Republic of the Philippines

Pangasinan State University

College of Engineering and Architecture
Urdaneta City Campus

MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

FN-REQUIREMENT

Compilation of:
1. BASIC STATISTICS
2. SIMPLE AND COMPOUND INTEREST
3. MODULAR ARITHMITIC

STUDENT

BAJIT, FREDERICK PAUL

INSTRUCTOR
ANDHEE M. JACOBE
 BASIC STATISTICS
1. Basic Definition
- Statistics is a collection of methods for collecting, displaying, analyzing, and
drawing conclusions from data.
- the branch of mathematics dealing with the collection, organization, analysis of
data, and interpretation of results of such analysis.

1.1 Basic Statistics Examples and Solutions:

Problem 1
For her calculus class, Marie has scored 88, 78, and 95 on three of her tests so far. What is the
minimum score Marie needs to receive on her 4th test in order to have an average of 90?

Possible Answers:
99
89
100
96

Solution:
To find the average of a set of numbers, add up the individual values and divide by the total
number of values you have. 
For the test scores, we can set up the following equation with x being the score on the fourth
test:
88+78+95+x4=90
Now, solve for x
88+78+95+x=360
261+x=360
x=360-261

Answer: x=99
Problem 2
In her last 5 basketball games, Jo scored 18 points, 12 points, 22 points, 24 points,
and 14 points. How many points per game does she score on average?
Possible Answers:
22
18
20
16

Solution:
To find the average, add up all the values you are given and divide by the number of values
there are.

Answer: Average=12+12+22+24+145=905=18

Problem 3
Find the mean of the following set of numbers: 1,1,1,2,4,5,5,7,8,12
Possible Answers:
4.6
5
1
4
4.5

Solution:
To find the mean of a set of numbers, you must add them all and then divide their sum by the
number of total members of the set. 
1+1+1+2+4+5+5+7+8+12=46 and there are 10 numbers in the set, so we divide 46 by 10,

46/10= Answer: giving us a mean of 4.6.

Problem 4
Jimmy's dog had 6 puppies. He weighed the puppies right after they were born. Their weights
were 657 grams, 789 grams, 456 grams, 554 grams, 635 grams, and 446 grams. In grams,
what was the mean weight of the puppies?
Possible Answers:
707.4
3537
589.5
632.9
Correct answer:
589.5
Explanation:
The mean of a set of numbers is the same as its average. 
Mean=Average=Sum of all the numbers/Total number of individual items
So then, to find the mean weight for the puppies,

Answer: Mean=657+789+456+554+635+446=3537
3537/6=589.5

Problem 5
The class average in a class of 15 is 86%. If one additional student earns a 100% in the class,
what is the new class average.
Hint: Since There is not enough information to answer this question
Possible Answers:
87.4%
93%
86.875%

Solution:
We can treat this as if the entire class had exactly 86% as their average, so the new average
is:
(86)(15) + 100=1390/16
Answer: =86.875
Added Problem for Basic Statistics

In one state, 52% of the voters are Republicans, and 48% are Democrats. In a second state,
47% of the voters are Republicans, and 53% are Democrats. Suppose a simple random
sample of 100 voters are surveyed from each state.

What is the probability that the survey will show a greater percentage of Republican voters in
the second state than in the first state?

(A) 0.04
(B) 0.05
(C) 0.24
(D) 0.71
(E) 0.76

Solution

The correct answer is C. For this analysis, let P1 = the proportion of Republican voters in the
first state, P2 = the proportion of Republican voters in the second state, p1 = the proportion of
Republican voters in the sample from the first state, and p2 = the proportion of Republican
voters in the sample from the second state. The number of voters sampled from the first state
(n1) = 100, and the number of voters sampled from the second state (n2) = 100.

The solution involves four steps.

 Make sure the sample size is big enough to model differences with a normal
population. Because n1P1 = 100 * 0.52 = 52, n1(1 - P1) = 100 * 0.48 = 48, n2P2 = 100 *
0.47 = 47, and n2(1 - P2) = 100 * 0.53 = 53 are each greater than 10, the sample size is
large enough.

 Find the mean of the difference in sample proportions: E(p1 - p2) = P1 - P2 = 0.52 -
0.47 = 0.05.

 Find the standard deviation of the difference.

σd = sqrt{ [ P1(1 - P1) / n1 ] + [ P2(1 - P2) / n2 ] }

σd = sqrt{ [ (0.52)(0.48) / 100 ] + [ (0.47)(0.53) / 100 ] }
σd = sqrt (0.002496 + 0.002491) = sqrt(0.004987) = 0.0706
  Find the probability. This problem requires us to find the probability that p1 is less
than p2. This is equivalent to finding the probability that p1 - p2 is less than zero. To
find this probability, we need to transform the random variable (p1 - p2) into a z-score.
That transformation appears below.

z p1 - p2 = (x - μ p1 - p2 ) / σd = = (0 - 0.05)/0.0706 = -0.7082

Answer: Therefore, the probability that the survey will show a greater
percentage of Republican voters in the second state than in the first state is
0.24.
 Simple and Compound Interest
2. Basic Definition
Interest
- Interest is defined as the cost of borrowing money as in the case of interest charged on
a loan balance. Conversely, interest can also be the rate paid for money on deposit as
in the case of a certificate of deposit. Interest can be calculated in two ways, simple
interest or compound interest.

Simple Interest
- Calculated on the principal, or original, amount of a loan.
Terms
- Principal: Money borrowed.
- Rate: is the percentage of the principal charged as interest each year. The rate is
expressed as a decimal fraction, so percentages must be divided by 100.
Example: 5% = 5/100 = 0.05
- Amount: The total money which the borrower pays back to the lender at the end of
the specified period is called the amount.
- Time: Time in years of the loan.
The simple-interest formula is often abbreviated in this form:
S.I = P x R x T

Compound Interest
- Calculated on the principal amount and also on the accumulated interest of previous
periods, and can thus be regarded as "interest on interest.
- The main difference between simple interest and compound-interest is that in case of
simple interest, the principal remains the same throughout, whereas in the case of
compound-interest, it goes on changing periodically.
2.1 Simple and Compound Interest Examples and Solutions

Simple Interest
Problem 1
Ariel takes a loan of $8,000 to buy a used truck at the rate of 9 % simple Interest. Calculate
the annual interest to be paid for the loan amount.

Solution:
From the details given in the problem Principle = P = $8,000 and R = 9% or 0.09 expressed
as a decimal.

As the annual Interest is to be calculated, the time period T =1.

Plugging these values in the simple Interest formula,

I=PxTxR

= 8,000 x 1 x 0.09

= 720.00

Answer:Annual Interest to be paid = $720

Problem 2
Steve invested $ 10,000 in a savings bank account that earned 2% simple interest. Find the
interest earned if the amount was kept in the bank for 4 years.

Solution:
Principle P =10,000TimePeriodT=4years and Rate of Interest =2 Plugging these values in the
simple Interest formula,
I=PXTXR=10,000X4x0.02=
P=10,000TimePeriod
T= 4yearsandRateofInterest
R= 2PluggingthesevaluesinthesimpleInterestformula,
I=PXTXR=10,000X4x0.02= 800

Answer: Interest earned for the investment = $ 800

Problem 3
Ryan bought 15,000fromabanktobuyacarat1015,000fromabanktobuyacarat10 9,000 as
interest while clearing the loan, find the time for which the loan was given.

Solution: 
Principle = 15,000RateofInterestR=1015,000RateofInterestR=10 9,000. And T is to be found.

T = I/(PR)

= 9000/ (15,000 x 0.10)

= 6 years.

Answer: The loan was given for 6 years.

Problem 4
A person deposits $5,000 in a bank account which pays 6% simple interest per year. Find the
value of his deposit after 4 years. 

Solution: 
Formula for simple interest is
I  =  Prt 
Here, P  =  5000, t  =  4, r  =  6%
Let us plug these values in the above formula
I  =  5000 ⋅ 6/100 ⋅ 4
I  =  1200
The formula to find the accumulated value is 
= Principal + Interest 
= 5000 + 1200
= 6200

Answer: Hence, the value of his deposit after 4 years is $6,200.

Problem 5
Glen received $2,250 loan from bank. After six months, he paid back $2,295 and closed the
loan. Find the rate of interest. 
Solution: 
Interest = Amount - Principal
I = 2295 - 2250
I = 45
Formula for simple interest is
I = Prt 
Given: Time period is 6 months. 
In simple interest formula, we use time period in years. But the time period given in the
question is in months. 
So, let us change the given time period in years. 
6 months = 6 / 12 year
6 months = 1 / 2 year 
So, the time period is 1/2 year.
Formula for simple interest is
I = Prt 
Here, I = 45, P = 2250, t = 1/2
Let us plug these values in the above formula
45 = 2250 ⋅ r ⋅ 1/2
45 = 1125 ⋅ r
Divide both sides by 1125.
45 / 1125 = r
0.04 = r
To convert the decimal 0.04 into percentage, multiply it by 100. 
0.04 ⋅ 100 % = r
4 % = r

Answer: Hence, the rate of interest is 4%.

Compound Interest
Problem 1
A principal of $2000 is placed in a savings account at 3% per annum compounded annually.
How much is in the account after one year, two years and three years?

Solution and Answer:

When interest is compounded annually, total amount A after t years is given by: A = P(1 +
r) t, where P is the initial amount (principal), r is the rate and t is time in years.
1 year: A = 2000(1 + 0.03) 1 = $2060
2 years: A = 2000(1 + 0.03) 2 = $2121.80
3 years: A = 2000(1 + 0.03) 3 = $2185.45

Problem 2
$100 is the principal deposited in a 5% saving account not compounded (simple interest). The
same amount of $100 is placed in a 5% saving account compounded annually. Find the total
amount A after t years in each saving plan and graph both of them in the same system of
rectangular axes. Use the graphs to approximate the time it takes each saving plan to double
the initial amount.

Solution and Answer:

Not compounded: A = P + P (1 + r t) = 100(1 + 0.05 t)
Compounded: A = P (1 + r) t = 100(1 + 0.05) t
Graphs below are those of the compounded and not compounded interests. The compounded
interest doubles in about 14 years while the non-compounded (simple) interest doubles in
about 20 about years.
Problem 3
If $3000 is placed in an account at 5% and is compounded quarterly for 5 years. How much is
in the account at the end of 5 years?

Solution and Answer:

 n t
Compounded n times a year and after t years, the total amount is given by: A = P (1 + r/n)
4t
 
quarterly n = 4: Hence A = P (1 + r/4)  = 3000(1 + 0.05/4)
 4 × 5
 = $3846.11

Problem 4
What principal you have to deposit in a 4.5% saving account compounded monthly in order
to have a total of $10,000 after 8 years?

Solution and Answer:

P initial balance to find and final balance A known and equal to $10,000.
A = P (1 + 0.045 / 12)   
12 × 8
= 10,000
12 × 8
P = 10,000 / ((1 + 0.045 / 12)  ) = $6981.46

Problem 5
A principal of $120 is deposited in a 7% account and compounded continuously. At the same
time a principal of $150 is deposited in a 5% account and compounded annually. How long
does it take for the amounts in the two accounts to be equal?

Solution and Answer:

0.07 t
Continuous compounding: A 1 = 120 e 

t
Annual compounding: A 2 = 150 (1 + 0.05)
A 1 = A 2
0.07 t t
120 e   = 150 (1 + 0.05)
Take log base e (ln) of both sides.
0.07 t
ln (120 e  ) = ln (150 (1 + 0.05) t )

Use property ln (A B) = ln(A) + ln(B) to rewrite the above as:

0.07 t t
ln (120) + ln (e  ) = ln (150) + ln ((1 + 0.05)  )

Use properties ln A n = n ln(A), ln (e n) = n to simplify.

ln (120) + 0.07 t = ln (150) + t ln(1+ 0.05)

Solve for t.
t (0.07 - ln (1 + 0.05)) = ln (150) - ln (120)
t = [ ln (150) - ln (120)] / [ 0.07 - ln (1 + 0.05)] ≅ 10.5 years

Check graphically below. Graphs intersect when A 1 = A 2.

 Modular Arithmetic
3. Basic Definition
- In mathematics, modular arithmetic is a system of arithmetic for integers, where numbers
"wrap around" when reaching a certain value, called the modulus. The modern approach to
modular arithmetic was developed by Carl Friedrich Gauss in his book Disquisitiones
Arithmeticae, published in 1801.
A familiar use of modular arithmetic is in the 12-hour clock, in which the day is divided into
two 12-hour periods. If the time is 7:00 now, then 8 hours later it will be 3:00. Usual addition
would suggest that the later time should be 7 + 8 = 15, but this is not the answer because
clock time "wraps around" every 12 hours. Because the hour number starts over after it
reaches 12, this is arithmetic modulo 12. In terms of the definition below, 15 is congruent to 3
modulo 12, so the (military) time called "15:00" has the equivalent clock form "3:00".

3.1 Modular Arithmetic Examples and Solutions:

Problem 1
If n! denotes the product of the integers 1 through n, what is the remainder when
(1! + 2! + 3! + 4! + 5! + 6! +…:) is divided by 9?

Solution and Answer:

First of all, we know that k! _ 0 (mod 9) for all k _ 6. Thus, we only need to _nd
(1! + 2! + 3! + 4! + 5!) (mod 9).
1! _ 1 (mod 9)
2! _ 2 (mod 9)
3! _ 6 (mod 9)
4! _ 24 _ 6 (mod 9)
5! _ 5 _ 6 _ 30 _ 3 (mod 9)
Thus,
(1! + 2! + 3! + 4! + 5!) _ 1 + 2 + 6 + 6 + 3 _ 18 _ 0 (mod 9)
so the remainder is 0.
Problem 2
Prove that 2n + 6 _ 9n is always divisible by 7 for any positive integer n.
Solution Proof:
2 _ 9 (mod 7) =) 2n _ 9n (mod 7) =) 2n + 6 _ 9n _ 7 _ 9n _ 0 _ 9n _ 0 (mod 7).

Problem 3
The positive integers N and N2 both end in the same sequence of four digits
abcd when written in base 10, where digit a is nonzero. Find the three-digit number abc.

Solution and Answer: 937(d = 6)

We have that N2 􀀀 N = N (N - 1) _ 0 mod 10000.
Thus, N (N - 1) must be divisible by both 54 and 24. Note, however, that if either N or
N 􀀀 1 has both a 5 and a 2 in its factorization, the other must end in either 1 and 9, which
is impossible for a number that is divisible by either 2 or 5. Thus, one of them is divisible by
24 = 16, and the other is divisible by 54 = 625. Noting that 625 _ 1 mod 16, we see that 625
would work for N, except the thousands digit is 0. The other possibility is that N is a multiple
of 16 and N - 1 is a multiple of 625. In order for this to happen, N - 1 must be congruent to
-1 mod 16. Since 625 _ 1 mod 16, we know that 15 _ 625 = 9375 _ 15 _ -1 mod 16. Thus,
N - 1 = 9375, so N = 9376, and our answer is 937.

Problem 4
x x
For how many positive integral values of x _ 100 is 3 - 2 divisible by 5?

Solution and Answer: 20

Note that 34 _ 81 _ 1 mod 5. Let x be defined as x _ s mod 20, where s _ 20. Then
x s 2 2
x _ s mod 4 and x _ s mod 5. These imply that 3 _ 3 mod 20 and x _ s mod 20, so

x 2 s 2
3 - x _ 3 - s _ 0 mod 20.
Problem 5
Let S be the set of integers between 1 and 240 that contain two 1's when
written in base 2. What is the probability that a random integer from S is divisible by 9?

Solution and Answer: 133/780

6
Note that since 2 = 64 _ 1 (mod 9), the powers of 2 form a cyclic of length 6 in (mod 9).

Moreover, for any non-negative integer n,

6n 6n+1 6n+2
2 _ 1 (mod 9), 2 _ 2 (mod 9), 2 _ 4 (mod 9)

6n+3 6n+4 6n+5

2 _ 8 _ -1 (mod 9), 2 _ 16 _ -2 (mod 9), 2 _ 32 _ -4 (mod 9)

The solutions that work are in the form 2a + 2b because they must have exactly two 1's in
their binary representation. Pairs of a and b have to be such that 2a and 2b add up to 0 (mod
9). Thus, (a; b) must be in one of the following forms:
(6c, 6d + 3), (6c + 1, 6d + 4), or (6c + 2, 6d + 5)
Since the solutions are between 1 and 240, there are 7 _ 7 = 49 choices for the first pair,
7 _ 6 = 42 choices for the second pair, and 7 _ 6 = 42 choices for the third pair. Thus, there
are
49+42+42 = 133 possible solutions in total. Since there are 40/2 = 780 numbers that have
exactly two 1's in their binary representation to choose from, the probability that one of them
is divisible by 9 is 133/780