CH 1 - Introduction To Industrial Networks

Industrial Networks
‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬
ENG / Ahmed Gamal
9/3/2017 Industrial Network | ENG/Ahmed Gamal Abo-Zied 1

Objectives

Contents
Introduction to Industrial Network 
LANs 
Serial Communications 
Fieldbuses 
Control level Protocols 
Comparison 

Chapter One
Introduction to Industrial Network

‫ﻧﺸﺄة اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬
‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ اﻷﺗﻤﺘﺔ ) ‪ ( Automation‬ﻣﻨﺬ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ اﻟﺜﻼﺛﯿﻨﯿﺎت‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‬‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﻌﺸﺮﯾﻦ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ اﺳﺘﻄﺎع ِ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺨﯿﺮ آﻻت ﻣﯿﻜﺎﻧﯿﻜﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﯿﺎم ﺑﮭﺎ ﺑﺪﻻ ً ﻋﻨﮫ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺑﺪاﯾﺎت اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﻌﺸﺮﯾﻦ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ أﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﻨﯿﺎت ﻣﯿﻜﺎﻧﯿﻜﯿﺔ ‪ Mechanical technology‬وأﺟﮭﺰة ﺗﻨﺎظﺮﯾﺔ‬
‫‪ ، Analog devices‬ﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ ظﮭﺮت اﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺒﻨﯿﻮﻣﺎﺗﯿﻜﯿﺔ‬
‫‪ Pneumatic‬واﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻟﯿﻜﯿﺔ ‪. Hydraulic‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ 1960‬وﻣﻊ ﺗﻔﺠﺮ ﻋﺼﺮ اﻟﺜﻮرة اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﯿﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ظﮭﺮت اﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺑﯿﺔ وظﮭﺮ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻲ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ ‪Direct Digital‬‬
‫‪. control DDC‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ 1960‬ﺗﻢ اﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻮاﺳﯿﺐ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎم‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫اﻷﺗﻤﺘﺔ ‪. Automation system‬‬
‫‪9/3/2017‬‬ ‫‪Industrial Network | ENG/Ahmed Gamal Abo-Zied‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ 1968‬ﻛﺎن ظﮭﻮر أول ﺟﮭﺎز ‪ PLC‬ﻣﻦ إﻧﺘﺎج ﺷﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ MODICON‬وﻛﺎن ﯾﺴﻤﻲ ‪. MODICON 084‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ 1970‬ظﮭﺮ أول ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﺤﻜﻢ رﻗﻤﻲ ﻣﻮزع ‪Distributed‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ Computer control system DCCS‬ﻣﻦ إﻧﺘﺎج ﺷﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫‪. Honeywell‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺘﺮة ﺑﯿﻦ ‪ 1975‬و ‪ 1979‬ﺣﺪث ﺗﻘﺪم ﻛﺒﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻷﺟﮭﺰة‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ ‪ ،‬واﺷﺘﻤﻞ ھﺬا اﻟﺘﻄﻮر ﻋﻠﻲ زﯾﺎدة ﺳﻌﺔ اﻟﺬاﻛﺮة وﻋﺪد‬
‫اﻟﻤﺪاﺧﻞ واﻟﻤﺨﺎرج اﻟﺮﻗﻤﯿﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ LAN‬ﻟﺮﺑﻂ اﻟﺤﻮاﺳﯿﺐ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ 1980‬ﺑﺪأ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫وأﺟﮭﺰة اﻷﺗﻤﺘﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻷﺗﻤﺘﺔ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﯿﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺗﻮﺳﻊ أﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻷﺗﻤﺘﺔ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﯿﺔ وإزدﯾﺎد ﻋﺪد أﺟﮭﺰة اﻷﺗﻤﺘﺔ أﺻﺒﺢ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﺮوري ﻟﻨﻈﻢ اﻷﺗﻤﺘﺔ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﯿﺔ ﺗﻮﻓﯿﺮ ﻣﻌﺎﯾﯿﺮ ‪Standards‬‬
‫اﺗﺼﺎل ﻟﺘﺠﻌﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻞ أﻋﺪاد ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ أﺟﮭﺰة اﻷﺗﻤﺘﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﯿﺔ ﺑﻄﺮق ﻣﻌﯿﺎرﯾﺔ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻘﺎﻣﺖ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﯾﯿﺮ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ ‪ISO International Organization‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ for Standardization‬ﺑﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج اﻟﻤﺮﺟﻌﻲ ﻟﻺﺗﺼﺎل ‪OSI‬‬
‫) ‪ ، (Open System Interconnection‬واﻟﺬي أﺷﺘﮭﺮ ﻻﺣﻘﺎ ً ﺑﺎﻻﺳﻢ‬
‫‪ ، ISO/OSI‬واﻟﺬي ﺳﻤﺢ ﻷي زوج ﻣﻦ أﺟﮭﺰة اﻷﺗﻤﺘﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺗﺼﺎل ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﮭﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻮﺛﻮق ﺑﻐﺾ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻌﯿﻦ ﻟﮭﺬه اﻷﺟﮭﺰة ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﯿﺔ اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺗﻘﻨﯿﺎت اﻹﺗﺼﺎل اﻟﺮﻗﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺗﻐﻄﯿﺔ ﻣﺠﺎل واﺳﻊ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﯿﺔ ‪ ،‬وﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم ﯾﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ اﻟﻘﻮل ﺑﺄن‬
‫اﻷﺟﮭﺰة وأداﺋﮭﺎ ‪ Performance‬ﯾﺤﺪد ﻧﻮع اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﺑﺑﺳﺎطﺔ ھﻲ ﻋﺑﺎرة ﻋن ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣن اﻟﺣواﺳﯾب اﻟﻣﺗﻧوﻋﺔ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫واﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﺣﺳب ﻧوع اﻟﻌﻣل و ﻓﺋﺔ اﻟﺗﺧﺻص ﺗرﺗﺑط ﺑﺑﻌﺿﮭﺎ ﻋن طرﯾق‬
‫وﺣدات رﺑط ﺗﺳﻣﻲ ‪ Network Card‬ووﺳﺎﺋط اﺗﺻﺎل ‪.‬‬
‫ﯾﺗم ﺗﺻﻧﯾف اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎت إﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ ‬اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎت اﻟﻣﺣﻠﯾﺔ ‪Local Area Network LAN‬‬

‫‪ ‬اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎت ﻣﺗوﺳطﺔ اﻟﻣدى ‪Metropolitan Area Network MAN‬‬
‫‪ ‬اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎت واﺳﻌﺔ اﻟﻧطﺎق ‪Wide Area Network WAN‬‬
‫اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎت اﻟﻣﺣﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﻧﺗﺷر ﻓﻲ ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﺟﻐراﻓﯾﺔ ﺻﻐﯾرة ﻣﺛل ﺑﻧﺎﯾﺔ أو ﻋد‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺑﻧﺎﯾﺎت ﻓﻲ ﻣؤﺳﺳﺔ ﻛﺑﯾرة أو ﺣرم ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺣﯾث ﯾﻌﺗﺑر ھذا اﻟﻧوع ھو‬
‫اﻟﻧواة ﻟﻸﻧواع اﻵﺧري ﻣن اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎت ﻣﺛل ﺷﺑﻛﺎت اﻟﻣدن واﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎت‬
‫اﻟوطﻧﯾﺔ واﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﯾﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎت ﻣﺗوﺳطﺔ اﻟﻣدى وھذه اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﺗﻐطﻲ ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﺟﻐراﻓﯾﺔ أﻛﺑر ﻣن‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺗﮭﺎ وﻗد ﺗﺻل إﻟﻰ ﺗﻐطﯾﺔ ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﻣﻌﻧﻲ ﺟﻣﯾﻊ ﻓروع ﻣؤﺳﺳﺔ أو‬
‫ﻣﻧﺷﺄة ﻣﺗوزﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ ﻓﯾﻣﻛن رﺑطﮭﺎ ﺑﺷﺑﻛﺔ واﺣدة وﻟﮭﺎ ﺑروﺗوﻛوﻻﺗﮭﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎت واﺳﻌﺔ اﻟﻧطﺎق وھذه اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎت ھﻲ أﻛﺑر أﻧواع اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟم‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ ،‬ﺣﯾث ﺗوﻓر ﻧﻘل ﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت ﺑﯾن ﺣواﺳب ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋدة ﻣﺛﻼ ﻓﻲ دوﻟﺔ ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ‬
‫)ﺷﺑﻛﺔ وطﻧﯾﺔ( ‪ ،‬أو ﻷﺑﻌد ﻣن ذﻟك ﻓﯾﻣﻛن أن ﯾﺻل ﻣداھﺎ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻐطﯾﺔ اﻟﻛرة‬
‫اﻷرﺿﯾﺔ ﻛﻠﮭﺎ ) ﻛﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ اﻟﻌﻧﻛﺑوﺗﯾﺔ اﻹﻧﺗرﻧت ( وﯾﺻﺑﺢ اﺳﻣﮭﺎ‬
‫ﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻣﯾﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﯾﺔ ھﻲ ﻋﺑﺎرة ﻋن ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣن اﻷﺟﮭزة اﻻﻟﻛﺗروﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫اﻟﻣﺗﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﺑﻌﺿﮭﺎ اﻟﺑﻌض ﻟﺗﺑﺎدل اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت واﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت ﻓﯾﻣﺎ ﺑﯾﻧﮭم ﻣن أﺟل‬
‫ﺗطوﯾر ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻻﻧﺗﺎج و اﻟﻣراﻗﺑﺔ اﻟﻲ اﻟﻣﺳﺗوي اﻟﻣطﻠوب ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺗﺑر اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎت اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﯾﺔ ﻧوع ﺧﺎص ﻣن أﻧواع اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎت اﻟﻣﺣﻠﯾﺔ ‪LAN‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺣﯾث ﯾﺟب أن ﺗوﻓر اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﯾﺔ اﻟﺧﺻﺎﺋص اﻷﺗﯾﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪supporting real-time control ‬‬
‫‪high data integrity (error detection) ‬‬
‫‪high noise immunity ‬‬
‫‪high reliability in harsh environments ‬‬
‫‪suitable for large installations ‬‬

‫ﻣﻛوﻧﺎت اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﯾﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫أﺟﮭزة اﻟﺗﺣﻛم اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﻲ اﻟﻣﺑرﻣﺞ ‪PLC‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫وﺣدات اﻹدﺧﺎل واﻹﺧراج ‪I/O Devices‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻣﺣطﺎت ﺗﺷﻐﯾل ‪Operator Station‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫اﻟﻣﺿﯾف ‪Host Computer‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻣﻌظم اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎت اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﯾﺔ ﺗﻘوم ﺑﺈرﺳﺎل ﺑﺗﺎت ‪ bits‬اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت ﺑﺷﻛل‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺣﯾث ﺗﻌﺗﺑر ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ إرﺳﺎل اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﯾﺎ ً ھﻲ اﻟﻣﯾزة اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺷﺑﻛﺎت اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﯾﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﯾﺟب أن ﺗوﻓر اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﯾﺔ اﻟوظﺎﺋف اﻷﺗﯾﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻗدرة اﻟﻣﺿﯾف ‪Host computer‬ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺣﺻول ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت‬

‫ﻣن أﺟﮭزة اﻟﺗﺣﻛم اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﻲ اﻟﻣﺑرﻣﺞ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻗدرة اﻟﻣﺿﯾف ‪Host computer‬ﻋﻠﻲ إﻋطﺎء ﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت ﻷﺟﮭزة‬
‫اﻟﺗﺣﻛم اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﻲ اﻟﻣﺑرﻣﺞ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻗدرة أﺟﮭزة اﻟﺗﺣﻛم اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﻲ اﻟﻣﺑرﻣﺞ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻗراءة وﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ ﺣﺎﻻت‬
‫اﻟﻣدﺧﻼت واﻟﻣﺧرﺟﺎت‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣراﻗﺑﺔ ‪ monitoring‬ﻋﻣل وﺣﺎﻟﺔ أﺟﮭزة اﻟﺗﺣﻛم اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﻲ اﻟﻣﺑرﻣﺞ ‪.‬‬
‫وﻟﻛﻲ ﺗﺗم اﻟوظﺎﺋف اﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺑﺷﻛل ﺳﻠﯾم ﻻﺑد أن ﺗﻠﺗزم اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫اﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻘواﻋد واﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﻣﻲ ﺑروﺗوﻛول اﻹﺗﺻﺎل‬
‫‪Communication Protocol‬‬
‫اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻮﻛﻮل‬
‫إذا أراد ﺷﺧﺻﺎن ﻛل ﻣﻧﮭم ﯾﺗﺣدث ﻟﻐﺔ ﻓﻣﺛﻼ اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ واﻟﯾﺎﺑﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﺣدث ﻣﻊ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﺿﮭﻣﺎ وأن ﯾﻔﮭم ﻛل ﻣﻧﮭﻣﺎ اﻵﺧر ﻓﯾﺟب ﻋﻠﯾﮭﻣﺎ أن ﯾﺳﺗﺧدﻣﺎ ﻣﺗرﺟﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺑﯾﻧﮭﻣﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺛل ﻓﺈن اﻷﺟﮭزة اﻟﻣﺗﺻﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻣﻌﺎﯾﯾر‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫واﻟﻘواﻋد ﻟﺗﺑﺎدل اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت ﺗﺳﻣﻲ اﻟﺑروﺗوﻛوﻻت ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺑروﺗوﻛوﻻت ﺗﺷﺑﮫ‬
‫ﻟﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺳﺎن ﻟﻛﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﻌﺗﺑر ﻟﻐﺔ أﺟﮭزة اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺎﻣل ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺿﮭﺎ اﻟﺑﻌض ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑروﺗوﻛول اﻹﺗﺻﺎل ھو ﻋﺑﺎرة ﻋن ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻘواﻋد ‪ rules‬واﻟﻣﻌﺎﯾﯾر‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ criteria‬واﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣدد آﻟﯾﺔ ﺗﺑﺎدل اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﺑﯾن اﻷﺟﮭزة اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﯾﺔ‬
‫واﻹﻟﻛﺗرﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻐرض ﺗﺟزﺋﺔ وﺗﺑﺳﯾط ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻹﺗﺻﺎل ﻗﺎم ﻣﺻﻣﻣﻲ اﻟﺑروﺗوﻛوﻻت‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺑﺗﺻﻣﯾم ﺑروﺗوﻛول واﺣد ﻟﻛل وظﯾﻔﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ Protocol Stack‬ھﻲ ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣن اﻟﺑروﺗوﻛوﻻت اﻟﻣﺗﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻣﻠﮭﺎ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺿﮭﺎ ‪ ،‬وﻛل طﺑﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ھذه اﻟﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﺗﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑروﺗوﻛول‬
‫ﻣﺧﺗﻠف ﯾﻘوم ﺑوظﯾﻔﺔ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺣدد اﻟطﺑﻘﺎت اﻟﺳﻔﻠﻲ ﻣن ‪ Protocol Stack‬اﻟﻛﯾﻔﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﻣﺢ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻟﻣﺻﻧﻌﻲ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎت إﻋداد أﺟﮭزﺗﮭم ﻟﻺﺗﺻﺎل ﻣﻊ أﺟﮭزة ﻣﺻﻧﻌﯾن آﺧرﯾن ‪،‬‬
‫وﯾطﻠق ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑروﺗوﻛوﻻت اﻟطﺑﻘﺎت اﻟﺳﻔﻠﻲ ﻣن اﻟﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣﺳﻣﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺑروﺗوﻛوﻻت ﻣﻧﺧﻔﺿﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺗوى ‪Low-Level Protocol‬‬
‫ﺗﺣدد اﻟطﺑﻘﺎت اﻟﻌﻠﯾﺎ اﻟطرﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﻔﺎھم ﺑﮭﺎ ﺑراﻣﺞ اﻹﺗﺻﺎل ‪ ،‬وﯾطﻠق‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑروﺗوﻛوﻻت اﻟطﺑﻘﺎت اﻟﻌﻠﯾﺎ ﻣن اﻟﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣﺳﻣﻲ اﻟﺑروﺗوﻛوﻻت‬
‫ﻣرﺗﻔﻌﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺗوى ‪.High-Level Protocol‬‬
‫اﻟوظﯾﻔﺗﯾن اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺗﯾن ﻟﻠﺑروﺗوﻛوﻻت ھﻲ إﻧﺿﺑﺎط اﻟﺧط ‪Line‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ discipline‬واﻟﻣﺻﺎﻓﺣﺔ ‪. hand shaking‬‬
‫ﺗﻧﻘﺳم اﻟﺑروﺗوﻛوﻻت ﺣﺳب وظﯾﻔﺗﮭﺎ إﻟﻲ ﺑروﺗوﻛوﻻت ﺗطﺑﯾﻘﺎت‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ Application Protocol‬وﺗﺗﻠﺧص ﻣﮭﻣﺗﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺑﺎدل اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت وﺗﺣﻘﯾق‬
‫اﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋل ﺑﯾن اﻟﺗطﺑﯾﻘﺎت ‪ ،‬وﺑروﺗوﻛوﻻت ﻧﻘل ‪Transport Protocol‬‬
‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﻟﺗوﻓﯾر ﺟﻠﺳﺎت اﻹﺗﺻﺎل ﺑﯾن اﻷﺟﮭزة ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ وھﻲ ﻣﺳﺋوﻟﺔ‬
‫أﯾﺿﺎ ﻋن دﻗﺔ اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت اﻟﻣﻧﻘوﻟﺔ ﺑﯾن اﻻﺟﮭزة ‪ ،‬وﺑروﺗوﻛوﻻت ﺷﺑﻛﺔ‬
‫‪ Network Protocol‬ﺗﻘوم ﺑﻌﻧوﻧﺔ ‪ Addressing‬وﺗوﺟﯾﮫ‬
‫اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت واﻟﺑﺣث ﻋن أﺧطﺎء ﻓﻲ ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻹرﺳﺎل واﻟﺗﻌﺎﻣل ﻣﻊ طﻠﺑﺎت‬
‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ إﻋﺎدة اﻹرﺳﺎل ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺒﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﮭﺮﻣﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺮاﺗﺒﯿﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺑل ﻣﺎ ﯾﻘﺎرب ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻋﻘود ﻛﺎﻧت اﻟﺑﻧﯾﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﺔ ھﻲ اﻟﺑﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫اﻟﻧﺟﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﻣوﺿﺣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷﻛل اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻟﻠﺗﻐﻠب ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﯾوب اﻟﺑﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﻧﺟﻣﯾﺔ ﺗم ﺗﻘﺳﯾم وظﺎﺋف اﻟﻣراﻗﺑﺔ واﻟﺗﺣﻛم ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻋدد ﻣن اﻟﻣﺗﺣﻛﻣﺎت ‪ ،‬وﯾﺗم ﺗوﺻﯾل اﻟﻣﺗﺣﻛﻣﺎت إﻟﻲ ﻧظﺎم إدراة ﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت‬
‫ﻣرﻛزي وﺗﻌرف ھذه اﻟﺑﻧﯾﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺑﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﺗراﺗﺑﯾﺔ اﻟﮭرﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﻣوﺿﺣﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺷﻛل‬
‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻧﺗﯾﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﺗطور اﻟﮭﺎﺋل ﻟﻠدارات اﻟﻣﺗﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ وظﮭور اﻟﻣﺗﺣﻛﻣﺎت ورﺑط ھذه‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫اﻟﻣﺗﺣﻛﻣﺎت ﺑﺑﻌﺿﮭﺎ اﻟﺑﻌض ﺑواﺳطﺔ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎت اﻟرﻗﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﯾﺔ ظﮭرت‬
‫اﻟﺑﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﻣوزﻋﺔ ‪ Distributed architecture‬اﻟﻣوﺿﺣﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺷﻛل اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﺗﺻف اﻟﺳﺑﻌﯾﻧﺎت ﺑدأ اﻟﺗﺻﻧﯾﻊ اﻟﻣؤﺗﻣت ﯾﺗﺟﮫ ﻧﺣو اﻟﺑﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﻣوزﻋﺔ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫اﻟﺗراﺗﺑﯾﺔ ﻛﻣﺎ ھو ﻣﺑﯾن ﺑﺎﻟﺷﻛل‬

‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻧظم اﻟﻛﺑﯾرة اﻟواﺳﻌﺔ واﻟﻣﻌﻘدة ﯾﺟزأ اﻟﻧظﺎم اﻟﺗراﺗﺑﻲ إﻟﻲ ﺗﺳﻌﺔ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻣﺳﺗوﯾﺎت ﻛﻣﺎ ھو ﻣﺑﯾن ﺑﺎﻟﺷﻛل اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﺗم ﺗﻣﺛﯾل ﻣﻣﯾزات اﻟﻣﺳﺗوﯾﺎت اﻟﺗراﺗﺑﯾﺔ وﻣﺗطﻠﺑﺎﺗﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺧطط اﻟﮭرﻣﻲ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫اﻟﻣﺑﯾن ﺑﺎﻟﺷﻛل اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﺻﻧﯾف اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎت اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﯾﺔ ﺿﻣن ﻋدة ﻓﺋﺎت ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﻧﺎ ًء ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫وظﯾﻔﺗﮭﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺣﯾث أﻧﮫ ﻟﻛل ﻣﺳﺗوى ھرﻣﻲ ﻣﺳﺗوى إﺗﺻﺎل ﻣﻧﺎﺳب ‪ ،‬و ﻛﻣﺎ‬
‫أﺳﻠﻔﻧﺎ ﺗﻘﺳم اﻟﻧظم اﻟﺗﺻﻧﯾﻌﯾﺔ إﻟﻲ ﺛﻼث ﻣﺳﺗوﯾﺎت ﺗراﺗﺑﯾﺔ ھرﻣﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ اﻷﻗل‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻟذﻟك ﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﺻﻧﯾف اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎت اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﯾﺔ إﻟﻲ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﻧواع ‪:‬‬
‫‪field-level networks‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺷﺑﻛﺎت اﻟﻣﺳﺗوى اﻟﺣﻘﻠﻲ‬
‫‪Control-level networks‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺷﺑﻛﺎت ﻣﺳﺗوى اﻟﺗﺣﻛم‬
‫‪ ‬ﺷﺑﻛﺎت ﻣﺳﺗوى اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت ‪Information-level networks‬‬
‫ﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﺳﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺗوى اﻟﺣﻘﻠﻲ ﺑﻣﺳﺗوى اﻟﺟﮭﺎز ‪ Device level‬وﻣﺳﺗوي‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫اﻟﺗﺣﻛم ﺑﻣﺳﺗوي اﻟﺧﻠﯾﺔ ‪ Cell level‬وﻣﺳﺗوى اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت ﺑﻣﺳﺗوي‬
‫اﻹﺷراف ‪Supervisory Level‬‬



‫‪Field Level Networks‬‬
‫ﯾﻣﺛل ھذا اﻟﻣﺳﺗوى ﺣﻠﻘﺔ اﻟوﺻل ﺑﯾن اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻹﻧﺗﺎﺟﯾﺔ واﻟﻣﺗﺣﻛﻣﺎت ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻗدﯾﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻧت ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﺣﻠﻘﺎت ‪ 4-20 mA‬ﺑﺷﻛل واﺳﻊ ﻣﻊ أﻧظﻣﺔ‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫اﻻﺗﺻﺎﻻت اﻟﺣﻘﻠﯾﺔ ﻛﻣﺎ ھو ﻣوﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺷﻛل اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫‪Field Level Networks‬‬
‫أﻣﺎ اﻟﯾوم ﻓﺻﺎر اﻹﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﺷﺎﺋﻊ ھو ﺷﺑﻛﺔ اﻹﺗﺻﺎﻻت ﻛﻣﺎ ھو ﻣوﺿﺢ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺷﻛل اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

Field Level Networks
‫ﯾﺗم ﺗﺻﻧﯾف ﺷﺑﻛﺎت ﻣﺳﺗوي اﻟﺣﻘل ﻋن طرﯾق ﺑﻌض اﻟﺧﺻﺎﺋص ﻣﺛل ﺣﺟم‬ 
. Response Time ‫ وزﻣن اﻻﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬Message Size ‫اﻟرﺳﺎﻟﺔ‬
Device Bus
Network
Industrial Foundation
Bus Network FieldBus
Process Bus
Process Bus
Network
Network
Profibus

byte-wide
bus networks
Device Bus
Network
bit-wide bus
networks
bit-wide bus
DeviceNet
networks
CANbus
byte-wide InterBus
SDS ASI Seriplex
bus networks Loop
InterBus-S


‫‪Control Level Networks‬‬
‫ﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﻘﺳﯾم ھذا اﻟﻣﺳﺗوي إﻟﻲ ﻣﺳﺗوﯾﯾن ﻓرﻋﯾﯾن وھﻣﺎ ﻣﺳﺗوى اﻟﺧﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫اﻟﻔرﻋﻲ ‪ Cell Sublevel‬وﻣﺗﺳوى اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﺔ اﻟﻔرﻋﻲ ‪Area Sublevel‬‬
‫ﻛﻣﺎ ھو ﻣوﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺷﻛل اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫‪Control Level Networks‬‬
‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﻣﺳﺗوى اﻟﺗﺣﻛم ﺿﻣن ﺷﺑﻛﺎت اﻟﻧد ﻟﻠﻧد ‪ peer-to-peer‬ﺑﯾن‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫اﻟﻣﺗﺣﻛﻣﺎت ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗم ﻗﺑول ﻛل ﻣن ﺑروﺗوﻛوﻟﻲ اﻟـ ‪ Ethernet‬واﻟـ ‪ TCP/IP‬ﻛﻣﻌﯾﺎر‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ de-facto‬ﺧﺎص ﺑﻣﺳﺗوى اﻟﺧﻠﯾﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣن أﺷﮭر اﻟﺑروﺗوﻛوﻻت اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﻣل ﻓﻲ ﻣﺳﺗوي اﻟﺗﺣﻛم ﺑروﺗوﻛول اﻟـ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ ControlNet‬وﺑروﺗوﻛول اﻟـ ‪PROFIBUS-FMS‬‬

‫‪Information Level Networks‬‬
‫ﯾﻛون ھذا اﻟﻣﺳﺗوي ﻓﻲ ﻗﻣﺔ ﻧظﺎم اﻷﺗﻣﺗﺔ اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﯾﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺣﯾث ﯾﺣﺗوى ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫اﻟﺣﺎﺳوب اﻟﻣرﻛزي ﻣن أﺟل ﺿﺑط اﻹﻋدادات و ﺗﺷﺧﯾص اﻷﻋطﺎل ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺑﺷﻛل أﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﯾﺗﻌﺎﻣل ھذا اﻟﻣﺳﺗوى ﻣﻊ اﻟﺟزء اﻟﺧﺎص ﺑﺎﻟﻣراﻗﺑﺔ وﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ‪ ،‬ﺣﯾث ﯾﺗم ﻧﻘل ﻛﻣﯾﺔ ﻛﺑﯾرة ﻣن اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﺑﺷﻛل ﻣﺳﺗﻣر وﻋﺑر ﻓﺗرة‬
‫زﻣﻧﯾﺔ ﻛﺑﯾرة ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﺳﺗوى اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت أو اﻹﺷراف ﯾوﺟد ﺷﺑﻛﺎت واﺳﻌﺔ اﻹﻧﺗﺷﺎر ‪ ،‬ﻣﻧﮭﺎ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺑﯾل اﻟﻣﺛﺎل ﺷﺑﻛﺎت ‪WANs Ethernet‬اﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺈدارة وﺗﺧطﯾط‬
‫اﻹﻧﺗﺎج وإدارة ﺗﺑﺎدل اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت‪.‬‬

‫‪Transmission methods‬‬
‫إﺗﺻﺎل اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ‪ Data Communication‬ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﯾﻛون رﻗﻣﻲ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ Digital‬أو ﺗﻧﺎظري ‪. analogue‬‬
‫وﯾﺗم إرﺳﺎل اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت اﻟرﻗﻣﯾﺔ ﺑطرﯾﻘﺗﯾن وھﻣﺎ اﻹرﺳﺎل اﻟﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﻲ ‪serial‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ transmission‬و اﻹرﺳﺎل اﻟﻣﺗوازي ‪. parallel transmission‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻹرﺳﺎل اﻟﻣﺗوازي ﻟﻠﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﯾﺗم ﻧﻘل ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﺑﺗﺎت ‪ bits‬ﻟﻠﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت اﻟرﻗﻣﯾﺔ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺿﮭم ﻛﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷﻛل اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﻠﺧﯾص اﻹرﺳﺎل اﻟﻣﺗوازي ﻟﻠﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻧﻘﺎط اﻟﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻟﻧﻘل ‪ 8‬ﺑت ‪ bit binary number‬ﻧﺣﺗﺎج إﻟﻲ ‪ 8‬ﺧطوط ﻧﻘل‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪.transmission lines‬‬
‫ﯾﺗم ﻧﻘل ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﺑﺗﺎت ﻟﻠﻛﻠﻣﺔ ‪ bits of a word‬ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔس اﻟوﻗت ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﯾﺗم ﻧﻘل اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﺑﺳرﻋﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﺟدا‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻣﺳﺎﻓﺎت اﻟﻧﻘل ﻗﺻﯾرة وﻣﺣدودة ﻧظرا ﻟﻛﺑر ﺣﺟم ﺧطوط اﻟﻧﻘل ﻣﻣﺎ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﯾزﯾد اﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ‪ ،‬وأﯾﺿﺎ ﺗﻌرض اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت إﻟﻲ اﻟﺿﺟﯾﺞ ‪ ، Noise‬ﻟذﻟك‬
‫ﻓﮭو ﻏﯾر ﻣﻧﺎﺳب ﻟﻠﺷﺑﻛﺎت اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﯾﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣن أﻣﺛﻠﺔ اﻹرﺳﺎل اﻟﻣﺗوازي ﻟﻠﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﻧﻔذ ‪ LPT‬اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدم ﻟﻺﺗﺻﺎل‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺑﯾن اﻟطﺎﺑﻌﺔ واﻟﻛﻣﺑﯾوﺗر‪ ،‬وأﯾﺿﺎ ً اﻹﺗﺻﺎﻻت ﺑﯾن ﻣﻛوﻧﺎت اﻟـ‬
‫‪ Mother Board‬ﻷﺟﮭزة اﻟﺣﺎﺳب ﻣﺛل ﻛﺎرت ‪ PCI‬واﻟوﺻﻼت‬
‫اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻘوم ﺑﺈﯾﺻﺎل اﻟذواﻛر ﺑوﺣدة اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ اﻟﻣرﻛزﯾﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻹرﺳﺎل اﻟﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﻲ ﯾﺗم ﻧﻘل اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﺑت ﺑت ‪ ،‬ﺑﻣﻌﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ أي وﻗت‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺗﺗواﺟد ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺧط ﺑت واﺣدة ﻓﻘط ﻛﻣﺎ ھو ﻣﺑﯾن ﺑﺎﻟﺷﻛل اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﻠﺧﯾص اﻹرﺳﺎل اﻟﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻧﻘﺎط اﻟﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ﻋﻠﻲ ﻧطﺎق واﺳﻊ ﺟدا‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﯾﻣﺗﺎز ﺑﻣﻧﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﻣن اﻟﺿﺟﯾﺞ ‪. Noise‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻧﻘل اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﻟﻣﺳﺎﻓﺎت ﺑﻌﯾدة ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺣﺟم ﺧط اﻹرﺳﺎل ﺳﯾﻛون ﺻﻐﯾر وﻛﻠﻔﺗﮫ ﺿﺋﯾﻠﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻣن أﻣﺛﻠﺔ اﻹرﺳﺎل اﻟﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﺑروﺗوﻛول ‪ USB‬و ‪ RS-485‬و‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪. RS-232‬‬

‫ﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﺻﻧﯾف إرﺳﺎل اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت أﯾﺿﺎ ﻋﻠﻲ أﻧﮫ إرﺳﺎل ﻣﺗزاﻣن‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ Synchronous‬و إرﺳﺎل ﻏﯾر ﻣﺗزاﻣن ‪ ، Asynchronous‬وھذا‬
‫ﯾﻌﺗﻣد ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﻧﮭﺞ أو اﻟطرﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﻣﺗﺑﻌﺔ ﺑﺈرﺳﺎل اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﺑﺣد ذاﺗﮭﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻹرﺳﺎل اﻟﻣﺗزاﻣن ﯾﻛون ﺑروﺗوﻛول اﻹرﺳﺎل ﻣؤﻟف ﻣن ﺧطﯾن ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫اﻷﻗل أﺣدھﻣﺎ ﺧط اﻟﺗزاﻣن ) إﺷﺎرة اﻟـ ‪ ( Clock‬ﻛﻣﺎ ھو ﻣوﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺷﻛل‬
‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫اﻹرﺳﺎل اﻟﻐﯾر اﻟﻣﺗزاﻣن ﻻ ﯾﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻲ ﺧط ﺗزاﻣن ‪ ،‬وﻟﻛن ﯾﺗم اﻟﺗزاﻣن‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺧﻼل ﻣﻌدل ﻧﻘل ‪ Baud rate‬ﻣﺗﻌﺎرف ﻋﻠﯾﮫ ﺑﯾن اﻟوﺣدات اﻟطرﻓﯾﺔ ﻛﻣﺎ‬
‫ھو ﻣوﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺷﻛل اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

Transmission methods

‫ﯾﻣﻛن إرﺳﺎل اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻹﺗﺻﺎﻻت اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﯾﺔ ﺧﻼل ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﻧواع ﻣن‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫اﻹﺷﺎرات وھﻣﺎ اﻟﺣزﻣﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﻋدﯾﺔ ‪ Baseband‬واﻟﺣزﻣﺔ اﻟﻣﺣﻣوﻟﺔ‬
‫‪ Carrierband‬واﻟﺣزﻣﺔ اﻟﻌرﯾﺿﺔ ‪.Broadband‬‬
‫اﻟﺣزﻣﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﻋدﯾﺔ ‪Baseband‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺗﺳﻣﻲ ھذه اﻟطرﯾﻘﺔ ﺑـ ‪Time Division Multiplexing‬‬

‫)‪ ،(TDM‬وﻓﻲ ھذه اﻟطرﯾﻘﺔ ﯾﻛون اﻹرﺳﺎل ﻋﺑﺎرة ﻋن ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣن‬
‫اﻹﺷﺎرات ‪ ،‬واﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﺗم ارﺳﺎﻟﮭﺎ ﻟوﺳط اﻹرﺳﺎل ﺑدون ﺗﺣوﯾﻠﮭﺎ ﻟﺗردد ‪،‬‬
‫ﺣﯾث ﯾﺗم اﻟﺗﻌﺑﯾرﻋن ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺑت ﻓﻲ اﻹﺷﺎرة ﻋن طرﯾق ﻓﺻل وﺗوﺻﯾل‬
‫اﻟﺟﮭد ‪ ،‬وداﺋﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ أي وﻗت ﺗﻛون ھﻧﺎك إﺷﺎرة واﺣدة ﻓﻘط ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟوﺳط‬
‫‪ ، Medium‬ﺣﯾث ﯾﺳﻣﺢ ﻟﺟﮭﺎز واﺣد ﻓﻘط ﻟﻠوﺻول إﻟﻲ اﻟوﺳط ‪،‬‬
‫وﻛﻣﺛﺎل ﻋﻠﻲ اﻹرﺳﺎل ﺑﺎﻟﺣزﻣﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﻋدﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﻌﯾﺎر ‪. RS-232‬‬
‫اﻟﺣزﻣﺔ اﻟﻌرﯾﺿﺔ ‪Broadband‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺗﺳﻣﻲ ھذه اﻟطرﯾﻘﺔ ﺑـ ‪Frequency Division Multiplexing‬‬

‫)‪ ، (FDM‬ﺣﯾث ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ھذه اﻟطرﯾﻘﺔ ﻣﺟﺎل واﺳﻊ ﻣن اﻟﺗرددات‬
‫واﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﺗم ﺗﻘﺳﯾﻣﮭﺎ ﻟﻌدد ﻣن اﻟﻘﻧوات ‪ ،‬وﻣن أﻣﺛﻠﺔ ھذه اﻟطرﯾﻘﺔ ﻛﺎﺑل‬
‫اﻟﺗﻠﯾﻔزﯾون ‪ ،‬ﺗﺳﺗطﯾﻊ ھذه اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﺗﺣﻘﯾق ﺳرﻋﺎت ﻧﻘل ﻛﺑﯾرة ﺟدا ‪ ،‬ﻛﻣﺎ‬
‫ﯾﻣﻛن اﺳﺗﺧداﻣﮭﺎ ﻟﺿﻣﺎن اﻟوﺻول ﻟﻠﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟزﻣن اﻟﺣﻘﯾﻘﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪Carrierband‬‬ ‫اﻟﺣزﻣﺔ اﻟﻣﺣﻣوﻟﺔ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺗﺳﻣﻲ ھذه اﻟطرﯾﻘﺔ ﺑـ )‪،Frequency Shift Keying (FSK‬‬

‫وﺗﺷﺑﮫ ھذه اﻟطرﯾﻘﺔ ﺗﻘﻧﯾﺔ رادﯾو ‪ FM‬ﺣﯾث ﯾﺗم ﻧﻘل ﺗردد اﻟﻣوﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺳﻣﻌﯾﺔ ﻋن طرﯾق ﺗﻐﯾﯾر اﻟﺗردد اﻟﺣﺎﻣل ‪،carrier frequency‬‬
‫وھذه اﻟطرﯾﻘﺔ ﻏﯾر ﻣﺷﮭورة ﺑﺎﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎت اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﯾﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫وﺟدﯾر ﺑﺎﻟذﻛر أﻧﮫ ﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﺻﻧﯾف أﻧظﻣﺔ اﻹﺗﺻﺎﻻت ﻋﻠﻲ ﺣﺳب إﺗﺟﺎه ﻧﻘل‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت إﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫إﺗﺻﺎل ﺑﺳﯾط ‪Simplex‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻛﻣﺎ ھو ﻣوﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺷﻛل اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﯾﺗم اﻹﺗﺻﺎل ﺑﺎﺗﺟﺎه واﺣد ﻓﻘط ﻣن‬
‫اﻟﻣرﺳل إﻟﻲ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل ﻛﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ أﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟرادﯾو واﻟﺗﻠﻔﺎز ‪.‬‬

‫إﺗﺻﺎل ﻧﺻف ﻣزدوج ‪Half duplex‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻛﻣﺎ ھو ﻣوﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺷﻛل اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﯾﺗم اﻹﺗﺻﺎل ﺑﺈﺗﺟﺎھﯾن ﺑﺣﯾث ﯾﻣﻛن ﻟﻛل‬
‫طرف أن ﯾرﺳل أو ﯾﺳﺗﻘﺑل ﻟﻛن ﻟﯾس ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔس اﻟوﻗت ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻧدﻣﺎ ﯾﻛون‬
‫اﻟطرف اﻷول ﻣرﺳﻼ ﻻ ﯾﻣﻛﻧﮫ أن ﯾﺳﺗﻘﺑل ‪ ،‬وﯾﻛون اﻟطرف اﻵﺧر‬
‫ﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻼ واﻟﻌﻛس ﺻﺣﯾﺢ ‪ ،‬ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ﻓﻲ ﺷﺑﻛﺎت ﻗﺎﺋد ‪ /‬ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬
‫‪. Master/slave‬‬

‫إﺗﺻﺎل ﻣزدوج ‪Full duplex‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻛﻣﺎ ھو ﻣوﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺷﻛل اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﯾﺗم ﻓﯾﮫ اﻹﺗﺻﺎل ﺑﺎﻹﺗﺟﺎھﯾن ﻓﻲ آن‬

‫واﺣد ﺑﺣﯾث ﯾﻣﻛن ﻟﻛل طرف أن ﯾﻛون ﻣرﺳﻼ و ﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻼ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔس‬
‫اﻟوﻗت ‪ ،‬ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ﻓﻲ ﺷﺑﻛﺎت اﻟﻧد ﻟﻠﻧد ‪. Peer to peer‬‬

‫‪Physical transmission media‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺗﺑر أﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼت ووﺳﺎﺋط اﻹرﺳﺎل اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﺔ ﻹﺟراء اﻻﺗﺻﺎل‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫اﻟﻔﯾزﯾﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﺷﺑﻛﺔ اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﯾﺔ ﻋﺎﻣل رﺋﯾﺳﻲ وﺟوھري ﻓﻲ إﺧﺗﯾﺎر ﺷﺑﻛﺔ‬
‫اﻹﺗﺻﺎﻻت اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﯾوﺟد أرﺑﻌﺔ أﻧواع ﻣن وﺳﺎﺋط اﻹرﺳﺎل ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎت اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫وھم ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ‬اﻟﻛﺎﺑل اﻟﻣﺟدول ‪.Twisted-pair Cable‬‬
‫اﻟﻛﺎﺑل اﻟﻣﺣوري ‪. Coaxial cable‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﺑل اﻷﻟﯾﺎف اﻟﺿوﺋﯾﺔ ‪. Fiber-optic cable‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫وﺳﺎﺋط اﻹرﺳﺎل اﻟﻼﺳﻠﻛﯾﺔ ‪. Wireless‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

Physical transmission media
Twisted-pair Cable ‫اﻟﻛﺎﺑل اﻟﻣﺟدول‬



Coaxial cable ‫اﻟﻛﺎﺑل اﻟﻣﺣوري‬

Fiber-optic cable ‫ﻛﺎﺑل اﻷﻟﯾﺎف اﻟﺿوﺋﯾﺔ‬

Fiber-optic cable ‫ﻛﺎﺑل اﻷﻟﯾﺎف اﻟﺿوﺋﯾﺔ‬

Wireless ‫وﺳﺎﺋط اﻹرﺳﺎل اﻟﻼﺳﻠﻛﯾﺔ‬

‫‪Error Control‬‬
‫ﻧظم إﺗﺻﺎﻻت اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﺗﻛون ﻣﺣدودة أي ﻣﻣﺗدة ﻟﺑﺿﻌﺔ أﻣﺗﺎر أو‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻣرﻛﺑﺔ وﻣﺗﺳﻌﺔ أي ﻣﻣﺗدة ﻟﻌدة ﻛﯾﻠوﻣﺗرات ‪ ،‬وﻧظرا ً ﻟﻠﺧﺻﺎﺋص ﻏﯾر‬
‫اﻟﻣﺛﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﻷي ﻧظﺎم إﺗﺻﺎل ﻓﺈن ﻣﻌوﻗﺎت اﻟﺗراﺳل ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﺗؤﺛر ﻋﻠﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻣرﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﻣﺎ ﯾﺟﻌﻠﮭﺎ ﻋرﺿﺔ ﻟﻸﺧطﺎء اﻟﺗﻲ ﻗد ﺗﺣدث اﺛﻧﺎء ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺗراﺳل‪.‬‬
‫ﻟذﻟك ﻻﺑد ﻣن وﺟود ﺑﻌض اﻷﺳﺎﻟﯾب واﻹﺟراءات اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﺟب إﺗﺧﺎذھﺎ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ اﻷﺧطﺎء واﻟﺗﺣﻛم ﻓﯾﮭﺎ وذﻟك ﻟﺗﺣﺳﯾن أداء ﻗﻧﺎة اﻟﺗراﺳل ‪ ،‬وﻣن‬
‫اﻷﺳﺑﺎب اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ ﻟﺣدوث ھذه اﻷﺧطﺎء ھو اﻟﺿﺟﯾﺞ ‪ Noise‬ﻛﻣﺎ ھو‬
‫ﻣوﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺷﻛل اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬

Error Control

Error Control
Error
Control
Error Error
Detection Correction

‫‪Error Detection‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺗﺑر أﺳﺎﻟﯾب إﻛﺗﺷﺎف اﻷﺧطﺎء ھﻲ اﻻﻛﺛر ﺷﯾوﻋﺎ وإﺳﺗﺧداﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺑﻛﺎت‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫إﺗﺻﺎل اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ‪ ،‬وﻓﻲ ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻷﺳﺎﻟﯾب اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﻹﻛﺗﺷﺎف اﻷﺧطﺎء ﻻ‬
‫ﯾﺗم ﺗﺣدﯾد أﻣﺎﻛن اﻟﺑت ‪ Bit‬اﻟﺗﻲ ﺣدث ﺑﮭﺎ اﻟﺧطﺄ ‪ ،‬وﻟﻛن ﯾﺗم ﻓﻘط ﺗﺣدﯾد ﻣﺎ‬
‫إذا ﻛﺎﻧت اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻠﺔ ﺑﮭﺎ ﺧطﺄ أم ﻻ ‪ ،‬وﯾوﺟد أﻛﺛر ﻣن طرﯾﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻷﻛﺗﺷﺎف اﻷﺧطﺎء وﺳوف ﻧﻌرض أﺷﮭر اﻟطرق اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﯾﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫أﺳﻠوب اﻟﺑت اﻟﻣﻛﺎﻓﺋﺔ ‪Parity Check Bit‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

Error Detection
Even Parity
Odd Parity

Error Detection
Longitudinal Redundancy ‫أﺳﻠوب اﻟﺑت اﻟزاﺋدة اﻟطوﻟﻲ‬ 
Check (LRC)

‫‪Error Detection‬‬
‫‪Cyclic Redundancy Check‬‬ ‫أﺳﻠوب اﻟﺑت اﻟزاﺋدة اﻟدوري‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫)‪(CRC‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺗﻣد ﺗﻘﻧﯾﺔ اﻟـ ‪ CRC‬ﻋﻠﻲ ﻓﻛرة ﺑﺳﯾطﺔ ﻣﻔﺎدھﺎ أن ﺟﮭﺎز اﻹرﺳﺎل‬
‫ﯾﺿﯾف إﻟﻲ ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت اﻷﺻﻠﯾﺔ ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣن اﻟﺑت اﻟزاﺋدة‬
‫واﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻧﺗﺞ ﺑطرﯾﻘﺔ ﺗﻛرارﯾﺔ ﻛﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣن ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻗﺳﻣﺔ ﺑت اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت اﻷﺻﻠﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋدد أوﻟﻲ ﯾﺗم إﺧﺗﯾﺎره ﺑﻌﻧﺎﯾﺔ ﻣن ﻗﺑل‬
‫اﻟﻣواﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻘﯾﺎﺳﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﯾﺔ ﻟﻺﺗﺻﺎﻻت ‪ ،‬وﻓﻲ ﺟﮭﺎز اﻹﺳﺗﻘﺑﺎل ﯾﺗم‬
‫ﻗﺳﻣﺔ اﻟﺑت اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻠﺔ ﻛﻠﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻧﻔس اﻟﻌدد اﻻوﻟﻲ اﻟذي ﺗم إﺳﺗﺧداﻣﮫ‬
‫ﻋﻧد اﻟﻣرﺳل ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈذا ﻛﺎن ھذا اﻟﺑﺎﻗﻲ اﻟﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻣن ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﻘﺳﻣﺔ ﯾﺳﺎوي‬
‫ﺻﻔرا ً ﻓﮭذا ﻣﻌﻧﺎه ﻋدم وﺟود ﺧطﺄ ﺑﺎﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻠﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪Error Correction‬‬
‫ھذه اﻟﺗﻘﻧﯾﺎت ﺗﻌﺗﺑر أﻛﺛر ﺗﻌﻘﯾدا ً ﻋن ﺗﻠك اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ إﻛﺗﺷﺎف اﻷﺧطﺎء ‪،‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫وﯾﻛون ﻋدد اﻟﺑت اﻟﻣﻛﺎﻓﺋﺔ اﻟﻣطﻠوب إﺿﺎﻓﺗﮭﺎ ﯾﻌﺗﻣد ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋدد اﻟﺑت‬
‫اﻟﻣطﻠوب ﺗﺻﺣﯾﺣﮭﺎ ﻷﻧﮫ ﻛﻠﻣﺎ زادت ﻋدد اﻟﺑت اﻟﻣطﻠوب ﺗﺻﺣﯾﺣﮭﺎ ﻛﻠﻣﺎ‬
‫زادت ﻋدد اﻟﺑت اﻟﻣﻛﺎﻓﺋﺔ اﻟﻣطﻠوب إﺿﺎﻓﺗﮭﺎ ﻣﻣﺎ ﯾﺟﻌل ھذه اﻟﻧظم أﻛﺛر‬
‫ﺗﻌﻘﯾدا وﻏﯾر ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻟﮭذ ﻓﺈن ﻣﻌظم ﻧظم ﺗﺻﺣﯾﺢ اﻷﺧطﺎء ﻣﺣدودة‬
‫ﻟﺗﺻﺣﯾﺢ ﺧطﺄ او ﺧطﺄﯾن أو ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﺧطﺎء ‪.‬‬
‫‪Automatic Repeat‬‬ ‫أﺳﻠوب طﻠب إﻋﺎدة اﻹرﺳﺎل ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﯾﺎ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫) ‪Request ( ARQ‬‬
‫‪Forward Error‬‬ ‫أﺳﻠوب ﺗﺻﺣﯾﺢ اﻷﺧطﺎء اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻲ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫) ‪Correction ( FEC‬‬

Open System Interconnection



OSI Model
Data unit Layer Function
7.Application Network process to application
Data representation, encryption and
Data 6. Presentation
decryption
5. Session Interhost communication
End-to-end connections and reliability,
Segments 4.Transport
Flow control
Path determination and logical

Packet 3. Network
addressing
Frame 2. Data Link Physical addressing
Bit 1. Physical Media, signal and binary transmission

7 Application 7. Application Layer
6Presentation ‫ ﺗﺣﺗوي طﺑﻘﺔ اﻟﺗطﺑﯾﻘﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺑروﺗوﻛوﻻت‬
‫و اﻟﺑراﻣﺞ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻛون ﺑﺗﻣﺎس ﻣﺑﺎﺷر ﻣﻊ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدم‬
5 Session
.‫وﺗﻌﻣل ﻛوﺳﯾط ﺑﯾن اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدم واﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ‬
4 Transport
http – ftp – tftp smtp : ‫ اﻟﺑروﺗوﻛوﻻت‬
3 Network – snmp – dns – telnet
2 Data Link
‫ ﻓﺗﺢ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدم ﻟﻠﺗطﺑﯾق‬: ‫ وظﯾﻔﺔ اﻟطﺑﻘﺔ‬
1 Physical .‫اﻟﻣطﻠوب‬
7 Application
6Presentation
5 Session
4 Transport
3 Network
2 Data Link
1 Physical

7 Application
6Presentation
5 Session
4 Transport
3 Network
2 Data Link
1 Physical

7 Application
6Presentation
5 Session
4 Transport
3 Network
2 Data Link
1 Physical

7 Application
6. Presentation Layer
6 Presentation ‫ ھﻲ اﻟﻣﺳﺋوﻟﺔ ﻋن ﺗرﺟﻣﺔ أي ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ‬: ‫ وﺻف اﻟطﺑﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺟﮭﺎز ﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻛﻣﺑﯾوﺗر‬
5 Session
JPEG – BMP – TIFF – : ‫ اﻟﺑروﺗوﻛوﻻت‬
4 Transport MPEG – WMV – AVI / ASCII
3 Network
: ‫ وظﯾﻔﺔ اﻟطﺑﻘﺔ‬
Encoding and decoding .1
2 Data Link
Compression and decompression .2
Encryption and Decryption .3
1 Physical

7 Application
5. Session Layer
6Presentation ‫ ھﻲ اﻟﻣﺳﺋوﻟﺔ ﻋن ﺗﻧظﯾم ﺗﺑﺎدل اﻟﺣوار‬: ‫ وﺻف اﻟطﺑﻘﺔ‬
‫ ﺑﯾن اﻟﺟﮭﺎزﯾن اﻟﻣرﺳل واﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل‬Dialog Control
5 Session
NFS – NETBIOS NAME – SQL - : ‫ اﻟﺑروﺗوﻛوﻻت‬
4 Transport RPC
3 Network : ‫ وظﯾﻔﺔ اﻟطﺑﻘﺔ‬

session ‫ ﻓﺗﺢ وإدارة ﻗﻧوات اﻻﺗﺻﺎل‬.1
2 Data Link single – ‫ ﯾﺣدد ﻧوع اﻻﺗﺻﺎل اﻟذى ﺗﻣر ﺑﮫ اﻟداﺗﺎ‬.2
half duplex – full duplex
1 Physical

‫‪Open System Interconnection‬‬
‫‪7 Application‬‬
‫‪4. Transport Layer‬‬
‫‪ ‬وﺻف اﻟطﺑﻘﺔ ‪ :‬ھﻰ اﻟطﺑﻘﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺋوﻟﺔ ﻋن إدارة ﻧﻘل اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬
‫‪ flow control‬وﺗﺻﺣﯾﺢ اﻻﺧطﺎء ‪ error correction‬وﻣن‬
‫‪6Presentation‬‬
‫ﺛم ﺗﺣدﯾد اﻟﺑروﺗوﻛول اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدم ﻓﻰ ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﻧﻘل اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﻓﺑﻌض‬
‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ‪TCP Connection oriented protocol‬‬
‫‪5 Session‬‬ ‫ﻓﮭو ﺑروﺗوﻛول ﯾﻘوم ﺑﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ ارﺳﺎل اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت وﯾﺗﺄﻛد ﻣن ﺳﻼﻣﺔ‬
‫وﺻوﻟﮭﺎ ‪ ،‬أو ‪ UDP Connectionless‬ﻓﮭو ﺑروﺗوﻛول ﯾﻘوم‬
‫‪4 Transport‬‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﻧﻘل اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت دون اﻟﺗﺄﻛد ﻣن وﺻوﻟﮭﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪‬اﻟﺑروﺗوﻛوﻻت ‪TCP – UDP :‬‬
‫‪3 Network‬‬
‫‪‬وظﯾﻔﺔ اﻟطﺑﻘﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬اﻟﺗﺣﻛم ﻓﻰ ﻧﻘل اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ‪ flow control‬وذﻟك ﺑﺗﻘطﯾﻊ‬
‫‪2 Data Link‬‬
‫اﻟداﺗﺎ ﺛم ﺗرﻗﯾﻣﮭﺎ ‪ sequencing‬ﺛم اﻻرﺳﺎل واﻟﺗﺄﻛد ﻣن‬
‫اﻟطرف اﻷﺧر ﺑﺎﻹﺳﺗﻼم )‪( Acknowledgments‬‬
‫‪1 Physical‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺗﺣدﯾد طرﯾﻘﺔ ارﺳﺎل اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ھل ‪TCP or UDP‬‬
7 Application
3. Network Layer
6Presentation
‫ ﺑﻌد ان ﺗﻧﺗﻘل اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﻣن اﻟطﺑﻘﺔ‬: ‫ وﺻف اﻟطﺑﻘﺔ‬
‫ ﺑﻌد‬packet ‫ ﻓﺗﺗﺣول ھﻧﺎ اﻟﻰ‬segment ‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬
5 Session
‫ ﺛم ﺑﻌد ذﻟك ﯾﺗﺣدد اﻟﻣﺳﺎر اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدم ﻓﻰ‬Ip ‫إﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟـ‬
4 Transport
routing ‫ﻧﻘل اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت وھو ﻣﺎ ﯾﺳﻣﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺗوﺟﯾﮫ‬
ip – ipx : ‫اﻟﺑروﺗوﻛوﻻت‬
3 Network
:‫وظﯾﻔﺔ اﻟطﺑﻘﺔ‬
2 Data Link Ip addressing .1
Routing .2
1 Physical

7 Application 2. Data Link Layer
: ‫ وﺻف اﻟطﺑﻘﺔ‬
6Presentation ‫ وﺳﻣﯾت ﺑﮭذا اﻻﺳم ﻷﻧﮭﺎ‬Frame ‫ﺗﺳﻣﻰ اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﻓﻰ ھذه اﻟطﺑﻘﺔ‬
‫ رأس ﻣﻛون‬، ‫ اﻟﻘﺎدﻣﺔ ﻣن طﺑﻘﺔ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ رأس وذﯾل‬Packet ‫ﺗﺿﻊ‬
5 Session . error detection ‫ وذﯾل ﻣﻛون ﻣن‬MAC Address ‫ﻣن‬
: ‫ اﻟﺑروﺗوﻛوﻻت‬
4 Transport - Lan protocol : Ethernet - token ring - wireless
- Wan protocol : ppp – frame relay – ATM
3 Network : ‫ وظﯾﻔﺔ اﻟطﺑﻘﺔ‬
MAC Address ‫ وﺿﻊ‬.1
2 Data Link error detection ‫ اﻛﺗﺷﺎف اﻻﺧطﺎء‬.2
‫ ﺗﺣدﯾد اﻓﺿل وﻗت ﻻرﺳﺎل اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت وذﻟك ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺄﻛد ﻣن ﺧﻠو‬.3
1 Physical CSMA/CD ‫اﻟﻛﺎﺑل ﻣن أى ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﻗﺑل اﻻرﺳﺎل‬
‫‪Open System Interconnection‬‬
‫‪7 Application‬‬
‫‪1. Physical Layer‬‬
‫‪6Presentation‬‬ ‫‪ ‬وﺻف اﻟطﺑﻘﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫وھﻰ اﻟﻣرﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺗﻰ ﯾﺗم ﻓﯾﮭﺎ ﺗﺣوﯾل اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﻣن ‪ Frame‬اﻟﻣرﺳﻠﺔ‬
‫‪5 Session‬‬ ‫ﻣن اﻟطﺑﻘﺔ اﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ إﻟﻰ اﺷﺎرات ﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﯾﺔ ‪ BITS‬إذا ﻛﺎن وﺳط‬
‫اﻟﻧﻘل ﻧﺣﺎس وﺿوء إذا ﻛﺎن وﺳط اﻟﻧﻘل ﻟﯾف ﺿوﺋﻲ وإﺷﺎرات‬
‫‪4 Transport‬‬
‫ﻛﮭروﻣﻐﻧﺎطﯾﺳﯾﺔ إذا ﻛﺎن وﺳط اﻟﻧﻘل ﻻﺳﻠﻛﻲ وﯾﻘوم ﺑﮭذه اﻟوظﯾﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻛل ﻣن ﻛﺎرت اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ واﻟﻣودم ‪.‬‬
‫‪3 Network‬‬ ‫‪ ‬اﻟﺑروﺗوﻛوﻻت ‪:‬‬
‫‪ARP – COAX – Fiber‬‬
‫‪2 Data Link‬‬ ‫‪‬وظﯾﻔﺔ اﻟطﺑﻘﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻘوم ﺑﺗﺣول اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت إﻟﻰ اﺷﺎرات ﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﯾﺔ ﻟﺗﻣرﯾرھﺎ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺳﻠك‪.‬‬
‫‪1 Physical‬‬

7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session
4 Transport
3 Network
2 Data Link
1 Physical


7 Application .
D
A
6 Presentation
T
A
5 Session .
4 Transport Segment
3 Network Packet
2 Data Link Frame
1 Physical 100110101



Frame 2 Data Link Frame
100110101 1 Physical 100110101



. 7 Application
D
A
6 Presentation
T
A
. 5 Session
Segment 4 Transport
Packet 3 Network
Frame 2 Data Link
100110101 1 Physical


10th of Ramadan City Sadat City


7 Application .
D
A
6 Presentation
T
A
5 Session .
4 Transport Segment
3 Network Packet
2 Data Link Frame
1 Physical 100110101 10th of Ramadan City

10th of Ramadan City


100110101 1 Physical 100110101



Packet 3 Network Packet
100110101 1 Physical 100110101




Packet 3 Network Packet
100110101 1 Physical 100110101
Sadat City

Sadat City

Sadat City

100110101 1 Physical 100110101

Sadat City

Sadat City

Sadat City

. 7 Application
D
A
6 Presentation
T
A
. 5 Session
Segment 4 Transport
Sadat City
Packet 3 Network
Frame 2 Data Link
100110101 1 Physical

Sadat City


TCP/IP Model
7 Application
6 Presentation Application /Process Layer
5 Session
4 Transport Host to Host Layer
3 Network Internet Layer
2 Data Link
Network Access Layer

1 Physical

Simplified OSI Model
7 Application
User
6 Presentation
5 Session Application
4 Transport
3 Network
2 Data Link Data Link
1 Physical 1 Physical

Contents
 Chapter one : Introduction To Industrial Networks
 Historical Overview of Industrial Networks.
 Types of Networks.
 Characteristic of Industrial Networks.
 Protocol and Protocol Stack.
 Hierarchical Levels in industrial Networks.
 Field Level Networks.
 Control Level Networks.
 Information Level Networks.
 Data Transmission Methods In Communication
Networks.

Contents
 Chapter one : Introduction To Industrial Networks
 Physical Transmission Media in Communication
Networks.
 Error Control ( Error Detection and Error
Correction ) in Communication Networks.
 Open System Interconnection ( OSI )

‫اﺳم اﻟدورة ﻋﻠﻲ ﻗﻧﺎة اﻟﯾوﺗﯾوب‬
‫اﺳم اﻟﻘﻧﺎة ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﯾوﺗﯾوب‬

‫ﯾﻣﻛن ﻣﺷﺎھدة ﻓﯾدﯾوھﺎت ﺷرح اﻟدورة ﻋﻠﻲ ﻗﻧﺎة اﻟﯾوﺗﯾوب‬
‫إﺿﻐط ﻋﻠﻲ راﺑط اﻟدورة ﻋﻠﻲ ﻗﻧﺎة اﻟﯾوﺗﯾوب‬
‫‪https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLRLTfp5JUl6RG2A96qbXSd5H_EmtPGuU8‬‬

Introduction To Industrial Networks
ENG / Ahmed Gamal Abo-Zied

CH 1 - Introduction To Industrial Networks

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Industrial Networks

ENG / Ahmed Gamal

9/3/2017 Industrial Network | ENG/Ahmed Gamal Abo-Zied 1

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Control level Protocols 

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‫‪ ‬اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎت اﻟﻣﺣﻠﯾﺔ ‪Local Area Network LAN‬‬

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‫أﺟﮭزة اﻟﺗﺣﻛم اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﻲ اﻟﻣﺑرﻣﺞ ‪PLC‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫وﺣدات اﻹدﺧﺎل واﻹﺧراج ‪I/O Devices‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﻣﺣطﺎت ﺗﺷﻐﯾل ‪Operator Station‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫اﻟﻣﺿﯾف ‪Host Computer‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﻣﻌظم اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎت اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﯾﺔ ﺗﻘوم ﺑﺈرﺳﺎل ﺑﺗﺎت ‪ bits‬اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت ﺑﺷﻛل‬ ‫‪‬‬

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‫‪ ‬ﻗدرة اﻟﻣﺿﯾف ‪Host computer‬ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺣﺻول ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت‬

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‫ﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﺳﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺗوى اﻟﺣﻘﻠﻲ ﺑﻣﺳﺗوى اﻟﺟﮭﺎز ‪ Device level‬وﻣﺳﺗوي‬ ‫‪‬‬

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‫ﻗدﯾﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻧت ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﺣﻠﻘﺎت ‪ 4-20 mA‬ﺑﺷﻛل واﺳﻊ ﻣﻊ أﻧظﻣﺔ‬ ‫‪‬‬

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‫ﻟﻧﻘل ‪ 8‬ﺑت ‪ bit binary number‬ﻧﺣﺗﺎج إﻟﻲ ‪ 8‬ﺧطوط ﻧﻘل‬ ‫‪‬‬

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‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ﻋﻠﻲ ﻧطﺎق واﺳﻊ ﺟدا‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﯾﻣﺗﺎز ﺑﻣﻧﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﻣن اﻟﺿﺟﯾﺞ ‪. Noise‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﻧﻘل اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﻟﻣﺳﺎﻓﺎت ﺑﻌﯾدة ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺣﺟم ﺧط اﻹرﺳﺎل ﺳﯾﻛون ﺻﻐﯾر وﻛﻠﻔﺗﮫ ﺿﺋﯾﻠﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﻣن أﻣﺛﻠﺔ اﻹرﺳﺎل اﻟﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﺑروﺗوﻛول ‪ USB‬و ‪ RS-485‬و‬ ‫‪‬‬

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‫ﺗﺳﻣﻲ ھذه اﻟطرﯾﻘﺔ ﺑـ ‪Time Division Multiplexing‬‬

‫ﺗﺳﻣﻲ ھذه اﻟطرﯾﻘﺔ ﺑـ ‪Frequency Division Multiplexing‬‬

‫ﺗﺳﻣﻲ ھذه اﻟطرﯾﻘﺔ ﺑـ )‪،Frequency Shift Keying (FSK‬‬

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‫ﻛﻣﺎ ھو ﻣوﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺷﻛل اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﯾﺗم ﻓﯾﮫ اﻹﺗﺻﺎل ﺑﺎﻹﺗﺟﺎھﯾن ﻓﻲ آن‬

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‫ﻛﺎﺑل اﻷﻟﯾﺎف اﻟﺿوﺋﯾﺔ ‪. Fiber-optic cable‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫وﺳﺎﺋط اﻹرﺳﺎل اﻟﻼﺳﻠﻛﯾﺔ ‪. Wireless‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

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Twisted-pair Cable ‫اﻟﻛﺎﺑل اﻟﻣﺟدول‬

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