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Seismic Interpretation of the Nam Con Son Basin and its Implication for the
Tectonic Evolution

Article  in  Indonesian Journal on Geoscience · August 2016

DOI: 10.17014/ijog.3.2.127-137

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 Indonesian Journal on Geoscience Vol. 3 No. 2 August 2016: 127-137

INDONESIAN JOURNAL ON GEOSCIENCE

Geological Agency
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources
Journal homepage: h p://ijog.geologi.esdm.go.id
ISSN 2355-9314, e-ISSN 2355-9306

Seismic Interpretation of the Nam Con Son Basin and

its Implication for the Tectonic Evolution

Nguyen Quang Tuan1, Nguyen Thanh Tung1, Tran Van Tri2

1
Exploration and Production Centre - Vietnam Petroleum Institute
2
Vietnam Union of Geological Sciences

Corresponding author: tuannq@vpi.pvn.vn

Manuscript received: March 8, 2016; revised: June 17, 2016;

G
approved: July 19, 2016; available online: August 4, 2016

Abstract - The Nam Con Son Basin covering an area of circa 110,000 km2 is characterized by complex tectonic
settings of the basin which has not fully been understood. Multiple faults allowed favourable migration passageways
for hydrocarbons to go in and out of traps. Despite a large amount of newly acquired seismic and well data there is
no significant update on the tectonic evolution and history of the basin development. In this study, the vast amount of
seismic and well data were integrated and reinterpreted to define the key structural events in the Nam Con Son Basin.
The results show that the basin has undergone two extentional phases. The first N - S extensional phase terminated
at around 30 M.a. forming E - W trending grabens which are complicated by multiple half grabens filled by Lower
O
Oligocene sediments. These grabens were reactivated during the second NW - SE extension (Middle Miocene), that
resulted from the progressive propagation of NE-SW listric fault from the middle part of the grabens to the margins,
and the large scale building up of roll-over structure. Further to the SW, the faults of the second extentional phase
turn to NNE-SSW and ultimately N - S in the SW edge of the basin. Most of the fault systems were inactive by Upper
Miocene except for the N - S fault system which is still active until recent time.
Keywords: seismic, tectonic evolution, Nam Con Son Basin
© IJOG - 2016, All right reserved
IJ
How to cite this article:
Tuan, N.Q., Tung, N.T., and Tri, T.V., 2016. Seismic Interpretation of the Nam Con Son Basin and its Implication
for the Tectonic Evolution. Indonesian Journal on Geoscience, 3 (2), p.127-137. DOI: 10.17014/ijog.3.2.127-137

Introduction acquired seismic and well data. This causes high

The Nam Con Son Basin (NCSB) is located
in the south-eastern continental shelf margin
of Vietnam with an area of circa 110,000 km2,
bordered by Con Son swell in the northwest,
Khorat - Natuna Arch in the southwest, and Tu
Chinh High in the east (Figure 1).
Multiple institutions and geoscientist teams have
been studying the basin, with many articles that
have been published. However, there has not been
any significant update on the tectonic evolution
and basin history despite a large amount of newly
uncertainties in the evaluation of petroleum system
trap integrity and HC generation and migration.
The probability of petroleum exploration success
for commercial discovery in the basin is rather low
(16% - unpublished data) probably because of the
complex tectonic settings of the basin that has not
fully been understood. In this article, the authors
present a revised interpretation of the tectonic de-
velopment in the basin scale based on the entire set
of seismic and well data. Basin tectonic evolution is
critical to improve understanding of the evaluation
of petroleum system in the Nam Con Son Basin.

127
 Indonesian Journal on Geoscience, Vol. 3 No. 2 August 2016: 139-149

M
Th

ae
N
EAST SEA

ree

Pi
ng
OCEANIC CRUST

Pa
Ho Chi Minh City

Fa
go

ul
das

t
Fa
ult
sin
Mesozoic Ba
Phu Quoc Basin o ng
uL
Cu ell Truong Sa
Sw
PATTANI TROUGH

on
S
(Spartly)
C on
in
as
nB

We
o
nS

st
Co

Ba
m
KHORAT ARCH Na

ram
DANGEROUS GROUNDS

Lin
e
H
G
U
NORTH LUCONIA O
Malay-Tho Chu Basin
PROVINCE TR
East Natuna Basin EO
RN
BO
H
RT
O
N BARAM
West Natuna Basin
DELTA
PROVINCE

NATUNA WESTERN
CENTRA
ARCH LUCONIA
L LUCONIA

Penyu Basin

G
60 120
SUNDA SHELF

240
Km

Figure 1. The main tectonic and structural features of the Nam Con Son Basin and adjacent areas.
360 480
Ra
jan
gA
cc
ret
ion

Lu
pa
PROVINCE

ary

rL
Pr
ism

ine
Ta
TATAU
PROVINCE

tauL

We
ine

st
Bali
ng
ian
L
iro
PROVINCE

BALINGIAN
PROVINCE

BORNEO
TINJAR
PROVINCE
O
Regional Geologic and Tectonic Set- nam Seafloor, which propagated initially from E
tings of The Basin to W then WSW. At about 25 Ma, the axis of the
seafloor spreading shifted from WSW trend to
In Southeast Asia, by Paleocene, the south- SW trend (Andrew, 2010; Morley, 2007; Pubellier
east extrusion of the Indochina Block and and Morley, 2014).
southward drift of the proto East Vietnam Sea At the end of Early Miocene, southwestward
IJ
associated with the collision of Luconia micro propagation of the seafloor spreading continued
continent and Borneo caused a series of right- by a continental breakup, caused the second ex-
lateral transform faults in the East Vietnam tension phase at the SW of the rift tip including
Shelf extending to the East Luconia. This com- NCSB, associated with NE - SW normal faults and
bination possibly derived N - S extension in the deposition of syn-extension sediments in NE - SW
Sunda Shelf (Hall, 2002, 2009, 2013; Hutchison, grabens. The second extension phase is derived by
2004; Clift, 2008). Matthews (1997) and Fyhn NW - SE regional extension as a slab-pull of the
et al. (2009) proposed the onset of rifting in the SE drifting Dangerous Ground and the subduction
proto East Vietnam Sea (EVNS) as well as the of the proto EVNS beneath NW Borneo.
NCSB initiated in the Eocene and lasted to the Well pronounced NW - SE central graben
Early Oligocene (about 30 Ma). This rifting pe- extension and accompanied progressive large
riod is controlled by N-S extension, associated scale listric faulting were probably initiated from
with E - W oriented faulting and deposition of the middle of the basin to its margins creating
rift-fill sediments in local W-E trending sub- a unique depocentre with large scale roll-over
basins (Figure 2). structures with their crests in the middle of
The rifting phase in Eocene - Early Oligocene the grabens. The large scale faults penetrate
then was followed by the spreading of East Viet- the whole sedimentary cover to the basement.

128
 Seismic Interpretation of the Nam Con Son Basin and its Implication for the Tectonic Evolution
(N.Q. Tuan et al.)

90OE 100OE 110OE

Ai
East H

lao
imalay
an Syn

Sh
taxis

an
-R
ed
Ri
China

ve
rF
au
25 N
O

lt Z
West Bu

on
e
India

rma Blo
Mynmar North
Bac Bo Gulf Basin
in
Vietnam Bas
uth
ck
Mo
iver
Sagain
rl R
Pea
Laos Qiongdongnan
Bengal Basin
gF

Basin
ault

Song Hong Basin

N
Th
ree

Thailand Tri Ton

Pa

Horst
go

G Hoang Sa
da

15ON Basin
sF
au

EVSF
lt

M
Cambodia Phu
Fa ae Khanh
ul Pi Basin a
Mesozoic igneous belt t Z ng Se
on st
Mergui e Ea

TH
Basin Pattani ong

FZ
Metamorphic Andaman
core complex Basin Phu Quoc uL
Sea Cu asin Truong Sa
Approximate area Basin B ell
Sw Basin
of Cenozoic Basin on Tu Chinh
nS
O
Co Vung May h
Oceanic crust
Nam Con Son ug
with magnetic anomalies Basin ro
Basin a nT
law
Luc
Main Cenozoic
strike-slip direction East Pa
onia

Natuna
West Basin
Subduction zone W
Malaysia Natuna est
Basin Ba
Su

ram
Major thrust fault
ma

Li
Penyu Basin Lu Bukit Me
tra

ne
pa rsing L
rL ine
nF

500 km ine Borneo

au
lt
IJ
Figure 2. Regional tectonic map of SE Asia, modified after Fyhn et al., (2009), Andrew (2010) and Pubellier (2014). The
studied area is marked by green curve. THFZ = Tuy Hoa Fault Zone, EVSF = East Vietnam Scarp Fault.

Moreover, growth-faults and related half grabens Stratigraphically, various rock sequences
became progressively younger from the middle consisting of pre-Tertiary fractured granite and
part of the basin depocentre. clastic sediments of Oligocene, Lower Miocene,
As the East Vietnam Seafloor spreading to- Middle Miocene, and Upper Miocene age fill in
tally ceased at about 17 - 16 Ma, regional sea level the basin. Those Tertiary clastic sequences under-
fell during the late Middle Miocene leading to lain unconformably by the pre-Tertiary fractured
the erosion (up to several hundred meters) of the granite are source rocks and reservoir rock of
central part of the roll-over structures. potential hydrocarbon (Figure 3).
The second rifting phase was then followed by
a thick post-rift sequence (Upper Miocene - Plio-
cene - Quaternary) due to the increase in sediment Datasets and Methods
supply with respect to onshore uplift and magma-
tism (Fyhn et al., 2009; Hall and Spackman, 2015, This study is based on a number of reflection
Nguyen Hiep, 2007; Tri and Khuc, 2011). seismic profiles, totally 54,147 km. They cover

129
 Indonesian Journal on Geoscience, Vol. 3 No. 2 August 2016: 139-149

BIO

PETROLEUM SYSTEM
STRATIGRAPHY

MAIN TECTONIC
FORMATION

EVENTS
HORIZON

NANNO. “N” zone

PLANK. “N” zone
SEISMIC
PERIOD

EPOCH

STAGE LITHOLOGIC DEPOSITIONAL

PALYNO zone
LITHOLOGY
DESCRIPTION ENVIRONMENT
COLUMN
QUARTENARY

NN19-NN21
N22-N23

Phyllo
PLIOCENE-QUARTENARY

BIEN DONG

Shale, claystone interbedded

thin layers of sandstone, rich
Shallow marine
organic matters and fossils.
to outer shelf

Post-rift 2
N19-N21

NN21-NN18

Dacridiuom
T85

G NN10-NN11
NAM CON SON

Florschuetzia
Meridionalis
N16-N18
Yellow claystone interbedded
Early

Shallow marine
with siltstone, average cemented, to slope, deep marine
rich organic matters and fossils.
NEOGENE

T65

F. Trilobata
Subzone
THONG-MANG CAU

Limestone intercalated thin layers

of sandstone, claystone, and mudstone

NN5-NN9

Syn-rift 2
Shallow marine
N9-N15
Middle

(inner shelf to
MIOCENE

midle shelf)
O
F. Semilobata
Subzone
Interbeds of claystone, siltstone,
sandstone, and sometime limestone

T30
Floschuetzia Levipoli
NN12-NN4

Coastal plain
UA

N6-N18

Interbeds of claystone, siltstone, to shallow marine Inter-rift 1

Late

sandstone, and coal layers

IJ
T20
F. Trilobata Cicatrico
PALEOGENE

OLIGOCENE

Sandstone interbedded with claystone,

CAU

siltstone, and thin layers of coal Lacustrine, Deltaic

Syn-rift 1

to coastal plain

T00
JURA - CRETA

PRE- - Igneous rocks

TERTIARY (fracture granite, ryolite...)

- Metamorphic rocks

Gas and oil shows Commercial oil and gas Source rock

Figure 3. General stratigraphic column and petroleum system summary of Nam Con Son Basin.

the whole NCSB used for interpretation and ref- 2, and 05-3, where the basement is too deep. 3D
erence (Figure 4). The quality of seismic data is seismic data available in Block 06-94, 05-2, and
fair to good in overall, with only a poor quality 05-3 were used to improve the quality of seismic
area around the central basin of Block 06-94, 05- interpretation in these areas.

130
 Seismic Interpretation of the Nam Con Son Basin and its Implication for the Tectonic Evolution
(N.Q. Tuan et al.)

Fi
gu
re
11

Fi
gu

G Figure 13
re
12
Figure 9

Fi
gu
re
6
O
Figure 4. Blocks boundary map of NCSB showing the total seismic reflection data coverage analyzed in this study (gray
lines). Blue bold lines show those lines presented in this paper. The red dots show the well locations used to provide bio-
stratigraphic age control.

Age control is provided to the seismic stra- Results and Discussion

tigraphy through a biostratigraphy mode from
IJ
selected wells located on the different blocks, as
shown in Figure 4. These ages were transferred
to the seismic profiles after converting drill-
ing depth to two-way travel time (TWT) using
the stacking velocities derived from process-
ing the MCS data. Those dated horizons were
then correlated across the entire study area.
The oldest age pick from the biostratigraphic
data was the top of Oligocene. The base of (?)
Eocene-Oligocene strata is inferred by the top
basement reflector, which can be followed over
long distances across the study area. Age resolu-
tion is best for Miocene strata because a number
of wells have penetrated these formations. In
contrast, the Plio-Pleistocene was not cored
by industrial wells, so there is no detailed date
subdivision of those units.
The regional tectonic settings, data, and
methods described above are the background
guidelines for detailed data interpretation in this
study. Five main seismic horizons have been
interactively interpreted in time domain, namely
Top Basement (T00), Top Oligocene (T20), Top
Lower Miocene (T30), Top Middle Miocene
(T65) and Top Upper Miocene (T85) sequences
(Figure 5). After gridding, the time structure maps
were generated, then were converted to depth
domain. Several time depth conversion methods
have been considered for generating depth struc-
ture maps of key sequences in the basin. After a
careful quality test, the depth structure maps of
these key sequences have been generated from the
time interpretation by the layer cake method. Four
structure maps of Top Basement, Top Oligocene,

131
 Indonesian Journal on Geoscience, Vol. 3 No. 2 August 2016: 139-149

NW NW-SE rifting SE
Rollover
structure

Early Miocene

Middle Miocene

Late Miocene

Oligocene
Eocene

N-S rifting

Figure 5. NW - SE seismic line from the Con Son Swell across Central Basin and further SE showing extension feature and
the two distinct rift stages of NCSB. The interpreted horizon in red is top Basement, violet is top Oligocene, green is top
Lower Miocene, blue is top Middle Miocene and yellow is top Upper Miocene. Several normal listric faults dipping to the

sequences were displayed on Figure 6.

G
WNW were recognized and associated with rollover anticline structure on the hanging wall side.

Top Lower Miocene, and Top Middle Miocene

To reconstruct the tectonic evolution of the

basin, the fault systems have been interpreted with
great attention. Fault heaves and fault timing were
carefully determined to accurately reflect their
O
development. As a result, four major fault trends
developing at different time intervals can be
recognized and described as follows (Figure 7):
1. The E - W trending fault system dominated
in the southern and centre parts of the Nam
Con Son Basin. The faults have extensional
features that are clearly evidenced on the top
IJ
crystalline basement, but mostly buried by the
Late Oligocene and Early Miocene sediments
(Figure 8). The growth sequence of Early
Oligocene to the top basement against the
E - W trend faults suggests that the timing of
E - W faulting activities is about Eocene (?) -
Early Oligocene during the first regional rift
stage described in the previous section. This
observation is also supported by the isopach
map of the Oligocene sequence which shows
clear E - W trend of the sediment thickness
controlled by E - W trending fault (Figures
6 and 9). The E - W fault trend in Nam Con
Son Basin during the Eocene-Early Oligocene
is consistent with the oldest magnetic linea-
tion (~32 Ma) oriented ~E - W in the East
Vietnam Sea caused by the slab-pull from the
southward movement of Dangerous Ground
due to the proto East Vietnam Sea subducting
beneath Borneo (Hall, 2013).
2. The NE - SW trend faults developed strongly
in the northeastern part of the basin with
listric geometry during the Middle Miocene
sequence as a consequence of SW propagation
of East Vietnam Seafloor spreading (Figure
10). In the central part of the NCSB, the NE
- SW faults gradually bend to:
3. NNE - SSW trend implying that the faults
was influenced by a N - S previously existed
basement rock fabric. We suggest the weak
basement fabric possibly formed earlier than
the first rift phase in NCSB as exhibited in
the tectonic model proposed by Hall (2009).
The model implies that in the Early Eocene,
the Sundaland region went into regional N - S
compression as Australia attempted to move
north. As a consequence, approximately E - W
extension caused N - S basement fabric to form
(Hall, 2009). Most of the normal listric faults
in the basin dipping to the NW until WNW,
implies that during the second rift phase the
basin extended to the SE. The Con Son swell
to the NW of the basin acted as a rigid block
prohibiting further basin propagation to the
W and NW (Figure 2). These faults created
grabens, half grabens, and roll-over structures
which are typical and easy to recognize on

132
 Seismic Interpretation of the Nam Con Son Basin and its Implication for the Tectonic Evolution
(N.Q. Tuan et al.)

a b

5 km 5 km

c d 354.272
795.834
1237.396
1678.959
2065.326
2506.889
2948.451
3334.818
3776.380
4217.943
4604.310
5045.873
5487.435
5873.802

5 km

G 5 km
6315.365
6756.927
7198.490
7584.856
8026.419
8467.981
8854.349
9295.911
9737.474
10123.841
10565.403
11006.966
11393.333

Figure 6. Total sediment thickness to seabed generated for (a) Top Basement, (b) Top Oligocene, (c) Top Lower Miocene,
(d) Top Middle Miocene (Tung, 2015).
O
NE-SW fault formed
in Middle Miocene
DBSCL-01
IJ
N-S
striking faults

NNE-SSW
striking faults

E-W faults formed

5 km Natuna High in Eocene Early Oligocene

Figure 7. Fault map of the NCSB. Four major fault systems were recognized. The W-E faults initiated in Eocene – Early
Oligocene, associated with E-W trending grabens and are buried beneath the Early Miocene sequence.

133
 Indonesian Journal on Geoscience, Vol. 3 No. 2 August 2016: 139-149

N S

Middle Miocene

Late Miocene

Oligocene
Eocene

G
Figure 8. N-S seismic line to the S of the basin showing the E-W fault system. The fault ceased to be active by the middle
of Oligocene time. The interpreted horizon in red is top Basement, violet is top Oligocene, green is top Lower Miocene,
and blue is top Middle Miocene.
O
130
09-1
16-2

03
09-3 (DM-NR)
DBSCL-01 09-3/11

17/11
25

04-2

18 132

26
IJ
19 133

27

20 134

06-1

28

21

13/03
22/03
29/03
136/03

5 km

Figure 9. Isopach map of Oligocene sequence with overlay of faults activated during the first extentional phase in Eocene -
Early Oligocene time. The basin was likely E -W orientation, which is consistent with E - W trending faults.

seismic sections as well as on structure maps 4. N - S trend which is mostly recognized in

(Figure 11). The last major fault system is of: the western part of the basin. These faults

134
 Seismic Interpretation of the Nam Con Son Basin and its Implication for the Tectonic Evolution
(N.Q. Tuan et al.)

mainly developed during the second exten-
sional phase in Early - Middle Miocene, but
being further to the west their trends reflect
the reactivation of pre-existing weak fabric
and not affected by the main trend of the East
Vietnam Seafloor spreading like the fault
systems in the east of the basin. Several of
them are still being active until today which
make N - S faults distinctive from the rest
(Figure 12).

NW SE

Post rift

NW-SE
Middle Miocene rifting

Inter-rift
Late Miocene

Oligocene
Eocene

Pre-rift

G N-S rifting
O
Figure 10. NW - SE seismic line in the NE of basin showing NE-SW fault system, which was active during the second exten-
sional phase and terminated by Late Mioncene time. The interpreted horizon in red is top Basement, violet is top Oligocene,
green is top Lower Miocene, blue is top Middle Miocene.

NW SE
IJ

Middle Miocene
NW-SE
rifting
Late Miocene
Oligocene
Eocne

Figure 11. NW - SE seismic profile showing the NNE-SSW fault system, which was also active in Early to Middle Miocene
and terminated by Late Miocene.

135
 Indonesian Journal on Geoscience, Vol. 3 No. 2 August 2016: 139-149
W E
Middle Miocene
Late Miocene
Oligocene
Eocene
Conclusion
G
Figure 12. The W - E seismic line in the south of the basin showing the N - S fault system.
O
From the systematic interpretation of seismic data
and its integration with the major geological history
of Nam Con Son Basin, it can be infered as follows:
1. The preceding morphology of the NCS area
underwent a regional erosion until the first
rift phase happened in Eocene - Middle Oli-
gocene. The N - S extentional force caused
IJ
E - W fault system with local E - W grabens
and half-grabens to develop in the whole basin
area. In the Inter-Rift Phase (Late Oligocene
- Lower Miocene) the NCSB was relatively
quiet probably because all extensional effects
were accomodated by the NW - SE opening
of East Vietnam Sea.
2. The second extensional phase (Middle Mio-
cene) resulted from the southwest propagation
of the NE - SW seafloor spreading zone, due to
the proto East Sea subducting beneath Borneo.
This phase is believed to be the cause of the
NE - SW, NNE - SSW, and N - S fault systems
in the NCSB.
3. The post rift sequence (Upper Miocene -
Recent) is associated with an onshore uplift
136
Post rift
NW-SE
rifting
Pre-rift
causing an increase in sediment supply to
the basin depocentre. NCSB has tectonically
been quiet, only the weak N - S fault system
continues to be active in some areas of the
basin.
4. The significant Eocene - Early Oligocene
rifting episode resulted in the deposition
of ~ 5 km of sediments in E - W trending
grabens. At a regional scale the N - S trending
basement fabric, which is oblique to the
regional extension direction (NE - SW), has
been reactivated resulting in an oblique rifted
basin. At a local scale within the basin, the
Eocene - Oligocene structure has passively
controlled the deformation by creating
heterogeneity within sedimentary covering
sequences.
Acknowledgements
This research is funded by PetroVietnam and
Vietnam National Foundation for Science and
Technology Development (NAFOSTED) under
grant number 105.04-2015.12.
 Seismic Interpretation of the Nam Con Son Basin and its Implication for the Tectonic Evolution
(N.Q. Tuan et al.)
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