Fundamentals of

Remote Sensing / GIS

Japan Space Systems

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 Remote sensing

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What is remote sensing?
 Remote sensing is the acquisition of information about an object or
phenomenon without making physical contact with the object.
 Remote sensing can take an information for large area and
inaccessible region repeatedly.
Land cover map

http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/8/9/5449

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What is remote sensing?
 Remote sensing is the acquisition of information about an object or
phenomenon without making physical contact with the object.
 Remote sensing can take an information for large area and
inaccessible region repeatedly.

http://www.pref.shiga.lg.jp/nagahama-pbo/nogyo/syutyo/syuuryoutyousa.html http://www.cropmaps.com/?p=3b

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How to acquire the information of object?
 Remote sensing uses the visible, near infrared and short-wave
infrared sensors to detect the solar radiation reflected from targets
on the earth surface objects.
 The reflected spectrum shows an unique signature depend on the
type or characteristics of objects.

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How to acquire the information of object?
 Remote sensing uses the thermal infrared sensors to detect infrared
radiation emitted from the Earth's surface.
 The amount of infrared radiation emitted at a particular wavelength
from an object depends on its temperature.

http://www.crisp.nus.edu.sg/~research/tutorial/infrared.htm

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How to acquire the information of object?
 The synthetic aperture radar (SAR) transmits the microwave pulses
towards the earth surface.
 The microwave energy scattered back to the sensor is measured.

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Wavelength
 This figure shows the wavelength which commonly used in remote
sensing.

http://remote-sensing.net/concepts.html

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Characteristics of wavelength

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Characteristics of microwave sensor
 Microwave sensor can take an information at night time.
 Microwave sensor can take an information through the cloud.

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Variety of remote sensing satellite/sensor

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Specifications of sensors
 Remote sensing data are characterized by following specifications.
 Spatial resolution
 Swath width
 Spectral range
 Spectral resolution

 Spatial resolution is the size of pixel.

15m (ASTER) 30m (Landsat8)

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Swath width
 Swath width is the image width covering the ground surface.
 Spatial resolution and swath width are in a offset relationship.

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Spectral range and spectral resolution

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Pixel value
 Satellite image is composed by pixels.
 Each pixel is represented by a digital number corresponding to the
ground surface radiance or reflectance.

8 bit 0 255 Bit means the number

7 bit 0 128 of colors.
6 bit 0 64
5 bit 0 32 N bit = 2N
4 bit 0 16
3 bit 0 8 ASTER :8 bit
2 bit 0 4 Landst8 :12 bit
1 bit 0 2
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Single-band color (Pseudo-color)
 Change color for single band.
 Using a color map, add color depending on the pixel value.

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Multi-band color
 Multi-band image is composed by three bands.
 By assigning each band to red, green and blue, a color image is
created.

Band 3

Band 1 :Red
Band 2 Band 2 :Green
Band 3 :Blue

Band 1

Band 1 :Blue
Band 2 :Green
Band 3 :Red

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Contrast enhancement
 To change the dynamic range of each band, the color contrast is
enhanced.

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 GIS

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What is GIS?
 A geographic information system (GIS) can be utilized to quickly
map, analyze, and answer real-world questions.
 It stores information in multiple layers, each layer pertaining to a
certain type of data.

http://henrico.us/it/gis/

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Raster data

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Vector data

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Feature

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Feature

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Coordinate reference system (CRS)
 Geographic coordinate reference system (CRS)
 This CRS use degrees of latitude and longitude to describe a location on
the earth’s surface.
 Projection coordinate reference system
 This CRS use the XY-plane (sometime z-axis) to describe a location on
the earth’s surface.
 Projection is performed in order to deal with the various spatial data
on the spherical plane such as earth.

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Popular coordinate reference system

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 Applications

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Time series analysys

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Band ratio (NDVI)

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Band ratio (NDVI)

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Band ration (Clay minerals)

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Classification

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Dem analysis (Contour)

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Dem analysis (Stream)

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Dem analysis (Flood area)

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Georeferencing
 GIS software can put the CRS to the paper map which scanned the
digital scanner.

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Digitizing
 GIS software can make vector data from base map like a satellite
image, field survey data, and so on.

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Map composer
 You can make a maps with coordinate, grid, scale, and so on.

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