COP26- Started in 1995 (Conference of parties) Glasgow, UK (31-Oct to 12 Nov) regarding climate

change, stabilization of greenhouse gas. Net zero emission. India committed to net zero by 2070 and
use 50% of energy sources from renewable energy resources.

Biggest was COP-21 in Paris. To limit global warming below 1.5 degree.

COP27- Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, in 2022

UNSC (P5)-

Security Council to investigate any situation threatening international peace; recommend

procedures for peaceful resolution of a dispute

United nations security council. 5 Permanent member (USA, UK, China, Russia, France) and 10 non-
permanent member (Brazil, India, Ireland, Kenya, Mexico, UAE, Norway, Ghana, Gabon, Albania) In
accordance with rule 92 of the rules of procedure, the election is held by secret ballot and there are
no nominations. Under rule 83 of the rules of procedure, the non-permanent members of the
Security Council are elected by a two-thirds majority. Along with the five permanent members, the
Security Council of the United Nations has temporary members that hold their seats on a rotating
basis by geographic region. These ten non-permanent members are elected by the United Nations
General Assembly for two-year terms starting on 1 January, with five replaced each year.

VETO- Veto the substantive law defines criminal acts that the legislature wishes to prohibit and
specifies penalties for those that commit the prohibited acts. For example, murder is a substantive
law because it prohibits the killing of another human being without justification.

Russia has been the most frequent user of the veto, followed by the United States and China. France
and the United Kingdom have not used the veto since 1989. Russia/USSR has used its veto 120
times, the US 82 times, the UK 29 times, France 16 times, and China 17 times

The veto power has been criticized for its undemocratic nature. A single country can prevent a
majority of the Security Council from taking any action. For example, the United States routinely
casts lone vetoes of resolutions criticizing Israel.[32] The permanent members also veto resolutions
that criticize their own actions. In 2014, Russia vetoed a resolution condemning its annexation of
Crimea. Amnesty International claimed that the five permanent members had used their veto to
"promote their political self interest or geopolitical interest above the interest of protecting civilians.

Advantages of UNO member- Economical Assistance, Aid and assistance, Help to the health sector of
a country, Protection of Human rights in the country, Protection of the sovereignty of the country.

BRICS- Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Affrica. Since 2009, the governments of the BRICS states
have met annually at formal summits. India hosted the most recent 13th BRICS summit on 9
September 2021 virtually.

In June 2012, the BRICS nations pledged $75 billion to boost the lending power of the International
Monetary Fund (IMF)

It main objectives are to cooperate between the member nations for development, provide financial
assistance, support various projects, infrastructure etc. It has also agreed to provide financial
assistance, support to countries other than members.

BRICS has a main aim to break the western hegemony in international economic order. World Bank
and IMF acted as a client of western countries for developing countries. The another reason is that

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 American values (as their presidents spoke) are now going in a ditch. Now country like India can not
bare these atrocities.

BRICS will proved an alternate for member countries and other developing countries and will help
them to improve their economy. It will also help to establish New International Economic
Order(NIEO) for that these countries are fighting so long.

NDB (New development bank- Shanghai, China) will strengthen cooperation among BRICS and will
supplement the efforts of multilateral and regional financial institutions for global development thus
contributing to sustainable and balanced growth. NDB’s key areas of operation are clean energy,
transport infrastructure, irrigation, sustainable urban development and economic cooperation
among the member countries. The NDB will help India to raise and avail resources for their
infrastructure and sustainable development projects. The NDB has approved its first set of loans,
which included a loan of US$ 250 million in respect of India for Multitranche Financing Facility for
Renewable Energy Financing Scheme’.

NATO- (North Atlantic treaty organization) 28 European and 2 North American countries. NATO
constitutes a system of collective security, whereby its independent member states agree to mutual
defence in response to an attack by any external party.

HQ in Belgium.

Increased from 12 to 30 (Recent member is North Macedona)

NATO commander- General Tod D. Wolters

QUAD- Quadrilateral security dialogue (India, USA, Japan, Australia) One of the primary objectives of
the Quad is to work for a free, open, prosperous and inclusive Indo-Pacific region

The motive behind the Quad is to keep the strategic sea routes in the Indo-Pacific free of any military
or political influence. It is basically seen as a strategic grouping to reduce Chinese domination. The
core objective of the Quad is to secure a rules-based global order, freedom of navigation and a
liberal trading system. The coalition also aims to offer alternative debt financing for nations in the
Indo-Pacific region.

It is believed that the forum strategically counters China’s economic and military rise. Interestingly, if
Chinese hostilities rise on the borders, India can take the support of the other Quad nations to
counter the communist nation. In addition, India can even take the help of its naval front and
conduct strategic explorations in the Indo-Pacific region.

In March 2021, US President Joe Biden hosted the first-ever summit of the Quad leaders in a virtual
format. It vowed to strive for an Indo-Pacific region that is free, open, inclusive, anchored by
democratic values and unconstrained by coercion, sending an apparent message to China.

G20- 1999, Group of 20 ( 19 + EU) It works to address major issues related to the global economy,
such as international financial stability, climate change mitigation, and sustainable development.

Population- 60%, GDP- 80%, Trade- 75% of world

Troika- Saudi Arabia- Italy- Indonesia

summits involving each member's head of government or state, finance minister, foreign minister

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 Chair rotation-

To decide which member nation gets to chair the G20 leaders' meeting for a given year, all
members, except the European Union, are assigned to one of five different groupings, with all but
one group having four members, the other having three. Nations from the same region are placed in
the same group, except Group 1 and Group 2. All countries within a group are eligible to take over
the G20 Presidency when it is their group's turn. Therefore, the states within the relevant group
need to negotiate among themselves to select the next G20 President. Each year, a different G20
member country assumes the presidency starting from 1 December until 30 November. This system
has been in place since 2010, when South Korea, which is in Group 5, held the G20 chair. The table
below lists the nations' groupings

SAARC- 1985 South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation- Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan,
India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.

Secretariat in Kathmandu, Nepal

Trade, Financial support

The SAARC seeks to promote the welfare of the peoples of South Asia, strengthen collective self-
reliance, promote active collaboration and mutual assistance in various fields, and cooperate with
international and regional organizations.

ASEAN- Association of Southeast Asian Nations- 10 member

Promotes intergovernmental cooperation and facilitates economic, political, security, military,

educational, and sociocultural integration between its members and other countries in Asia.

Myanmar crisis-

Since 2017, political, military and ethnic affairs in Myanmar have posed unusual challenges for
ASEAN, creating precedent-breaking situations and threatening the traditions and unity of the group,
and its global standing[38][39][40][41][42] -- with ASEAN responses indicating possible fundamental
change in the nature of the organization

IPCC- Intergovernmental panel on climate change1988, forecasting regarding climate change. Sea
level rised 3 times from 1901 to 1971.

It gives insights for policy making

HQ in Switzerland

On Monday, February 28, 2022, the IPCC released its sixth assessment report.

Report-

1st part in Aug-21, 2nd part in Feb-22, 3rd part in Apr-22

Assessment on reginal basis- like Ahmedabad more prone to heat wave, Mumbai more prone to
flood

Risk for 877 million population of india

Wet bulb (data combined of heat and humidity) temp will increase 31 degree in india, 35 in lucknow
and patna

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 Chennai, Bhubaneshwar, Patna – heat and humidity

WHO- Tedros Adhanom,

WTO-

UNESCO-

OPEC-- Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries- 13

IMF-

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