UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY

School of Liberal Arts and Teacher Education

Balzain Highway, Tuguegarao City 3500
Dr. Matias P. Perez Sr. Bldg.

Name of Student:________________________ Year/Section:_____________

Subject:_______________________________ Teacher:______________

MODULE No.
TITLE: Statistics: Normal Distribution, Linear Regression and Correlation
Mathematics of Finance
INTRODUCTIO Statistics is used almost everyday in our life. It is also very helpful in the
N field of research. In this branch of Mathematics, there are lots of things
that we should know. Research is one of the important matters especially
in our daily living. Statistics is a field of Mathematics that deals with the
collection, organization, analization and interpretation of data. In this
situation, Statistics is very important in our daily living. We use Statistics
for us to know the average, to know the halfway score of a certain data
and other things. We can simply use Statistics in research where it will be
a big help most especially those who are on the field of medicine. Right
now, in the crisis that we are facing, we need to use Statistics and with the
help of some Scientific skills to invent some cure to the virus that has
been killing lives of many people. In this situation, no matter how wide a
research is, we need to appreciate the things that we have most especially
if Mathematics is embedded to it.

LEARNING At the end of the topic, the students should be able to:
OBJECTIVES A. Use variety of statistical tools to process and manage numerical
data.
B. Use methods of linear regression and correlations to predict the
value of a variable given certain conditions.
C. Advocate the use of statistical data in making important decisions

Discussion/Situational analysis/Content Etc:

NORMAL CURVE DISTRIBUTION

Normal distribution, sometimes called the bell curve, is a distribution that occurs

naturally in many situations.
Properties of Normal Distribution:

1. The mean, median and mode are equal

2. The normal curve is a bell-shaped and symmetric about the mean
3. The area to left of the y-axis is 50% and the area to right of the y-axis is 50%.
4. The total area under the curve is equal to 1 or 100%
5. The two end tail of the curve never touches the x-axis as it extends from the
mean.

FINDING THE AREA UNDER THE NORMAL CURVE

1. FINDING THE AREA FROM THE MEAN TO THE LEFT OR TO THE RIGHT.
Examples:
a. Find the area under the normal curve from mean to right of 1.50
b. Find the area under the normal curve from the mean to -1.45
c. Find the area under the normal curve from zero to 2.8
d. Find the area under the normal curve from zero to -0.25
2. Finding the area under the normal curve to the left of z-score
Examples:
a. Find the area under the normal curve to the left of z score is equal to 1.5
 b. Find the area under the normal curve to the left of z score is equal to -1.35

3. Finding the area under the normal curve to the right of z-score
Examples:
 a. Find the area under the normal curve to the right of z score is equal to 2.75
b. Find the area under the normal curve to the right of z score is equal to -0.80

4. Finding the area under the normal curve between two z-scores
Examples:
a. Find the area under the normal curve between z= 2.50 to z= -0.50
b. Find the area under the normal curve between z= 1.75 to z= 0.10
c. Find the area under the normal curve between z= -0.45 to z= - 1.65
d. Find the area under the normal curve between z= -0.35 to z= 1.30
Formula in computing for z-score or standard score

x−μ
z=
σ
Where :
Z – standard score
x – score
µ - mean
σ- standard deviation
Examples:

1. What is the standard score of the student who took the exam in mathematics with the
score of 45 and the mean of the class was 42 with a standard deviation of 10.
Solution:

2. Refer to number 1. What is the probability of the student?

Solution:
Z=0.30
Area= 0.1179 or 11.79%
Therefore the probability of the student is 11.79%
 LINEAR REGRESSION AND CORRELATION

Correlation-quantifies the direction and strength of the relationship between

two numeric variables, X and Y, and always lies between -1.0 and 1.0

r Interpretation
0.00 to ±0.20 Slight correlation
±0.21 to ±0.40 Low correlation
±0.41 to ± 0.60 Moderate correlation
±0.61 to ±0.80 High correlation
±0.81 to ±1.00 Very high correlation

Pearson Correlation

Example:

1. Is there a significant relationship on the scores of the five students who took the exam in
Mathematics and English? The scores show on the table below
Mathematics English
15 19
16 14
10 14
15 12
10 13

Solution:
  x y x2 y2 xy
  15 1 225 361 285
9
  16 1 256 196 224
4
  10 1 100 196 140
4
  15 1 225 144 180
2
  10 1 100 169 130
3
tota 66 7 906 1066 959
 l 2
5 ( 959 )−(66)(72)
r=
√[ 5 ( 906 )−( 66 ) 2 ] ¿ ¿¿
r=0.2697

Interpretation: there is a low correlation

MODULE No. 2
TITLE: THE MATHEMATICS OF FINANCE
INTRODUCTIO Also, for a long time, businesses have been so bloomed in the industry.
N Many people wanted to invest and share how their businesses have been.
For quite some time, people are now business minded. There are
networkings and others may join different clubs such as they have to loan
for their businesses. Government also have the share on how budget was
made and the like. In this module, students will be accountable to
understand how business are circling around the world. From simple
interest to compound interest and others.
LEARNING At the end of the topic, the students should be able to:
OBJECTIVES A. Define simple and compound interest;
B. Recall the formulas for simple and compound interest;
C. Calculate simple interest, rate, and time.
D. Calculate simple discount.
E. Calculate compound interest, rate and time
F. Determine face value and maturity of bonds.
G. Make wiser decision in real life in terms of using money in
business.

SIMPLE INTEREST
Simple interest – is an interest applies when interest for each year is based on the amount of the
loan or investment.

Formula:

I= Prt
Where:
I-simple interest P = principal amount
r = rate of interest t = time in terms of year/s

Other Formula
I I I
P=
rt
; r = Pt
;t= Pr

F= P + I or F = P(1+rt)
 Where: F – final amount or accumulated amount
Example:

1. What is the simple interest of 25,000 for 2 years at 6% interest rate?

Solution:
I=(25000)(2)(0.06)
I=3000

2. How much money will Ms. Mary anne Pascua pay at the end of 2 years and 6 months
if she borrowed P35000 to Ms. Jade Macababbad at 8% rate?
Solution:
a. I = (35000)(2.5)(0.08)
I = 7000
Note: 1 year = 12 months
b. F = P + I
F= 35000 + 7000
F = 42000

3. Mrs. Palattao borrowed P10,100 to Mrs. Abella for 6 months and paid an interest of
500. What was the rate of interest?
Solution
I
r=
Pt
100
r=
(10,00)(0.5)
r = 0.2 or 20 %

4. Kim got a loan of P4700 to buy a used Bike. The interest rate is 7.5%. She paid
P1057.50 in interest. How many years did it take her to pay off her loan?
Solution:

I
t=
Pr
1057.50
t= (4700)( 0.075)

t= 3 years

Compound Interest – is an interest which is being paid on an interest

r
F = P(1 + m )mt
Where:

F = Future amount P = Principal amount

 r = rate of interest Annually = 1
t = time in terms of year Semi – Annually = 2
m = compounding period Quarterly = 4
Four Compounding Period Monthly = 12

Examples:

1. Mrs. Angelita invest her P100,000.00 at LBP, how much money she will received at the
end of 4 years at a rate of 2% compounded semi-annually?
Given:
P = 100000 r = 2% A=?
t=4 m=2
Solution:

0.02
F = 100000(1 + 2 )2(4)
F= 100000(1+0.01)8
F= 100000(1.01)8
F = P108285.67

2. Randy invested his P5, 000.00 at 8% rate of interest compounded quarterly. How much will
he receive at the end of 2 years?
Given:
P = 5000 r = 0.08 m=4
t=2 A=?
Solution:

0.08
F = 5000(1 + 4 )4(2)
F= P5858.30

STOCKS, BOND and MUTUAL FUNDS

Stocks – is a share of individual company or person.

Bonds – are issued by the company by borrowing money from bond holders

Mutual Funds – is an investment trust whose assets are stocks and bonds.

Note: Mutual Fund can be computed by the use of Net Asset Value.
 Formula:

A−L
NAV=
N

Where:
A = asset value A = Stocks + Bonds
L= liabilities
N= number of shares outstanding

Example:

A mutual fund has P400 million worth of stocks and P10 million worth of bonds. The total
funds liabilities are worth P3 million. There are P30 million shares outstanding. Rylee invest
P50, 000.00 to this fund.
a. Calculate the NAV
b. How many shares can be purchase?

Solution:

( 400 M + 10 M )−3 M
a. NAV =
30 M
NAV = 13.57
Shares Outstanding
b. `Shares to purchase = NAV
50 000
Shares to purchase =
13.57
Share to purchase = 3, 684 shares

Prepared by:
Mathematics Instructors
 UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY
School of Liberal Arts and Teacher Education
Balzain Highway, Tuguegarao City 3500

Name of Student:________________________ Year/Section:_____________

Subject:_______________________________ Teacher:______________

FOR YOUR ACTIVITY:

Please answer the following pages on your book

128 – 131
149 – 150 (in this page, just simply compute for the value of “r” then interpret it)
199 – 203
For Stocks, Bonds and Mutual Funds
1. A mutual fund has ₱10.5 million worth of stocks and ₱5 million worth of bonds. The mutual
fund’s total liabilities are ₱1.3 million with ₱2.5 million shares outstanding. If you invest
₱100,000, how many shares can be purchased?
2. The total assets of a mutual fund amount to ₱40 million and the total liabilities ₱8 million. If
you invest ₱1 million together with the 3 million shares outstanding, how many can be
purchased?
 UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY
School of Liberal Arts and Teacher Education
Balzain Highway, Tuguegarao City 3500
Dr. Matias P. Perez Sr. Bldg.

Name of Student:________________________ Year/Section:_____________

Subject:_______________________________ Teacher:______________

MODULE No. 3
TITLE: MATHEMATICAL SYSTEM
INTRODUCTIO Modular arithmetic is a branch of mathematics called group theory. A
N system is an organized, purposeful structure that consists of interrelated
and interdependent elements. It also involves concepts, principles,
properties and others that may define the structure of mathematics. Every
mathematical knowledge has its own structure and property that makes it
unique from other. In this module, one may learn the importance of
mathematical system in real life especially in using their time.
LEARNING At the end of the topic, the students should be able to:
OBJECTIVES A. Understand and apply modulus;
B. Perform addition and subtraction of moduli; and
C. Apply modular arithmetic in real life.

MODULAR ARITHMETIC

Modular Arithmetic – is a system of arithmetic for integers, where “wrap around” upon reaching
a certain value, the modulus (plural moduli). It is also known as “taking remainder”
Two integers a and b are said to be congruent modulo n, where n is a natural number, if
a−b
is an integer.
n
The expression a ¿ˇ b mod n, pronounce as “a is congruent to b modulo n” , means that a-b
is a multiple of n. the number n is called the modulus

Example:
Prove or Disprove the following:
1. 29 ≅ 8 mod 3
Given:
a = 29 b= 8 n= 3
solution:

a−b 29−8
, =7 since 7 is an integer therefore 29 ¿ˇ 8 mod 3 is a true congruence
n 3

2. 15 ≅ 4 mod 6
Given:
a = 15 b = 4 n = 6

solution:

a−b 15−4 11 11
, = since is not an integer therefore 15 ≅ 4 mod 6 is not a true congruence.
n 6 6 6

OPERATIONS IN MODULAR ARITHMETIC

ADDITION and SUBTRACTION

EXAMPLE:
1. Evaluate (51 + 71) mod 3
51+71 = 122 / 3 = 40 remainder 2
Therefore (51+7) mod 3 ≅ 2
Note: whatever be the remainder that will be the answer.

2. Evaluate (23+28) mod 12

23+28=51 / 12 =4 remainder 3
Therefore (23+28) mod 12 ≅ 3

3. Evaluate (33-16) mod 6

33-16 = 17 / 6 = 2 remainder 5
Therefore (36-16) mod 6 ≅ 5

4. Evaluate (14 – 27) mod 5

14 – 27 = - 13. Since the answer is negative we will find the value of x which is less than
the modulo n.

-13≅x mod 5
Possible value of x less than modulo 5
x=0 x=2 x= 4
x=1 x=3
Solution:
−13−0 −(13+ 0) −13
When x = 0 ; = ; not integer
5 5 5
−13−1 −(13+1) −14
When x = 1 ; = = not integer
5 5 5

−13−2 −(13+2) −15

When x = 2 ; = = = -3 integer
5 5 5

−13−3 −(13+3) −16

When x = 3 ; = = not integer
5 5 5
 −13−4 −(13+ 4) −17
When x = 4 ; = = not integer
5 5 5

Therefore (14 – 27) mod 5 ≅ 2

Note: whatever be the value of x that you substitute that gives a value of integer that will
be the remainder.

MULTIPLICATION
Examples:

1. (15 * 13) mod 11

15 * 13 = 195 / 11 = 17 remainder 8
Therefore (15 * 13) mod 11 ≅ 8
2. (33 * 41) mod 17
33 * 41 =1353 / 17 =79 remainder 10
Therefore (33 * 41) mod 17 ≅ 10

APPLICATION OF MODULAR ARITHMETIC

TIME PROBLEM:
EXAMPLE:
1. Disregarding am or pm if it is 5 o’clock now.
a. What time will be 39 hours from now?
b. What time was it 57 hours ago?
Solution:
a. (5 + 39) mod 12
44 / 12 = 3 remainder 8
(5 + 39) mod 12≅ 8
Therefore the time will be 39 hours from now is 8 o’clock

b. (5-57) mod 12
5-57 = - 52 mod 12
−52−x −(52+8) 60
12
= = 12 = 5
12
(5-57) mod 12 ≅ 8
Therefore the time was 8 o’clock

DAY OF THE WEEK

2. If today is Tuesday, what day of the week will be

a. Will be 93 days from now?
b. Was 16 days ago?
Note:
Monday = 1 Thursday = 4 Sunday = 0 or 7
Tuesday =2 Friday = 5
 Wednesday = 3 Saturday = 6

Solution:
a. (2+93) mod 7
95 / 7 = 13 remainder 4
(2+93) mod 7≅ 4
Therefore the day of the week 93 days from now is Thursday

b. (2 – 16) mod 7
-14 mod 7
−14−x −(14 +0) −(14 +0)
7
= = = -2 , integer
7 7
(2 – 16) mod 7 ≅ 0
Therefore the day of the week was Sunday.
3. Jerry has 44 boxes of soda in his truck. The can of soda in each box are packed
oddly so that there are 113 cans of soda in each box. Jerry plans to pack the sodas
in 12 cans to sell. After making as many complete cases as possible, how many
sodas will Jerry left over?

Solution:

(44 * 113) mod 12

44 * 113 = 4972 /12 = 414 remainder 4
(44 * 113) mod 12≅ 4
Therefore there are 4 sodas left over by Jerry.

ISBN and UPC

ISBN – International Standard Book Number is contained in every book that is

catalogue in the library of congress. It is a 13 digit number created to help ensure that the
orders of the book are filled accurately and this book is catalogue correctly.

Formula for ISBN Check Digit:

d13 = 10 – (d1 + 3d2 + d3 + 3d4 + d5 + 3d6 + d7 + 3d8 + d9 + 3d10 + d11 + 3d12)mod 10

If d13 = 10, then the check digit is 0

Universal Product Code (UPC) – is placed on item and is useful in grocery store. UPC is
a twelve digit number.

Formula for UPC Check Digit

d12 = 10 – (3d1 + d2 + 3d3 + d4 +3 d5 + d6 + 3d7 + d8 + 3d9 + d10 + 3d11 )mod 10

EXAMPLES:
1. Determine the ISBN check digit for the fourth edition of the Mathematics in the Modern World
work book valid with the digits of 978-621-95906-2-4.
Solution:
d13 = 10 – [9 + 3(7) + 8 + 3(6) + 2+ 3(1) +9 + 3(5) + 9 + 3(0) + 6 + 3(2)] mod 10
= 10 – [9 +21 +8 +18 +2 +3 +9+15+9+0+6+6] mod 10
=10 – (106mod10)
=10 – (6 mod 10)
=10 – 6 mod 10
= 4 mod 10
Since the 13th digit is the same, then the ISBN is valid.

2. Is 1-32342-65933-9 a valid UPC

Solution:
d12 =10 – [3(1) +3 + 3(2) +3 +3(4) +2 + 3(6 )+ 5 + 3(9) +3 + 3(3) ]mod 10
=10 - (3+3+6+3+12+2+18+5+27+3+9) mod 10
=10 – ( 91 mod 10)
= 10 – (1 mod 10)
=10 – 1 mod 10
= 9 mod 10
Therefore UPC digit is valid.

Prepared by:
Mathematics Instructors
 UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY
School of Liberal Arts and Teacher Education
Balzain Highway, Tuguegarao City 3500

Name of Student:________________________ Year/Section:_____________

Subject:_______________________________ Teacher:______________

FOR YOUR ACTIVITY:

Answer pages:

I. Evaluate the following:

1. (9 + 15) mod 7
2. (5+23) mod 6
3. (12-32) mod 8
4. (8-12) mod 15
5. (8*13) mod 9
6. (40*160) mod 20
7. (56+25) mod 3
8. (14 – 72) mod 4
9. (16*32) mod 15
10. (280* 65) mod 32
II. SOLVE THE FOLLOWING
1. Disregarding am or pm. If it is 2 o’clock now
a. What time will be 45 hours from now?
b. What time was 72 hours ago?
2. If today is Friday.
a. What day of the week will 96 days from now?
b. What day of the week was 208 ago?

Note: You can use any paper, even if it is used but not abused. You can write at the back of your
used paper if you don’t have any paper. God bless everyone!