no AVESTA STAINLESS STEELS ENGINEERED FOR FGD SCRUBBER SERVICE Figure 1. Corrosion Resistance and Cost of Stainless Steels and Nickel-Baso Alloys for Scrubber Service igo =a] Estimated Cost Index (316L=1.0) = & Fertlium 255° isa egitered trademark of Sonar Aloys Limited. Table 2. Critical Pitting Temperature (CPT) and Critical Crevice Temperature {CCT} for Unwelded Specimens Environment Cea Tenpeaiee ( Farms | Avesta | Scubber Grode (anes) Ten alt | neronment™ cr co] on | ot [oot aia Beil 275 Bros 316 (27 ma = 5h <9 cP Sia os mo OS Si BS aia | lode 113 “1260 195 2 soa. 108.5 «$40 (13810147 ae. 25450 163-995 19016703 1318S jssasmo | 2217 al 30s 2208 Code Pirie | 9510108 $9.0 10210127 sar 2sa7 174 99.5 190% >200 : toy G : ~ 13104 toy 825 |eiaSio 217 10¢ 03 latovc27s | 3217" id 3203321258 Taine Correion Rate Aly. Inglan'lcay) le stat 2070 0.28 317. 273 oai7 i704 ig ‘al 0a 00 be {i} Bae eroded bo Cee Majamers Compory ‘Table 4, Minimum Chloride Concentrations for Pitt chloride, inital BH=3, 2 déys, 140F " Avesta coll with 1M NaCl 27% HSO, + SHHCI 4 1HFeCl + 1%CaCl, 24 he, 3 D17+F=Boting Poin! and Crevice Attack (176%F, SO; saturated) :; “Ciarde Concentration | Chlids Conconation Tor Alloy ge iting (CCPlopm | Cearice Avec (CCClpom ar S00) 04, 3,500 254500 300 SAF 2507 30,000 54 300 320,000 fAtoy $25, | 30,0000 >30,000 any 2376 228.600,©@eourns PUMPS, INC. DUPLEX STAINLESS STEELS « NITROGEN ENHANCEMENT IMPROVES CORROSION RESISTANCE « NITROGEN DECREASES SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ALLOY PARTITIONING BETWEEN PHASES « PREN VALUES >40 CAN BE OFFERED WHICH ALLOW NEW ALLOYS TO COMPETE WITH “SUPER-AUSTENITICS”3. ss, 2 Be 3 c = & 3 E 5 o g 2 3 oO Figure 1 — Effect of crevice gap on initiation of crevice corrosion in ambient temperature sea water.Wirksumme PREA 2830 32 34 36 38 40 w Chromium content, % N 5 Molybdenum content, % FIGURE 2 Wirksumme Number Measures Resistance to Pitting and Crevice CorrosionPITTING INOEX XX Ss 100,000 as, E § & ¢ 10,000 & E § € 8 : co 3 1,000 \- = cy 100) Satistactory at normal operation 120-150°F 0) 2 3 4 s 6 7 8 Acidity, pH Onidiring . FIGURE 3 Limits of Usefulness of Stainless Steels and — Nickel-Chromium Alloys in Acid-Brine Systems oNAlloy 625 @ c276 Resistant @ Attoy G 2205 Satisfactory @ @Alloy 28 904@ @904hMo Chloride stress-cracking index, NI content % Pitting/crevice corrosion index, Wirksumme G+ 33%Me FIGURE 4 Relative Resistance of Stainless Steels and Nickel-Chromium Alloys to Stress Cracking and Crevice Corrosion in Hot BrinesDUPLEX STAINLESS STEELS FOR ‘SEA WATER SERVICE Highly corrosion resistant duplex stainless steels (OSS) used for sea water generally contain higher levels of molybdenum and nitrogen enhancement. The combined effect of molybdenum and nitrogen has been found to be beneficial for improved localized corrosion resistance. These higher alloyed duplexes usually contain at least 25% chrornium, 3% molybdenum and 0.18% nitrogen. ‘The high localized corrosion resistance of the higher alloy duplexes is derived primarily from their high chromium, molybdenum, and nitrogen contents, which provide a PREN value of about 38 or better. The most widely used PREN formula is: PREN = %Cr + (8.3 x %Mo) + (16 X %N) Many investigators and much of the corrosion literature indicates that excellent resistance to localized corrasion in neutral and acid chloride containing media can be obtained by increased chromium, molybdenum and nitrogen contents. Elevation of nitrogen content led to improved corrosion resistance due to a better balance of alloying elements between the two phases and a decreased susceptibility in alloy parttioning between the austenite and ferrite phases. Highly alloyed super duplex DSS with PREN > 40 can successfully compete with the most resistant super austenitics such as 254SMO and ALGXN in sea water. Nitrogen additions are extremely important in improving the pitting and crevice resistance of these DSS alloys. Long term exposure in natural stagnant sea water with open circuit potential measurements has shown that only the high nitrogen bearing duplex stainless steels with PREN > 38 are completely resistant to localized (pitting & crevice) corrosion. Those with PREN > 40 perform even better than the 6% Mo super austenitics mentioned above. ‘The two phases of a OSS have diferent compositions which usually result in a different resistance to localized corrosion in chloride media. The ferrtizers such as chromium and molybdenum are more concentrated in the ferrite phase; while the austenitizers such as nickel and nitrogen are more concentrated in the austenite phase. The ratio of nitrogen within the austenite is very large, and itis often considered that most of the nitrogen (>85%) is contained within the austenite phase. The austenitic phase is generally much less resistant to pitting and. crevice corrosion than the ferrtic phase. The reason for this is the partitioning of alloying elements, resulting in the austenite phase to have a significantly lower chromium and molybdenum content. The only way to make the austenite phase as resistant as the ferrite phase is to alloy the material with high amounts of nitrogen. Nitrogen enhancement is beneficial to increase localized corrosion resistance of the austenite where itis mainly segregated, and it also reduces the parttioning of chromium and molybdenum between the austenite and ferrite phase.in nitrogen-containing DSS, nitrogen is concentrated in the austenite and also increases to some extent its chromium and molybdenum contents. Thus the improvement due to nitrogen addition is mainly due to the improvement of the resistance of the austenit In fow nickel duplex staintess steels (4 - 8% Ni), the difusion of nitrogen into austenite is possible due to its large diffusion coefficient, but molybdenum and chromium (small dtfusion coefficients) cannot be significantly redistributed, so they are in almost equal concentrations in both phases. Nickel has a weak effect on the resistance to localized corrosion in chloride environments. The main role of nickel is to control the ferrite/austenite phase ratio and the partitioning of the alloying elements between the two phases. An optimum range of nickelDUPLEX STAINLESS STEELS FOR SEA WATER SERVICE PAGE 2 ‘content which corresponds to reduced sensitivity to pitting is about 4 to 8% in a 25% Chromium duplex stainless steel. Increasing nickel content above this optimum increases the austenite ratlo in such a way that the dilution of nitrogen in larger volumes of austenite would lower its resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion, Incteasing the chromium content raises the pitting potential, and is beneficial in both phases. ‘The trend has been to move from the 25% Chromium to higher levels of 27%, Molybdenum has a strong effect on the resistance of duplex alloys to localized corrosion. A molybdenum content in excess of 3% is required to have a high level of resistance to localized corrosion in a 25% Cr duplex to be fully resistant to piting and crevice corrosion in sea water. Molybdenum content cannot be increased indefinitely because of severe problems with intermetallic phase precipitation, and it rarely exceeds 4.5 to 5.0% in even the highest alloyed. Dss. ‘To summarize the above, for sea water services the duplex alloy selected should have a balanced nitrogen enhanced composition to provide for a PREN > 38 to ensure freedom from localized corrosion. ‘An excellent way to specify any duplex alloy intended for sea water service Would be to request that the chemical composition be balanced to provide a PREN greater than or equal to 38; defined as where the PREN = %Cr + (3.3 X %Mo) + (16 X %N). This will ensure that the DSS. solactad has the optimum chemistry control to provide adequate localized corrosion resistance in ‘sea water environments. High alloyed 25% Chromium proprietary DSS alloys such as Goulds Code 1040 (Cast Alloy 255) and 1238 ( Nitrogen enhanced CD4MCUN with 3% moly minimum) are logical choices for sea water services. fona—— ‘Stepfien J. Morrow Chief Metallurgist April 4, 1996 ‘GOULDS PUMPS (PA), ING. INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS GROUP ASHLAND OPERATIONSPUMP MATERIALS SELECTION FOR SEAWATER AND OTHER CHLORIDE CONTAINING MEDIA 1.0 INTRODUCTION THE PURPOSE OF THIS DISCUSSION IS TO REVIEW SOME HISTORICAL BACKGROUND INFORMATION FROM THE LITERATURE, AND SHARE SOME PERSONAL EXPERIENCE REGARDING MATERIALS SELECTION FOR PUMPS TO BE USED IN SEAWATER AND OTHER CHLORIDE CONTAINING FLUIDS. SOME CONSIDERATIONS, AND FACTORS WHICH ARE IMPORTANT TO CONSIDER WHEN MAKING A PROPER MATERIALS SELECTION INCLUDE OPERATING AND SERVICE CONDITIONS, CORROSION, EROSION, CAVITATION, WELDABILITY, AND FOUNDRY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ALLOY BEING CONSIDERED. 2.0 BACKGROUND WHILE MUCH HAS BEEN WRITTEN COVERING USE OF WROUGHT MATERIALS IN CHEMICAL PROCESSING, PULP AND PAPER, DESALINATION PLANTS, REFINERIES AND POWER GENERATION UTILITIES, REGARDING PROBLEMS EXPERIENCED; LITTLE INFORMATION EXISTS ON CAST PUMP MATERIALS. THE LARGEST SOURCE OF INFORMATION REGARDING PUMPS IN CHLORIDE SERVICE IS FROM PULP AND PAPER, SEAWATER, AND BRINE INJECTION SERVICES. ONE OF THE MOST EXTENSIVE REPORTS DISCUSSING THE USE OF MATERIALS IN PUMPS AND EXPERIENCES IN DESALINATION SERVICES IS THE "SURVEY OF MATERIALS BEHAVIOR IN LARGE DESALINATION PLANTS AROUND THE WORLD" BY ARTHUR D. LITTLE. THE AUTHORS OF THE DOCUMENT; NEWTON, BIRKETT, AND KETTERINGHAM SURVEYED 170 PLANTS AT 80 DIFFERENT LOCATIONS AND CONCLUDED: “OUT OF 14 DIFFERENT ALLOYS USED IN PUMP IMPELLERS OR CASINGS, 316 STAINLESS STEEL EXHIBITED THE BEST PERFORMANCE. A REVIEW OF OVER 300 SERVICE PUMPS INDICATED STAINLESS STEEL IMPELLERS AND CASINGS WERE FAR SUPERIOR IN THEIR PERFORMANCE, AND ARE RECOMMENDED FOR MAXIMUM SERVICE LIFE IN LARGE FEEDWATER AND BRINE RECIRCULATION PUMPS IN ANY TYPE OF DESALINATION PLANT." STAC LATION THE LARGEST NUMBER OF PLANTS SURVEYED WERE MULTISTAGE FLASH DISTILLATION UNITS. IN THE 23 UNITS SURVEYED MORE THAN 400 PUMPS WERE INCLUDED. THESE WERE CATEGORIZED BY TYPE OF FLUID HANDLED: 1. FEEDWATER - HANDLING AERATED SEAWATER. 2. RECIRCULATED BRINE - HANDLING HOT DEAERATED BRINE. 3. PRODUCT WATER - HANDLING WARM PRODUCT WATER. PAGE 1PUMP MATERIALS FOR SEAWATER SERVICE FIGURE 1. SUMMARIZES THE REPORTED IMPELLER PROBLEMS SURVEYED BY THE ALLOY TYPE. THE AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL IMPELLERS PERFORMED OUTSTANDINGLY WITH ONLY ONE (1) PITTING DEFECT REPORTED OUT OF THE ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY ONE (121) SURVEYED. THE BRONZE AND MONEL IMPELLERS WERE REPLACED WITHIN SIX (6) MONTHS TO TWO (2) YEARS. CAST IRON AND NI-RESIST IMPELLERS ALSO HAD BEEN REPLACED DUE TO CAVITATION, EROSION, AND CORROSION IN SOME UNITS. FIGURE 2. SUMMARIZES THE EROSION-CORROSION PROBLEMS OBSERVED IN THE PUMP CASINGS SURVEYED. COMPARISON OF THE BRONZE DATA WITH THAT IN FIGURE 1 SHOWS A LOWER FAILURE RATE. THIS IS MOST LIKELY DUE TO THE FACT THAT THE MAJORITY OF THESE WERE USED IN PRODUCT WATER RATHER THAN FEEDWATER OR BRINE SERVICES. NOTE THAT NO PROBLEMS WERE REPORTED WITH STAINLESS STEEL CASINGS IN THIS SERVICE. FIGURE 3. SHOWS A SUMMARY OF SOME OTHER PROBLEMS OBSERVED IN THE PUMP MATERIALS SURVEY. THE MAIN REASON FOR PAYING ATTENTION TO THIS DATA TAKEN FROM DESALINATION SERVICE, IS THAT THESE OBSERVED RESULTS ARE SIMILAR FOR PUMPS IN SEAWATER AND BRINE INJECTION SERVICES. THESE RESULTS INDICATE THAT THE MINIMUM MATERIAL SELECTED FOR HANDLING SEAWATER OR OTHER CHLORIDE MEDIA SHOULD BE ACI TYPE CF3M (CAST EQUIVALENT OF 316L) AND AISI TYPE 316 SHAFTING. 3.0 TYPICAL MATERIALS TRADITIONALLY, PUMPS HANDLING SEAWATER HAVE BEEN CONSTRUCTED FROM CAST IRONS, NI-RESIST, CUPRO-NICKELS, MONELS, BRONZES, AND AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS. THE TREND HAS BEEN TOWARDS MORE HIGHLY ALLOYED NITROGEN ENHANCED SUPER AUSTENITICS, DUPLEX AND NICKEL BASED ALLOYS WHICH OFFER GREATER RELIABILITY, LIFE EXTENSION PERFORMANCE, AND VALUE IN HIGHLY CHLORINATED ENVIRONMENTS. THE CHOICE OF MATERIALS CONTINUES TO GROW AS MORE AND MORE SPECIALTY ALLOYS ARE BROUGHT TO THE MARKET. FOR LARGE SEAWATER INTAKE PUMPS, THE MOST LIKELY CHOICE OF MATERIALS WHICH ARE NOW COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE INCLUDES THE FOLLOWING KINDS OF METALLURGY: NI-RESIST AND DUCTILE NI-RESIST ALUMINUM-BRONZE AND NICKEL-ALUMINUM-BRONZE HIGH STRENGTH CUPRO-NICKELS AND MONELS STANDARD AUSTENITIC AND DUPLEX STAINLESS STEELS HIGH ALLOY SUPER-AUSTENITIC AND DUPLEX STAINLESS STEELS NICKEL BASED ALLOYS (INCONELS AND HASTELLOYS) TITANIUM ALLOYS PAGE 2PUMP MATERIALS FOR SEAWATER SERVICE IN MY OWN EXPERIENCE, THE MOST COMMON VERTICAL PUMP METALLURGIES FOR SEAWATER SERVICES GENERALLY FALL INTO ONE OF THE FOLLOWING THREE CATEGORY TYPES: 1, AIST TYPE 316L FABRICATIONS WITH ACI TYPE CF3M IMPELLERS AND TYPE 316 SHAFTING. 2. | NI-RESIST OR DUCTILE NI-RESIST CASINGS WITH ACI TYPE CF3M IMPELLERS AND TYPE 316 SHAFTING. 3. | ALUMINUM-BRONZE FABRICATIONS WITH NICKEL-ALUMINUM-BRONZE OR ACI TYPE CP3M IMPELLERS, AND AISI TYPE 316 SHAFTING. THE EXPERIENCE OF USERS OVER THE YEARS AND THE MANY PUMPS IN SERVICE AROUND THE WORLD SHOW THAT FIELD PROBLEMS USING AISI TYPE 316L WITH ACI TYPE CF3M ARE PRACTICALLY NONEXISTENT WITH PROPER CONTROLS, HOWEVER, IN SOME MORE AGGRESSIVE SERVICES, IT MUST BE ADMITTED THAT HIGHER ALLOYED MATERIALS LIKE THE SUPER-AUSTENITICS AND DUPLEX ALLOYS, AND/OR NICKEL BASED ALLOYS ARE REQUIRED. 4.0 OTHER CONSIDERATIONS MANY APPLICATIONS TODAY INVOLVE SOME EXTREMELY CORROSIVE SEAWATER SERVICES WHERE THE STANDARD AISI TYPE 316/316L AND CF8M/CF3M AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL CAST ALLOYS ARE INADEQUATE FOR THE SERVICE ENVIRONMENTS. HIGHER LEVELS OF CONCENTRATED CHLORIDES, CHLORINATION, POLLUTION, AERATION, LOWERED pH, STAGNANT OPERATION, HIGH TEMPERATURES, HIGH VELOCITIES, AND OTHER FACTORS SUCH AS SUSPENDED SOLIDS OR BIOLOGICAL ATTACK CAN INFLUENCE THE CORROSION RATE OF MATERIALS IN WHAT IS "NORMALLY" REFERRED TO AS SEAWATER. THESE CONSIDERATIONS HAVE PRECIPITATED THE DEVELOPMENT AND AVAILABILITY OF MANY NEWER HIGHLY ALLOYED CORROSION RESISTANT STEEL ALLOYS TO MEET THE REQUIREMENTS OF PRESENT DAY SERVICES. NG cH BEFORE DISCUSSING SOME OF THESE CONSIDERATIONS, AND SOME OF THE CHARACTERISTIC ADVANTAGES. AND DISADVANTAGES OF VARIOUS MATERIALS USED IN SEAWATER, I WOULD LIKE TO EMPHASIZE THAT THE SELECTION OF A MATERIAL MUST ALSO CONSIDER THE ABILITY OF A SUPPLIER TO MAKE IT; AS WELL AS THE MATERIALS AVAILABILITY, FABRICABILITY, CASTABILITY, AND WELDABILITY. FROM A MANUFACTURING STANDPOINT ONE MUST CONSIDER BOTH FABRICATION SHOP AND/OR FOUNDRY WELDABILITY, AS WELL AS THE FOUNDRY CASTABILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ALLOY SELECTED. THESE ARE JUST AS IMPORTANT FOR THE CUSTOMER AS WELL AS SUPPLIER SINCE THE ABILITY TO PRODUCE THE PRODUCT AFFECTS DELIVERIES, INSTALLATION, START-UP, AND REPAIRS PAGE 3PUMP MATERIALS FOR SEAWATER SERVICE OR MODIFICATIONS MADE IN THE FIELD AT SOME LATER TIME. SOME ALLOYS ARE CONSIDERED UNWELDABLE, WHILE OTHERS ARE SO DIFFICULT TO CAST OR REPAIR THEY END UP BEING A HIGHER COST ITEM EVEN THOUGH THEY MAY INITIALLY APPEAR TO OFFER A LOWER COST ALTERNATIVE. AN EXAMPLE OF THIS IS THE USUAL CASTING AND WELDING DIFFICULTIES EXPERIENCED WITH CAST IRON AND NI-RESIST ALLOYS, BRONZES, AND OTHER COPPER CONTAINING AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL ALLOYS, SUCH AS THE CAST EQUIVALENTS TO ALLOYS LIKE 20CB3 (ACI TYPE CN7M) AND 9041. CAST IRONS ARE CONSIDERED UNWELDABLE DUE TO THEIR UNFAVORABLE NOMEQSITION, |THE INHOMOGENEOUS MICROSTRUCTURAL (METALLURGICAL) NOTCH THAT REMAINS IN THE WELD ZONE, AND CRACKING TENDENCIES. THE NISRESIST AND DUCTILE NI-RESIST ALLOYS ARE DIFFICULT To CAST, AND DIFFICULT TO WELD REPAIR. THEY OFTEN CRACK DUE 10 RESIDUAL STRESSES CREATED DURING WELDING, AND WELD REPAIR IS TRICKY DUE TO ALLOY DROSSINESS. SPECIAL FILLER METALS, PRECAUTIONS AND PRECISE PROCEDURES MUST BE FOLLOWED TO SUCCESSFULLY REPAIR THESE ALLOYS. THE NICKEL-ALUMINUM-BRONZE AND ALUMINUM-BRONZES ARE DIFFICULT TO CAST IN LARGE SECTIONS DUE TO DROSS FORMATION AND THEIR NARROW SOLIDIFICATION FREEZING RANGE. ALLOY SYSTEMS LIKE THE NICKEL- ALUMINUM-BRONZES CAN BE WELDED WITH MATCHING FILLER METALS, BUT THEY REQUIRE A SPECIAL POST WELD HEAT TREATMENT TO PREVENT THE DEALLOYING OF THE ALUMINUM PHASE IF USED IN CHLORIDE ENVIRONMENTS. A TEMPER ANNEALING HEAT TREATMENT CONSISTING OF 6 HRS AT 1250 DEG.F IS REQUIRED AFTER CASTING AND WELDING, TO ENSURE FREEDOM FROM PHASE DEALLOYING (DEALUMINIFICATION) IN SEAWATER SERVICE. WELDING OF THE AUSTENITICS AND NICKEL BASED ALLOYS ARE RELATIVELY EASY WITH LOW CARBON GRADES; AND POST WELD HEAT TREATMENTS ARE OPTEN NOT REQUIRED, PROVIDING THE ABILITY TO MAKE FIELD WELDS. THE NICKEL BASED ALLOYS, AS WELL AS THE ACI TYPE CF AND CG ALLOYS ARE NOT DIFFICULT TO CAST OR WELD REPAIR PROVIDED THAT PROPER QUALIFIED PROCEDURES ARE FOLLOWED. THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION MUST BE PROPERLY BALANCED, ALONG WITH WELD HEAT INPUT CONTROLLED TO PREVENT FORMATION OF DETRIMENTAL PHASES WHICH CAN EMBRITTLE THE ALLOYS. OF ALL THE ALLOYS CONSIDERED FOR SEAWATER SERVICE, CF3M WOULD HAVE TO BE RATED BEST FROM THE FOUNDRY'S VIEWPOINT. THE EARLIER GENERATION DUPLEX ALLOYS SUCH AS CD4MCU ARE DIFFICULT TO CAST AND WELD REPAIR WITHOUT CRACKING, UNLESS THEY ARE NITROGEN ENHANCED TO RESTORE AND CONTROL FERRITE BALANCE IN THE WELD ZONE. MODERN DUPLEX VARIETIES GENERALLY ARE ALL NITROGEN STRENGTHENED, AND WELD REPAIRED WITH NITROGEN ENHANCED FILLER MATERIALS THAT ARE OVER-ALLOYED IN NICKEL, IN ORDER TO CONTROL AND MAINTAIN THE PROPER MICROSTRUCTURE BALANCE BETWEEN THE AUSTENITE AND FERRITE PHASES. DEPENDING ON THE DUPLEX ALLOY SELECTED AND WELD PROCEDURE USED, POST WELD HEAT TREATMENT MAY OR MAY NOT BE REQUIRED. PAGE 4PUMP MATERIALS FOR SEAWATER SERVICE IGHT_cot THE COMPOSITION RANGES FOR CAST ALLOYS ARE OFTEN DIFFERENT FROM THEIR WROUGHT COUNTERPARTS. CASTING SPECIFICATIONS OFTEN ALLOW FOR GREATER PERCENTAGES OF CERTAIN FERRITIZING ELEMENTS, AND LOWER THE PERCENTAGES OF AUSTENITIZERS TO PROVIDE FOR IMPROVED FORMABILITY AND CASTABILITY OF THE ALLOY. BECAUSE OF THESE DIFFERENCES IN COMPOSITION AS WELL AS PROPERTIES, CAST AND WROUGHT MATERIALS SHOULD BE REFERRED TO BY THEIR APPROPRIATE DESIGNATIONS. FOR EXAMPLE, THIS DIFFERENCE IN CHEMISTRY CAN BE SHOWN BY LOOKING AT THE NOMINAL CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS OF THE FOLLOWING COMMONLY USED AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS: MATERIAL TYPE NOMINAL COMPO: Nn WROUGHT AISI TYPE 316/316L 17%CR - 12%NI - 2.58MO CAST ACI TYPE CFeM/CF3M 19$CR - 108NI - 2.53M0 WROUGHT AISI TYPE 317/317L 19%CR - 13%NI - 3.53M0 CAST ACI TYPE ccaM/cc3m 198CR - 113NI - 3.5%N0 WROUGHT ALLOY 20 (20CB3) 20%CR - 348NI - 2.5%M0 - 3.5%cU CAST ACI TYPE CN7M 20%CR ~ 293NI - 2.5%MO - 3.5%CU AS CAN BE SEEN ABOVE A 2% VARIATION IN CHROMIUM AND NICKEL WITH THE CF TYPE ALLOYS; AND A 2% VARIATION IN NICKEL WITH THE CG TYPE ALLOYS; AND UP TO 5% VARIATION IN NICKEL WITH THE CN7M TYPE ALLOY REPRESENTS A SIGNIFICANTLY LARGE COMPOSITION DIFFERENCE. ALSO NOTE THAT THE CHROMIUM CONTENT IS HIGHER WITH THE CAST CF TYPE ALLOYS, PROVIDING THEM WITH SUPERIOR CORROSION RESISTANCE OVER THEIR WROUGHT COUNTERPARTS IN OXIDIZING AND CHLORIDE CONTAINING MEDIA SUCH AS SEAWATER. SIMILARLY NOTE THAT THE CHROMIUM AND MOLYBDENUM CONTENTS OF CN7M ARE ABOUT THE SAME AS THE CF AND CG TYPE ALLOYS. IT IS THESE ELEMENTS WHICH PROVIDES THE ALLOY WITH LOCALIZED (PITTING AND CREVICE) CORROSION RESISTANCE. IMPROVED RESISTANCE IS BASED ON HIGHER LEVELS OF CHROMIUM, MOLYBDENUM, AND NITROGEN. IN SEAWATER THE LOCALIZED CORROSION RESISTANCE IS ABOUT THE SAME FOR THESE ALLOYS, WITH THE CG TYPES PERFORMING SLIGHTLY BETTER DUE TO ITS HIGHER MOLYBDENUM CONTENT. MOST FOUNDRIES WILL CONTROL THE CHEMISTRY TO PRODUCE CF8M/CF3M WITH AN APPROXIMATE AIM OF 7%-15% FERRITE. INCIDENTLY, THIS FERRITE IS WHAT MAKES THE CAST ALLOYS SLIGHTLY MAGNETIC. THE WROUGHT 316/316L HAS NO FERRITE (ALSO NON-MAGNETIC) AND IS PRODUCED FULLY AUSTENITIC DUE TO DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED WITH HOT WORKING FERRITE. AS A RESULT, THE CAST CF8M/CF3M AUSTENITIC ALLOYS CONTAIN SEVERAL MORE PERCENT CHROMIUM, WHICH IS A STRONG FERRITIZING ELEMENT. PAGE §\ PUMP MATERIALS FOR SEAWATER SERVICE AS PREVIOUSLY MENTIONED THIS PROVIDES THE CASTING WITH SUPERIOR LOCALIZED CORROSION RESISTANCE, AND IMPROVED WELDABILITY BY REDUCING HOT CRACKING OR MICROFISSURING TENDENCIES; AND ALSO INCREASES STRENGTH AND RESISTANCE TO STRESS CORROSION CRACKING BY CREATING DISCONTINUOUS POOLS OF FERRITE IN THE AUSTENITIC MATRIX. FURTHERMORE, INTERGRANULAR CORROSION RESISTANCE IS IMPROVED DUE TO REDUCTION IN CARBIDE PRECIPITATION (SENSITIZATION) WHICH TENDS TO OCCUR IN THE FERRITE PHASE RATHER THAN ALONG THE AUSTENITE GRAIN BOUNDARIES. INCIDENTLY, THE SAME BENEFITS ARE WHAT MAKES THE DUPLEX STAINLESS STEELS SO SUCCESSFUL IN CHLORIDE MEDIA. HOWEVER, IT MUST BE CAUTIONED THAT TOO MUCH FERRITE CAN ALSO BE DETRIMENTAL. ABOVE SOME CRITICAL LEVEL, CONTINUOUS FERRITE PHASE MAY FORM, WHICH MAY PROVIDE A PATHWAY FOR CORROSION. WHAT I AM TRYING TO EMPHASIZE IS THAT THERE ARE OFTEN OTHER CONSIDERATIONS THAT MAY AFFECT OVERALL COST AND USABILITY OF AN ALLOY; AND THE MATERIALS SELECTION SHOULD CONSIDER ALL THESE OTHER RELATED PROCESSING CHARACTERISTICS. FINALLY, AS MENTIONED BEFORE ,CASTINGS SHOULD BE PURCHASED TO CAST SPECIFICATIONS AND NOT WROUGHT SPECIFICATIONS. FOR SOME WROUGHT MATERIALS THERE ARE NO CAST EQUIVALENTS. ALSO, DON'T EXPECT THE CAST EQUIVALENTS TO HAVE THE SAME CHEMISTRY AS THEIR WROUGHT COUNTERPARTS. THE CORROSION RESISTANCE AND PERFORMANCE OF CASTINGS MIGHT BE BETTER, THE SAME, AND IN SOME CASES, WORSE. EACH ALLOY SHOULD BE JUDGED ON ITS OWN MERITS. IT ATION: AS SHOWN IN FIGURE 4., THE CORROSION AND EROSION RESISTANCE OF MANY MATERIALS IS OFTEN LIMITED BY THE STABILITY OF THE PROTECTIVE PASSIVATED SURFACE OXIDE LAYERS THAT FORM; AND THE RELATED FLUID VELOCITY OF THE SERVICE FLUID, AS WELL AS ITS AGGRESSIVENESS. PIGURE 5. ILLUSTRATES THE BEHAVIOR OF MANY MATERIALS IN AMBIENT SEAWATER AND SHOWS THEIR RELATED VELOCITY LIMITATIONS. FIGURE 6. ILLUSTRATES THE BEHAVIOR OF A MATERIAL AS THE VELOCITY IS INCREASED RELATIVE TO REACTIONS AT THE SURFACE LAYER. FOR A MATERIAL NOT IN THE PASSIVATED STATE (SOLID LINE); IN THE LOW VELOCITY REGION (ZONE I) CORROSION INCREASES WITH VELOCITY SINCE THE CORROSION RATE IS DETERMINED BY THE OXYGEN SUPPLY (DIFFUSION CONTROLLED). IN ZONE II THERE IS A RELATIVELY CONSTANT REMOVAL RATE, WHERE THE SURFACE CHEMICAL REACTIONS AT THE SURFACE INTERFACE BECOME RATE CONTROLLING. ZONE III SHOWS THE REGION WHERE THE CRITICAL "BREAKAWAY" VELOCITY IS CONTROLLING DUE TO MECHANOCHEMICAL EROSION; AND REPRESENTS THE REGION IN WHICH THE SURFACE LAYER IS STRIPPED AWAY WITH INCREASING RATE OF CORROSION OCCURRING IN A LOCALIZED MANNER. PAGE 6a PUMP MATERIALS FOR SEAWATER SERVICE FOR A MATERIAL THAT IS PASSIVATED (DASHED LINE), THE LINE SHOWS AN INITIAL HIGHER CORROSION RATE AT LOW FLOW VELOCITIES DUE TO LOCALIZED CORROSION, OFTEN DUE TO OXYGEN DIFFERENTIAL CONCENTRATION CELLS AND/OR A BUILD-UP OF AGGRESSIVE IONS SUCH AS CHLORIDES. AS THE VELOCITY INCREASES TO ABOUT 3-5 FPS FOR MONELS AND STAINLESS STEEL IN SEAWATER, THE MATERIAL PASSIVATES AND THE RATE OF CORROSION DECREASES TO A MINIMUM LEVEL UNTIL VERY HIGH VELOCITY LEVELS (ZONE III) WHERE MECHANOCHEMICAL EROSION OCCURS AT SOME CRITICAL VELOCITY. FOR PASSIVATED ALLOYS, THIS VELOCITY IS MUCH GREATER THAN FOR ACTIVE ALLOYS AS PREVIOUSLY SHOWN IN FIGURE 5.. THE 316 AND CF3M AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS EXHIBIT EXCELLENT RESISTANCE TO HIGH VELOCITY SEAWATER. THESE MATERIALS PERFORM WELL PROVIDED THAT STAGNANT CONDITIONS DON'T EXIST, WHICH CAN RESULT IN LOCALIZED CORROSION ATTACK. THIS CAN EASILY BE PREVENTED BY ENSURING A MINIMUM FLOW OF 3-5 FPS AS INDICATED ABOVE, OR BY PERIODICALLY OPERATING THE PUMP ON A REGULAR BASIS; OR BY FLUSHING THE SYSTEM WITH FRESH WATER TO ELIMINATE THE CORROSIVE ENVIRONMENT. THE CHROMIUM OXIDE FILM THAT FORMS ON AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS, NICKEL OXIDE FILM ON NICKEL BASED ALLOYS, AND TITANIUM OXIDE FILM ON TITANIUM IS VERY TENACIOUS; AND FOR THE MOST PART ELIMINATES VELOCITY SENSITIVITY IN THESE ALLOY SYSTEMS. THE ALUMINUM-BRONZE AND NICKEL-ALUMINUM BRONZES ARE VELOCITY SENSITIVE, AS WELL AS THE CUPRO-NICKELS, WHICH DO NOT HAVE A VERY STABLE FILM. AS A RESULT BRONZES EXHIBIT A VELOCITY LIMITATION OF ABOUT 60-80 FPS. THE CUPRO-NICKELS ARE ALSO LIMITED TO ABOUT 40-50 FPS; WITH LIMITS ON THE NI-RESIST'S FALLING TO AROUND 50-60 FPS. IN GENERAL THESE VELOCITY LIMITS CAN BE LOWER IF THE pH IS LOWERED, PARTICULARLY IN POLLUTED SEAWATER IF HYDROGEN SULFIDE IS PRESENT. SOLUBLE SULFIDE LAYERS CAN REPLACE THE PASSIVE OXIDE LAYERS RESULTING IN INCREASED RATE OF ATTACK. EVEN CONVENTIONAL STAINLESS STEELS SUCH AS 316L OR CF3M CAN SUFFER VELOCITY RELATED EROSION= CORROSION EFFECTS IF SUFFICIENT HYDROGEN SULFIDE (H2S) IS PRESENT. FOR INSTANCE, WHEN H2S IS PRESENT AT A LEVEL OF ABOUT 500 PPM, ONE OF THE SUPER-AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS OR NICKEL BASED ALLOYS WITH HIGHER LEVELS OF CHROMIUM AND MOLYBDENUM “WOULD BE REQUIRED. 5.0 CORROSION RESISTANCE 1 CORR: IN SELECTING MATERIALS IT IS IMPORTANT TO CONSIDER ALL POSSIBLE VARIATIONS IN TEMPERATURE, LEVEL OF AERATION, ION CONCENTRATIONS, PH, DISSOLVED GASES, SOLIDS, AND OTHER VARIABLES WHICH COULD EFFECT PERFORMANCE. CONDITIONS DURING START-UP, NORMAL OPERATION, SHUT- DOWN, AND PROCESS UPSETS COULD BE SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT. pacR 7PUMP MATERIALS FOR SEAWATER SERVICE THE PRESENCE OF REDUCING AGENTS SUCH AS HYDROGEN SULPHIDE, SULFATE REDUCING BACTERIA, OR SULPHUR DIOXIDE OFTEN INCREASES THE AGGRESSIVENESS OF THE FLUID WITH RESPECT TO GENERAL CORROSION. OXIDIZING COMPOUNDS SUCH AS FERRIC OR CUPRIC SALTS, CHLORINE, CHLORIDES, AND DISSOLVED GASES SUCH AS CARBON DIOXIDE AND OXYGEN, CAN ALSO INCREASE THE CORROSION RATES. DISSOLVED OXYGEN IS A MAJOR CONTRIBUTOR TO CORROSION REACTIONS. WHEN WATER IS DEAERATED TO LESS THAN 10 PPB DISSOLVED OXYGEN, IT BECOMES MUCH LESS AGGRESSIVE. THE NORMAL CONCENTRATION OF SOLUBLE OXYGEN IS APPROXIMATELY 8-10 PPM IN SEAWATER. VERY LITTLE OXYGEN IS REQUIRED FOR THE DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTANCE OF PROTECTIVE PASSIVE FILMS TO FORM. UNDER DEAERATED CONDITIONS THE CATHODIC REACTION CANNOT PROGRESS WHICH GREATLY REDUCES THE ANODIC DISSOLUTION OF METAL, DRASTICALLY REDUCING CORROSION. THERE ARE SOME ENVIRONMENTS WHICH CAUSE PERMANENT BREAKDOWN OF THE PASSIVE LAYER, RESULTING IN RAPID CORROSION OF THE UNPROTECTED SURFACE. PROVIDED THAT THE CRITICAL VELOCITY LIMITATIONS ARE NOT EXCEEDED, AS PREVIOUSLY DISCUSSED, THE TYPE OF SURFACE LAYER FILM WHICH FORMS DIRECTLY INFLUENCES THE CORROSION RATES AND VELOCITY WHICH CAN BE TOLERATED. THE RESISTANCE TO GENERAL CORROSION INCREASES WITH INCREASING CONTENTS OF CHROMIUM. IN STAINLESS STEELS AN INCREASE IN NICKEL EXHIBITS BENEFITS AND ASSISTS IN MAINTAINING THE PASSIVE FILM AND IN REPASSIVATION. MOLYBDENUM IMPROVES PASSIVITY, AND LOCALIZED CORROSION RESISTANCE. D. CORROS; IT IS WELL KNOWN THAT MONEL AND AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS CAN BE SUSCEPTIBLE TO LOCALIZED PITTING CORROSION. THE CAUSE IS USUALLY ATTRIBUTED TO EITHER A LOCALIZED OXYGEN "DIFFERENTIAL" OR "CONCENTRATION" CELL WHICH CAN BE ESTABLISHED IN THE FLUID DUE TO LOCALIZED DIFFERENCES, AND DURING STAGNANT CONDITIONS; AS WELL AS OTHER CONDITIONS WHICH CAN RESULT IN THE LOCAL BREAKDOWN OF PASSIVE LAYERS RESULTING IN ATTACK. : CHLORIDE IONS FACILITATE THE LOCAL BREAKDOWN OF THE PROTECTIVE FILM, USUALLY AT SURFACE IMPERFECTIONS. A BREAK IN THE PASSIVE LAYER ACTS LIKE A CORROSION CELL, IN WHICH THE UNPROTECTED METAL AREA ACTS AS AN ANODE, WITH THE SURROUNDING UNDAMAGED SURFACE LAYER ACTING AS THE CATHODE. THIS UNFAVORABLE SURFACE AREA RATIO RESULTS IN RAPID LOCALIZED ATTACK (PITTING) AT THESE ANODIC SITES. PAGE 8PUMP MATERIALS FOR SEAWATER SERVICE CREVICE CORROSION OCCURS UNDER SIMILAR CONDITIONS AS PITTING BENEATH DEPOSITS OR IN TIGHT CREVICES, WHICH CAN CREATE A LOCALIZED STAGNANT ENVIRONMENT OR "CONCENTRATION CELL". AS OXYGEN AND OTHER OXIDANTS ARE CONSUMED, THE pH LOWERS AND ION CONCENTRATIONS INCREASE; MAKING IT MORE DIFFICULT TO MAINTAIN THE PASSIVE FILMS. HIGH TEMPERATURES AND INCREASED CONCENTRATIONS OF CHLORIDES, ALONG WITH STAGNANT CONDITIONS AND LOW pH, INCREASE THE PROBABILITY OF LOCALIZED CORROSION. FOR AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS THE GENERAL RULE IS TO PROVIDE AT LEAST A 3-5 FPS MINIMUM FLUID FLOW VELOCITY, TO ENSURE A FRESH SUPPLY OF OXYGEN TO ASSIST REPAIRING THE PROTECTIVE FILM AND PREVENT ATTACK. HOWEVER, LOWER VELOCITIES CAN BE TOLERATED WITH CONTROL OF OTHER IMPORTANT VARIABLES WHICH ALSO AFFECT CORROSION. OVER THE YEARS MUCH HAS BEEN PUBLISHED REGARDING THE METALLURGICAL VARIABLES WHICH AFFECT PITTING AND CREVICE CORROSION. AS SHOWN IN FIGURE 7.; RESEARCHERS AT UDDELHOLM (DEVELOPERS OF 904L) HAVE INDICATED THAT, BASED ON PITTING POTENTIALS, THE CHROMIUM PLUS 3.3 X MOLYBDENUM MUST BE GREATER THAN APPROXIMATELY 28 TO PREVENT PITTING IN NACL AT ROOM TEMPERATURE. THE UDDEHOLM DATA INDICATES THAT MOLYBDENUM IS ABOUT THREE TIMES MORE EFFECTIVE THAN CHROMIUM IN ITS ABILITY TO INCREASE THE LOCALIZED CORROSION RESISTANCE. NITROGEN ADDITIONS EXHIBIT EVEN A MORE POWERFUL EFFECT. I? IS WELL KNOWN THAT CONVENTIONAL STAINLESS STEELS ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO LOCALIZED CORROSION IN SEAWATER. INCREASES IN MOLYBDENUM AND NITROGEN HAVE A BENEFICIAL EFFECT ON THE LOCALIZED CORROSION RESISTANCE OF STAINLESS STEEL IN CHLORIDE CONTAINING ENVIRONMENTS. ATTEMPTS HAVE BEEN MADE TO ESTABLISH A MEASURE OF THE LOCALIZED CORROSION RESISTANCE BY CALCULATING THE SUM OF THE MOST IMPORTANT ALLOYING ELEMENTS. THIS RELATIONSHIP IS USUALLY EXPRESSED AS THE PITTING RESISTANCE EQUIVALENT (PREN). A COMMON EXPRESSION FOR AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS I$ SHOWN BELO! PREN = %CR + (3.3 X $MO) + (16. &N) THE GENERAL RULE IN AMBIENT SEA WATER IS FOR THE PREN TO BE AT LEAST 35 TO PREVENT LOCALIZED ATTACK; AND EVEN THEN, IMMUNITY IS NOT GUARANTEED. FOR COMPLETE IMMUNITY A NICKEL BASED ALLOY SUCH AS INCONEL OR HASTELLOY , OR A TITANIUM ALLOY SHOULD BE SELECTED. IN ADDITION, THESE MATERIALS ARE UNAFFECTED BY HYDROGEN SULFIDE CONTAMINATION, AND PERFORM WELL IN POLLUTED WATERS. COST APPEARS TO BE THE MAJOR CONSIDERATION, IN REGARDS TO THESE MATERIALS. PAGE 9PUMP MATERIALS FOR SEAWATER SERVICE THE MODERN DUPLEX STAINLESS STEELS EXHIBIT SUPERIOR RESISTANCE TO LOCALIZED ATTACK OVER THE STANDARD AUSTENITIC (300 SERIES) ALLOYS, DUE TO HIGHER ALLOY (CHROMIUM, MOLYBDENUM,NITROGEN) CONTENTS; AND THEY COMPARE FAVORABLY WITH THE SUPER-AUSTENITIC 6% MOLYBDENUM STAINLESS STEELS. IT IS GENERALLY BELIEVED THAT ALUMINUM-BRONZE AND NICKEL~ALUMINUM- BRONZE ARE NOT SUSCEPTIBLE TO LOCALIZED CORROSION IN CHLORIDE MEDIA. THIS IS NOT TRUE IF HYDROGEN SULFIDE OR MARINE GROWTHS ARE AVAILABLE, WHICH CAN RESULT IN PREFERENTIAL PHASE ATTACK LEADING TO PENETRATION, AND DEALLOYING OF PHASES WHICH PROMOTE A SELECTIVE GALVANIC ATTACK. ALSO, SOME OF THE REPORTED LOCALIZED CORROSION PROBLEMS COULD ALSO BE ATTRIBUTED TO HIGH VELOCITIES, RESULTING IN PROTECTIVE FILM REMOVAL AND SURFACE ATTACK. GALVANTC CORROSION WHEN DISSIMILAR METALS ARE COUPLED IN PUMP CONSTRUCTION, GALVANIC CORROSION CAN OCCUR. ACCELERATED ATTACK USUALLY OCCURS AT THE LEAST NOBLE MATERIAL WHICH ACTS AS THE ANODE; WHILE THE MORE RESISTANT MATERIAL ACTING AS THE CATHODE, IS PROTECTED. THE RESISTANCE OF MANY ALLOYS CAN BE DESCRIBED BY THE GALVANIC SERIES SHOWN IN FIGURE 8.; WHICH RANKS MATERIALS ACCORDING TO THEIR ELECTROCHEMICAL POTENTIALS IN SEAWATER. AS A RULE, THE RATE OF ATTACK IS DEPENDENT UPON THE ELECTROCHEMICAL REACTIONS TAKING PLACE ON THE SURFACES OF THE MATERIALS FORMING THE COUPLE. METALS CLOSER TO THE ACTIVE END OF THE SERIES WILL ACT AS ANODES AND CORRODE, WHILE THOSE CLOSER TO THE NOBLE END WILL ACT AS CATHODES AND BE PROTECTED. OTHER FACTORS WHICH ARE IMPORTANT TO CONSIDER ARE: 1. THE ELECTROCHEMICAL POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE METALS COUPLED: A POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE OF 0.25 VOLTS INDICATES A GALVANIC PROBLEM EXISTS. METALS CLOSER TO ONE ANOTHER IN THE GALVANIC SERIES SHOULD BE SELECTED, TO MINIMIZE ELECTROCHEMICAL DIFFERENCES. 2. THE SURFACE AREA RATIO EFFECT BETWEEN THE METALS COUPLED: LARGE CATHODIC AREAS COUPLED TO SMALL ANODIC AREAS ARE UNDESIRABLE, AND WILL ACCELERATE GALVANIC CORROSION OF THE MORE ACTIVE METAL. THE REVERSE; LARGE ANODE TO CATHODE AREA RATIO IS PREFERRED, AND PRODUCES VERY LITTLE GALVANIC ACTIVITY. 3. THE CONDUCTIVITY OF THE FLUID: THE GREATER THE CONDUCTIVITY OF THE FLUID, THE GREATER THE GALVANIC ACTIVITY WILL BE. PAGE 10PUMP MATERIALS FOR SEAWATER SERVICE PROVIDED STAINLESS STEELS STAY PASSIVE, THEY ARE GENERALLY THE MORE NOBLE MATERIAL IN PUMP CONSTRUCTIONS; AND THEREBY ACT AS THE CATHODES IN GALVANIC COUPLES, WHICH BECOME GALVANICALLY PROTECTED. WHEN LESS NOBLE MATERIALS SUCH AS CAST IRONS, NI-RESIST, AND BRONZES ARE SELECTED FOR USE IN COMBINATION WITH AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS IN PUMP CONSTRUCTIONS; THE GALVANIC COUPLING EFFECT CAN INCREASE THE CORROSION RATE OF THESE LESS NOBLE MATERIALS AND INCREASE THEIR CORROSION RATES. PROPER AREA RATIO EFFECTS MUST BE CAREFULLY CONSIDERED. INCIDENTALLY, THIS MIXED MATERIAL COMBINATION WITH A LARGE ANODE TO CATHODE RATIO IS BENEFICIAL, AND USEFUL UNDER STAGNANT CONDITIONS FOR CATHODICALLY PROTECTING STAINLESS STEEL PUMP INTERNALS WITH SMALLER SURFACE AREAS. STRESS CORROSION STRESS CORROSION CRACKING IS A BRITTLE FAILURE MODE CAUSED BY THE COMBINED EFFECTS OF A TENSILE STRESS, CORROSIVE ENVIRONMENT, AND A SUSCEPTIBLE MATERIAL. IT IS WIDELY KNOWN THAT THE 300 SERIES AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS, AND DUPLEX ALLOYS ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO CHLORIDE STRESS CORROSION CRACKING IN CHLORIDE CONTAINING MEDIA AT TEMPERATURES GENERALLY AROUND 150 - 180 DEG.F. HOWEVER, CRACKING CAN OCCUR AT EVEN LOWER TEMPERATURES NEAR 120 DEG.F. | GENERALLY SEAWATER APPLICATIONS ARE NOT THIS HOT, AND THIS IS USUALLY NOT A PROBLEM. ALTHOUGH, IN SOME APPLICATIONS TEMPERATURES CAN GET OVER 180 DEG.F., SO PRECAUTIONS SHOULD BE TAKEN. FIGURE 9. ILLUSTRATES THAT IF THE OXYGEN IN THE ENVIRONMENT IS MAINTAINED AT LESS THAN 1 PPM, CONVENTIONAL AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS CONTAINING 10% NICKEL ARE IMMUNE TO STRESS CORROSION CRACKING, REGARDLESS OF THE CHLORIDE CONCENTRATION. STAINLESS STEELS WITH FERRITIC OR DUPLEX (FERRITIC-AUSTENITIC) STRUCTURE SHOW A HIGH RESISTANCE TO STRESS CORROSION. ALSO HIGH NICKEL AND MOLYBDENUM CONTENTS INCREASE THE RESISTANCE OF AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS TO STRESS CORROSION. FIGURE 10. SHOWS THE EFFECT OF NICKEL ON STRESS CORROSION CRACKING. IT IS GENERALLY ACCEPTED THAT ALLOYS WHICH HAVE MORE THAN 40% NICKEL ARE IMMUNE TO STRESS CORROSION CRACKING IN CHLORIDE MEDIA. FIGURES 11. & 12. ILLUSTRATES THE EFFECT OF MOLYBDENUM ON IMPROVING THE STRESS CORROSION RESISTANCE OF AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS. WHILE FIGURE 13. ILLUSTRATES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TEMPERATURE AND CHLORIDE CONCENTRATION ON STREE CORROSION CRACKING. DUE TO THE BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF FERRITE AND LOW NICKEL CONTENTS, THE DUPLEX ALLOYS ARE MORE RESISTANT TO STRESS CORROSION CRACKING THAN THE CONVENTIONAL AUSTENITICS. SINCE FERRITE AND NITROGEN, PAGE 12( PUMP MATERIALS FOR SEAWATER SERVICE STRENGTHEN THE ALLOY AND INCREASE THE YIELD STRENGTH; THE THRESHOLD STRESS REQUIRED TO INITIATE CRACKING IS MUCH HIGHER. FINALLY, THERE ARE MANY NEW MATERIALS WHICH HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED FOR IMPROVED CORROSION RESISTANCE IN CHLORIDE SERVICES, ONE OF THE EARLIEST ALLOYS WAS AN ALLOY DEVELOPED BY ARMCO; KNOWN AS NITRONIC 50. THIS IS A NITROGEN STRENGTHENED AUSTENITIC STAINLESS WITH APPROXIMATELY TWICE THE YIELD STRENGTH OF CONVENTIONAL 300 SERIES AUSTENITICS, AND HAS SUPERIOR CORROSION RESISTANCE. THIS ALLOY IS ALSO OFFERED BY CARPENTER TECHNOLOGY AS (22CR-13NI-5MN) . TODAY THERE ARE MANY PROPRIETARY, SPECIALTY HIGH NICKEL-20%CR-6%MO SUPER AUSTENITICS (ALSO CALLED 6% MOLY'S) WHICH OFFER SUPERIOR RESISTANCE TO STRESS CORROSION. THESE ALLOYS ALSO CONTAIN HIGH LEVELS OF CHROMIUM AND MOLYBDENUM, FOR LOCALIZED CORROSION RESISTANCE IN CHLORIDE CONTAINING MEDIA. CHLORINATION BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY IN SEAWATER OFTEN CREATES COSTLY PRODUCTION DISRUPTIONS, DUE TO FOULING AT SYSTEM INTAKES; WITHIN PUMPS; AND PIPELINES. TO AVOID MARINE BIOFOULING, THE CONVENTIONAL METHOD TO CONTROL BIOLOGICAL GROWTHS AND ATTACK IS THROUGH CHLORINATION OF THE WATER IN THE CIRCULATION SYSTEM. THIS IS NORMALLY PERFORMED BY ADDING A STRONG OXIDIZING BIOCIDE SUCH AS CHLORINE, OR SOME HYPOCHLORITE SOLUTION; OR BY ELECTROLYZING THE WATER, CONTINUOUSLY. OR INTERMITTENTLY. CONTINUOUS FREE RESIDUAL CHLORINE TREATMENT LEVELS OF 0.1-0.2 PPM ARE COMMON, BUT INTERMITTENT FREE RESIDUAL CHLORINE TREATMENTS AT HIGHER LEVELS OF 0.5-1.0 PPM FOR 30 MINUTES, A FEW TIMES A DAY ARE ALSO USED EFFECTIVELY. IN SOME CASES IT IS IMPORTANT TO KEEP THE LEVEL OF CHLORINATION BELOW 0.5 PPM FOR CERTAIN ALLOYS, WHILE OTHERS CAN TOLERATE UP TO 10.0 PPM INTERMITTENTLY. THE MAJORITY OF MATERIALS USED IN SEAWATER WILL NORMALLY NOT SUFFER ACCELERATED CORROSION PROVIDED THESE LEVELS ARE NOT EXCEEDED. IF THESE LEVELS ARE EXCEEDED, SEVERE EROSION-CORROSION AND LOCALIZED CORROSION IN THE FORM OF PITTING AND CREVICE ATTACK MAY OCCUR IN THE CONVENTIONAL AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS, AND COPPER CONTAINING ALLOYS SUCH AS THE CUPRO-NICKELS AND BRONZES. CHLORINE DOSING CAN BE DETRIMENTAL, UNLESS CLOSELY CONTROLLED. FREE CHLORINE IS HIGHLY OXIDIZING AND INCREASES THE CORROSIVITY OF SEAWATER. IN THE PRESENCE OF CHLORINE, MANY NORMALLY PROTECTIVE FILMS ON MATERIALS BECOMES UNSTABLE; AND BECOME MODIFIED TO LESS PROTECTIVE FORMS, WITH DECREASED RESISTANCE TO FLOW IMPINGEMENT AND CORROSION RESISTANCE. WATER CHEMISTRY CONTROL SHOULD NOT BE OVERLOOKED. PAGE 12PUMP MATERIALS FOR SEAWATER SERVICE CONCLUDING REMARKS Le THE CONVENTIONAL AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS ARE THE MOST COST EFFECTIVE CHOICE FOR NORMAL SEAWATER SERVICES, PROVIDED THE APPROPRIATE PRECAUTIONS ARE TAKEN TO ENSURE THAT A MINIMUM FLOW OF 3-5 FPS IS MAINTAINED; AND STAGNANT CONDITIONS ARE AVOIDED. IF THE PUMP IS TO OPERATE WITH IDLE PERIODS, THEN FRESH WATER FLUSHING SHOULD BE INCLUDED TO PROTECT THE WETTED SURFACES FROM LOCALIZED ATTACK. NI-RESIST, CUPRO-NICKELS, ALUMINUM-BRONZE AND NICKEL- ALUMINUM-BRONZE ALLOYS SHOULD PERFORM WELL IN UNPOLLUTED SEAWATER PROVIDED THE VELOCITY LIMITATIONS ARE NOT EXCEEDED. EXCEPT FOR THE POSSIBLE USE OF NI-RESIST OR NICKEL-ALUMINUM-BRONZE FOR LARGE INTAKE PUMP CASINGS, THE CONVENTIONAL AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS SUCH AS ‘CF3M SHOULD BE CONSIDERED AS A MINIMUM ALLOY CHOICE FOR SEAWATER. IN MORE DEMANDING SEAWATER SERVICES, WHERE OPERATING OR ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS REQUIRE GREATER CORROSION RESISTANCE, ONE OF THE NITROGEN ENHANCED SUPER-AUSTENITIC 6% MOLY'S, OR DUPLEX ALLOYS WITH HIGHER ALLOY CONTENT MAY BE NEEDED. THESE HIGHLY ALLOYED AUSTENITICS AND DUPLEX ALLOYS OFFER A SUBSTANTIAL COST SAVINGS, AND ECONOMIC ALTERNATIVE TO THE MORE COSTLY NICKEL BASED OR TITANIUM ALLOYS. IF TOTAL IMMUNITY FROM LOCALIZED ATTACK IN SEAWATER IS REQUIRED, THEN ONE OF THE MORE COSTLY NICKEL BASED OR TITANIUM ALLOYS ARE CALLED FOR. IN SUMMARY; WHEN SELECTING A MATERIAL FOR SEAWATER SERVICE, CONSIDER ALL THE VARIABLES IN THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE OPERATING PROCESS CONDITIONS WHICH CAN OCCUR. ONCE THE CONDITIONS ARE KNOWN, SELECT THE CORRECT PUMP MATERIALS WITH THEIR PROPER METALLURGIES. LOOKING AT THE LONG TERM ECONOMICS, THIS WILL OFTEN NOT BE THE MATERIAL WITH THE LOWEST INITIAL COST, BUT WITH THE LONGEST LIFETIME BENEFIT THROUGH LOWER MAINTENANCE AND REDUCED ASSOCIATED SHUT-DOWN cosTS. STEPHEN J. MORROW CHIEF METALLURGIST SLURRY PUMP DIVISION GOULDS PUMPS INC. PAGE 13PUMP MATERIALS FOR SEAWATER SERVICE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS, MUCH OF WHAT IS DISCUSSED HERE IS WIDELY KNOWN AND WIDELY PUBLISHED THROUGHOUT MANY MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHEMICAL PROCESSING AND CORROSION JOURNALS. THE SOURCE FOR MUCH OF THIS INFORMATION CAN BE FOUND AND REVIEWED IN THE ASM METALS HANDBOOK, NINTH EDITION, VOLUME 13, ON CORROSION; AS WELL AS A NUMBER OF VARIOUS ASM INTERNATIONAL AND NACE PUBLICATIONS, JOURNAL ARTICLES, AND MANUFACTURER'S LITERATURE. THIS INFORMATION IS DRAWN FROM MANY SOURCES OVER THE YEARS, AND NO ORIGINALITY IS CLAIMED. THIS INFORMATION HAS BEEN GATHERED FOR DISCUSSION PURPOSES ONLY AND IS NOT INTENDED FOR PUBLICATION. I HAVE ATTEMPTED TO IDENTIFY THE SOURCES OF ALL FIGURES IN THE FOLLOWING REFERENCE TABLE FOR THOSE INTERESTED IN GREATER DETAILS AND MORE INFORMATION ON THIS SUBJECT. PAGE 3410. an. PUMP MATERIALS FOR SEAWATER SERVICE REFERENCES “SURVEY OF MATERIALS BEHAVIOR IN LARGE DESALTING PLANTS AROUND THE WORLD"; BY NEWTON, BIRKETT, AND KETTERINGHAM. J.A. LARSON,"PUMP MATERTALS PROBLEMS IN CHLORIDE CONTAINING MEDIA", PAPER PRESENTED AT 1982 INTERNATIONAL DESALINATION TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE HELD AT COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, JULY 20, 1982. INCO DATA FROM HARBOR ISLAND G. PINI AND J. WEBER, "MATERIALS FOR PUMPING SEARWATER AND MEDIA WITH HIGH CHLORIDE CONTENT", PUMPS-PUMPES~PUMPEN, 1979. UDDEHOLM CORROSION CONTROL INFORMATION, NUCCI, NO.1-81. NACE CORROSION ENGINEER'S REFERENCE BOOK, SECOND EDITION, 1980, P93. M. HISHIDA AND H. NAKADA, "COSTANT STRAIN RATE TESTING OF TYPE 304 STAINLESS STEEL IN HIGH TEMPERATURE WATER - PART II; AN INVESTIGATION OF THE CHLORIDE EFFECT ON STRESS CORROSION CRACKING, CORROSION, VOL.33, NO.11, 1977, PP 403-407. E.H. ESPY, "RESIDUAL STRESSES AND STRESS CORROSION CRACKIN ASM PUBLICATION, CONTROL OF DISTORTION AND RESIDUAL STRESSES INX_WELDMENTS, 1976, PP 85. M.O, SPIEDAL, "STRESS CORROSION CRACKING OF STAINLESS STEELS IN NACL SOLUTIONS", METALLURGICAL TRANSACTIONS, VOL. 12A, MAY 1981, P 784. UDDEHOLM CORROSION CONTROL INFORMATION, NUCCI, NO. 1-83. 3.F, LANCASTER, "WHAT CAUSES EQUIPMENT TO FAIL: PROCESSING, JAN. 1976. : « HYDROCARBON PAGE 15PUMP MATERIALS FOR SEAWATER SERVICE CORROSION 01 LLERS. oy IMPELLER ALLOY BRONZE ALLOYS 300 SERIES STAINLESS STEEL 420 STAINLESS STEEL CAST ALLOY STEEL CAST IRON NI-RESIST MONEL FIGURE 1. IMPELLER NUMBER NUMBER CORRODED/ SURVEYED ERODED OR REPLACED 151 26 121 1 4 ° 17 ° 12 7 iL 8 15 4 331 46 PROBLEMS BY ALLOY TYPE (REF. PAGE 16 PERCENT 17 58 73 a7 1 & 2)PUMP MATERIALS FOR SEAWATER SERVICE RROS! ALLO’ NUMBER NUMBER CORRODED/ SASING ALLOY SURVEYED ERODED OR REPLACED PERCENT CAST IRON aaa 32 8.5 NI-RESIST a1 13 16 BRONZES 24 6 6 STAINLESS STEEL 24 ° ° CHROMIUM CAST STEEL 8 ° ° Cc CAST STEEL 5 2 40 : 90/10 COPPER NICKEL 1 ° 0 354 33 FIGURE 2. CASING PROBLEMS BY ALLOY TYPE (REF. 1 & 2) PAGE 17PUMP MATERIALS FOR SEAWATER SERVICE PRO! ‘TYPE OF PROBLEM NUMBER COMMENTS SHAFT FAILURE 12 PLANT SHUTDOWN IF NO STANDBY AVAILABLE WEAR RINGS AND 15, BEARINGS FIGURE 3. OTHER PUMP PROBLEMS FOUND (REF. 1 & 2) PAGE 18PUMP MATERIALS FOR SEAWATER SERVICE ALLOY TYPE ‘TITANIUM NICKEL BASED ALLOYS 300 SERIES STAINLESS STEEL DUPLEX STAINLESS STEEL ALUMINUM-BRONZE AND NICKEL-ALUMINUM~BRONZE 70/30 AND 90/10 COPPER NICKEL co SISTy A TITANIUM OXIDE FILM NICKEL OXIDE FILM CHROMIUM OXIDE FILM CHROMIUM OXIDE FILM ALUMINUM OXIDE OR COMBINATION OF ALUMINUM, COPPER, AND NICKEL OXIDE FILM COPPER OXIDE, OR NICKEL AND COPPER OXIDE FILM FIGURE 4. ALLOYS SHOWING LOW GENERAL CORROSION RATES IN SEAWATER AND OTHER CHLORIDE MEDIA. (REF. 2) PAGE 19PUMP MATERIALS FOR SEAWATER SERVICE Viecker—chramium=Hign Molybdenum Alloys Titanium Type 316 + CF-3M ‘Type 304 + CF-3 Nickel—chromium alloys Nickel-copper alloy 400 > Nickel Cast iren and carbon sree! Nickel-aluminum bronze Nickel-siuminum-manganese bronze G brenze Austenitic nickel cast iron Manganese bronze 70/20 copper-nickel alley (0.5 Fe) : * }—2ume — Mean range of velocities typical of item ~ ft/sec LLL Leo may” LYMM PIGURE 5. MATERIALS VELOCITY LIMITS IN SEAWATER FOR PUMPS TO HYDROFOILS. (REF. 3)Loss ¢_ metal (mm/year) PUMP MATERIALS FOR SEAWATER SERVICE Controlled by phase interface -| 1 Feaction Mechanochemical erosion i Ji= i ff \ | i Flow velocity (m/s) FIGURE 6. CORROSION-EROSION AS A FUNCTION OF FLOW VELOCITY (REF. 4) . PAGE 21,PUMP MATERIALS FOR SEAWATER SERVICE Ep(mVh) 1000 500 15 20 25 30 35 Chromium equivaients (% Cr+3.3 x % Mo) Pitting potentials, Ep, obtained in laboratory testing of stainless steels in 1M NaCl solution ,at room temperature. FIGURE 7. EFFECT OF CHROMIUM AND MOLYBDENUM ON PITTING POTENTIALS. (REF. 5)\ FIGURE 8. PUMP MATERIALS FOR SEAWATER SERVICE GALVANIC SERIES IN SEAWATER Flowing Seawater at 2.4 to 4.0 mvs tor 5 to 18 days at § to 30°C. Volts vs Saturated Calomel Reference Electrode H Gracree | pasrum | McrMeateye oa” T Taw | NicrMe-cusialoy 3] | Nckatron-Chremium atoy 825, | | | Soa Sr Ses ern Stamnes Sco—Typen 316.317 mm | Not Caoper Ave 40.8 CS] Sie See 2 24253 G i | | Stants Stel Type 429 am | Cy Jao cone nex ES oo corre noe nest Sr Scarier Sie "ype, «16 mmm | f Fig i i A ‘Nene: Oar bores inate active behavior of acwve-gassive alloys ‘Sours: ASTM G2 (REF. 6) FAGE 23 GALVANIC SERIES OF SOME COMMON METALS IN SEAWTER.Dissolved oxygen (ppm) <0.1 PUMP MATERIALS FOR SEAWATER SERVICE Cracking te No Cracking oA 1 10 100 1000 Chloride ion concentration (ppm) Effect of dissolved oxygen and chloride concentration on stress corrosion cracking of 148-10 austenitic stainless steels, 500-570°F FIGURE 9, EFFECT OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN AND _ CHLORIDE CONCENTRATION ON STRESS CORROSION CRACKING. (REF. 7) PAGE 24PUMP MATERIALS FOR SEAWATER SERVICE z = + & ij 2 8 ot atl : 3 3 E10 2 i 0 0 10 20 “ewe 6M Nickel " Effect of nickel content on fracture time at 25,000 psi as determined by 4 notch tensile (Notch Stress =1.3 x Applied Stress). FIGURE 10. EFFECT OF NICKEL ON STRESS CORROSION CRACKING (REP. 8) PAGE 25Ne PUMP MATERIALS FOR SEAWATER SERVICE “ToT TT 7] SCC of austenitic Fe-Ni-Cr-Mo alloys aqueous, aerated 22% NaC! solution, 105°C 8 8&8 8 8 rT Stress corrosion threshold stress intensity, K... (MN 1m) 8 10 -— 15.5-21.0% Cr | 13,0-24.5% Ni 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Weight-percent Mo : Effect of num content on the SCC resistance, of austenitic stainless steels. FIGURE 11. EFFECT OF MOLYBDENUM ON STRESS CORROSION RESISTANCE. (REF. 9) PAGE 86= PUMP MATERIALS FOR SEAWATER SERVICE Time to failure, hours FIGURE 12. NC =No Cracking 1)Falled due to pitting Molybdenum content, % Effect of molybdenum content on time to failure at constant load 90% Ro. of austenitic stainless steels. 40% CaCl,, 212°F pH 5, —_ Oxpurge. EFFECT OF MOLYBDENUM ON STRESS CORROSION RESISTANCE OF AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS. (REF. 10)-\ PUMP MATERIALS FOR SEAWATER SERVICE 100,000 212 F (100 C) / 10,000 a 300 F (150 C) 1,000 i 482 F (250 C) g 100 & £ z a Limit Line 10 up to 572 F (300 C) 4 100 1,000 40,000 100,000 Chloride Concentration, ppm : Stress corrosion cracking of 18-8 stainless steel in chloride solutions. FIGURE 13. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND CHLORIDE CONCENTRATION ON STRESS CORROSION CRACKING. (REF. 11) PAGE 28. @eourps PUMPS, INC. CURRENT METALLURGICAL TRENDS NEW ALLOYS WITH IMPROVED CORROSION RESISTANCE NEW ALLOYS WITH IMPROVED EROSION-CORROSION RESISTANCE MORE HIGHLY ALLOYED STAINLESS ALLOYS COST EFFECTIVE ALTERNATIVES TO EXPENSIVE NICKEL- BASED ALLOYS MORE “SUPER” AUSTENITIC AND DUPLEX STAINLESS STEELS© GOULDS PUMPS, INC. CORROSIVE SERVICES TREND TOWARDS MORE HIGHLY ALLOYED STAINLESS STEELS NEW ALLOYS HIGHER IN CHROMIUM, MOLYBDENUM, NICKEL, & NITROGEN NEW ALLOYS OFFERING HIGHER PREN VALUES FOR IMPROVED LOCALIZED CORROSION RESISTANCE “SUPER” STAINLESS ALLOYS WITH PREN > 40 REDUCING ENVIRONMENTS REQUIRE HIGHER LEVELS OF AUSTENITIZERS SUCH AS NICKEL & COPPER OXIDIZING ENVIRONMENTS REQUIRE FERRITIZING ELEMENTS SUCH AS CHROMIUM & MOLYBDENUM. .(aouns PUMPS, INC. LOCALIZED CORROSION RESISTANCE ACID-CHLORIDE MEDIA REQUIRES ALLOYS HIGH IN CHROMIUM, MOLYBDENUM, & NITROGEN PITTING AND CREVICE CORROSION RESISTANCE MEASURED BY PREN ROLE OF COPPER IS CONTROVERSIAL AND QUESTIONABLE CAST ALLOYS WITH HIGHER LEVELS OF COPPER ARE MORE PRONE TO CRACKING AND GRAIN BOUNDARY CORROSION© GOULDS PUMPS, INC. ALLOY ADDITION BENEFITS CHROMIUM MOST IMPORTANT ELEMENT FOR PASSIVITY IN STAINLESS ALLOYS NICKEL HELPS MAINTAIN PASSIVITY MOLYBDENUM ENHANCES LOCALIZED CORROSION RESISTANCE NITROGEN ENHANCES LOCALIZED CORROSION RESISTANCE COPPER USEFUL IN REDUCING ENVIRONMENTS BUT CONSIDERED A DETRIMENT IN CHLORIDE MEDIACorrosion resistance. Fig 4 Bet of Chromiam on pitting current density after 16 ‘hours at 6m¥ (SCE) in NaCl 3% at 30°C PITTING AND CREVICE CORROSION Three elements are well known “ toincrease the pitting and crevice 0 resistance : chromium, molybdenum and nitrogen. = | | Fe Chromium (Curent density The beneficial effect of chromium on pitting isillustrated in figure 4, 1 ° 8 0 eOnnim Fe ET OMe Molybdenum The beneficial effect of 0 Molybdenum is illustrated in 9 figure 5. 8 Molybdenum content 7 increases the corrosion ‘ resistance and must be above Weigtlon 3% for crevice prevention. oath However it has a strong in- 3 fluence on sigma phase 2 precipitation ; practically the 1 maximun level possible in 9 austenitic ferrictic stainless T 7 3 ; ; 7, steel is around 4%.[Fin 6 Eitea of Niropes content on ical pag a 2 0 Nitrogen « The figure 6 shows that proper “ Concentration of Nitrogen in the cer+c “ | range of 0,20 to 0,30 improves significantly corrosionresistance. is : 3 ; x “ Nivogen Tungsten Fe 7 Ete ofTingsas on cevie orroionln& Neck} This elementenhances the stability NsSO4 90 FHS of the passive layer in the chloride oan environments. _ on 1 However tungsten also increases ¢ ows the sigma phase precipitation . cas kinetic, ost Practically 0,6% tungsten patti SCE gg represents the optimal concentra- aus tion between improved corrosion ae resistance and an acceptable kinetic ous of sigma phase precipitation. The 2 effect of Tungsten is illustrated in Tepe figure 7. Tea aCe aa : Ps “Reomos mcrae © Copper " 10 Like any other stainless steel, the copper content increases the general corrosion resistance to im non oxidising media. The effect Piingcares oy a Fi i We of copper is illustrated in figure 8. Fs Copper© GOULDS PUMPS, INC. RANKING RESISTANCE BY PREN « PREN (PITTING RESISTANCE EQUIVALENT NUMBER) USEFUL FOR COMPARISONS AND RANKING BASED ON ALLOY CONTENTS © PREN=%Cr + [3.3 X(%Mo+.5 %W)] + (16 X %N) z ~ e HIGHER PREN REPRESENTS HIGHER RESISTANCE TO LOCALIZED CORROSION IN CHLORIDE MEDIA. ¢ FOR CHLORIDE CONTAINING SERVICES ALLOYS WITH HIGHER LEVELS OF MOLYBDENUM & NITROGEN ARE PREFERREDSheett I T PREN = % Cr + 3.3.X(% Mo +5 % W) + 16X(%N) i I [ALLOYS SORTED BY PREN CORROSION RATING) INa0002_[CWiaMW INI [CAST |BASE | ie5| 77] 48 80.5 INS0107_[cweM IN| IcasT |BAsE_| 18.5) 185) 73.6| IN10276 [ALLOY Co76 [NI AT _|BASE | 15.5| 16) 3.76] 74.5| INo6o@2}ALLOY C22 IN |WRT__[BASE 22] 13.5] EI 71.5] IN26o22 _[CxX2MW Nt [cast [Base | 2.25] 135 E) [4.0 Fe 70.8 IN26455 [CW2M Ni [CAST [BASE [16.25 16.26] 0.5] [2.0 Fe MX 70.7| INO6110 ~[ALLCORR, NI [WaT [BASE ait _ 10] 2 67.3] INog455 [ALLOY C4 INI__|WAT [BASE 16 15.5] [3.0 Fe MX 67.2] [s32654_[654SMO [ss__|waT 2a] 2a 73 5/5 Gu 56.1 N26625__[CWEMC INI cast [BASE [21.5] 3| [4.0 Cb, S Fe MX! 51.2] INos625/ALLOY 625 INI |WRT_[BASE_ [21.5] 3] s1.2| INosoa0 [HAST G30. Ni__|waT [BASE 29.5 S| 275] TSCuTSFe | 50.5] Iose2s_[1926MO iss__[wat 20[ 2565 O75|1.2 Cu 48.9] [Noeses [HAST G3 NI__|WAT [BASE [22.5] 7 7 3.4 Co 475] NA [CNSMN Ss |cast |" 248| ~~ 2i| 65 02).75 Cum 45.7| INos367[ALEXN ss_|wat | 245/21] 65 0.2] 25.7] Js99254~ |CKaMOWN ss__cast |" 185] 20) 6.5] 0.2|.75 Gu 44.7] IN08926_[25-6MO [SS |WAT 25|" 20/5 0.2/1.0 Cu “47 [831254 [254SMO SS__|WaT i8| 20) 6.25 0.21.75 Cu 43.8] INos026 [2006 SS__|WAT 35| 24 4 EXT 43.4] INO6007 [HAST G NI |WAT [BASE 22] 6) 2.0. Cu 43.5] [J9a404[CESMN DUP |casT 725,45) oa] 43 NoB366 [ALEX Iss [WAT | 245] 21[ 65 223 [$32760_|ZERON 700 [OUP _[WAT. 65] 25|_ a7] o7| 028.700 42.4] '$32750 ALLOY 2507__/DUP [WRT 725 4 0.25 42.2| '$44800_|29-4-2 FER [WRT 2) 29] 4 42.2| jJ93380 [CO3MWGuN [D_|cast [7.5] 25] | 0.75] 0.25] 41.8] 993345 [CEBMN 0 fcast |[~95|__24[ 3.75] o2| 39.6] [$4660 [SEA CURE FER_|WRT iz 27s) 3.4 38.7| [Jeaa71 |COeMN DUP |casT 5255) 3] o2| 38.6| Nosoze_[SANICRO 28 [SS [WAT a a7) as 0Cu 38.6| [$44635 [MONIT FER [WAT al 25.25; 4] 36.5| [332550__|FERRALIUM 255.|DUP_|W/C. 55] 255) 3] 0.18)2.0 Ou 36.3) Nos24 |20MO4 Iss [WAT | 87.5] 23.75) 425) 1.0Cu, 25Nb_| 37.8) INA [NSM Iss__[casT 25] 21 3] 37.5] INA IZERON 25 louP [WaT | 25] 25] 02). Cu 38.5] [$31726__[317LMN Iss [WAT | 155/19] 435 B18] 36.3] Nos904 [904 Iss__|Wic. 255] 21] 45 15 Cu 35.9 Nos700_|JS700 Iss [wie 252i] 45 5 CuMK 35.5] '$91050_[310L MN Iss [WRT 22] as] 2.65] 0.13] 35.8 [$31260_[7MO PLUS. louP—|wet 45| 275) 1.3] 0.25] 35.8 1492205 [COMIN DUP [cast | “5.5| 22.25] 3| 02! 35.4] INA [CD4MCuN, louPjcasT | 5.5) 255) 2} 0.2/3.0 Cu 35.3) Page 1Sheett I PREN = % Cr+ 3.3X(%Mo+ 5% W) + 16X(%N) [ [ I I [ [ALLOYS SORTED BY PREN CORROSION RATING! [UNSNO- [MATERIAL E [FORM [%Ni_|cr__|% Mo [mo W_[%e) THER ssta03_|ALLoy2205__ouP_ [WAT 55,22 3 0.18| 34.3] [s20010_INITRONIC SO [SS [WAT | 12.8] 22] 2.25] 0.9):2NB.2V 34.2 [s3t753_{317LN ss |WRT 13) 20/35] 0.16) 34.4] [493370 _|CD4MGu DUP [CAST 5.5|_ 25.5| 2 3.0 Cu 32.1] [595150 _[CN7M [ss — [CAST 29[20.5| 2.5] 3.5 Cu 28.8] Nogo20_ALLOY 20cb3__[ss__|WAT ‘a6[ 20) 2.5] 3.5 Cu 28.3] [J92800__|CF3M [ss [CAST 1 19] 2.5) 27.3] [s31603|3i6L. ss wat [ies 17] 25 013] 27.3) [sa1653_[316UN SS__ [WAT 12) i725 28.3) Pago2© GOULDS PUMPS, INC. RANKING RESISTANCE BY CPT & CCT © “CRITICAL PITTING TEMPERATURE” AND “CRITICAL CREVICE TEMPERATURE” CAN ALSO BE USED TO RANK ALLOY RESISTANCE TO LOCALIZED CORROSION « HIGHER CPT AND CCT VALUES REPRESENT BETTER CORROSION RESISTANCE: 10 3" 0 5 § & s a ? J Nitronie 50 0 2 240 a 3 io 8 6 & 0 0 70 2 ~ Molybdenum content, % Critica! pitting temperature versus molybdenum content for commercial austenitic stainless steels tested in Fro. 7 fen reeny enrance 10 pining, oF Measured OY the crcal piting Temperctue, increases. wih molybdenum content and decreases after autogenous tungsten inert gas welding. Source: Ref 8a) b) one one F Fer 30Mo i286 ero on < | ese ® iz » a ‘2 @ a 30 me ty Q * ome one , a es cr+93 Moe ton mie=crs3Mo+ am « oan « o=ast « « “ * » 2 C 9, 9, "0 3 wm 7 ‘2 w ra = \ ne ne ) one vo 33.Mo+30m wo) esa « 2 2 % a 0 tt Figure 2 Pots of CPT vs. PRE according to equations (1] to [S].CPT was determined according to a potentiodynamic method in 1 M NaC using the Avesia cel, Proceedings of the int, Conf. on Electrochem. Methods in Corrosion Research 1293. Available from Trans Tech Publications Ltd, PO Box 254, CH-8049 Zirich, Switzer land. iw