual
man.
reproduction.
I'True/False 45.Which is the most basic event in
reproduction'?
Ans. True.
Ans. Creation of a DNA
copy.
 240 oacther wih Science10

46. Write the full form of DNA. Ans. In fission, an unicellular

Ans. The full fom of DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid. two new organism
organisms wherea in casebreaks upu soaa
of
47 What is DNA? Foreign 2015|
a multicellular organisms breaks
up to
fragmncntalur
organisms. form two
Ans. The full form of DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid. DNA te
57. Name the method by which
lies in the cell nucleus which is the information Hydra
source for making proteins, and different proteins
lead to different designs. Ans.
this method sexual or
Hydra reproduces
asexual? reproduce. h
Foreign 2014
by budding. It is an
method. an asexu
48 Where is DNA found in a cell? IDoE: AI 20151
Ans. DNA is found in the nucleus. 58. What happens to a slice of bread
dark place? kept in.a moist
49 What is DNA copying? Delhi 2015]
Ans. DNA in the cell nucleus is the information source
Ans. Rhizopus fungus will develop.
59. Name the part of
for making proteins and different proteins lead to Bryophyllum where
different body designs. During reproduction, similar
are
produced for vegetative propagation.the hud
budy

copy of DNA is generated and the process is called

Delhi 2016
DNA copying Ans. Vegetative part, leaf is used in the
propagation
50. What is the effect of DNA Bryophylhum.
copying which is not
60. Select two
perfectly accurate on the
reproduction process? plantsraised by the method
of
vegetative propagation from the list given below
Ans. DNA
HOTS banana, gram, rose, tomato, wheat, jasmine.
copying is not perfectly accurate and the
Ans.
resultant errors are a source
Banana, jasmine and rose are raised by vegetatie
of variations in
method.
populations of organisms
61. State what type of method is used for
1. Mention the mode of
reproduction used
growing
by jasmine plant. DoE: HOTS
(a) Amoeba (b) Planaria HOTS Ans. Artificial methods of vegetative propagation lie
Ans. Mode of reproduction used by layering is used for growing jasmine plant.
(a) Amoeba is binary fission. 62. Do you know which part become a new plant u
b) Planaria is regeneration. vegetation propagation?
Name two organisms which Ans. Root, stem and leaves.
are
reproduced by
binary fission. 63. What are those organisms called which bear be
Ans. Amoeba and leishmania the individual. Gine r
are
reproduced by binary sex organs in the same
fission. example of such organism. AI2018

53. Name the causative agent of the disease

azar and its mode of asexual
"Kala Ans. Organisms which bear both the sex organs aeca
reproduction. hermaphrodite/bisexual.
Foreign 2015 Example: Earthworm
Ans. Leishmania causes kala-azar. It reproduces by
binary 64. What is a bisexual flower? Give one exa
fission.
Ans, A bisexual flower is a flower that conau
54. Name the method by which spirogyra
reproduces Stamens and carpel. Example: Hibiscus.
under favourable conditions. Is this method sexual a r
no
e

65. Name the parts flower

or asexual?
Delhi 20171 of a bisexual |Forigt
n 201

Ans. Spirogyra reproduces by fragmentation. directly involved in eproduction.

d r e n

Ans. Parts of a bisexual flower whicn

It is an asexual method of reproduction. a
involved in reproduction are (i) Petal.
55. Name two simple organisms having the ability of
(in) Stem.
regeneration. IAI 20151 hecessary fors
66. Write suitable conditions nece
Hydra and Planaria.
Ans.
difference between fission and germination. wa
56. What is the Ans. 7an

fragmentation?
Conditions necessat for seed germination

temperature and oxygen.

240 ogether wrh Science-10

Ans. In fission,
unicellular organi
an
46. Write the full form of DNA.

Aus. The full form of DNA is deoxyribonucleic

acidl.
two new organisms whereas in
a multicellu
case ot
breaks upy
47. What is DNA? Foreign 20151 organisms breaks
eaks up to lragn
DNA
organisms. for
Ans. The tull fomof DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid. 57. Name the method by which
lies in the cell nucleus which is the
information
this method sexual or
ydras
souree for making proteins, and different proteins asexual?
Ans. Hydra reproduces by buddino
lead to different designs. method. udding. It is
an
48. Where is DNA found in a cell? DoE; AI 20151
58. What happens to a slice of bread t.
Ans. DNA is found in the nucleus. dark place? ept in a
49. What is DNA
copying? Delhi 2015|| Ans. Rhizopus fungus will
develop.
Ans. DNA in the cell nucleus is the information source 59. Name the part of Bryophyllum
for making proteins and different proteins lead to whe
are produced for vegetative propagation
diflerent body designs. During reproduction, similar
copy of DNA is generated and the process is called
Ans. Vegetative part, leat is used in the
prona
Deh
DNA copying. Bryophyllum.
50. What is the effect of DNA copying which is not 60. Select two plants raised by the
perfectly accurate on the reproduction process? method
vegetative propagation from the list givea
HOTS banana, gram, rose, tomato, wheat,
Ans. DNA copying is not perfectly accurate and the jasmine
Ans. Banana, jasmine and rose are raised
resultant errors are a source of variations in by vege
method.
populations of organisms. 61. State what type of method is used for
51. Mention the mode of
eroi
reproduction used by jasmine plant. |DoE: HOT
(a) Amoeba (b) Planaria [HOTS Ans. Artificial methods of vegetative propagation e
Ans. Mode of reproduction used by layering is used for growing jasmine plant.
(a) Amoeba is binary fission. 62. Do you know which part become a new plani
(b) Planaria is regeneration. vegetation propagation?
52. Name two Ans. Root, stem and leaves.
organisms which are reproduced by
binary fission. 63. What are those
organisms called which bea bod
Ans. Amoeba and leishmania the sex
organs in the same individual. Give
are reproduced by binary
fission. example of such organism. AI200
53. Name the causative agent of the disease "Kala- Ans. Organisms which bear both the sex organsarecl
azar" and its mode of asexual reproduction. hermaphrodite/bisexual.
Foreign 2015 Example: Earthworm
Ans. Leishmania causes kala-azar. It reproduces by binary 64. What is
fission.
a bisexual flower? Give oneexampiel
Ans. A bisexual flower is a flower that conians
54. Name the method by which spirogyra reproduces stamens and carpel. Example: Hibicus.
under favourable conditions. Is this method sexual 65. Name the parts of a bisexual fower are a
or asexual?
IDelhi 20171
directly involved in reproduction. Fo
Ans. Spirogyra reproduces by fragmentation.
Ans. Parts of a bisexual flower which are no
It is an asexual method of reproduction.
nvolved in reproduction are (i) Petal, (u) d
55. Name two simple organisms having the ability of
(i) Stem.
regeneration. AI 2015 b6. Write suitable conditions necessa
necessary lor

Ans. Hydra and Planaria.

germination.
Eh What is the difference between Tssion and
Ans. Conditions necessary for seed germin
fragmentation?
temperature and oxygen.
 How do organisms Reproduce? 241

67. Name the floral parts of a plant that develop into Ans. It is the close attachment of embryo to the utermine
( Fruit (i) Seeds. DoE wall.
Ans. () Fruit: Ovary (ii) Seed: Ovule 81. Name the parts ofthe human female reproductive
68. What is carpel? system where implantation of the fertilised egg
Occurs.
Ans. It is the female reproductive organ of the plant.
of female reproductive system Ans. lmplantation of fertilized egg takes place in the
69. Name the part
uterus.
where the egg is fertilized. DoE 82. Which one of the STDs damages the immune
tertilized in the oviduct.
Ans. Egg gets system of human body? IHOTS
70. What is the average duration ofhuman pregnancy? Ans. AlDS damages the immune system of human body.
IHOTS 83. Name the causative organisms for the following
Ans. The average duration of human pregnancy is 40)
diseases:
weeks or 280 days.
a) AIDS (b) Warts
T1 Name the largest cell present in the human body.
(c) Gonorrhoea (d) Syphilis
HOTS] (b) virus
Ans. (a) virus
Ans. The largest cell present in the human body is ovum.
(c) bacteria (d) bacteria
72 Name the organs producing sperms and ova 84. Name the contraceptive device which protects
respectively in humans. Foreign 2017 a person from acquiring sexually transmitted
Ans. Testes produce sperms and ovary produces ova. diseases.
73. Name the hormones responsible for secondary Ans. Condom.
sexual characters in
Short Answer Type [] Questions [3 Mcarks]
)Girls ) Boys. DoE
85. Describe 'double fertilisation' in plants. [HOTs
Ans. ) Girls: Estrogen and progesterone
Ans. During fertilisation in plants, the following events take
(i) Boys: Testosterone
place
74. What is Gestation period? DoE]
(i) One of the male gametes fuses with the female
Ans. The time period from the development of the foetus
gamete present in the embryo sac.
till birth is called gestation period.
(ii) The other male gamete fuses with the two polar
5. What are the male and female gonads in human
nuclei in the embryo sac.
beings? IHOTS
The first fusion product gives rise to the zygote while
ADS. Male gonads are testis and female gonads are ovaries
the second one forms the endosperm. The process of
in human beings. fusion occurring twice in the embryo sac is called
76. Define Zygote.
double fertilisaton.
Aps. The cell which is formed by the fusion ofa male 86. Define reproduction. How does it help in providing
gamete and a female gamete is called zygote, i.e., stability to the population of species?
it is a fertilised ovum' or "fertilised egg DoE, AI 20161
77. What is Ans. Reproduction: It is the process of producing new
Puberty?
AnS. It is the age at which the sex hormones or gametes individuals of the same species by existing organisms
becomes of a species, i.e. parents.
Degin to be produced and the boy or girl
Reproduction helps in providing stability to the
sexually mature.
78. What is population of species because reproduction is
adolesence? a process by which organisms increase their
s.
Stage between childhood and adulthood. populations. The rate of birth and death in a given
.Name the liqiud which contains sperms. population determine its size.
Ans. Semen. 87. Reproduction is one of the most important
80. Deine implantation with respect to human characteristics of living beings. Give three reasons
in support of the statement. AI 2017]
reproductive system.
 242 noctker azh Scienee 10

Ans. (a) Reproduction is necessary to maintain the 90. What hap ens when

continuity of species. (a) Planaria gets cut into two

picce
()Reproduction is linked to the stability of (b) A mature Spirogyra
populations of species, which occupy well considerable length? filament
altalny
defincd places called niches in the ecosystems. (c) On mnaturation sporangia burst?
urst? lFrd
IForeign 2o14
(c)The vaniations ereated during reproduction are Ans. (a) When Planaria gets cut into two
ni
responsible for survival of a species in case piece grows into a complete peces,
organism cah
of an adverse change in the environment and (b) A mature Spirogyra on atlaining conui
evolution. length breaks up intotwo or more
88. What are chromosomes? Explain how in
Each piece then grows into a newsmall pieces
sexually reproducing organisms the number of
(c) When sporangia bursts, spores are individul
of which releascd e .cath
chromosomes in the progeny is maintained.
one develop into
individualnew
91. Which are the two main types of
AI 20151 in living organisms? reproductin
Ans. "Chromosomes' are long thread-like structures which

contain hereditary information of the individual and

(in) Classify the following under these two
types:
are thereby the cariers of genes. Chromosomes are
Amoeba, Frog, Earthworm, Yeast
HoTS
located in the nucleus of a cell.
Ans. () The two main types of reproduction in
living
The parents are diploid (2n) as each of them has two organisms are- Asexual reproduction and
sexual reproduction.
sets
of chromosomes.
They form haploid (In) male (i) Asexual reproduction: Amoeba, yeast
and female gametes through the
process of meiosis. Sexual reproduction: Frog, earthworm
The haploid gametes have one set of chromosomes.
92. Write one difference between
These gametes fuse
asexual and sexual
two
during fertilisation and the mode of reproduction. Which
offspring become diploid (2n) which is same as species is likely to
have comparatively better chances of survival
parents chromosome number.
the one reproducing
asexually
-

or the one
89. What is asexual reproduction? Write the process reproducing sexually? Give reason to justily
of
budding in Hydra. Delhi 2017(C)) your answer. ICBSE 2018
Ans. Reproduction Hydra:
in Ans. Differences between asexual and sexual mode ot

.
Hydra reproduces by budding using the reproduction.
regenerative cells. Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction
A bud develops as an
outgrowth in Hydra due (i) A single parent is () Two parents (amale
to
repeated cell division at one specific site. involved. and a female) are|

When fully mature, the bud detaches itself involved.

from the parent body and develops into new (ii) There is no (i) There is formation
and fusion of
independent individual. formation or fusion
of gametes. gametes.
(ii) No genetic (ii) There is genete
Tentacles variation in the
variation is created
progeny. (any on)
inthe progeny.
The species reproducing sexually wi
have better chances of survival because
Bud gcnetic variation is created during sexul
reproduction; in case of an adverse ranis

Budding in Hydra
Cnvironmental change, atleast some v
Will survive and continue the race.
 How do organisms Reproduce? 243

93. (b) List two advantages of growing grapes or (b) Testes are located outside the abdominal cavity
banana plants through vegetative propagation. because sperm formation requires a lower
AI 2013 temperature in comparison to normal body
(b) A potato is cut into a no of small pieces. These temperature. Testes being outside the abdominal
pieces are then placed only on wet cotton kept the
cavity, gets an optimal temperature for
in a tray. After few days some of the potato
production of sperms.
pieces gave rise to fresh green shoots and
96. (a) Describe why variations are observed in the
roots. Why?
offspring formed by sexual reproduction.
(a) ) Traits of the parent plants are preserved.
(b) List two shown every month
preparations
(i) Since they donot possess viable seeds,
by the uterus in anticipation of pregnancy
vegetative propagation helps to reproduce.
in hum. Foreign 20141
(b) The green shoots and roots were produce only
those potato pieces which have buds on them Ans. (a) Variations are observed in the offspring
formed by sexual reproduction. During sexual
pieces of potato without buds were not able
produce green shoots and roots. reproduction, types of gametes fuse. Even
two

94. (a) Draw the various stages of binary fission of though the gametes contain the same number of
chromosomes, their DNA is not identical. This
leishmania.
cause variation among offsprings.
6) What are the changes seen in boys at the time
of puberty? (b) The uterus prepares itself every month to receive
and nurture the growing embryo. The lining
ADs. (a)
thickens and is richly supplied with blood to

nourish the growing embryo.

97. (a) List the parts of human male reproductive

system which contribute ffuid to the semen.

State two advantages semen offers to the

(a) b) (c) (d) (e) Foreign 2012
sperms.
Binary fission in leishmania
Describe the role of fallopian tubes in the
(6)
changesthe which are
6) At the time of puberty, female reproductive system. AI 2011
seen in boys are given below: in
Ans. (a) Prostate gland and seminal vesicles add fluid
Thick hairs grow under armpits and pubic
the vas deferens. Semen makes transportation
regions. Hairs also grown on other parts ofbody of sperms easier and also provides nutrition to
like chest and face.
the sperms.
Voice started to crack (or deepens).
(b) Fallopian tubes:
testes start to make
Penis begins to enlarge and ovaries to uterus.
sperms.
(i) They carry eggs from
(ii) They allow sperm to travel to meet the
5. (a) Name the two types of germ-cells present
in human beings. How do they structurally egg
differ from each other? Give two differences. 98. What is regeneration? Give one example of
DoE, Foreign 2012] an organism that shows this process and one
6) Why are testes outside the abdominal cavity organism that does not. Why does regeneration
of the body? not occur in the latter? Foreign 2017]
in human
a) Ihe two types of germ cells present Ans. Regeneration is defined as the ability of any small
beings are sperm and The sperm of human
ova. part of the body to give rise to a new individual e.g.
have either X or Y chromosome. The ova always
(a) Hydra and Planaria shows regeneration.
carry X chromosome. The sperm is structurally
round in (b) Amphibians and human beings do not show
long with a tail. Whereas the ova is
structure. regeneration.
 Regeneration is cammed out hy certan
specialisCd cclls, which can proliferate
undergo development to become variouS cell types ierate to
.
and diferent cells
and ti
make a'
Such regeneratin c cells are not found sucs. arpe iur
m
anvphibians and humans

Rustrate the following with the

help of suitable diagrams:
( Spore formation in Rhi:opus
Multiple fission in Plaxmodium
AB Spore fomatnon in Rhizopus (ii) Multiple FissIon in
Plasmodium
Spores Many daughter
cells produced
Nucleus by multiple
fission-
Spnorangium Sporangiophore Cytoplasm
Cell membrane-

Cyst
Rhizoids (protective wall)

Eplain the process of

regeneration in Planaria. How is this
process different from
Ans
reproductiel
1f a Pianara
camied
is cut into any number of pieces, each piecewill grow into a Foreign 2015: Deh
out by
specialised cells which
proliferate and make large number of complete organism. Rezet
cells and then
tissues
Regeneration in planaria

-
various types of changes to become different
types of cell and tissues.
These chaoges fake place in an organlsed sequence
In regeneration, the
referred to as development.
organism nced to be cut mto
pieces to get more
h
necd not to be cut o multuply. organisms. In reprouu
101. (u) Name the following:
( Thread like non-reproductive structures present in
Rhizopus.
(ii Blobs' that develop at the tips of the
non-reproduetive threads
how hese structures prolect themselves and
in Rhizopus
(b) Explain what is the function of the strue
the blobs' in Rhiapus.
 How do organisms Reproduce? 245

Ans. (a) () Hyphac (i) SpOrangumn 104. Diferentiate between the following:
( ) Spores arc cnclosed wthin sporangia wlhich
(a) Bud of Hydra and bud of bryophyllum
protorts the spores
(b) Fragmentation and regeneration
Spores when releascd from sporangia develops
nto ne Rhizopus. (c) Fertilization and germination
102. Eplain giving one example of each, the unisexual Ans. (a) Bud of Hydra Bud of Bryophyllum
and the biscvual flowers. When is it used? Name Hydra has special Budreproducesthrough
three methods of vegetative propagation. Delhi regenerative cells that vegetative propogation.
gives rise to small bud Buds produced in
ATSniscxual fiowers contain either stamensorcarpels on its body surface that the notches along the
hut not both. later develops into a teg leaf margin of
Example: Papaya. watemelon. new individual after | bryollphyllum fall on
detachment. the soil and develop
Bisexual flowers contain both stamens and carpels.
into new plants.
Example: Hibiscus, Mustard.
The method of developing new plants from the (b) Fragmentation Regeneration
vegetative parts of a plant, such as root, stem or It is a mode of asexual | It is a mode of asexual
ieaf is called vegetative propagation. reproduction in which | reproduction in which|
Tegetative propagation can be classified into natural body of a simple some organisms can
and aruñcial methods. multicellular organism grow small cut parts
The method of vegetative propagation is used when breaks up into two of their body to form
some plants like banana, orange, rose and jasmine pieces on maturing, | a whole new organisms
neve lost the capacity to produce seeds. e ach of which| in all respects.
Tze three methods of vegetative propagation are subsequently grows to
cuming. layering and grafting. form a complete new

103. What is vegetative propagation? State two organismn.

adv antages and two disadvantages of this method.

(c) Fertilization Germination
AI 2017]
It is defined as the | It is the initial stages in
Ans.getauvepropagation refers to the development
1 ew plants from vegetative parts (roots, stem or fusion of a male the growth of a seed to
gamete (sperm) with | develop into a seeding
leaves) of an existing plant.
a female gamete (an under appropriate
Advantages of vegetative propagation | |
ovum or egg) to form | conditions.
Vegetaive propagation is a cheaper, easier and a zygote during sexual|
more rapid method of propagation in plants
than growing plants from their seeds.
reproduction.
1) Beter quality of the plants can be maintained 105. Name the two reproductive parts of a bisexual
by this mcthod. flower which contain the germ cells. State the
I t results in propagation of those plants which location and function of its female reproductive
do not
produce viable seeds or produce seeds part. Foreign 2015]
with prolonged Ans. The two reproductive parts of a bisexual flower are
period of dormancy.
T h e plants stamen and carpel. Stamen is the male reproductive
generated from vegetative means
require less time to grow and have the advantage part of the plant. They are the little stalks with
O1
beng nore uniform and genetically similar swollen tops just inside the rings of petals in a flower.
to the parent stock. (any twa) It is made up of two parts, i.e. a filament and an
Disadvantages:
a) No
anther. Filament is the stalk of stamen and it bears
genetic variation is created. anther and consists mainly of conducting tissue.
(b) continued vegetative propagation can lcad lo Anther are sac-like structures which produce male
loss of vigour. gamets known as pollen.
246 grther actl Scacnce--0
O8. dentify A, 1 and in the vive.
Thecarpel is the femaic reph Ineetfan w aled at write one function of each. uiven diaT am
thc centre of a fiower It onesis nf m av sle ad
n
the swallen pav1 at the btiom A
stugma The ovan I
of the capel The congated pa11 m the cntre ot the
Carpel s the style 1he stngma is stuky o that it can
trap polen grams asii Pollen tube thal grows from
the polien grain to the narn ads fertilisation
T. ame the three parts A, B and C of the flower shown
in the follewing diagram and state one function of
esch IAI 2017): Delhi 2016|
Aas A = Anther of stamcn
Function Anther contains two pollen sacs within Ans. A= Stigma
which numerous pollen grains are produced. B Pollen tube
B - Carel C Female germ cell1
uncton it s thc female reproductive organ of Function of stigma: Stigma helps in recenvng
a fiower which recerves pollen grains that moves pollen grains from the anther of stamen
through the stvic and causes fertilisation in the pollination.
varies Function of pollen tube: The pollen tube facie
movement of male germ cell through it to r
Ovuic
female germ cell.
unctuon Ovuic contains female gamete, egg.
Function offemale germ cell: It meets wth the
30 What is meznt by pollination? Name and many ne
germ cell to form zygote which divides
differentiate between the two modes of pollination to form an embryo.
in tiowering piants. Delhi 20161 109. State the basic requirement tot
ot
As. Polianatuoz 1s the trat1sier of pollen grans from the reproduction? Write the importance
anther of a stamen to the stugma of a carpel. The two reproductions in nature. Delhi
modes o f poll1naton are self pollination and cross Ans. Sexual reproduction requires male anc
pollt individuals of the species.
ca
New genetic variations are ereated, wnc
Self-pollisation Cross-potination Variation would be novel, as sexual repro
tuSrifpullitafion ()1oss-poilhnation combines DNA (genetic material with a
utuls ihi CUus DefWeen two
Varlations) from two different individuJt
fiuwcr betwccn f1owe botne 0n n
Benelic Varations are usetul in ensuring
fw fuwe uf the ditferent plunts of
pecies
the baue pec uds
T10, L.ist six specifie characteristies o
/U
i tlowcfs do uut (u) Ayents such as
reproduction. u a l mode
depcsd un other bCtb, watcr and As.
wild afc Iequined
Specific characteristies ol
se
agcicicfu
fr pollnaton
Teproduetion.
poliifat,isfi lloles d i e
() Sexual reproduction promo
Pollen gloin i are tif) Pullen yram a characters in the oflsprings
(ui)
produccd in suall prudut cd in latge
(u) Iresults in new combinatiIsO ut
*
tis
nunbes tgether in the gamete and
nCICasS genetic varnatiOn.
 Tlow do organisms Reproduce? 247

ar) lt plays a promnent role in the origin of new

The uterus prepares If every month to receive
and nurture the fertilized egg. The lining of the
( ) The sexual mode of reproduction incorporates
uterus thickens and is richly supplied with blood
process of combining DNA from two different
to nourish the embryo. If the egg is not fertilized,
ndividuals during reproduction.
the thick and nourishing lining of the uterus breaks
() lt necd two parents to produce an offspring.
and comes out through vagina as blood and mucus
() Sex cells are used in sexual reproduction.
which is called menstruation. The cycle of events
1l. Name the male and female gametes in animals.
taking place in the ovaries and uterus every twenty
What is fertilization and where does it take place
eight days and marked by menstrual fow is called
in human females?
HOTS menstrual cycle.
Ans. The male and female gametes in animals are sperm
114. In human females, what happens when
and ovum respectively.
Fertilization is defined as the fusion of a male gamete (a) egg is fertilised

(sperm) with a female gamete (an ovum or egg) to (6) egg is not fertilised? DoE]
fonm a zygote during sexual reproduction. Ans. The lining of uterus becomes thick and spongy before
Fertilization takes place in the fallopian tube ofa release of an egg.
human female.
(a) If the egg is fertilized, it moves upto uterus

112. State the changes that take place in the uterus and gets implanted on uterus. The uterine wall
when thickens and richly supplied with blood. The
(a) Implantation embryoof has occurred.
region between embryo and uterine wall grows
(b) Female gamete/egg is not fertilised. into placenta which provides nourishment and
Delhi 20171 borne as
oxygen to the embryo. The child is
Ans. (a) After implantation, the cell divisions continue a result of rhythmic contraction of the uterine
to occur.
muscle.
Aplacenta develops and the embryo gets nutrition (6) Ifthe egg is not fertilized, the thick and nourishing
from the mother's blood through placenta.
lining of the uterus breaks and comes out through
The complete development of the foetus occurs
vagina as blood and mucus which is called
in about nine months.
menstruation.
(b) When the female gamete is not fertilised, the
thickened and spongy lining of the uterus is not 115. What are sexually transmitted diseases. List
two example of each diseases caused due to ()
required any more.
bacterial infection and (ii) viral infection. Which
Hence, the lining along with its blood vessels,
device or devices may be used to prevent the
breaks and comes out through the vagina as blood
and mucus, in the process, called menstruation. spread of such diseases.
13, Draw a well labelled diagram of human female DoE, Delhi 2015, 13. 12, 111
reproductive system. Explain the menstrual cyele sexual contact
Ans. STDs are diseases which spread by
of female. from an infected person to a healthy person.
(i) Gonorthoea and Syphilis are STDs caused by
Ans. Oviduct or-
Fallopian tube bacterial infection.
Ovary (i) AIDS and genital Warts are STDs caused by
Uterus-
viral infection.

Cervix Spread of STDs can be prevented by

(a) Avoiding sexual contact with infected persons.
Vagina- (b) Using condom for penis during sexual act.
248 oacther wthScienee-10

116. What is AlDS? Which microbe is

responsible for (b) Surgical method suchas
AIDS infection? State one mode of transmission
() Chemical method such vasectomy or
of this disease. Explain in brief one measure for as oral Lubecoug
or

the prevention of AlDS.

Foreign 2012
(d) Copper-T.
vagnal y
Advantages of using
Ans. AlDS is the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. contraceptives
(a) It helps in avoiding
lt is causcd by a vinus called Human
Immunodeficiency unwanted prepn
Vinis.
(h Condom
helps in preventing gnancy
AlDS is transmitted
STDs. transmisa
mission ce
by sexual contact with an
120. List three points of
infected person.
health in a society.
significance of renrod
AlDS can be prevented by avoiding sexual contact Ans.
produwch
with () The mother
an infected person or by using condom during carrying a
child
sex. physically matured. should
117. What does HIV (i) The mother should be
stand for? Is AIDS an infectious
of the child. mentally fit to tales
disease? List any four modes of
spreading AIDS. (ii) There should be at least 3
AI 2011] 2 children.
years gap betve
Ans. HIV stands for Human
Yes, AIDS is
Immunodeficiency Virus. (iv) Nutritious food should be
an infectious disease. availabie to t
mother during pregnancy and
Four modes of lactation peri
spreading AIDS are as follows:
(i) By having sexual contact with an 121. List three any thrce
infected techniques that have been developelu
person.
prevent pregnancy. Which one of these
(i) By the transfusion of blood is not meant for technigs
from an infected males? How does the use of the
person. techniques have a direct impact on the heath arl
(ii) Through infected needles used for prosperity of a family?
(iv)
injection. Ans. The
Through the placenta from the mother to child techniques to prevent pregnancy nelude
during pregnancy. () Creation of mechanical barriers.
118.
Expand AIDS. List any four methods of (i) Changing the hormonal balance of the
(control) of AIDS. prevention buj
(ii) Use of intra-uterine contraceptive device
Ans. Foreign 2011]
AIDS stands for
Acquired Immune Deficiency iv) Surgical methods.
Syndrome. Use of
Four methods of
intra-uterine devices is not meant
prevention or control of AIDS are as Impact of use of contraceptives:
follows: 7) Use of mechanical barriers like
Joms ca

() Using condom during conu nsmital

sex.
i)
prevent the spread of sexually-tran
Avoiding sharing of needles or use of diseases.
needles. disposable on u
7) Pregnancy will make major
demands

(iii) Testing blood for AIDS before body and mind of the woman and
transfusion. adverseh

(iv) Avoiding sexual contact with unknown not ready for it, her health will De voided

person. affected; such a condition can bed

119. List four categories of contraceptive methods. ofihut"
(ii) By having a small family, the stanue
standard

le
State in brief two advantages of
adopting such can be improved.
preventive methods. JAI 20151 sen
122. List b e t w e e n

three distinguis features

tabult

Ans. Four methods of contraception used by humans are: and asexual types of eproduction,
/DoE;AI0
(a) Mechanical barrier such as condom. form.
 Tlew d organiseria Reprodocc? 249
hung toathes hetween se\ual and
asenal
(a)Rinary fission 1s the diviston of one cell which
Cuts into two similar or dentical cells
sexenl reprvodection Asexual reproduction
Parent
sewal reprvaton Asexual reprode- Amoeba
indin duals ion
( tun nccd only one
ndiv idual Daughter
s
Nereditarn charaters 0) Hereditary charac-
RT 1tom onc tcTs remain same Nudeus
gcnerstron to neNt

eneratro Binary fission in Amoeha

piavs a prominent (u) ltsrolein theorigin (b) Plasmodium and
Leishmania reproduce througgh
roic i the orngin of of new fission an asexual method of
species is reproduction.
minimum. Leishmania reproduce with the
help of binary
i t syfour methods of contraceptions used by fission. Plasmodium
reproduce by multiple fission
humans How does their use have a direct effect dividing itself into many daughter cells inside
en the health and prospcrity of a family. its cell wall

Delhi 2015, AI 20131 (c) Budding. fragmentation and

all considered
regeneration are
methods contraception used by humans are:
of
asexual type of reproduction
as

Mechanical bamer such as condom. because they involve the formation of new
Surgical method such as vascctomy for male individuals from single parent without
and tubectomy for female. fertilisation or fusion of
gametes.
125. (a) What is
aChemacal method such as oral and vaginal pills. spore formation?
Coppcr-T (b) Draw a
diagram showing spore formation in
Scra act always has the potential to pregnancy. Rhiopus.
Tegmanicy makes major demand on the
body and (c) List two advantages for organisms tod
c of the woman,
and if she is not ready for it, reproduce themselves through spores.
i tcalth will be adversely affected. Contraceptive Foreiga 20111
acthods belp in
avoiding pregnancy and also help Ans. (a) Spore formation: When a slice of bread is
Lcpig gap between two children, so that the kept in moist dark place tor a few days, spores
asbody recovers. These methods help in of Rhizopus present in air settle on the bread to
giumber of children to one or two.
If family form new fungus plants of Rhizopus
s2ll, the family can save some
amoun
g the day to day expenditure. This will The Rhizopus consists of tine thread-like
ucecononic Condition projections called hyphae. It has a knob-like
of the family and
e
Sanaly will strucures which are nvolved in reproduction
prosper. called sporangta, contauning spores, that develop
Swer Type
o With the Questions [5 Marks nto new Rhizopus.
belp « a diagram show the different
aes of
binary fission in Amoebu. Spores
by Foreign 2013
Hon do
Plusme
modium
a nd Leishmania
eproduce? Write
f reproduetion. 0ne difference in their mode Sporangium
Sporangophore

) Why are Foreign 2014

are Rnizoids
budding, agmentation and
ofgeneration all considered as
reproduction?
types as
250 7ogether uith Science-10

(c) Two advantages for organisms to reproduc b) After the pollen lands on a
themselves through spores are as follows: it has to reach the female sutable suag:
Ovary.
germce
() It is faster mode of reproduction.
identical. The pollen tube grows
(i) Offsprings produced are

126. (a) What is tissue culture? How it is done? pollen grain through the out of
the ovary. style to tea
6) Disseuss two advantages of tissue culture.
Ans. (a) Tissue culture is the method of developing plants Male germ cell travels
through the
tube to reach the female the pole
from plant cells or small pieces of plant tissue
germ
in a synthetic/artificial medium. Tissue culture fertilizes it. oell
for producing new plants is done as follows: .After fertilisation, the
) The tissue/cells are collected from the several times to form an
zygote divié.
shoot tip of a desired plant. the ovule.
embryo wit
(i) These cells then grown in a nutritive
() Ovule becomes seed.
artificial medium where they divide and
form a mass of identical cells known as (ii) Ovary becomes fruit.
callus. 128. (a) How does pollination occur in plants?
(ii) The callus then allowed to grow in another
(b) How does pollination lead to fertilisatin
medium containg hormones needed for
Explain.
growth and development.
(c) Draw a
diagram showing germination df
(iv) When small plantlets are developed, they
pollen on stigma of a flower.
are transplanted into soil or pots where
they can grow to form mature plants. Ans. (a) Pollination is of two types -

self-pollinationa
(b) () It is a fast technique in which thousands cross- pollination.
of platelets can be produce in short span Self-Pollination: It is the transfer of pollengrs
of time. from the anther of a flower to the stigmaoft
(ii) New plants produce through tissue culture same flower or another flower of the same plkrt
are disease free. It is seen in pea plant.
(iii) Plateletes can be grown throughout the
year, irrespective of weather or season.
Cross Pollination: When the pollen grainsfro
the anther ofa flower on one plant aretransiet
(any two) to the stigma of a flower on another similar pu
127. (a) What is pollination? Explain its significance. it is called
(b) Explain the process of fertilisation in flowers.
cross pollination.
(6) When pollen grains fall on the stimga
Name the parts of the flower that
develop carpel, it grows a polen tube downwards u
after fertilisation into
the style towards the female gamete in the on
() seed, A male gamete moves down the tube. w
vhente

(ii) fruit. pollen tube enters the ovule, its up burs

ollen
th
Ans. (a) lt is the transfer of pollen grain from the anther and male gamete comes out of the
fems
of a flower to the stigma of a
carpel and combine with the nucleus Or
Significance of pollination: gamete and forms zygote. This proce
() It is necessary for seed formation and thus, as fertilization.

perpetuation of species.

(ii) It stimulates the development of fruits.

 250 7ogcther wth Secience-10

(c) Two advantages for organisnis to reproduce (b) Aftcr the pollen lands on a
suitable s
themsclves through spores are as follows: it has to reach the
male germ strgna
() lt faster mode of ovary.
cells iin the
is
reproduction.
(i) Ofisprings produced are identical. The pollen tube grows out
126. of
(a) What is tissue culture? How it is done? pollen grain through the style to. he
(b) Disscuss two advantages of tissue culture. the ovary. Teach
Ans. (a) Tissue culture is the method
of developing plants Male germ cell travels
from plant cells through the n
or small pieces of plant tissue tube to reach the female pollen
germ cell.
in a
synthetic/artificial medium. Tissue culture fertilizes it. and
for producing new plants is done as follows: After fertilisation, the
i) The tissue/cells are collected from the zygote divides
several times to form an
shoot tip of a desired
plant. the ovule.
embryo withis
ithin
(ii) These cells then grown in a nutritive
artificial medium where they divide and () Ovule becomes seed.
form a mass of identical cells (ii) Ovary becomes fruit.
knownas
callus.
128. (a) How does pollination occur in
(ii) The callus then allowed to grow in another plants?
(b) How does pollination lead to
medium containg hormones needed for fertilisation?
growth and development. Explain.
(iv) When small plantlets (c) Draw a
diagram showing germination of
are developed, they pollen on stigma of a flower.
are
transplanted into soil or pots where
DoE
they can grow to form mature plants. Ans. (a) Pollination is of two types
self-pollination and
-

(b) ) It is a fast technique in which thousands cross- pollination.

of platelets be
can
produce in short span Self-Pollination: It is the transfer of pollen grains
of time.
from the anther of a flower to the
(ii) New plants produce through tissue culture stigma of the
same flower or another flower of the same
are disease free.
It is
plant.
seen in pea plant.
(ii) Plateletes be grown
can
throughout the Cross Pollination: When the
year, irrespective of weather or season. pollen grains from
the anther of a flower on one
(any two) plant are transfered
to the
127. (a) What is pollination? Explain its significance. stigma of a flower on another similar plant,
it is called
6) Explain the process of fertilisation in
flowers.
cross
pollination.
Name the parts of the flower that (6) When pollen grains fall on the stimga
develop of the
after fertilisation into carpel, it grows a polen tube downwards through
the style towards the female gamete in the ovar
()seed,
A male gamete
(ii) fruit. moves down the tube. when tie
pollen tube enters the ovule, its tip bursts open
Ans. (a) It is the transfer of pollen
grain from the anther and male
gamete comes out of the pollen u
of a flower to the stigma a carpel.
of andcombine with the nucleus of the fema
Significance of pollination: gamete and forms
zygote. This process is kno
() It is necessary for seed formation and as fertilization.
thus,
perpetuation of species.
(i) It stimulates the development of fruits.
 How do organisms Reproduce? 251
Pollination
Self-Pollination
Transfer of the pollen grains from anther to the stigma of the same flower is called
self pollination. Self-pollination occurs only in bisexual flowers.
(c) Pollen grain
Stigma
Male germ-cell
Style
Pollen tube
Ovule
Ovary
Embryo sac
Female germ-cell
Fertilisation in a flowering plant
that produces sperms and also secretes hormones. Write
129. (a) Name the human male reproductive organ
secreted.
the functions of the hormone
system where () fertilization and (ii) implantation
(b) Name the parts of the human female reproductive
the embryo gets nutrition inside the mother's body. Foreign 20141
occur respectively. Explain how
place in the testis. It secretes the hormone, called testosterone. In addition
Ans. (u) The formation of sperms takes
testosterone brings about changes in appearance seen in boys at the
to regulating the formation of sperms,
time of puberty.
in the fallopian tubes.
b) i) The fertilisation takes place
in the uterus.
(i) The implantation occurs
 252 7aoether wthScience-10
The uterus prepares itselfevery month to receive (ii) Uterus
and urture the growing embryo. The lining
thickens and is richly supplied with blood to
-
Implantation of the
mbryo ooccurs in
embryo
the lining of uterus and
nourish the growing embryo. the cor
The embryo gets nutrition from the mother's
Complete
development of foetus occurs here
the contractions of the muscles of
blood with the help of a special tissue called
help in child birth. lenenus
placenta. The development of the child inside the
(6) Structure of placenta:
mother's body takes approximately nine months.
On
-
Placenta is a disc-like structure
completion of nine months, the child is born embedded
due the uterine wall. in
rhythmic contractions of the muscles
to a
in the uterus. -
It contains villi on the
embryo's side and
128. Draw on the mother's side there
a
longitudinal section of a flower and label are blood spaces
the following parts: which surround the villi; this
arrangement
(a) Part that produces pollen grain. provides large surtace area for
a
exchange
of materials.
b) Part that transfers male gametes to the
female gametes. Functions of placenta:
(c) Part that is sticky -
It transfers glucose and
to trap the pollen grain. oxygen from the mother's
) Part that develops into a fruit. blood to the foetus.
(e) Green leaf-like parts in the outermost circle
-
It also removes the wastes
(CO, and
of a ffower. nitrogenous wastes) generated by the foetus
to the mother's blood.
Ans.
(c) Stigma 130. (a) Why does fertilisation
(a) Anther occur only once in a
(6) Style- month in a human female? Explain.
b) Prenatal sex determination has been
prohibited by law. State the necessity of
enforcement of this law.
(d)Ovary -(e) sepal
(c) Where are human testis located and why?
State their functions.
Foreign 2013
Ans. (a) On attaining puberty, the eggs in the ovaries
129.
o
(a) Write the functions of the a human female starts
following parts in maturing. Only one egg
human female 1S produced by one of the ovaries every month.
reproductive system:
() Ovary () Oviduct (ii) Uterus Fertilisation can therefore occur only once ind
(b) Describe the structure and function of month in a human female.
placenta.CBSE 2018, AI 2017, 17(C), Delhi 2016] (6) The most ideal female, male sex ratio f10r
Ans. a healthy society is 1000:1000. Because of
(u) ) Ovary
It reckless female foeticide, sex ratio is decreasins
produces the female gametes or germ
at an
cells, called ova. alarming rate in some sections of ou
SOciety. It has therefore become necessary to
It secretes the female sex hormones such
ban detection of sex of the foetus.
as oestrogen and progesterone.
lestis are located outside the
(i) Oviduct abdominalcavuy rotum
inside the scrotum in a human male. Theserou
- It transports the ova from the ovary to ation
provides optimum temperature for theormu
uterus/womb. of sperms.
Fertilisation occurs in the oviduct.
 How do organisms Reproduce? 253

Describe in briet the role of (i) testis (ii) seminal
131.
vesicle. (ii) vas deferens, (iv) ureter and (v)
prostate gland in human male reproductive
system. |Delhi 2012
)Testis: Testis are oval-shaped primary
Ans.
reproductive organs in men. The function
of 1estes is to produce sperms and male sex
homone testosterone. The scrotum provides
optimal temperature for the formation of
spems.
) Seminal vesicle: Seminal vesicles are a pair
of thin-walled muscular elongated sac which
secrete fluid for nourishment of sperms.
i ) Vas deferens: The sperms are carried by
a long tube called vas deferens to organs
called seminal vesicles where the sperms get
nourishment, and stored.
(n) Ureter: It is the tube that carries urine from
kidney to the urinary bladder. In humans, there
133. State in brief the changes that take place in a
fertilised egg (zygote) till birth of the child in the
human female reproductive system. What happens
to the egg when it is not fertilised? |Foreign 2012/
Ans. The egg gets fertilised in the oviduct. The fertilised
the
cgg, the zygote, gets implanted in the lining of
uterus and starts dividing. The uterus prepares itself
every month to receive and nurture the growing
embryo. Its lining thickens and is richly supplied
with blood to nourish the growing embryo.
nutrition from the mother's blood
The embryo gets
with the help of a special tissue called placenta. The
development of the child inside,the mother's body
takes approximately nine months. On completion of
9 months, the child is born as a result of rhythmic
contractions of the muscles in the uterus.
If the egg is not fertilized, the thick and nourishing
lining of the uterus breaks and comes out through
vagina as blood and mucous.

are two ureters, one attached to each kidney.

134.
fluid
() Prostate gland: Prostate gland produce a

which is released in the urethra along with the

secretion of seminal vesicles for nourishment
and transportation of sperms.
as B
132. (a) Name the organ that produces sperms A
well as secretes a hormone in human males.

Name the hormone it secretes and

write its 9-
functions.
(b) Name the parts of the human female
-3-8-
fertilisation
reproductive system where
OCcurs.
C D
(c) Explain how the developing embryo gets
C and D.
nourishment inside the mother's body. (a) ldentify the organisms in figure A, B,
all the
IDelhi 20171
(b) Identify the life process shown in
a ) The male organ is testis. It secretesthe hormone figures.
of to the
testosterone and regulates the formation (c) How is this life process advantageous
sperms. organisms? HOTS
It brings about changes in the appearance Ans. (a) A. Hydra B. Rhizopus
of boys at the time of puberty. C. Bryophyllum D. Planaria
(b) Fertilisation occurs in the oviduct. The life process shown in the figures is asexual
(b)
from
(c) The developing cmbryo gets nourishment mode of reproduction.
the mother's blood with the help of a special
(c) This life process is advantageous to the organisms
tissue, called placenta.
because
for
Ihe placenta provides a large surface area

from the (i) Only one individual is required.

the passage of glucose and oxygen
mother's blood to the embryo. (i) Large numbers of offsprings are produced.
135. What is a seed? \What are the parts of a seed? 136. (a) Tdentity he given diagram
Eplain with the hep of a Iabelled diagram. W hat
are the ndvantages of secd formation for the plant o 5. am. ^ame
Ans. A seed
1 the
reprodutne unt of a
plant
he
A see
ha followng paits
Seed coat: t 1s the protecthve covering ot thc sced
Cotvledons: These arethe cmbryonic leaves that
Tre food fon the
geminatron of roung plan.
lumule: ih is
th part of
cmbryo that gives ise to
shoo
Radice: It sthe part of cmbryo that gives rise to
roots (b) What is
of contraception? 1.ist three
adopting contraceptive measure sd

Ans. (a) 1. Oviduct 2.

Ovary
Plumule- 4. Cervix 5. Vagina 3.Utenus
Cotyiadon (future shoot) (b) The
tood store
prevention ot pregnancy in woma
Radicle contraceeption.
(Future root) () It helps in
Germination of seed maintaining health of w
frequent pregnanc1ies have ade
Seed provide the following advantages to a
plant: on the health of the mother.
Seed provide
protection to young embryo. (ii) It
helps preventing
in
diseases such as sexually
Sced formation is more tr
heips the species to
dependable, therefore, AIDS. sy
spread in other
areas by gonorrhoea, etc.
d:fferent modes of
2
dispersion.
Secds stores food for
(ii) Is helps in birth control.
li afamil;,
embryo to be nourished. then each child will
s

get
like attention, education, proper rs
focd. elehe
SELECT NCERT EXEMPLAR
PROBLEMS
Short Answer Type
Questions For
in
example,
Amoeba is a simple un:ce
bisexual flower inspite of the
2
organism that splits into two daughter ces
young stamens
being removed artificially, the flower 3. What is a clone? Why do offspriags fors
fruit. Provide produces
a suitable explanation for the above by asexual reproduction exhibit
situatio remariu
A.
HOTSI similarity?
Pcmoval of stanens of a
b1sex ual flower will not Ans. Clone is the exact genetic repliea
aflcct pollination as its pistil is inact. Therefore, individual. All the oftsprings fomed troma
formaton of fruit will take
place as transfer of through asexual method of reproduction a
pollen gruns fron the anther of another lower to he remarkable similarity of asexually
the stgms of fower will take SUn:lar
place which causes daughter individuals is due togenetie sua
TOss-pollinatoon they possess exact opies of DNA oftheri
2 Csti you coBsider cell diivision as a
a t e r

type of 4. Colonies of yeast fail to multiply in Teawa

repruduction in uuicellulur organism? Give one ultiply in sugar solution. Give o

TeBsun
this.
Ycs. be ceil disisio11 ?
Ans. ause unIcellular organism 11 a As,
nergy is essential tor aany
ny
Or
a
actiity

o r sus
Iesults in the tonaton of two daughter cells, which
Tganisnms. Sugar provides thus enciE
means it produces moe ndiv duals of the organisns. illl life activities in yeasts. In a