What is Sensor?

Sensors are the electronic devices which converts biomedical signals into electrical signals. Basically
’sensor’ comes from a Latin word ‘sentire’, meaning of ' sentire’ means to recognize anything. The
natural sensors of human are: Opthalmoception(senses the Sight or Visual Perception)
,Audioception(senses the hearing), gustaoception(senses associated with the tongue),
olfacception(senses the smell)and tactioception( senses the tou Sensor consist of two parts i.e receptor
and transducer. Receptors transforms tChemistry he physical/chemical stimulus after receiving this
information into electrical energy form. And Transducer converts this energy into beneficial analytical
signal (1).

What is biosensor?

Biosensors are defined as the electrical devices to capture the biomedical signals and then convert them
into a Perceivable electrical signals. Cammann gave the term ‘biosensor’. Biosensors are based on hybrid
of physical and chemical sensing techniques. According to IUPAC(The International Union of Pure and
Applied Chemistry), biosensor refers to the analytical devices that transform replication into electrical
signals by sensing chemical that are highly specific liberated PH , temperature like physical parameters
(1,4).

Biosensors consist of mainly four components – the bio-recognition element , transducer, amplifier and
detector. Biorecognition elements are the chemical compounds composed of enzymes, cells, DNA,
Proteins, tissue, Organelles, antibodies, aptamers etc. Transducer converts the biorecognition signal into
a detectable signal. The amplifier amplifies the signal. Detector processes the signal into a beneficial
information.(22)

Types of Biosensor:

Biosensors are Classified depending upon two elements: sensing element and transducer modes.

Sensing elements consist of enzyme based biosensor, Immunosensor, DNA biosensor, cell biosensor.

Enzyme based biosensor:

Clark and Lyons introduced these biosensors where is an amperometric chemical cathode for glucose
sensor to ‘dissolvable’ protein cathode in 1962.

Immunosensor:

These sensors are the biosensor in which antibodies catch the specific targeted antigen and established
on the fact that antigens are highly attracted by the antibodies.

DNA biosensor:

The purpose of this sensor is to detach and detect the nature of single DNA or immune response antigen
bonds.

Cell Biosensor:

This biosensor are used to employ the living cells and they are dependent on capacity of living cells for
perceiving the intracellular and extracelular microenvironment condition (2,4).
Transducer mode based biosensor:

Transducer mode based biosensor is classified in to four types:

a) Electrochemical
b) Optical
c) Thermometric
d) Piezoelectric
a) Electrochemical :
Electrochemical biosensor uses the principle of manufacture or utilization of ions or
electrons while a chemical reaction between the impaired biomolecule and target
analyte influence takes place which affects perceptible electrical properties of the
solution(e.g. electric current or potential)(3,9). This biosensor is divided into three
types:
i) Amperometric biosensor:
Amperometric biosensor, a self-contained integrated device, based on the
detection of the current this biosensor provides valued perceptive information.
Amperometric biosensors are more sensitive also more suitable. (9)
ii) Potentiometric biosensor:
This biosensor utilitizes ion-selective electrodes for converting the biological
reaction into the electrical signal. Some types of Potentiometric electrodes are
glass electrodes, metal oxide based sensors and ion – selective electrodes. They
have the capability to mass-fabricated in the miniature formats easily by using
the advanced modern silicon or thick Film technologies.(3)
iii) Conductometric biosensor:
Conductometric Biosensors are the sensors that measures the changes in the
electrical conductivity of sample solution as a consequence of the biochemical
reaction. Measurement of the conductance have low sensitivity.9)

b)Optical:

The basic principle of optical biosensor includes the optical measurements such as fluorescence,
absorbance and chemiluminescence. For selectivity and sensitivity, fluorescene is used for biosensing.3

C) Thermometric Biosensor:
This biosensor is also known as Calorimetric biosensor are established by biomolecules
immobilization on to temperature sensors. They depend upon endothermic and
exothermic properties of biological reactions. Even a small change in the temperature
can be detected by thermal biosensor.
D) Piezoelectric sensor:
They work on the principle of sound that vibrates, also they known as acoustic
biosensors. Featurable frequencies are shown by these piezoelectric crystals
and the vibration of these crystals with their postive and negative charges.
Piezoelectric biosensor is divided into two types :i)coustic and ii)
Microcantilever.(9)
i) Acoustic biosensor: Acoustic biosensors utilitizes sound or mechanical
waves through detection to get the biochemical, biophysical information
about the analyte. Types of Acoustic biosensors are: Thickness-shear
mode resonator, Surface Acoustic wave Sensor, Shear-horizontal Acoustic
plate mode sensor, Flexural Plate Wave Sensor.
ii) Micro cantilever biosensor: This biosensor has been developed to detect
two biomarkers i.e carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and Alpha-fetoprotein
(AFP) via an optical readout technique which monitors real time of the
cantilever profile.

Evolution of Biosensor:
Leland C. Clark developed the first biosensor in 1956 which was designed
for oxygen detection. Then in the year 1962 Leland C. Clark developed
enzyme electrodes which created history of Biosensor. 5

Paper 1: Construction of an amperometric bilirubin biosensor based on

covalent immobilization of bilirubin oxidase onto zirconia coated silica
nanoparticles/ chitosan hybrid film;by Bhawna Batra,16th January 2013,

In this paper Amperometric biosensor is used which is a type o

Electrochemical biosensor used to detect bilirubin, which is highly
sensitive and based covalent immobilization of bilirubin oxidase onto
zirconia coated silica nanoparticles/chitosan composite electrode posited
onto Au electrode.

Paper2: Bilirubin detection by different method with special emphasis on

biosensing: A review;2021 by Vinay Narwal.
In this review paper, four methods for bilirubin detection is described,
they are: Spectroscopic method(direct spectroscopic Method and diazo
reaction is used), Chemiluminescence method(redox reaction takes
place), polarographic method(a mixture of 0.03 M NaOH,1.0X ×10to the
power of -3 M Na2SO3 and 2.0 × 10 to the power of -4 M EDTA when
potential swaps from -0.65V to -0.1V, then polarographic at about -0.26V
was detected) and flourometric method(it determines level of titrable
albumin in jaundice neonates).

Paper3: Bilirubin enzyme biosensor: potentially and recent advances

towards clinical bioanalysis; by Vinita Hooda in 19th July 2017.
In this paper different mechanisms of bilirubin detection are given such as
a) Enzymes involved in the fabrication of Biosensors for the bilirubin
detection: Multicopper oxidase (MCOs), bilirubin oxidase (Box) are
used for preparing biosensors. Electrochemical amperometric
bilirubin biosensors are used due to their specificity and selectivity of
bilirubin oxidation.
b) Nanoparticle-based bilirubin biosensors: In this method a
ferrocenecarbonamide-modified electrode with gold nanoparticles
and multiwal carbon nanotubes is used developed by Wang et al. in
2009.
c) Fluorimetry and colorimetry based bilirubin biosensors : In this
method the biosensor used natural carrier of bilirubin stabilized gold
nanoclusters as a probe for detection.

Paper 4:Easy diagnosis of jaundice: A Smartphone -Based Nanosensor

bioplatform using photoluminescent Bacterial nanopaper for point of
care diagnosis of hyperbilirubinemia by Raziyeh Sadat Tabatabaee in
21th March 2019.
Here a photoluminescent nanopaper -Based assay kit with a
smartphone readout for easy diagnosis of neonatal jaundice through
visual determination of bilirubin in infants blood samples is
introduced which is easy to use, cost effective, selective, non-toxic
also disposable .

Paper 5: Paper based Potentiometric sensing of free bilirubin in blood

serum by Jeffrey G. Bell in 2019.

In this paper the design and fabrication of a Potentiometric sensor is

used to detect free bilirubin in serum.

Paper6: ‘ graphene oxide -gold nanostar hybrid based paper biosensor

for label-free SERS detection of serum bilirubin for diagnosis of
jaundice ‘ by Xiang pan in 2019.

In this paper, they developed a paper based SERS ( Surface-enhanced

Raman Spectroscopy)biosensor integrating the enrichment capability
(enPSERS biosensor) for sensitive, label free detection of serum
bilirubin used for jaundice diagnosis.

Paper 7: Metal oxide nanoparticles in electrochemical sensing and

bio-sensing :a review by Jaise Mariya George in 4 July 2018.

In this paper, Metal oxide nanoparticles which are made from iron,
manganese, titanium, copper,zinc, zirconium, cobalt, nickel,
tungsten,silver and vanadium are used in Electrochemical biosensor.
Paper 8: Detection of neonatal jaundice by using an Android OS-
Based Smartphone Application by Pouria Padidar in 10 November
2018.
In this paper, an Android OS- Based application is introduced for
detection of neonatal jaundice. Here, smartphone is used to serve as
a screening tool for neonatal jaundice so that it will help in
determining neonates requiring a blood draw for measuring total
serum bilirubin level.

Paper 9: Neonatal Jaundice detection using a computer vision system

by Warqaa Hashim in 8october 2021.

In this paper, this system detects and diagnose also treat jaundice by
a system based on digital camera, it is obtained by the analysis of real
time captured image of the neonate if they need treatment. By using
an Arduino UNO microcontroller ,the treatment for jaundice was
achieved.

Paper 10:A fiber optic sensor for rapid analysis of bilirubin in serum by
Xueping Li in 1997.
In this paper, for rapid bilirubin detection, a miniaturized fibre optic
biosensor is fabricated. Indirectly bilirubin is determined by dissolved
Molecular oxygen which is based on fluroscene quenching of tris
ruthenium chloride.

Paper 11: Screen -printed Carbon electrode for the electrochemical

detection of conjugated bilirubin by P.E Resmi in 2021.
Here, microscopic, spectroscopic and electrochemical methods are
used which characterized the electrode. Also electrochemical
oxidation of conjugated bilirubin is introduced.

Paper 12: Oxygen biosensor based on bilirubin oxidase immobilized

on a nanostructured gold electrode by Marcos Pita in 2013.
In this paper, oxygen amperometric biosensor based on direct
electron transfer of bilirubin oxidase.

Paper 13: A green and facile approach for synthesizing imine to

develop optical biosensor for wide range detection of bilirubin in
human biofluids by Sundaram Ellariraja in 27 th September 2016.
This paper is based on (2,2’-((1E,1’E)-((6-brom opyridine-2,3-
diyl)bis(azanylylidene))bis(methanylylidene diphenol)(BAMD). BAMD
showed a fluroscent intensity with a good quantum yield of 0.85 and
lifetime of 870ps. Therefore, it was used for detection of bilirubin
using techniques like colorimetric and flourometric in physiological
and basic pH.