1.

Water demand is calculated for water supply scheme- by estimating population

2.
3. Design period is taken keeping the future population in mind
4. Population forecasting depends upon- Birth, Death, Migration
5. Method for forecasting- Arithmetic progression method

6. Geometric progression method (most preferable)-

7. Incremental increase method- combination of both

8. Water demand- Domestic water demand(135-225), commercial water demand (20-50),

industrial water demand
9. Factor affecting per capita demand (Size of city, climatic condition, Quality of water,
Pressure)
10. Suspended solids- 30ppm
11. Turbidity- 1-5 NTU
12. Colour- Tintometer (5TCU true colour unit)
13. TDS- 500-2000 ppm

Sensitivity: LNT Construction Internal Use

 14. Hardness- Temporary (Carbonate and bicarbonate of Ca and Mg- Boil) permanent (Cl,
sulphate of Ca, Mg- Washing soda) 200-600ppm

15.
16. Chloride- 200-1000ppm
17. Floride- 1-1.5ppm
18. Sedimentation- Prticles follows stokes law

19.

20.

21.

22.
23. How to decide quantity of coagulant- By jar test
24. 80% of supplied water is went in sewage
25. Start from -9
26. Stokes law-Stoke’s Law is an equation that expresses the drag force resisting the fall of small
spherical particles through a fluid medium. Stoke’s Law states that the force that retards a
sphere moving through a viscous fluid is directly proportional to the velocity and the radius
of the sphere, and the viscosity of the fluid. We use Stoke’s law to determine the terminal
velocity, the size and density of sphere and liquid. Stoke’s law can also be used to calculate
the viscosity of the fluid. Stokes law is used in designing the width of sedimentation tank.

F=6πηrv

27.
28. Disposal of sewage effluents- 1. Disposal in rivers 2. Effluent irrigation

Sensitivity: LNT Construction Internal Use

 29.

30.

31.
32.

Sensitivity: LNT Construction Internal Use