1. Joseph Aspdin invented Portland cement in 1824.

He used a mixture of limestone, clay &

water and heated it.
2. Portland stone ( properties are matched with cement) is found in UK, so it is named portland
cement.
3. Limestone (Calcareous material CaO, CaCO3), Clay(Argillaceous material Al2O3),
Sandstone/Silica (SiO2)
4. SALIM (Silica, Alumina, Lime, Iron oxide, Magnesia)
5. Lime (CaO)- 65%- , Silica (SiO2)- 20%, Alumina- 6%, Iron oxide- 3%, Magnesia (2%)
6. Temp. in dry process (1300-1500) temp in wet (1400-1500)

Lime High strength, more time required, if lime

reduce than setting time and strength will
reduce
Silica Give strength. If increased than slow time
Alumina Responsible for quick setting
Iron oxide Colour & helps in fusion of all above 3
Magnesia

7. Soundness- Resistance against volume change

8.
9. C3S and C2S are responsible for strength C3A is responsible for initial reaction and heat
10. Gypsum (Calcium sulphate) it taken 3% in clincker. Gypsum increased setting time but it can
increase volume if taken high.
11. Test on cement-

12. Fineness test- Indicates particle size of cement. There are two test. First, is sieve test in
which 90 micron sieve is taken and 100gm cement is passed. Less than 10% residue should
be there. Second, is Air permeability apparatus
13. Consistency test- This test is used to find quantity of mixing water. By Vicat apparatus
Penetration should be upto a point 5-7mm from the bottom of the mould.
14. Setting time test- Initial setting time and final setting time on Vicat. Initial time should be not
less than 30min and final should not be more than 10hr. (needle 10mm dia 25 mm high)
15. Soundness test- Le- chatler apparatus. It measure unsoundness due to free lime. It should be
limited to 10mm. 3hrs boiling.
16. Strength test- Cement : Sand 1:3. Cube 70.6 mm. area of 1 side is 50cm2

Sensitivity: LNT Construction Internal Use

 17. Types of cement- OPC(33,43,53)- 3 day strength is 50%, 7-day strength is 67%
RHC- More finer, 1 day strength is 16 N/mm2
PPC- Fly ash is mixed, strength does not increase rapidly but becomes
more strengthful after 28 days so cracking and shinking will be less. Durability increased
18. Concrete mixing- for 2 min. and 20 rotations in mixer
19. If water in con. Is less than 0.4 than honey combing will happen and if it is more, strength
will reduce.

20.
21. Cube strength is 1.25 times of cylinder- (150x300)
22. Rate of loading is 14KN/mm2 per min.
23. Workability- convenience in concreting (easy to mix, compact and transport)
24. Test for workability- Slump test, compacting factor test
25. Acceptable limit for cracks 0.1-0.3 mm
26. Segregation- When aggregate, sand separates from each other, It is caused due to excessive
vibration
27. Bleeding- due to excessive vibration water comes above
28. Weight of brick is 3-3.5Kg
29. Frog- 10x4x1
30. Density of brick- 1800Kg/m3
31. First class brick- 10N/mm2, Second class- 7N/mm2, Third class- 5N/mm2

32. Composition of brick-

33. Test of brick- Dimension test, Compressive strength (1:3 filled in frog), water absorption test
( less than 20%)
34. Type of bond in brick masonry- Header bond, Stretcher bond, English(1 head and 1 stretcher
in diff. line, 1 quoin closer– most used), Flemish(HSHSHSHS)

35.
36. Ferrous material are those who has iron and steel
37. TMT- Thermo mechanically treated
38. iron deposits are located in well defined belts in the States of Orissa, Jharkhand,
Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Goa and Karnataka (Hematite has 70% iron)

Sensitivity: LNT Construction Internal Use

 39. High velocity oxygen and recycle steel is imposed on hog pig iron, steel is generated.
40. Density of steel 78.5 KN/m3
41. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gax62SIzqV8
42. Stress is the force applied to a material, divided by the material's cross-sectional area. Strain
is the deformation or displacement of material that results from an applied stress
43. Stress is the force applied to a material, divided by the material’s cross-sectional area.
44. Strain is deformation (delta L/L)
45. Modulus of elasticity or young’s modulus ( Stress/strain)
46. Ricter scale- Charles Francis Richter
47. Earthquake resistance- Flexible foundation, Vibration control device (damper), Shear wall
and diagonal cross braces. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ELCQkwPWf2w

48. The responsibilities of a construction manager are

49. • Cost Estimates
• Pre-purchase of selected materials
• Selection of bidders for bidding phase
• Analysis of proposals
• Construction contract negotiations
• Construction Scheduling and Monitoring
• Cost control of construction
• Construction supervision

50. What Are Moment Of Inertia And Its Importance In Civil Engineering? The moment of inertia
measures the opposition any kind of body will have against a certain momentum (along that
same axis) trying to rotate that body.

51. One Acre = Sq. ft. 43560 Sq. ft.

52. One square meter = Sq. ft? 10.76 Sq. ft

53.

Sensitivity: LNT Construction Internal Use