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Irreducible water saturation and porosity mathematical models for Kwale

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Petroleum & Coal
ISSN 1337-7027

Available online at www.vurup.sk/petroleum-coal

Petroleum & Coal 57(5) 412-423, 2015

IRREDUCIBLE WATER SATURATION AND POROSITY MATHEMATICAL

MODELS FOR KWALE SANDS, NIGER DELTA

Thomas A. Adebayo

Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi; thomas.adebayo@hct.ac.ae

Received June 22, 2015; Accepted September 14, 2015

Abstract
Irreducible water saturation value is an indication of total volume of oil and water producible from a
reservoir. It also influences the production rate from that reservoir. The irreducible water
saturation for some Kwale sands were analysed in this work using Timur, Tixier and Coates-Duma-
noir models. It was discovered that the Timur and Tixier models gave reasonable irreducible water
saturation values with the Timur values being closer to the water saturation values and hence of
more accurate values. The Coates-Dunamior model gave almost 100% Swirr values but this is
unrealistic value for any oil reservoir, except for rocks in water zone with initial water saturation of
almost 100%. Moreover, porosity for the different sands were analyzed to obtain a relationship
such that porosity is function of water saturation only for each sand. It was also observed that
porosity-water saturation relationship is a polynomial equation of degree 2 or 3 for the Kwale
sands. Permeability was also anayzed as a function of porosity. For Kwale sand C that has average
porosity closest to the most common porosity in Kwale reservoir, the model equations obtained are
φ = 0.0054Sw2 - 0.6538Sw + 36.331 for porosity-water saturation; K=95000φ2-34100φ+3058 for
permeability-porosity relationship and Swirr=-446.5φ2+162.4φ-14.09 for the irreducible water
saturation- porosity relationship.
Keywords:Porosity model; Kwale sandstone; irreducible water saturation; porosity variation; water saturation,
permeability model.

1. Introduction
The profitability of a reservoir is directly related to the amount of hydrocarbon that is
producible from the reservoir and how fast and at what cost of production. The irreducible
water saturation determines the maximum water producible with oil from a reservoir and
influenced the process and cost of separation, or treatment, required for the production
from a well. The higher the irreducible water saturation, the higher the relative permeability
to oil and the higher the production rate of oil from a reservoir. Hence, this work computes
the irreducible water saturation for some Kwale, Niger-Delta reservoir based on the log
analysis of permeability, porosity and water saturation carried out by Ekine and Iyabe [1]..
Ezatollah et al. [2] estimated hydraulic flow units required in the estimation of irreducible
water saturation using capillary pressure data and hydraulic flow units. They used measured
porosity and permeability data on the samples of a carbonate reservoir. Xiao et al. [3]
combined Timur and Schlumberger—Doll Research (SDR) models to obtain a new model
for calculating Swirr using 36 core samples from Xujiahe Formation in Bao-jie region of
Triassic, Sichuan basin, southwest China. They stated that this new method has the advan-
tage of obtaining all required data for Swirr from NMR logs accurately.
Timur [4] suggested that relationship for estimating permeability of sandstones from in
situ measurements of porosity and also residual fluid saturation obtained from nuclear
magnetism log will eliminate the expensive coring process. He stated that the porosity
and the saturations can be obtained from logging while drilling and also from drill cuttings.
During the research the measurements of permeability (K) was obtained in the laboratory
while the porosity (Φ), and residual (irreducible) water saturation (S wirr) were also deter-
mined using 155 sandstone samples from three different oil fields in North America. He
obtained an empirical equation to calculate the permeabilities and also obtained another
 T. A. Adebayo/Petroleum & Coal 57(5) 412-423, 2015 413

equation to estimate residual water saturation in sandstones when porosity and permeability
are known.
Aigbedion [5] estimated permeability for some Kwale sands in the Niger-Delta environment
using various correlations and he also assumed a model and tested the model against the
existing models. The work was to obtain permeability modeling in a Niger Delta reservoir
without core data. He expanded the work of Timur [4] who worked on establishment of a
correlation relating permeability, porosity and residual water saturation for sandstone
reservoirs. He also considered the work of Coates and Dumanoir [6] and the Tixier [7].
The model proposed by Aigbedion is as stated in equation 4 and also consider the pre-
existing model equations 1-3.
Timur’s model
∅4.4
𝐾 = 0.136 2 (1)
𝑆𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑟

Tixier’s model
∅3
𝑘1/2 = 250. (2)
𝑆𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑟

Coates-Dumanior’s permeability model

(1−𝑆𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑟 )
𝑘1/2 = 100. ∅2 (3)
𝑆𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑟

Aigbedion proposed a linear permeability model for Niger-Delta in 2004 as

Log K = −0.83565 + 13.069∅ (4)
The Porosity variation with water saturation for some Kwale sands is plotted below
(adapted from log analysis of Ekine and Iyabe [1]). This is then used for irreducible water
saturation modeling using the Tixier, Timur, Coates & Dumanoir and Aigbedion models
to find the most appropriate model for Kwale sand.
The porosity water saturation values for the Kwale sands are as shown in figs. 1 and 2.

22
21
20
19
Porosity

18 Sand
B
17
Sand
16 C
Sand
15
D
14
0 20 40 60 80 100
Water Saturation
Fig. 1. Porosity-Water Saturation For Kwale Sands

20
19
18
17
16
Porosity

15 Sand H
14 Sand I
13
Sand J
12
Sand K
11
10
20 40 60 80 100
Water Saturation
Fig. 2 Porosity-Water Saturation For Kwale Sands
 T. A. Adebayo/Petroleum & Coal 57(5) 412-423, 2015 414

The irreducible water saturation, Swirr, can be computed from the above models
(equations 1 to 3) such that:
0.135∅4.4
Timur 𝑆𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑟 = √ (5)
𝐾
∅3
Tixier 𝑆𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑟 = 250. 1 (6)
𝐾 ⁄2
100.∅2
Coates-Dumanoir 𝑆𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑟 = 1 (7)
𝐾 ⁄2 +100.∅2
For Kwale sands, available permeability, porosity and water saturation data was applied
to compute the irreducible water saturation as proposed in equations 5-7 above using the
three models of Timur, Tixier and Coates-Dumanoir.
2. Methodology
This paper utilized the published log analysis data of Ekine and Iyabe [1] for Kwale
sand to analyze irreducible water saturations for the sand using established permeability
models of Timur, Tixier and Coates-Dumanoir. This irreducible water saturation is a measure
of total producible water from a reservoir and is an indication of the extent of production
facility required to separate hydrocarbon and water production from the reservoir. Moreover,
it is also an indirect measurement of maximum recoverable hydrocarbon from a reservoir.
The data was also utilizzed to obtain equations of porosity as a function of water saturation
only for the different sands.
The Porosity-Water Saturation Plots For Kwale Sands is presented with the appropriate
equation in Appendix B. The lines of best-fit were also determined. In Appendix C, the
models of Timur, Tixier and Coates-Dumanoir were used to compute the irreducible water
saturation for the Kwale sands.
Irreducible Water saturation, Swirr, – porosity analysis was carried out for Sand C in
Appendix D. This was because Sand C has an average porosity nearest to the most common
average value for the whole of Kwale reservoir and is therefore used for the S wirr – poro-
sity model.
3. Results
The computed irreducible water saturation for the Kwale sands is as stated in the figures 3-
13 below. While the results for the porosity-water saturation, irreducible water saturations,
irreducible water saturation versus porosity for sand C are stated in Appendix B, C and D
respectively.

100 100
Irreducible water saturation, Swirr

Irreducible water saturation, Swirr

90 90
80 80
70 70
60 60
50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
Tixier Coates-Dumanoir Timur Tixier Coates-Dumanoir Timur
10 10
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 24 34 44 54 64 74 84 94
Water Saturation, Sw Water Saturation, Sw
Fig. 3 Swirr versus Sw for Kwale sand B Fig. 4 Swirr versus Sw for Kwale sand C
 T. A. Adebayo/Petroleum & Coal 57(5) 412-423, 2015 415

100
Irreducible water saturation, Swirr 100
90

Irreducible water saturation, Swirr

90
80
80
70
70
60 60
50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
Tixier Coates-Dumanoir Timur Tixier Coates-Dumanoir Timur
10 10
0 0
24 34 44 54 64 74 84 94 15 35 55 75 95 115
Water Saturation, Sw Water Saturation, Sw

Fig. 5 Swirr versus Sw for Kwale sand D Fig. 6 Swirr versus Sw for Kwale sand F

100 100

Irreducible water saturation, Swirr

Irreducible water saturation, Swirr

90 90
80 80
70 70
60 60
50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
Tixier Coates-Dumanoir Timur
10 10 Tixier Coates-Dumanoir Timur
0 0
15 35 55 75 95 15 35 55 75 95
Water Saturation, Sw Water Saturation, Sw
Fig. 7 Swirr versus Sw for Kwale sand G Fig. 8 Swirr versus Sw for Kwale sand H

100 100
Irreducible water saturation, Swirr

Irreducible water saturation, Swirr

90 90
80 80
70 70
60 60
50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
Tixier Coates-Dumanoir Timur Tixier Coates-Dumanoir Timur
10 10
0 0
60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94
Water Saturation, Sw Water Saturation, Sw
Fig. 9 Swirr versus Sw for Kwale sand I Fig. 10 Swirr versus Sw for Kwale sand J
 T. A. Adebayo/Petroleum & Coal 57(5) 412-423, 2015 416

100 100

Irreducible water saturation, Swirr

Irreducible water saturation, Swirr
90 90
80 80
70 70
60 60
50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 Tixier Coates-Dumanoir Timur Tixier Coates-Dumanoir Timur
10
0 0
70 75 80 85 90 95 35 45 55 65 75 85
Water Saturation, Sw Water Saturation, Sw
Fig. 11 Swirr versus Sw for Kwale sand K Fig. 12 Swirr versus Sw for Kwale sand L

100
Irreducible water saturation, Swirr

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10 Tixier Coates-Dumanoir Timur
0
50 52 54 56 58
Water Saturation, Sw

Fig. 13 Swirr versus Sw for Kwale sand M

Analysis of the available data for some well in Kwale field shows that Kwale Sands have
unique relationship between the porosity and water saturations. Model equations were
proposed from the analysis of the available measured data and was based on the porosity-
water saturation plots of appendix B as stated below.
For Kwale Sand B, the porosity variation with water saturation is best described by a
proposed model equation
φ = -0.0015Sw2 + 0.1638Sw + 14.643 (8)
For Kwale sand C, the porosity reduces with increasing water saturation until a minimum
at Sw of 0.6 and thereafter increases. Proposed model equation is as follows
φ = 0.0054Sw2 - 0.6538Sw + 36.331 (9)
For Kwale sand D, the analysis shows that the porosity reduces with increasing water
saturation until a minimum at Sw of 0.7 and thereafter increases
φ = 0.0002Sw3 - 0.0268Sw2 + 1.2395Sw + 3.3739 (10)
For Kwale sand F, porosity increases gradually with water saturation. The proposed model
equation is as follows:
φ = 0.0004Sw2 - 0.0382Sw + 17.566 (11)
For Kwale sand G, porosity also increases gradually with water saturation. The proposed
model equation is as follows:
φ = -0.0004Sw2 + 0.069Sw + 14.953 (12)
Kwale Sand H has porosity reducing sharply with increasing water saturation until a
minimum at Sw=0.8 after which it increases again. The proposed model equation is:
φ = 0.0008Sw3 - 0.1501Sw2 + 9.1334Sw - 153.25 (13)
Kwale Sand I has high water saturation and the porosity was observed to increase with
water saturation between Sw of 0.6 and 0.7 and then drops. The proposed model equation
is
 T. A. Adebayo/Petroleum & Coal 57(5) 412-423, 2015 417

φ = -0.0129Sw2 + 1.8974Sw - 53.012 (14)

Like Sand I, Kwale Sand J has high water saturation but the porosity was observed to
decrease sharply with water saturation and the model equation for the Sand is
φ = -0.075Sw2 + 12.65Sw – 517 (15)
Kwale Sank K has almost constant porosity of 13% for water saturation range except
an observed abnormality at Sw of 0.75. The sand was observed to have very high S w with
a minimum of 75%. The proposed model equation is
φ = -0.0551Sw + 17.076 (16)
where φ is porosity and Sw is water saturation.
4. Conclusion
It was observed that irreducible water saturation increases with increasing water satu-
ration. Timur and Tixier models gave Swirr values that are reasonable when compared with
the water saturation values but Coates-Dumanoir model gave a practically impossible
Swirr values. Timur and Tixier models are therefore applicable in computation of S wirr or
permeability for Kwale sands.
It was also observed that porosity is of second degree polynomial in S w for B, C, F, G.
I and J; third degree polynomial in Sw for sands D and H; and a linear relationship for sand K.
Timur model gave higher values than the Tixier model and the model to use will then
be dependent on the nature of the wetting phase in the rock. For a water-wet rock, Swirr
will be higher than for an oil-wet rock since much of the water will be immobile due to its
preferential sticking to the reservoir rock grains and Timur model may then be a better
estimate while for oleophilic rock, the Tixier model will be the preferred model.
References
[1] Ekine AS, Iyabe P., Petrophysical Characterization of the Kwale Field Reservoir
Sands (OML 60) from Wire-line Logs, Niger Delta, Nigeria, J. Appl. Sci. Environ.
Manage 2009; 13(4): 81-85.
[2] Kazemzadeh E, Delshad YS, Moradzadeh A. Relationship Between Irreducible
Water Saturation And Reservoir Quality. Journal of Science University of Tehran
2009; 35(4).
[3] Xiao L, Mao ZhQ, Jin Y. Calculation of Irreducible Water Saturation (S wirr) from
NMR Logs in Tight Gas Sands, Applied Magnetic Resonance 2012; 42(1): 113-125
[4] Timur A. An Investigation Of Permeability, Porosity And Residual Water Saturation
Relationships For Sandstone Reservoirs. The Log Analyst 1968; 9(4): 3 – 5.
[5] Aigbedion I. A Case Study of Permeability Modeling and Reservoir Performance in
the Absence of Core Data in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences
2007; 7: 772-776.
[6] Coates GR, Dumanoir JL. A New Approach To Improve Log-derived Permeability.
1973, Proceedings by SPWLA, Lafayette, 16th Annual Logging Symposium Paper R.
[7] Tixier MP. Evaluation of permeability from electric log resistivity gradient. Earth
Sci. J. 1949; 2: 113-113.
 T. A. Adebayo/Petroleum & Coal 57(5) 412-423, 2015 418

Appendix A
The Porosity-Permeability-Water saturation relationship For Kwale Sands is presented
in this section and this is based on the published measured data of some sands in Kwale
reservoir (Ekine and Iyabe [1]).

25 100
19,5 30 90

19 25 20 80

Permeability, mD
Permeability, mD
70
18,5 20
15 60

porosity
porosity

18 15 50
10 40
17,5 10
30
17 5 5 20
10
16,5 0
0 20 40 60 80 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Water Saturation (%)
Porosity
Water Saturation (%) Porosity

Fig. 14 Porosity-Permeability Versus Water Fig.15 Porosity-Permeability Versus Water

Saturation plot For Kwale Sand B Saturation plot For Kwale Sand C

20,5 35 18,2 18

20 16
30 18
14
19,5
Permeability, mD

Permeability, mD
25 17,8
12
19
porosity

porosity

20 17,6 10
18,5
15 17,4 8
18
6
10 17,2
17,5
4
17 5 17
2

16,5 0 16,8 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100
Water Saturation (%) Water Saturation (%)
Porosity Porosity
Fig.16 Porosity-Permeability Versus Water Fig.17 Porosity-Permeability Versus Water
Saturation plot For Kwale Sand D Saturation plot For Kwale Sand F

18 30 19,5 20

16 18
25 19
14 16
Permeability, mD

Permeability, mD

12 20 14
18,5
porosity

10 12
porosity

15
8 18 10

6 10 8
17,5
4 6
5
2 4
17
0 0 2
0 20 40 60 80 100
16,5 0
Water Saturation (%) 0 20 40 60 80 100
Porosity Water Saturation (%) Porosity
Fig.18 Porosity-Permeability Versus Water Fig.19 Porosity-Permeability Versus Water
Saturation plot For Kwale Sand H Saturation plot For Kwale Sand G
 T. A. Adebayo/Petroleum & Coal 57(5) 412-423, 2015 419

18 8 20 12
16 7 18
10
14 16
6

Permeability, mD

Permeability, mD
14
12 8
5 12
porosity

10

Porosity
4 10 6
8
8
3
6 4
6
2
4 4
2
2 1 2
Porosity Permeability
0 0 0 0
80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 0 20 40 60 80 100
Water Saturation (%) Water Saturation (%)
Porosity
Fig.20 Porosity-Permeability Versus Water Fig.21 Porosity-Permeability Versus Water
Saturation plot For Kwale Sand J Saturation plot For Kwale Sand K

18 18 12,2 4

16 16 3,5
12
14 14
Permeability, mD
3

Permeability, mD
11,8
12 12
2,5
Porosity

Porosity
10 10 11,6
2
8 8
11,4
6 6 1,5

4 4 11,2
1
2 2 11 0,5
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 10,8 0
50 51 52 53 54 55 56
Water Saturation (%) Porosity
Water Saturation (%)
Porosity
Fig.22 Porosity-Permeability Versus Water Fig.23 Porosity-Permeability Versus Water
Saturation plot For Kwale Sand L Saturation plot For Kwale Sand M

Appendix B
Porosity-Water Saturation Models For Kwale Sands
The Porosity-Water Saturation Plots For Kwale Sands is presented in this section with
the appropriate equation. The lines of best-fit were also determined.
The best-fit curves for the porosity-water saturation for the Kwale sands are as stated
in Figs. 24-34. This was done for only Kwale sands with sufficient data, the relationship
between the porosity and permeability is established graphically below with the equation
that best described the relationship on each plot.
19,5 22

19 20
y= -0,0015x2 + 0,1638x + 14,643
18,5 18
R² = 0,8182
porosity

porosity

18 16 y = 0,0054x2 - 0,6538x + 36,331

R² = 0,9039
17,5
14

17
12

16,5
10
0 20 40 60 80
30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Water Saturation (%)
Water Saturation (%)
Fig.24 Best-fit Polynomial Curve For Porosity Fig.25 Best-fit Polynomial Curve For Porosity
Variation With Water Saturation For Kwale Variation With Water Saturation For Kwale
Sand B Sand C
 T. A. Adebayo/Petroleum & Coal 57(5) 412-423, 2015 420

22 18,5

18 y = 0,0004x2 - 0,0382x + 17,566

20
R² = 0,809
17,5
18
porosity

porosity
17
16 y = 0,0002x3 - 0,0268x2 + 1,2395x + 3,3739
R² = 0,9208
16,5
14
16
12
15,5
10
15
0 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 100
Water Saturation (%) Water Saturation (%)
Fig.26 Best-fit Polynomial Curve For Porosity Fig.27 Best-fit Polynomial Curve For Porosity
Variation With Water Saturation For Kwale Sand Variation With Water Saturation For Kwale Sand
D F

20,5 20
18
20
16
19,5
14
19 12
porosity
porosity

18,5 10 y = 0,0011x2 - 0,195x + 22,791

8 R² = 0,2524
18
6
17,5
y = -0,0114x2 + 1,5086x - 29,857 4
17 R² = 1
2
16,5 0
40 50 60 70 80 90 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Water Saturation (%) Water Saturation (%)
Fig.28 Best-fit Polynomial Curve For Porosity Fig.29 Best-fit Polynomial Curve For .Porosity
Variation With Water Saturation For Kwale Sand Variation With Water Saturation For Kwale Sand
G H

18

17 30

16
25
15

14 20
porosity

porosity

13
y = -0,075x2 + 12,65x - 517 15
12
R² = 1
11 10
y = -0,173x2 + 28,543x - 1149,8
10 R² = 0,7815
5
9

8
0
80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94
70 75 80 85 90 95
Water Saturation (%)
Water Saturation (%)
Fig.30 Best-fit Polynomial Curve For Porosity Fig.31 Best-fit Polynomial Curve For Porosity
Variation With Water Saturation For Kwale Sand J Variation With Water Saturation For Kwale Sand
K
 T. A. Adebayo/Petroleum & Coal 57(5) 412-423, 2015 421

30 18

17
25
16
20
15
porosity

porosity
15 14

10 13
y = -0,173x2 + 28,543x - 1149,8 y = 0,0047x2 - 0,6193x + 33,548
R² = 0,7815 12 R² = 0,2088
5
11
0
10
70 75 80 85 90 95
30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Water Saturation (%) Water Saturation (%)
Fig.32 Best-fit Polynomial Curve For Porosity Fig.33 Best-fit Polynomial Curve For Porosity
Variation With Water Saturation For Kwale Sand K Variation With Water Saturation For Kwale Sand
L

12,2

12

11,8

11,6
y = 0,25x2 - 26,25x + 699,5
11,4
porosity

R² = 1
11,2

11

10,8

10,6

10,4

10,2
50 51 52 53 54 55 56
Water Saturation (%)

Fig.34 Best-fit Polynomial Curve For Porosity

Variation With Water Saturation For Kwale Sand M

Appendix C
Irreducible Water Saturation Computation For Kwale Sands Using Timur, Tixier
and Coates-Dumanoir Models
In this section, the models of Timur, Tixier and Coates-Dumanoir were used to compute
the irreducible water saturation for the Kwale sands. From Tables 1 to 9 below, it was
discovered that Timur and Tixier gave reasonable irreducible water saturation values for
a hydrocarbon-water reservoir for all the sands. Coates-Dumanior gave impracticable
irreducible water saturation. With consideration to the values of measured water
saturation, on the average, Timur gave more acceptable irreducible water saturation than
that of Tixier. Timur model is therefore adopted for the irreducible water saturation
computation for the Kwale reservoir.
Table 1 Computed Irreducible Water Saturation For Kwale For Kwale Sand A

Irreducible Water Saturation

Permeability Porosity Coates -

Timur Tixier
Dumanior Sw
Model Model
Model
16 21 60.4642 57.8813 99.9909 74
37 17 34.1207 20.1923 99.979 17
 T. A. Adebayo/Petroleum & Coal 57(5) 412-423, 2015 422

Table 2 Computed Irreducible Water Saturation For Kwale Sand B

Irreducible Water Saturation

Permeability Porosity Coates -

Timur Tixier
Dumanior Sw
Model Model
Model
8.1 18 63.2306 51.2289 99.9912 75
10 19 62.8701 54.2252 99.9912 76
12 19 58.9217 49.5006 99.9904 69
27 17 38.2154 23.6377 99.982 17
8.1 18 63.2306 51.2289 99.9912 75

Table 9 Computed Irreducible Water Saturation For Kwale Sand J

Irreducible Water Saturation

Permeability Porosity Coates -

Timur Tixier
Dumanior Sw
Model Model
Model
4 16 69.8824 51.2 99.9922 82
6.9 14 48.4985 26.1156 99.9866 90
1.8 14 78.2217 51.1314 99.9932 90
1.1 12 76.5084 41.1896 99.9927 92
The petro-physical geometric average values for the Kwale sand is calculated as follows.
Table 10 Calculated Geometric Average Properties For Kwale Sands

Water
Sand Porosity Ø Permeability K Timur Swirr
Saturation
B 18.270 16.900 57.054 53.538
C 20.429 30.105 64.474 51.283
D 18.920 16.723 59.742 58.121
F 17.102 10.142 62.360 59.760
G 16.515 20.490 60.267 38.932
H 15.991 9.595 70.243 53.001
J 14.420 3.554 88.143 69.371
K 16.980 4.498 77.895 88.332
L 15.822 6.689 66.351 62.004
M 11.309 2.694 53.382 46.673

Appendix D
Irreducible water saturation – porosity analysis for Sand C
Sand C gave average porosity nearest to the most common average value for the
Kwale reservoir and is therefore used for the analysis of S wirr – porosity model.
Table B8 Kwale Sand C Permeability, Porosity & Irreducible water Saturation

Water Timur Irreducible Water

Permeability Porosity
Saturation, Saturation,
K Ø
Sw Swirr
32 87 0.21 0.32981
82 8.6 0.19 0.66332
77 9.4 0.19 0.64268
71 7 0.17 0.619
The best-fit curve and equation for the Kwale sand C is as shown in Fig.35.
 T. A. Adebayo/Petroleum & Coal 57(5) 412-423, 2015 423

Water Saturation
Timur Irreducible Water Saturation, Swirr
100 Swirr = -446.5Ø2 + 162.4Ø - 14.09 0,8

Irreducible Water saturation, Swirr (%)

R² = 0.997
90 0,7

Water Saturation (%)

80 0,6

70 0,5

60 Swirr = 10.80e-15.7Ø 0,4

R² = 0.593
50 0,3

40 0,2

30 0,1

20 0
0,16 0,17 0,18 0,19 0,2 0,21 0,22
Porosity (%).

Fig.35 Best-fit Analysis For Irreducible water saturation Variation

With Porosity For Kwale Sand C.

From above figure, the best irreducible water saturation value is obtained with the
equation
Swirr = -446.5Ø2 + 162.4Ø - 14.09
The best two trend-line fit is the exponential and polynomial fits. But from the above,
exponential fit is more applicable practically, though it gave less root mean square than
that of polynomial fit, but it shows the expected decrease in irreducible water saturation
as porosity increases in non- producing storage reservoir. Volume of water is expected to
either remain constant or reduce while the volume of injected fluid increases in that
reservoir. This will result into lower water saturation and corresponding lower irreducible
water saturation with increasing formation of secondary porosity.

100
90
80 K = 95000Ø2 - 34100Ø + 3058.
R² = 0.999
70
Permeability, mD

60
50
40
30 K = 9E-05e63Ø
R² = 0.756
20
10
0
-100,16 0,17 0,18 0,19 0,2 0,21 0,22

Porosity
Exponential fit Polynomial fit
Fig.36 Best-Fit Curve Analysis For Permeability-
Porosity Plot For Kwale Sand C

From above, the best fit based on the root mean square is the polynomial relationship
given as
𝐾 = 95000∅2 − 34100∅ + 3058
where K = permeability (mD) and Ø= porosity in fraction.

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