鋪砂與打洞

Topdressing & Aerification

JAMES SUA, CGCS,CCPC,CTP, CGIA

 鋪砂與打洞
Topdressing & Aerification

JAMES SUA,
SUA, CGCS,CCPC,CTP, CGIA

鋪砂與打洞
的學習重點為 :

 如何控制堆積的枯草層(草盤層)

鋪砂與打洞 -Topdressing & Aerification

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 什麼是枯草層((草盤層
什麼是枯草層 草盤層Thatch
Thatch)?
)?
枯草層(草盤層)位於健康的草皮層和土壤層間，
由死亡的和存活的莖與根緊密交織成的介面。
這裡的木質素包
含了莖的細胞組
織，葉，節及草
皮的冠部。這些
木質素不易腐爛
。只有在枯草層
(草盤層)的表層
含有殘餘的葉片
鋪砂與打洞 -Topdressing & Aerification

什麼是枯草層((草盤層
什麼是枯草層 草盤層Thatch
Thatch)?
)?

健康草皮的縱切面可看出厚厚的一層(2
公分)的枯草層(草盤層)，位於土壤與
草皮之間。

鋪砂與打洞 -Topdressing & Aerification

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 造成枯草層((草盤層
造成枯草層 草盤層))的原因
的原因??

枯草層(草盤層)的形成是因為根部的
生長速度超過地上植株凋謝的速度所
造成。
任何促進根部快速發育的物質都會增
加枯草層(草盤層)的產生。
( )

鋪砂與打洞 -Topdressing & Aerification

枯草層((草盤層
枯草層 草盤層))的預防

• 不定時的深層澆灌
• 使用緩慢釋放的氮肥
• 定期的割草
• 將黏土和緊實的土壤打洞通氣
• 採用較不易產生枯草層
採用較不易產生枯草層((草盤層
草盤層))的草種

鋪砂與打洞 -Topdressing & Aerification

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 打洞通氣
許多人談到“打洞通氣＂時指的是打
許多人談到“打洞通氣＂ 時指的是打
洞工作

打洞工作指的是一個處理方法，就是使
用實心或中空的鐵罐或鏟子從草皮上鑽
一個垂直的孔到地下的土壤中。
打洞通氣就像是割草，澆水
及施肥等，屬於草皮保養的
一部份。
鋪砂與打洞 -Topdressing & Aerification

打洞通氣的重點
通氣孔需要深達3英吋，間距小於
通氣孔需要深達3 英吋，間距小於33英吋，
直徑大約44分之
直徑大約 分之33英吋

這個步驟必需持續的每年作兩次

鋪砂與打洞 -Topdressing & Aerification

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 緊實

緊實就是壓縮土壤粒子，將空氣擠出土壤

鋪砂與打洞 -Topdressing & Aerification

緊實

土壤的密度太高時會導致草皮的能量吸
收不夠，生長緩慢，及淡黃綠色的症候
收不夠 生長緩慢 及淡黃綠色的症候

比較能耐人員及車輛和天候的壓力

熱度也會造成草皮加速枯萎

鋪砂與打洞 -Topdressing & Aerification

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 緊實的原因
• 造成土壤緊實最大的原因都是發生
在潮溼的草皮上

• 其他的原因包括草皮澆水或在培養苗
圃時使用過多的瓦管

• 建築物和土地的施工設備也會造成
不良的影響

鋪砂與打洞 -Topdressing & Aerification

土壤的類型

• 黏土會造成緊實的土壤

• 它的顆粒較細且有片狀較黏的結構

• 黏土在種植草皮前需作改善處理

鋪砂與打洞 -Topdressing & Aerification

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 土壤類型的界定
• 使用
使用擠壓測試
擠壓測試

1. 用手抓一把潮濕的土壤用力壓擠成
一球
2. 如果球體是一體成型，這就是 黏土
黏土..

3. 如果球體會分散，這就是
如果球體會分散 這就是 壤土
壤土..

砂土最容易散開
鋪砂與打洞 -Topdressing & Aerification

土壤類型的界定
擠壓測試

鋪砂與打洞 -Topdressing & Aerification

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 打洞通氣的好處
• 改善土壤與大氣的空氣交換
• 增強土壤的吸水能力
• 改善肥料的吸收
• 降低水份的流失與凝結
• 提高草根的強度
• 降低土壤的緊實度
• 提高耐熱度及抗旱能力
鋪砂與打洞 -Topdressing & Aerification

打洞通氣的好處
• 增強土壤的彈力和支撐力
• 加速枯草層
加速枯草層((草盤層
草盤層))的分解

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 何時作打洞 Coring
• 草皮生長的任何階段都可實施

• 最好能持繼的每年作一兩次

• 最好是在適合草皮生長的好季節
實施，草皮才會填滿洞孔
實施 草皮才會填滿洞孔

鋪砂與打洞 -Topdressing & Aerification

打洞 Coring 實景

鋪砂與打洞 -Topdressing & Aerification

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打洞 Coring 實景

鋪砂與打洞 -Topdressing & Aerification

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 打釘洞Spiking
打釘洞 Spiking

• 這是最簡單也是最經濟的通氣方式

• 使用堅硬的尖叉或金屬的鐵釘在地
上打出一個有角的洞

• 可在任何時間施作

• 但是
但是,, 使用尖叉的效果是
使用尖叉的效果是短暫的
短暫的

鋪砂與打洞 -Topdressing & Aerification

打釘洞Spiking
打釘洞 實景
Spiking實景

鋪砂與打洞 -Topdressing & Aerification

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 垂直割草Vertical
垂直割草 Vertical Mowing
• 垂直割草或電動的耙草對降低土壤緊
實度的效果不大

• 這個方法對減少枯草層(
這個方法對減少枯草層(草盤層
草盤層))的效果
很好，特別是對溫暖季節的草皮

• 這個方法對土壤的破
壞度比打洞還低

鋪砂與打洞 -Topdressing & Aerification

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 蚯蚓

‧蚯蚓對草皮有益因為這是天然的通氣
法且可減少枯草層((草盤層
法且可減少枯草層 草盤層))

鋪砂與打洞 -Topdressing & Aerification

鋪砂

通常在作完打洞後，就會進行 鋪砂

鋪砂
- 將土壤或其它物質鋪撒於草皮
的表面

- 通常用來使草皮表面更平順或用
來控制枯草層((草盤層
來控制枯草層 草盤層))

鋪砂與打洞 -Topdressing & Aerification

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 鋪砂

鋪砂
- 比較慢
比較慢，但是很有效的控制枯草
但是很有效的控制枯草
層(草盤層
草盤層))的方法
- 很好的管理工具

定期作鋪砂保養的果嶺很少會有枯草
層(草盤層
草盤層))的問題

鋪砂與打洞 -Topdressing & Aerification

鋪砂實景

鋪砂與打洞 -Topdressing & Aerification

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謝 謝

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 鋪砂與打洞 Topdressing & Aerification

INTRODUCTION 前言

The previous chapters covered most of the essential aspects of basic

turfgrass management. However, occasionally you will encounter unusual
situations that do not easily fit into one of the typical subject areas of
turfgrass management. This chapter will discuss several of these common
but very important problems in a question-and-answer format.

前面的幾章已經談到了基本草皮管理最主要的一些重點。但是偶
爾也會遇到與平常不一樣的特殊狀況。本章以問答的方式來探討的就
是這些看似平常卻非常重要的議題。

What causes thatch and how can it best be controlled?

枯草層(草盤層)的形成原因以及如何控制枯草層(草盤層) ?

Thatch is a partially decomposed organic layer that develops above

the soil surface (Figure 1). It consists of living and dead stems, roots,
crowns, and sheaths. These tissues are very resistant to decomposition.
The leaf blades of the turfgrass plant do not significantly contribute to
thatch build-up, since they readily decompose. Therefore, as long as the
1/3 rule for mowing frequency is followed, it is not necessary to collect
clippings. In fact, as discussed, clippings left on the turf will return
significant amounts of nutrients to the soil.

枯草層(草盤層)是位於土壤的上層由有機物的分解而形成的(圖
1)。這裡包含了死亡的莖根，草皮的冠部，和葉鞘。這些組織都不易
腐爛。而草皮的葉片因為較容易腐爛，所以不是造成枯草層(草盤層)
的主要原因。因此，只要照著三分之一的法則來割草，就不需收集割
完的碎草。事實上，就像先前所討論過的，草皮上所遺留下來割草後
的碎片反而能提供土壤大量的養份。

鋪砂與打洞 Topdressing & Aerification 講義 第 1 頁

 Thatch is caused by:枯草層(草盤層)形成的原因 :

 Frequent, shallow watering

 Excessive nitrogen fertilization
 Infrequent, high mowing
 Clay, sand, and compacted soils
 Thatch –producing grasses
 Excessive pesticide use
 Poor soil aeration

 密集較潛的灌溉
 過量的氮肥
 不規則的，且割草長度較高的割草
 黏土，砂土和緊實的土壤
 枯草層(草盤層)所出的草
 使用過多的殺蟲劑
 土壤通氣不良

Thatch prevention 預防枯草層(草盤層)

 Water deeply and infrequently

 Use a slow release nitrogen fertilizer
 Mow on a regular basis
 Aerate clay and compacted soils
 Plant low thatch-producing grass varieties

 不定時的深層澆灌
 使用緩慢釋放的氮肥
 定期的割草
 將黏土和緊實的土壤通氣
 採用較不易產生枯草層(草盤層)的草種

鋪砂與打洞 Topdressing & Aerification 講義 第 2 頁

 Thatch 枯草層(草盤層)

Soil 土壤

(note the larger number of roots in the thatch)

(請注意在枯草層(草盤層)有許多的根)

A thatch layer thicker than 0.5 inch may cause a decline in turfgrass
quality. It can encourage increased disease and insect problems; reduced
heat, and drought hardiness; shallow rooting; and restricted movement of
fertilizers and insecticides into the soil. On the other hand, a thatch layer
less than 0.5 inch thick will improve the wear tolerance of the turf and
provide some insulating protection against high and low temperatures.

Thatch accumulates simply because the rate of tissue growth

exceeds the rate of tissue decomposition. Any factor that stimulates rapid
tissue production or impedes tissue decomposition favours thatch
accumulation. For example, excessively high nitrogen fertilization, the
use of vigorously growing species and cultivars, and high heights of cut
will all encourage thatch development. The use of certain pesticides also
increases thatch by destroying soil organisms such as earthworms that
speed the process of decomposition. Thatch is primarily a problem
associated with creeping/spreading turfgrasses rather than bung-type
turfs.

Thatch should be controlled when it reaches a thickness of 0.5 inch

or more. This can be determined accurately only by examining a vertical
cross-section of the soil and turf. Simply walking over the turf and trying
to “feel” the thatchiness is not a good idea. Various cultural practices
(mowing height and/or irrigation) or the species itself may result in the

鋪砂與打洞 Topdressing & Aerification 講義 第 3 頁

turf feeling spongy, which can be mistaken for a build-up of thatch. A soil
probe, spade, shovel, or pocketknife can be used to remove the vertical
sample for inspection. Since thatch thickness can vary throughout a
turfgrass site, it is important to take several samples from the turf area.

If thatch thickness is 0.5 inch or more, consider some method of

removal or control. Only a few methods of thatch control are available.
One popular method is mechanical removal with a dethatching machine.
A dethatcher is a specialized machine with wires or blades that operate
vertically to the soil surface (Figure 2). The vertical action pulls the
thatch up from the soil surface to the surface of the turf, where it can be
removed. The wire tines or blades are set to reach a depth just slightly
below the soil surface. It is sometimes necessary to go over the turf area
in two directions to achieve thorough and uniform thatch removal.

枯草層(草盤層)的厚度若超過 0.5 英吋時就會影響的草皮的品

質。枯草層(草盤層)會造成病蟲害的增加，降低熱度與乾旱的影響，
產生較淺的根部系統，並限制肥料及殺蟲劑滲透到土壤裡。但是若枯
草層(草盤層)的厚度小於 0,5 英吋時，會提高草皮的耐磨損力，可防
止高溫與低溫所造成的土壤傷害。

枯草層(草盤層)的堆積主要是因為組織生長的速度快於組織分
解的速度。任何促進組織快速生長或是妨礙組織分解的因素都會造成
枯草層(草盤層)的形成。例如過量的氮肥，採用生長快速的草種及培
養方法，割草高度較高等都會促進枯草層(草盤層)的形成。使用某些
殺蟲劑也會造成枯草層(草盤層)的形成，因為破壞了土壤中的生物例
如蚯蚓等可加速分解植物。 枯草層(草盤層)主要的問題是會造成草
皮匍匐/蔓延而不挺拔的現象。

如果枯草層(草盤層)的厚度超 0.5 英吋時就一定要處理，檢驗枯

草層(草盤層)的厚度只有透過土壤和草皮區的縱切面來正確的觀
察。單單的站在草皮上試圖靠”感覺”來判斷枯草層(草盤層)並不是一
個好的方法。不同的培養方法(割草的高度/或灌溉的方式)甚至於草皮
的品種都會使草皮感覺像是海綿一樣柔軟而誤以為是累積了枯草層
(草盤層)。可以使用土壤探針，鏟子和圓鍬或是小刀挖出垂直的樣本
來檢驗。因為枯草層(草盤層)的累積在草皮區內會有很大的差異，所
以在同一草皮區內取樣時一定要採取多重的樣本。

當枯草層(草盤層)的厚度超過 0.5 英吋時，就要採取移除或控制

鋪砂與打洞 Topdressing & Aerification 講義 第 4 頁

的措施。目前可行的枯草層(草盤層)控制方法不多。最常用的方法是
以除枯草層(草盤層)的機器來處理。除枯草層(草盤層)機屬於專業的
機具，以金屬絲或刀片垂直作用於土壤表面(圖 2)，以垂直的方向將
枯草層(草盤層)由土壤內挖起到草皮上方。金屬線的尖端或刀片可深
入表土的下方。有時候在草皮上也需要從兩個不同的方向來達到均勻
的移除枯草層(草盤層)。

Figure 圖 2 : Views of a De-thatcher 除枯草層(草盤層)機

The mechanical removal of thatch is a harsh practice that can cause

stress to the turfgrass plant. It is recommended that there be at least 30
days of favourable growth conditions following the dethatching operation.
Mechanical dethatching thins the turf and may allow weeds to encroach
on the area. Also, the turfgrass area should not be dethatched after
preemergence herbicides have been applied, since the chemical barrier
will be destroyed.

Another method of thatch control is the use of a core aerifier or

cultivation machine. Many people use the term aerification when
referring to core cultivation. Coring is a process in which hollow or solid
tines or spoons are used to make a vertical hole through the turf into the
underlying soil. In the case of hollow tines or spoons, a turf/soil core is
removed and is dropped onto the surface of the turf (Figure 3). The cores
may then either be broken up and worked back into the turf by dragging
steel mat or screen or brush over the area or picked up and removed.
Greatest thatch reduction occurs when the cores are worked back into the
thatch layer. Coring can be done whenever the growing conditions for the
turf are good. Core cultivation is a slower method of thatch control,
unlike a mechanical dethatcher, coring does not appear to significantly
disrupt the preemergence chemical barrier.

鋪砂與打洞 Topdressing & Aerification 講義 第 5 頁

 機械式的移除法比較激烈，所以會造成草皮的壓力。所以使用後
最好能讓草皮至少有 30 天良好的生長環境來修護草皮。機械式的除
枯草層(草盤層)會使草皮變薄，也可能使雜草趁機侵犯進入草皮區。
在幼苗出土前施用除草劑之後不可進行枯草層(草盤層)的移除，因為
會破壞到其化學屏障。

另一個控制枯草層(草盤層)的方法是使用打洞通氣法或是培養
機。許多人提到打洞通氣這四個字時指的是打洞作業。打洞作業就是
以實心或空心的尖叉或是泥鏟挖出一個垂直的洞，直接穿過草皮深入
土壤裡。當使用空心的尖叉或是泥鏟打洞時，會移出一塊草皮/泥土
並堆於草皮上(圖 3)。打洞後挖出的土塊可用拖式鋼毯或鐵網或用刷
子將其敲碎再鋪於草皮上或是直接移走。若是將其回填到枯草層(草
盤層)可大幅的降低枯草層(草盤層)的現象。打洞作業需在草皮有良好
的生長環境的前提下進行。打洞培養也是一種緩慢降低枯草層(草盤
層)的一種方法，並且對於幼苗出土前施用除草劑時也不像除枯草層
(草盤層)機那般破壞到其化學屏障。

Figure 圖 3 : Core cultivator. Top view of core cultivator coring

pattern 打洞培養機。從上方俯視打洞後的格式

Aerating Guidelines 打洞通氣的原則

Aerator holes should be 3 inches deep, 3 inches or less apart, and

about three quarters of an inch in diameter. Several passes will be needed
for correct spacing. This should be done twice a year on a continual basis.
The benefits of aerating are soon lost if the practice is discontinued.

Turfgrass must have a constant supply of fresh air moving to the

surface of every living, growing root to replace carbon dioxide. Carbon

鋪砂與打洞 Topdressing & Aerification 講義 第 6 頁

dioxide builds up continuously and needs to be released from the soil. Air
exchange, or aeration, takes place in spaces between the solid particles of
soil.

Aeration can be natural occurrence between the soil and its

surroundings. Temperature differences between the soil and the
atmosphere may result in air movement. Water activity into and out of the
soil will affect the proportion do not produce a sufficient amount of
aeration for a turf area to stay healthy, lush and green, additional
mechanical aerating must take place.

Aerating should be as much as a part of turf area care programme as

mowing, watering and fertilizing.

Compaction, excess thatch, and clay soils cause weak-rooted turfs.

At these stages, it is necessary to aerate mechanically. Replanting the turf
may be another answer to severe compaction problems, but the soil will
have to be modified first to exact a long-term solution.

通氣孔需深入土壤 3 英吋深，彼此間隔小於 3 英吋，直徑約四分

之三英吋。需要重覆操作數次才能作出正確的區隔。這個工作必須持
之以恆的每年作兩次。若是中斷之後則所有通氣的益處亦將很快的終
止。

草皮的根部生長需要有充足的空氣流通才能進行二氧化碳的氣
體交換。二氧化碳會一直累積所以需要從土壤中釋出。空氣交換或是
通氣是在固體的土壤粒子間進行。

土壤與其周圍也會有自然的通氣現象。由於土壤與其周遭氣候的
溫差也會造成空氣的流動。水份的流入與流出土壤也會影響到通氣量
的減少。若要草皮長得健康蒼翠，一定要採取人工機械式的通氣。

通氣就像是割草，澆水與施肥一樣，都是草皮保養不可或缺的重
點。

緊實的土壤，過多的枯草層(草盤層)，和黏土都會使草皮的根部
無法有效深入。在這樣的情況下，一定要使用機械式的通氣設備。 重
新種植草皮也有可能是解決嚴重的土壤緊實現象的方法之一，但是一
定要先改善土質才能維持長期的草皮生長。

鋪砂與打洞 Topdressing & Aerification 講義 第 7 頁

 適當的通氣孔口徑及間距

Compaction 土壤緊實

Compaction is the pressing together of soil particles, which squeezes

air out of the soil. Most compaction occurs in the upper two inches of soil.
The biggest cause of compacted soil is activity on soggy turf. Other
causes include watering turf areas and/or excessive tilling when preparing
a seedbed. Construction and grading equipment used to build homes also
has adverse effects.

土壤緊實指的是土壤粒子經壓縮在一起而使空氣擠出土壤的現
象。大部份的土壤緊實都發生在土壤表土 2 英吋的範圍。造成土壤緊
實最大的因素是在潮濕的草皮上活動所引起的。其他的原因包括澆灌
草皮和/或在準備苗圃時過渡的耕耘。建築工具和分隔設備也會造成
不良的緊實現象。

Causes of Compaction 造成緊實的原因

Children playing 兒童在草皮上玩耍 Upper 1 inch of soil 土壤上層 1 英吋
Dogs 狗 Upper 1 inch of soil 土壤上層 1 英吋
Sports Activities (Volleyball) Upper 2 inches of soil 土壤上層 2 英吋
體育活動(排球)
Parking Cars on turf area Upper 3 inches of soil 土壤上層 3 英吋
車輛停在草皮上
Heavy construction Equipment Upper 6 inches of soil 土壤上層 6 英吋
重型建築機具

鋪砂與打洞 Topdressing & Aerification 講義 第 8 頁

 As soil is compacted, the soil’s aeration process becomes ineffective.
Air spaces are squeezed out and filled with water. At this point, the soil is
waterlogged and unable to drain. Waterlogged soil promotes shallow root
growth.

Compacted soil results in turf with low energy, poor growth, and thin
yellow-green characteristics. It will not hold up well to traffic or weather
stress. Playing on it would tear the turf more quickly than under normal
conditions. Heat stress also causes the turf to wilt sooner. Under any of
these conditions, recovery takes longer than it would for a healthy turf.

當土壤緊實時，土壤中的通氣會不良。空氣的間隙被擠出而被水
份填滿。此時土壤被水浸滿而無法有效的排水。被水浸滿的土壤會產
生較淺的根部系統。

緊實的土壤會使草皮的能量變低，生長欠佳，並且會產生薄且黃
綠的特性。同時在天候所造成的壓力及踐踏之後的草皮復原也不佳。
在其上活動會使草皮比平常更容易撕裂。熱氣也會使草皮更快枯萎。
在這些情況下，草皮的復原要比健康的草皮所需的時間更長。

Soil Types 土壤類型

The type of soil is another reason to aerate the turf area. Clay
contributes to compacted soil. It has a fine texture with a sticky plate-like
structure, and is most likely to become compacted. Clay soil needs to be
improved before planting a turf area. To do this, add organic matter such
as peat moss or compost to the soil.

There are two ways that one can find out the kind of soil on their turf
areas. By having a soil test done by performing a squeeze test. Take a ball
of moist soil and squeeze it in your hand. If the ball holds together, it’s
clay. If it breaks apart easily then it’s loam. Sand falls apart most easily.
This test works well for any flowerbed, garden, or turf soil.

土壤類型的不同也是需要給草平通氣的另一個原因。黏土是造成
緊實土壤的主因，它的顆粒較細且有較黏的板狀結構，所以最有可能
變成緊實土。黏質土壤需要在種植草皮前先作改良處理。添加泥炭苔
或混合堆肥等有機物可改善土質。

鋪砂與打洞 Topdressing & Aerification 講義 第 9 頁

 有兩種方法可鑑別草皮區土壤的類型。一個是擠壓試驗。用手抓
一把潮濕的土壤用力壓擠成一球，如果球體是一體成型，這就是黏
土，如果球體會分散，這就是壤土，而砂土最容易散開。這種方法適
用於任何的花圃，花園或草皮土壤。

Benefits of Aeration 打洞通氣的優點

Aeration loosens compacted soil and breaks up thatch. It allows

water and other nutrients to seep into the soil, encouraging new root
growth and establishing a stronger , deeper root base for a lusher,
healthier turf. Another benefit of aeration is the reduction of water runoff
and puddling.

By removing cores of soil, aeration provides space for roots and soil
to expand. Reducing further compactions.

Aeration is also a method of thatch control, because microorganisms

brought to the surface of the turf help break down thatch. All of these
factors help the turf establish a deeper root base, making the turf more
heat- and drought-stress tolerant.

打洞通氣可降低土壤的緊實度，加速枯草層(草盤層)的分解。同
時也可以增強土壤的吸水與吸收肥料能力，促進根部的發育且提高草
根的強度與深度，使其成長為翠綠健康的草皮草。通氣另外一個好處
是可以降低水份的流失與凝結。

在土壤上打洞並將土塊移除後，通氣的效果提供了根部及土壤發
展的空間，也減少了進一步緊實的現象發生。

打洞通氣也是控制枯草層(草盤層)的方法之一，因為被帶到草皮
表面的微生物可促進枯草層(草盤層)的分解。這些因素都可幫助草皮
建立更深的根部基礎，並且更能夠耐熱和耐乾旱。

鋪砂與打洞 Topdressing & Aerification 講義 第 10 頁

 氧氣(O2)與二氧化碳(CO2) 在土壤中交換 通氣機

When to Core Aerate 何時進行打洞工作

Core aeration can be done anytime the grass is actively growing. It is

best to aerate once or twice a year on a continual basis.

It is important to allow at least 4 weeks of good growing weather.

This will give plants a chance to fill open holes.

打洞工作可以在草皮正常發育的任何時間進行。最好是持之以恆
的每年作一兩次的打洞工作。

在良好的環境下，最好是有四周以上的好天氣讓草皮生長。也可
給植物一個回填開放式洞口的機會。

草皮表面進行打洞後所留下來的土塊

鋪砂與打洞 Topdressing & Aerification 講義 第 11 頁

 Spiking 打釘洞

Spiking is the easiest and least expensive aeration method and is

done by using a solid tine or a metal spike and putting an angular hole in
the ground. Using this method, the turf heals quicker than with core
aeration because no soil is being removed. Spiking can be done anytime
of the year. But the effects of the solid tine method are short term.
Another problem is that the soil is pushed to the sides of the hole
compacting the area again.

打釘洞是最簡單且最經濟的打洞通氣方法，只需要一個實心的尖
叉或金屬的大釘在地上鑽一個有角的洞。草皮在打釘洞後復原的速度
會比打洞作業的方式還要快，因為打釘洞的過程沒有移除任何的土
壤。一年四季都可進行打釘洞。但是以實心尖叉打釘洞的效果只能是
短暫的。另外還有一個問題是打釘洞時土壤會被擠壓向洞口的四周，
再度的造成周邊的緊實效應。

Vertical Mowing 垂直割草

Vertical mowing or power raking is less effective in alleviating

compaction but is an excellent means of reducing thatch, particularly for
warm-season grasses. The process is less destructive than core aerate and
is an excellent option if compaction is minimal

垂直割草或是機械式的耙土機對於減緩緊實現象的效果並不是
最好，但是對於降低枯草層(草盤層)的效果非常有效，特別是針對生
長在溫暖季節的草皮。垂直割草對草皮的傷害程度比打洞作業還要
低，如果緊實的現象不是很嚴重時，這個方法會是一個很好的選擇。

Earthworms 蚯蚓

Earthworms are helpful to turf areas, because they are natural

aerators and thatch controllers. The tunnels they create help loosen the
soil. By digesting organic matter, earthworms keep thatch production in
check.

蚯蚓對草皮有益因為這是天然的通氣法，且可減少枯草層(草盤
層)。蚯蚓鑽的洞也可鬆弛土壤。蚯蚓會消化掉有機物，所以也會控
制枯草層(草盤層)的現象。

鋪砂與打洞 Topdressing & Aerification 講義 第 12 頁

 Coring is often followed by a topdressing procedure. Topdressing is
the broadcast application of soil or other materials to the surface of the
turfgrass area (Figure 4). Topdressing is often used to smooth the surface
of a turfgrass area or to control thatch. The spreading of soil or other
types of root zone materials over and into the thatch layer makes the
thatch environment more conducive to microorganism activity, which is
necessary for thatch decomposition. Topdressing is a slow but very
effective means of controlling thatch. Topdressing material is typically
applied in very thin layers to the turf; in most cases, only a couple
millimetres are applied at one time. When done lightly, the topdressing
procedure can be repeated several times each year. On occasion, it may be
necessary to topdress more heavily. Depending on the situation (type of
turfgrass species, cutting height, time of year), as much as 0.375 inches
may be applied. The topdressing material should be worked down into the
turf by pulling a steel drag mat or brush over the area. On smaller areas,
the topdressing material can also be smoothed and worked into the turf by
brushing with a push broom.

通常在作完打洞作業後，就會進行鋪砂。也就是將土壤或其它物
質鋪撒於草皮的表面(圖 4)。鋪砂通常是用來使草皮表面更平順或用
來控制枯草層(草盤層)。將土壤或其他形式的根部物質撒在枯草層(草
盤層)的上面或裡面可增加枯草層(草盤層)中微生物的活性，使枯草層
(草盤層)分解的速度更快。鋪砂的成效比較慢，但是這是很有效的控
制枯草層(草盤層)的方法。鋪砂時通常是在草皮上撒上薄薄的一層，
大部份每次都只有幾公釐的厚度而已。如果每次都只鋪少量的話，一
年就可以重覆鋪砂好幾次。但是偶爾也需要多鋪一些。依據實際的情
況(草皮的種類，割草的高度，以及季節)，可以鋪到 0.375 英吋的厚
度。鋪砂所用的材質可以藉由拖拉式的鋼毯或是金屬刷子將其壓入草
皮中。在較小的草皮區裡可以用掃帚將鋪砂材質均勻的掃入草皮裡。

鋪砂與打洞 Topdressing & Aerification 講義 第 13 頁

 Figure 圖 4 : Cross-section of coring holes filled with topdressing
material 鋪砂材質填滿了打洞後的孔徑裡的橫切面示意圖

Topdressing is an excellent management tool. Golf greens are

routinely topdressed, which accounts for the smoothness associated with
high-quality greens. Golf greens that are routinely topdressed rarely
develop thatch problems.

鋪砂是一個很好的草皮管理工具。高爾夫球的果嶺都會作定期的
鋪砂保養，以維持高品質所呈現出的平滑度。凡是有定期作鋪砂保養
的果嶺很少會有枯草層(草盤層)的問題。

鋪砂與打洞 Topdressing & Aerification 講義 第 14 頁