CH 2 - Local Area Networks

Industrial Networks
‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬
ENG / Ahmed Gamal
10 October 2017 Industrial Networks | ENG/Ahmed Gamal Abo-Zied 1

Contents
 Introduction to Industrial Network
 Local Area Networks LANs
 Serial Communications
 Fieldbuses
 Control level Protocols
 Comparison

Chapter Two
Local Area Networks

‫‪Introduction‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ أﻧﮭﺎ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﺣﺪات ‪Nodes‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﺮاﺑﻄﺔ ﻓﯿﻤﺎ ﺑﯿﻨﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل وﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻹﺗﺼﺎل اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ‪ ،‬وﺗﻘﻮم‬
‫ھﺬه اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺑﺘﺒﺎدل اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻓﯿﻤﺎ ﺑﯿﻨﮭﺎ واﻹﺷﺘﺮاك ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺼﺎدر‬
‫ﻋﺒﺮ ھﺬه اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺼﻨﯿﻒ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت ﺑﻨﺎء ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﮭﺪف ﻣﻦ ﺑﻨﺎء اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ وﻧﻮﻋﯿﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪات اﻟﻄﺮﻓﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺮاﺑﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺷﺒﻜﺎت اﻹﺗﺼﺎل‬
‫‪ ‬ﺷﺒﻜﺎت اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺷﺒﻜﺎت اﻟﻨﻘﻞ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺷﺒﻜﺎت اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ اﻟﺮﻗﻤﯿﺔ‬
‫‪10 October 2017‬‬ ‫‪Industrial Networks | ENG/Ahmed Gamal Abo-Zied‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
Introduction
‫ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺼﻨﯿﻒ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت ﺗﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ‬
: ‫ﻓﯿﮭﺎ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‬
Local Area Network LAN ‫ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﺔ‬

Introduction
Metropolitan Area MAN ‫ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺪى‬
Network

Introduction
Wide Area Network WAN ‫ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت واﺳﻌﺔ اﻟﻨﻄﺎق‬

‫‪Network Topology‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﯾﻘﺻد ﺑطﺑوﻏراﻓﯾﺔ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ اﻟﺗوزﯾﻊ اﻟﻔﯾزﯾﺎﺋﻲ واﻟﻣﻧطﻘﻲ ﻟﻣﻛوﻧﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ أو اﻟﺷﻛل اﻟﮭﻧدﺳﻲ اﻟذي ﺗﺄﺧذه ﻣﻛوﻧﺎت اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺗﺻل ﺑﺑﻌﺿﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﻛﺎن اﻟذي ﺳوف ﺗﻘوم اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﻓﯾﮫ ﺑﺄداء‬
‫ﻣﮭﺎﻣﮭﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﯾوﺟد طرق ﻛﺛﯾرة ﯾﺗم ﺑﮭﺎ رﺑط اﻷﺟﮭزة داﺧل اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎت ﻧذﻛر‬
‫ﻣﻧﮭﺎ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Bus Topology ‬‬

Network Topology
Tree Topology 
Ring Topology 

Network Topology
Star Topology 
Hybrid Topology 

‫‪Internetwork Connection‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻓﻲ ﻛﺛﯾر ﻣن اﻟﺣﺎﻻت ﺗﺣﺗﺎج اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎت اﻟﻣﺣﻠﯾﺔ ‪ LANs‬إﻟﻲ‬
‫اﻹﺗﺻﺎل ﺑﺷﺑﻛﺎت أﺧري ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻠﻲ ﺳﺑﯾل اﻟﻣﺛﺎل ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﯾﻛون‬
‫ﻟﺷرﻛﺔ ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ ﻋدة ﻓروع ﻓﻲ ﻣدن ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﯾﺗم اﻹﺗﺻﺎل ﺑﯾن ھذه‬
‫اﻟﻔروع اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻋن طرﯾق ﺷﺑﻛﺎت ‪ WAN‬ﺑﺈﺳﺗﺧدام ﻣﻌدات‬
‫ﺷﺑﻛﺔ إﺿﺎﻓﯾﺔ ‪ ،‬و ﻓﯾﻣﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ﺷرح ﻷھم اﻟﻣﻌدات اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم‬
‫داﺧل اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ اﻟﻣﺣﻠﯾﺔ أو ﺑﯾن اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎت اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ‬اﻟﻣﻛرر ‪Repeater‬‬
‫اﻟﻣﻛرر أو اﻟﻣﺿﺧم ھو ﺟﮭﺎز ﯾﻘوم ﺑرﺑط ﻗطﺎﻋﯾن ‪2‬‬
‫‪ segment‬ﻋﻠﻲ ﻧﻔس ﺷﺑﻛﺔ اﻟـ ‪ LAN‬ﺣﯾث ﯾﻘوم ﺑﺗﺣﺳﯾن‬
‫ﻧوﻋﯾﺔ اﻹﺷﺎرة اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﯾﺔ ﻟﻛﻲ ﯾﺗم ﻧﻘﻠﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺳﺎﻓﺔ أﻛﺑر ﺑﯾن‬
‫ﻋﻘد ‪ Nodes‬اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ‪.‬‬
Internetwork Connection
7 Application .
D
A
6 Presentation
T
A
5 Session .
4 Transport Segment
3 Network Packet
2 Data Link Frame
1 Physical 100110101

100110101 1 Physical 100110101

. 7 Application
D
A
6 Presentation
T
A
. 5 Session
Segment 4 Transport
Packet 3 Network
Frame 2 Data Link
100110101 1 Physical


‫‪ ‬اﻟﺟﺳر ‪Bridge‬‬
‫اﻟﺟﺳر ھو وﺣدة ذات ﻣﻧﻔذﯾن ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﻟﺗوﺻﯾل ﺟزأﯾن ﻟﻠﺷﺑﻛﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻣﺣﻠﯾﺔ اﻟواﺣدة ﺑﺑﻌﺿﮭﻣﺎ ‪ ،‬وﯾﺳﺗﺧدم اﻟﺟﺳر أﯾﺿﺎ ﻟﺗوﺻﯾل‬
‫ﺷﺑﻛﺗﯾن ﻣﺣﻠﯾﺗﯾن ﻣﺗﺷﺎﺑﮭﺗﯾن أي ﯾﺳﺗﺧدﻣﺎن ﻧﻔس اﻟﺑروﺗوﻛول‬
‫ﻣﻣﺎ ﯾؤدي إﻟﻲ اﻟﺗﻘﻠﯾل ﻣن إﺣﺗﻣﺎل وﻗوع اﻟﺗﺻﺎدم‪.‬‬

7 Application .
D
A
6 Presentation
T
A
5 Session .
4 Transport Segment
3 Network Packet
2 Data Link Frame

Frame 2 Data Link Frame
100110101 1 Physical 100110101

. 7 Application
D
A
6 Presentation
T
A
. 5 Session
Segment 4 Transport
Packet 3 Network
Frame 2 Data Link


‫‪ ‬اﻟﻣﺟﻣﻊ ‪HUB‬‬
‫اﻟﻣﺟﻣﻊ ھو ﺟﮭﺎز ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ﻟرﺑط أﺟﮭزة اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﺳواء ﻓﻲ ﺑﻧﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻧﺟﻣﯾﺔ أوﺣﻠﻘﯾﺔ ﺑواﺳطﺔ اﻷﺳﻼك اﻟﻣﺟدوﻟﺔ أو اﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼت‬
‫اﻟﻣﺣورﯾﺔ أو ﻛﺎﺑﻼت اﻷﻟﯾﺎف اﻟﺿوﺋﯾﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺣﯾث ﺗدﺧل اﻹﺷﺎرة‬
‫اﻟﻘﺎدﻣﺔ ﻣن أﺣد وﺣدات اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ إﻟﻲ ﻣﻧﺎﻓذ اﻟﻣﺟﻣﻊ اﻟذي ﯾﻘوم‬
‫ﺑﺈﻋﺎدة ﺗﻘوﯾﺗﮭﺎ وﺑث ھذه اﻹﺷﺎرة إﻟﻲ ﺟﻣﯾﻊ ﻣﻧﺎﻓذ اﻟﻣﺟﻣﻊ‪.‬‬

7 Application .
D
A
6 Presentation
T
A
5 Session .
4 Transport Segment
3 Network Packet
2 Data Link Frame

100110101 1 Physical 100110101

. 7 Application
D
A
6 Presentation
T
A
. 5 Session
Segment 4 Transport
Packet 3 Network
Frame 2 Data Link


‫‪ ‬اﻟﻣﺑدل ‪Switch‬‬
‫اﻟﻣﺑدل أو اﻟﻣﻘﺳم ھو ﺟﮭﺎز ﯾرﺑط أﺟﮭزة ﻣﺷﺗرﻛﻲ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻧﯾﺔ ﻧﺟﻣﯾﺔ ﺑواﺳطﺔ اﻷﺳﻼك اﻟﻣﺟدوﻟﺔ أو اﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼت اﻟﻣﺣورﯾﺔ‬
‫أو اﻻﻟﯾﺎف اﻟﺿوﺋﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﯾث ﯾﺷﺑﮫ اﻟﻣﺑدل اﻟﻣﺟﻣﻊ ﻓﯾﻣﺎ ﯾﺧﺗص‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺷﻛل وﻋدد اﻟﻣﻧﺎﻓذ وﯾﺷﺑﮫ اﻟﺟﺳر ﻓﻲ اﻟوظﯾﻔﺔ ﻟذا ﯾﻌﻣل‬
‫اﻟﻣﺑدل ﻋﻧد اﻟطﺑﻘﺗﯾن اﻟﻔﯾزﯾﺎﺋﯾﺔ ورﺑط اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﻟﻠﻧﻣوذج‬
‫اﻟﻣرﺟﻌﻲ ﻟﻺﺗﺻﺎل ‪.OSI‬‬

7 Application .
D
A
6 Presentation
T
A
5 Session .
4 Transport Segment
3 Network Packet
2 Data Link Frame

100110101 1 Physical 100110101

. 7 Application
D
A
6 Presentation
T
A
. 5 Session
Segment 4 Transport
Packet 3 Network
Frame 2 Data Link


‫‪ ‬اﻟﻣوﺟﮫ ‪Router‬‬
‫ﯾﻌﺗﺑر اﻟﻣوﺟﮫ ﻣن اﻷﺟﮭزة اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﻟرﺑط ﺷﺑﻛﺗﯾن‬
‫ﻣﺣﻠﯾﺗﯾن ﺑﺣﯾث ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﺗﻛون ھﺎﺗﯾن اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺗﯾن ﻣﺗﺷﺎﺑﮭﺗﯾن أو‬
‫ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺗﯾن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺑروﺗوﻛوﻻت اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﯾث ﻻ ﯾﺷﺗرط أن‬
‫ﺗﻛون ھذه اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎت ﻟﮭﺎ ﻧﻔس ﺑروﺗوﻛوﻻت طﺑﻘﺔ رﺑط اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬
‫‪ Data link layer‬أو اﻟطﺑﻘﺔ اﻟﻔﯾزﯾﺎﺋﯾﺔ ‪Physical layer‬‬
‫وإﻧﻣﺎ ﺗﻛون ھذه اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎت ﻟﮭﺎ ﻧﻔس ﺑروﺗوﻛوﻻت طﺑﻘﺔ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ‬
‫‪ Network layer‬ﻣﺛل ﺑروﺗوﻛول ‪ TCP/IP‬اﻷﻣر اﻟذي‬
‫ﯾﺟﻌل اﻟﻣوﺟﮭﺎت ﺗﻌﻣل ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟطﺑﻘﺎت اﻟﻔﯾزﯾﺎﺋﯾﺔ ورﺑط‬
‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت واﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﻟﻠﻧﻣوذج اﻟﻣرﺟﻌﻲ ﻟﻺﺗﺻﺎل ‪.OSI‬‬

‫ﯾﺗﺿﻣن اﻟﻣوﺟﮫ ﺟداول ﺗﺳﻣﻲ ﺟداول اﻟﺗوﺟﯾﮫ واﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻲ‬

‫ﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت ﻋن اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ اﻟﻣﺣﯾطﺔ ﺑﮫ وﻣن ﺧﻼل ھذه اﻟﺟداول ﯾﻘوم اﻟﻣوﺟﮫ‬
‫ﺑﺈﺧﺗﯾﺎر اﻟﻣﺳﺎر اﻟﺧﺎص ﺑﺈرﺳﺎل ﺣزﻣﺔ اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت إﻟﻲ ﺟﮭﺎز آﺧر ﻣﺗﺻل‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ اﻟﻣﺟﺎورة ﻟﮫ أو إرﺳﺎﻟﮭﺎ إﻟﻲ ﻣوﺟﮫ آﺧر وﯾﻌﺗﻣد إﺧﺗﯾﺎر ھذا‬
‫اﻟﻣﺳﺎر ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋدة ﻋواﻣل ﻣﻧﮭﺎ ﻗﺻر طول ھذا اﻟﻣﺳﺎر ورﺧﺻﮫ وﺳرﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺑﺎدل اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت واﻟﺳرﯾﺔ وأﻣﺎﻧﺔ وﺻول اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت إﻟﻲ وﺟﮭﺗﮭﺎ وﻏﯾر ذﻟك‪.‬‬
7 Application .
D
A
6 Presentation
T
A
5 Session .
4 Transport Segment
3 Network Packet
2 Data Link Frame

Packet 3 Network Packet
100110101 1 Physical 100110101

Packet 3 Network Packet
100110101 1 Physical 100110101

. 7 Application
D
A
6 Presentation
T
A
. 5 Session
Segment 4 Transport
Packet 3 Network
Frame 2 Data Link


‫‪ ‬ﺑواﺑﺔ اﻟﻌﺑور ‪Gateways‬‬
‫ﺑواﺑﺔ اﻟﻌﺑور ھﻲ وﺣدة ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﻟرﺑط ﺷﺑﻛﺗﯾن ﺷدﯾدﺗﻲ اﻹﺧﺗﻼف‬
‫ﻋن ﺑﻌﺿﮭﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﯾث ﺗﻘوم ﺑواﺑﺎت اﻟﻌﺑور ﺑﺈﺳﺗﻘﺑﺎل ﺣزم اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬
‫وﺗﺣوﯾﻠﮭﺎ ﻣن ﺻﯾﻐﺔ إﻟﻲ أﺧري دون ﺗﻐﯾر ﻣﺣﺗوﯾﺎت أو ﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت‬
‫ھذه اﻟﺣزم ﻟﻛﻲ ﺗﻛون ﻓﻲ ﺻﯾﻐﺔ أو ﺻورة ﺗﺗواﻓق ﻣﻊ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻠﺔ أو ﺗﻐﯾر ﺣزﻣﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﺣﯾث ﺗﺗواﻓق ﻣﻊ أﺳﻠوب ﺣزم‬
‫اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻠﺔ وذﻟك ﺣﺳب اﻟﺑروﺗوﻛول اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدم ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻠﺔ أو ﺗﻘوم أﯾﺿﺎ ﺑﺗﻘﺳﯾم طرود اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻛﺑﯾرة إﻟﻲ ﺣزم‬
‫ﺻﻐﯾرة ﻓﻲ ھﯾﺋﺔ ﺟدﯾدة ﺗواﻓق اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻠﺔ ‪ ،‬وھذا ﻣﺎ ﯾدﻓﻌﻧﺎ‬
‫إﻟﻲ اﻟﻘول ﺑﺄن ﺑواﺑﺎت اﻟﻌﺑور ﺗﻌﻣل ﻓﻲ ﻣﺳﺗوﯾﺎت أﻋﻠﻲ ﻣن‬
‫ﻣﺳﺗوي ﻋﻣل اﻟﻣوﺟﮭﺎت ﺣﯾث أن ﻣﻌظم ﺑواﺑﺎت اﻟﻌﺑور ﺗﻌﻣل ﻋﻧد‬
‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ طﺑﻘﺎت اﻟﻧﻣوذج اﻟﻣرﺟﻌﻲ ﻟﻺﺗﺻﺎل ‪.OSI‬‬

7 Application .
D
A
6 Presentation
T
A
5 Session .
4 Transport Segment
3 Network Packet
2 Data Link Frame

. 7 Application
D
A
6 Presentation
T
A
. 5 Session
Segment 4 Transport
Packet 3 Network
Frame 2 Data Link

7 Application .
D
A
6 Presentation
T
A
5 Session .
4 Transport Segment
3 Network Packet
2 Data Link Frame

. 7 Application
D
A
6 Presentation
T
A
. 5 Session
Segment 4 Transport
Packet 3 Network
Frame 2 Data Link






Media Access Control Methods
Band Width Throughput
Broad Cast Collision

‫‪Media Access Control Methods‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻧظﺎم اﻟوﺻول إﻟﻲ اﻟوﺳﯾط ﯾﻌﻧﻲ اﻟطرﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﺗﺧدﻣﮭﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻘدة ‪ Node‬ﻟﻠﺗﺣدث ﻋﺑر اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻣﻌﻧﻲ آﺧر اﻟطرﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻧظم‬
‫اﻟﺣرﻛﺔ ‪ traffic‬داﺧل اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺣﯾث ﺗوﺟد ﻋدة طرق ﯾﺳﺗﺧدﻣﮭﺎ‬
‫ﺑروﺗوﻛول طﺑﻘﺔ رﺑط اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ‪ Data Link Layer‬ﻟﺗﻧظﯾم إﺳﺗﺧدام‬
‫اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﺑﯾن اﻷﺟﮭزة ‪ ،‬وﯾﺧﺗﻠف ھذا اﻟﺑروﺗوﻛول ﺣﺳب اﻟﺗﻘﻧﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ‪ ،‬وﻣن اﻟطرق اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﻟﻠوﺻول إﻟﻲ‬
‫اﻟوﺳﯾط ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ‬اﻟﺗﻘﺻﻲ ‪Polling‬‬
‫وﺗﺳﻣﻲ ھذه اﻟطرﯾﻘﺔ أﯾﺿﺎ طرﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﺋد ‪ /‬ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ‪Master/slave‬‬
‫ﺣﯾث ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ھذه اﻟطرﯾﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧظﺎم اﻹﺗﺻﺎل ﻗﺎﺋد ‪ /‬ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬
‫‪Master/slave‬ﺑﺣﯾث ﯾﻘوم اﻟﻘﺎﺋد ‪Master‬ﺑﺈﺳﺗﺟواب‬
‫اﻟﺗواﺑﻊ ‪Slaves‬إذا ﻛﺎن ﻟدﯾﮭم ﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت ﻹرﺳﺎﻟﮭﺎ أم ﻻ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﯾﻘوم اﻟﻘﺎﺋد ﺑﺈرﺳﺎل رﺳﺎﻟﺔ إﻟﻲ اﻟﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺛم ﯾﻧﺗظر ﺑﻌض اﻟوﻗت ﻟﻛﻲ ﯾرد‬
‫اﻟﺗﺎﺑﻊ ‪ ،‬وﯾرد اﻟﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺑﺈرﺳﺎل اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت أو رﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻗﺻﯾرة ﯾﻘول ﻓﯾﮭﺎ أﻧﮫ‬
‫ﻟﯾس ﻟدﯾﮫ ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﻹرﺳﺎﻟﮭﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ اﻟدوارة ‪Token passing‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ھذا اﻟﻧظﺎم ﯾﺗم إرﺳﺎل اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﻣن ﺧﻼل ﻣﺎ ﯾﻌرف ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ ‪Token‬‬
‫وھﻲ ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣن اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﺗﺻل إﻟﻲ ﻋﻘدة ﻣﺎ ﯾﻣﻛﻧﮭﺎ اﻟدﺧول‬
‫ﻟﻠﺷﺑﻛﺔ واﻹرﺳﺎل ﻟﻣدة زﻣﻧﯾﺔ ﻣﺣددة ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺷف اﻟﺗﺻﺎدم ‪Carrier sense multiple access with‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪CSMA/CD collision detection‬‬
‫إذا ﺗﻛﻠم إﺛﻧﺎن ﻣﻌﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔس اﻟوﻗت ﻓﺳﯾدرك اﻹﺛﻧﺎن أﻧﮭﻣﺎ ﯾﺟب أن ﯾﺗوﻗﻔﺎ ‪،‬‬
‫وﻣن ﺛم ﯾﻘوﻣﺎن ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻛﻠم ﻓﯾﻣﺎ ﺑﻌد ‪ ،‬وھذا ھو اﻟﻣﺑدأ اﻟذي ﯾﻘوم ﻋﻠﯾﮫ‬
‫ﺑروﺗوﻛول ‪CSMA/CD ( carrier sense multiple access‬‬
‫)‪ ، with collision detection‬ﺣﯾث ﯾﻘوم ھذا اﻟﺑروﺗوﻛول ﺑﺗﺣﺳس‬
‫اﻟﻌﻘد اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗرﻏب ﻓﻲ إرﺳﺎل اﻟرﺳﺎﻟﺔ ‪ ،‬وﻓﻲ ﺣﺎل ﺣدوث ﺗﺻﺎدم ﻓﺈن ﺟﻣﯾﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻘد ﺳﺗﺗوﻗف ﻋن اﻹرﺳﺎل ﻟﻣدة ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ وﻣن ﺛم ﺗﻌﯾد اﻹرﺳﺎل ‪.‬‬

‫‪Local Area Networks Technology‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ 1980‬ﻗﺎﻣت ﻣﻧظﻣﺔ ‪ IEEE‬ﺑﺈﻧﺷﺎء اﻟﻣﻌﯾﺎر ‪ 802‬ﺑﻐرض‬
‫ﺗطوﯾر ﻣﻌﯾﺎر اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ اﻟﻣﺣﻠﯾﺔ اﻟذي ﯾﺳﻣﺢ ﻟﻸﺟﮭزة ﻣن ﻣﺧﺗﻠف‬
‫اﻟﻣﺻﻧﻌﯾن ‪ Manufactures‬أن ﺗﺗﺻل ‪ Communicate‬ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺿﮭﺎ ﺧﻼل ﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﻣﺣﻠﯾﺔ ‪ ،‬وﺑﻌد دراﺳﺔ ﻣﺗطﻠﺑﺎت ﻛل ﻣن‬
‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﯾن ‪ Users‬واﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﯾن ‪ Manufactures‬ﻗﺎﻣت اﻟﻣﻧظﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺗطوﯾر ﺑﻌض اﻟﻣﻌﺎﯾﯾر اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌرف ﻋدة أﻧواع ﻣن اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎت اﻟﻣﺣﻠﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺑﺷﻛل ﻋﺎم ﯾوﺟد أرﺑﻊ أﻧواع ﻣن اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎت ھﻲ اﻟﻣﮭﯾﻣﻧﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻣﺣﻠﯾﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻋﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﻧﺎﻗل ‪Token Bus‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻋﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﺣﻠﻘﺔ ‪Token Ring‬‬
‫)‪Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI‬‬ ‫ﻣﻧﻔذ ﺗوزﯾﻊ اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺿوﺋﻲ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ ‬اﻹﯾﺛرﻧت ‪Ethernet‬‬
Local Area Networks Technology
Token Bus ‫ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﻧﺎﻗل‬

Token Bus ‫ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﻧﺎﻗل‬

Token Ring ‫ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﺣﻠﻘﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﺗﺻف ﻋﺎم ‪ 1980‬ﻗﺎم اﻟﻣﻌﮭد اﻷﻣرﯾﻛﻲ اﻟدوﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﺎﯾﯾر‬

‫)‪American National Standards Institute (ANSI‬‬
‫ﺑوﺿﻊ ﻣﻌﺎﯾﯾر اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ‪ FDDI‬ﺑﻌد أن ظﮭرت اﻟﺣﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻲ وﺟود ﺷﺑﻛﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺣﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﺗﺟﺎوز ﻓﻲ ﻗدرﺗﮭﺎ وﻣﯾزاﺗﮭﺎ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎت اﻟﻣﺣﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﺔ )‬
‫‪ Ethernet‬و ‪ ، ( Token Ring‬وھذه اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ )ﺷﺑﻛﺔ اﻟﻣﻌﯾﺎر‬
‫‪ ( ANSI‬ﺷﺑﯾﮭﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻌﯾﺎر ‪ IEEE802.5‬ﺣﯾث اﻟﻣﺧطط اﻟطﺑوﻏراﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺣﻠﻘﻲ إﻻ أن ﺷﺑﻛﺔ اﻟـ ‪ FDDI‬ﺗﻣﯾزت ﻋن ﺑﺎﻗﻲ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎت اﻟﻣﺣﻠﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻷﺧري ﺑﻌدة ﻣﯾزات أھﻣﮭﺎ اﻟﻣﻌدل اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻧﻘل اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ) ‪ 100‬ﻣﯾﺟﺎ‬
‫ﺑت‪/‬ث( ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻲ ﻗدرﺗﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ اﻟذاﺗﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺷﺎﻛل واﻷﺧطﺎء‬
‫واﻟﺗﻌﺎﻣل ﻣﻊ ﺗطﺑﯾﻘﺎت ﺗﺗطﻠب وﺛوﻗﯾﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﯾﺔ وﻋرض ﻧطﺎق ﺗرددي‬
‫ﻛﺑﯾر ﻧظرا ﻹﺳﺗﺧدام ﻛﺎﺑﻼت اﻷﻟﯾﺎف اﻟﺿوﺋﯾﺔ وﻣﺎﻟﮭﺎ ﻣن ﻣﻣﯾزات‬
‫ﻋدﯾدة ﻛﺧطوط ﻟﻧﻘل اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت إﻻ أن ذﻟك ﯾؤدي إﻟﻲ زﯾﺎدة ﺑﺎھظﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ھذه اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎت‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﺗﻲ وﻗت ﻗرﯾب ﻛﺎﻧت ﺧطوط اﻟﻧﻘل ذات اﻷﻟﯾﺎف اﻟﺿوﺋﯾﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺗﻌددة اﻷﻧﻣﺎط أو وﺣﯾدة اﻟﻧﻣط ھﻲ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﺔ ﻟﺑﻧﺎء اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ‬
‫‪ FDDI‬إﻻ أن ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺗﮭﺎ ﻛﺎﻧت ﻛﺑﯾرة ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﻧد اﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﻧوع‬
‫اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﻣن اﻷﻟﯾﺎف اﻟﺿوﺋﯾﺔ ﻷﻧﮫ ﻏﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺛﻣن ‪ ،‬وﺑﻘﯾت اﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ھﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ھذا اﻟﻧوع ﻣن اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎت ﺣﺗﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪1990‬‬
‫ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﺗﻣﻛن ﻣﻌﮭد ‪ ANSI‬اﻷﻣرﯾﻛﻲ ﻣن إﺻدار ﻣﻌﯾﺎر ﻟﻠﺷﺑﻛﺔ‬
‫‪ FDDI‬ﯾﺳﻣﺢ ﺑﺈﺳﺗﺧدام ﺧطوط اﻟﻧﻘل اﻟﻣﺻﻧوﻋﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻧﺣﺎس‬
‫اﻟﻣزدوﺟﺔ اﻟﻣﺟدوﻟﺔ ﺣﯾث ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم اﻟﺻﻧف ‪UTP Cat5‬‬
‫وأطﻠق ﻋﻠﻲ ھذه اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ اﺳم ‪Copper Distributed Data‬‬
‫)‪ ، Interface (CDDI‬ﻛﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﻣت ﺷرﻛﺔ ‪ IBM‬ﺑﺗﻘدﯾم إﺻدار‬
‫ﻣن اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ‪ FDDI‬ﯾﺎﺳﺗﺧدام ﺧطوط اﻟﻧﻘل اﻟﻣزدزﺟﺔ اﻟﻣﺟدوﻟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻣﻌزوﻟﺔ ‪. STP‬‬
‫اﻹﯾﺛرﻧت ‪Ethernet‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺗم ﺗطوﯾر اﻟﻧﺳﺧﺔ اﻻوﻟﻰ ﻣن ﻣﻌﺎﯾﯾر ھذه اﻟﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ ﻋﺎم ‪ 1972‬ﻣن‬

‫ِﻗﺑل ﺛﻼث ﺷرﻛﺎت وھم ‪ DEC‬و ‪ Intel‬و ‪ ، Xerox‬وﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬
‫‪ 1980‬ﺗم إﺻدارﻣﻌﯾﺎر ﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ اﻹﯾﺛرﻧت وﺳﻣﻲ ‪ ، DIX 1.0‬وﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬
‫‪ 1982‬ﺗم إﺻدار ﻣﻌﯾﺎر آﺧر ﻟﻠﺷﺑﻛﺔ وھو ‪ ، DIX 2.0‬ﺛم ﻗﺎﻣت‬
‫ﻣﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟـ ‪ IEEE‬ﺑﺈﻧﺷﺎء ﻣﻌﯾﺎر ﺧﺎص ﺑﺷﺑﻛﺔ اﻹﯾﺛرﻧت وھو اﻟﻣﻌﯾﺎر‬
‫‪ ، IEEE 802.3‬وﻛﺎﻧت ﺗﻘﻧﯾﺔ ‪ CSMA/CD‬ھﻲ اﻟﻘﺎﻋدة اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗم‬
‫ﺑﻧﺎء ﺷﺑﻛﺔ اﻹﯾﺛرﻧت ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟرﻏم ﻣن أن اﺳﺗﺧدام ﻛﻠﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺑروﺗوﻛول ﻟوﺻف اﻹﯾﺛرﻧت ﻏﯾر دﻗﯾق إﻻ أﻧﮫ ﻟﺗﺑﺳﯾط ﻓﮭم‬
‫اﻟﻣﻘﺻود ﻟﻣﺻطﻠﺢ اﻹﯾﺛرﻧت ﯾﻣﻛن إﻋﺗﺑﺎره ﺑروﺗوﻛو ٌل ﯾﻌﻣل ﻓﻲ‬
‫طﺑﻘﺔ رﺑط اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ‪ ، Data Link‬واﻟذي ﯾوﻓر ﻋﻧوﻧﺔ ‪MAC‬‬
‫وأﯾﺿﺎ اﻹطﺎر اﻟذي ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ﻓﻲ ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ إرﺳﺎل اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ‪.‬‬
‫اﻹﯾﺛرﻧت ‪Ethernet‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺗرﺗﺑط ﺗﻘﻧﯾﺔ اﻹﯾﺛرﻧت ﻣن وﺟﮭﺔ ﻧظر ﻧﻣوذج اﻟـ ‪ OSI‬ﺑطﺑﻘﺔ‬
‫رﺑط اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت )‪ ، (data link layer‬ﺑﺣﯾث ﺗﻧﻘﺳم إﻟﻲ طﺑﻘﺗﯾن‬
‫ﻓرﻋﯾﺗﯾن وھﻣﺎ طﺑﻘﺔ اﻟﺗﺣﻛم ﺑوﺻول اﻟوﺳﺎﺋط ) ‪media access‬‬
‫‪ (control sublayer‬و اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﻌﺎﻣل ﻣﻊ اﻟوﺻول إﻟﻰ اﻟوﺳﺎﺋط‬
‫وﺗﻌرﯾف ﻋﻧﺎوﯾن ‪ MAC‬ﻛطرﯾﻘﺔ ﻟﺗﻣﯾﯾز ﻛل اﻷﺟﮭزة ﻓﻲ ﺷﺑﻛﺔ‬
‫إﯾﺛرﻧت ‪ ،‬وطﺑﻘﺔ اﻟﺗﺣﻛم ﺑﺎﻟوﺻل اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﻲ ) ‪logical link‬‬
‫‪ (control sublayer‬اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﻌﺎﻣل ﻣﻊ اﻟﺗواﺻل ﻣﻊ اﻟطﺑﻘﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻌﻠﯾﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺣﯾث ﺳ ُﺗﺷﯾر ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺑﯾل اﻟﻣﺛﺎل إﻟﻰ ﻋﻧوان اﻟـ ‪ IP‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟطﺑﻘﺎت اﻟﻌﻠﯾﺎ ‪ ،‬وﺗﺣﺗوي ﺗﻘﻧﯾﺔ اﻹﯾﺛرﻧت أﯾﺿﺎ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﻌض‬
‫اﻟﻣواﺻﻔﺎت )‪ (specifications‬اﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟطﺑﻘﺔ اﻟﻔﯾزﯾﺎﺋﯾﺔ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻟذا ﻓﺗﻘﻧﯾﺔ اﻹﯾﺛرﻧت ﺗﻌﻣل ﻓﻲ اﻟطﺑﻘﺔ اﻷوﻟﻲ واﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﻟﻧﻣوذج اﻟـ‬
‫‪. OSI‬‬
‫ﯾﺣﺗوي اﻹطﺎر ﻋﻠﻲ ﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺑﺗﺎت ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ‪ preamble‬اﻟﺗﻲ‬

‫ﺗﺳﺗﻌﻣل ﻟﻣزاﻣﻧﺔ ﺟﮭﺎزﯾن ﻣﺗﺻﻠﯾن وﻣﺣدد ﺑداﯾﺔ اﻹطﺎر‬
‫وﻋﻧﺎوﯾن اﻟوﺟﮭﺔ واﻟﻣﺻدر و اﻟﺗﻲ ھﻲ ﻋﻧﺎوﯾن ‪MAC‬‬
‫وطول اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﺛم اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻘﺎدﻣﺔ ﻣن طﺑﻘﺔ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ وﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ ﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ اﻟﺗﺣﻘق ﻣن اﻹطﺎر ﻟﻠﺗﺄﻛد ﻣن ﺳﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬
‫‪.CRC‬‬
Ethernet ‫ اﻹﯾﺛرﻧت‬

‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪Base‬‬ ‫‪Y‬‬
‫ﺳرﻋﺔ ﺗراﺳل‬
‫ﺗرﻣز إﻟﻲ إﺳﺗﺧدام‬
‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﺳواء‬
‫اﻟﺣزﻣﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟطول اﻷﻋظم‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻣﯾﺟﺎ ﺑت ‪/‬‬
‫) اﻟﻘﺎﻋدﯾﺔ ( ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻛل ﻣﻘطﻊ ﺧط‬
‫ث ‪ Mbps‬أو‬
‫ﻧﻘل اﻹﺷﺎرات )‬ ‫ﻧﻘل ‪Segment‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺟﯾﺟﺎ ﺑت ‪/‬‬
‫إﺷﺎرات رﻗﻣﯾﺔ(‬
‫ث ‪GbPS‬‬


‫ﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﻠﺧﯾص ﻣواﺻﻔﺎت ﺷﺑﻛﺔ اﻹﯾﺛرﻧت اﻟﻣﺣﻠﯾﺔ ﻟﻣﺷروع‬
:‫ ﻛﻣﺎ ھو ﻣﺑﯾن ﺑﺎﻟﺟداول اﻟﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬IEEE 802


1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8
Straight Crossover
‫‪Data Encoding‬‬
‫ﯾطﻠق ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﺣوﯾل اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت إﻟﻲ إﺷﺎرات ﻛﮭرﺑﯾﺔ ﺑﺗرﻣﯾز اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ Data Coding‬ﻛﻣﺎ ﯾطﻠق ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدم ﻓﻲ ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺗرﻣﯾز ﻣﺳﻣﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻣرﻣز ‪ Coder‬واﻟﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﻛﺳﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺗرﻣﯾز ﻣﺳﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻛس اﻟﺗرﻣﯾز أو اﻟﻣﺣﻠل ‪ Decoder‬وﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﯾدﻣﺞ ﻛل ﻣن ﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﺗرﻣﯾز‬
‫وﺟﮭﺎز ﻋﺎﻛس اﻟﺗرﻣﯾز ﻓﻲ ﺟﮭﺎز واﺣد ﻟﯾﻘوم ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺗﯾن وﯾﺳﻣﻲ اﻟﺟﮭﺎز ﻓﻲ‬
‫ھذه اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﺈﺳم ﻛودك ‪. Codec‬‬
‫ﺗوﺟد طرق ﻛﺛﯾرة ﻟﺗرﻣﯾز اﻹﺷﺎرات وﻟﻛل إﺳﻠوب ﻣزاﯾﺎه وﻋﯾوﺑﮫ وﻣن أﺷﮭر‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫أﺳﺎﻟﯾب اﻟﺗرﻣﯾز ھو اﺳﻠوب ﻣﺎﻧﺷﺳﺗر ‪ Manchester‬وﺳﻣﻲ ﺑﮭذا اﻹﺳم ﻷن‬
‫أول ظﮭور ﻟﮫ ﻛﺎن ﺑﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻣﺎﻧﺷﺳﺗر ﺑﺈﻧﺟﻠﺗرا وﯾوﺟد ﻣن ھذا اﻹﺳﻠوب ﻧوﻋﺎن‬
‫ھﻣﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣﺎﻧﺷﺳﺗر ‪ Manchester‬اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدم ﻓﻲ ﺷﺑﻛﺎت اﻹﯾﺛرﻧت ‪Ethernet‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣﺎﻧﺷﺳﺗراﻟﻔرﻗﻲ ‪ Differential Manchester‬اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدم ﻓﻲ ﺷﺑﻛﺎت‬
‫ﻋﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﺣﻠﻘﺔ ‪Token Ring‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻣﺎﻧﺷﺳﺗر ‪Manchester‬‬
‫اﻟرﻗم اﻟﺛﻧﺎﺋﻲ ‪ : 1‬ﯾﺗم ﺗﻣﺛﯾﻠﮫ ﺑﺣﯾث ﯾﻛون اﻟﻧﺻف اﻷول ﻣن‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫زﻣن اﻟﻧﺑﺿﺔ ذا ﺟﮭد ‪ +V‬ﺑﯾﻧﻣﺎ اﻟﻧﺻف اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﻣن زﻣن‬
‫اﻟﻧﺑﺿﺔ ذا ﺟﮭد ‪. -V‬‬
‫اﻟرﻗم اﻟﺛﻧﺎﺋﻲ ‪ : 0‬ﯾﺗم ﺗﻣﺛﯾﻠﮫ ﺑﺣﯾث ﯾﻛون اﻟﻧﺻف اﻷول ﻣن‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫زﻣن اﻟﻧﺑﺿﺔ ذا ﺟﮭد ‪ -V‬ﺑﯾﻧﻣﺎ اﻟﻧﺻف اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﻣن زﻣن‬
‫اﻟﻧﺑﺿﺔ ذا ﺟﮭد ‪. +V‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣﺎﻧﺷﺳﺗر اﻟﺗﻔﺎﺿﻠﻲ ‪Differential Manchester‬‬
‫اﻟرﻗم اﻟﺛﻧﺎﺋﻲ ‪ : 1‬ﯾﺗم ﺗﻣﺛﯾﻠﮫ ﺑﺣﯾث ﯾﻛون اﻟﻧﺻف اﻷول ﻣن زﻣن‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫اﻟﻧﺑﺿﺔ ذا ﺟﮭد ﯾﺳﺎوي ‪ XOR 1‬ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻧﺑﺿﺔ اﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺳواء ‪ 0‬أو‬
‫‪ 1‬ﺑﯾﻧﻣﺎ اﻟﻧﺻف اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﻣن زﻣن اﻟﻧﺑﺿﺔ ﯾﺗم ﺗﻣﺛﯾﻠﮫ ﻋﻛس اﻟﻧﺻف‬
‫اﻷول‪.‬‬
‫اﻟرﻗم اﻟﺛﻧﺎﺋﻲ ‪ : 0‬ﯾﺗم ﺗﻣﺛﯾﻠﮫ ﺑﺣﯾث ﯾﻛون اﻟﻧﺻف اﻷول ﻣن زﻣن‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫اﻟﻧﺑﺿﺔ ذا ﺟﮭد ﯾﺳﺎوي ‪ XOR 0‬ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻧﺑﺿﺔ اﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺳواء ‪ 0‬أو‬
‫‪ 1‬ﺑﯾﻧﻣﺎ اﻟﻧﺻف اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﻣن زﻣن اﻟﻧﺑﺿﺔ ﯾﺗم ﺗﻣﺛﯾﻠﮫ ﻋﻛس اﻟﻧﺻف‬
‫اﻷول‪.‬‬
TCP/IP Model
7 Application
6 Presentation Application /Process Layer
5 Session
4 Transport Host to Host Layer
3 Network Internet Layer
2 Data Link
Network Access Layer

1 Physical

‫‪TCP/IP Model‬‬
‫‪ ‬ھو ﻋﺑﺎرة ﻋن ﺑﺎﻗﺔ ﻣن اﻟﺑروﺗوﻛوﻻت اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﻣﺢ ﻟﻸﻧواع‬
‫‪Application /Process Layer‬‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻣن اﻷﺟﮭزة ﺑﺎﻹﺗﺻﺎل ﻓﯾﻣﺎ ﺑﯾﻧﮭﺎ ‪ ،‬وﻗد طور‬
‫ﺑروﺗوﻛول اﻟـ ‪TCP/IP‬ﻣن ﻗﺑل وﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺷﺎرﯾﻊ اﻟﺑﺣوث‬
‫ﻟﻠدﻓﺎع اﻷﻣرﯾﻛﻲ ‪Defence Advanced‬‬ ‫اﻟﻣطورة‬
‫)‪ Research Projects Agency ( DARPA‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬
‫‪ 1969‬وﻗد اﺳﺗﺧدم ھذا اﻟﺑروﺗوﻛول ﻓﻲ اﻟﺑداﯾﺔ ﻟﺑﻧﺎء ﺷﺑﻛﺔ‬
‫‪Host to Host Layer‬‬ ‫ﻣﺷﺎرﯾﻊ اﻟﺑﺣوث اﻟﻣطورة ﻟﻠدﻓﺎع اﻷﻣرﯾﻛﻲ وھﻲ ﻋﺑﺎرة ﻋن‬
‫ﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﻛﺎﻧت ﺗرﺑط ﺑﯾن أرﺑﻊ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺎت أﻣرﯾﻛﯾﺔ ﺗﺟري ﺑﺣوﺛﺎ ً ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺟﺎل اﻟدﻓﺎع وﺳﻣﻲ ﻧﻣوذج اﻹﺗﺻﺎل اﻟذي إﺳﺗﺧدم ﻟﺑﻧﺎء ھذه‬
‫اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﺑـ ‪ ARPA model‬وﯾﺳﻣﻲ أﯾﺿﺎ ً ‪Department‬‬
‫‪ of Defence (DoD) model‬وﯾﺗﻛون ﻧﻣوذج اﻟـ‬
‫‪Internet Layer‬‬ ‫‪ TCP/IP‬ﻣن أرﺑﻊ طﺑﻘﺎت وھﻣﺎ طﺑﻘﺔ اﻟﺗطﺑﯾﻘﺎت أو اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت‬
‫‪ Application / Process Layer‬و طﺑﻘﺔ اﻟﻣﺿﯾف إﻟﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻣﺿﯾف ‪) Host to Host Layer‬ﺗﺳﻣﻲ أﯾﺿﺎ طﺑﻘﺔ اﻟﻧﻘل‬
‫‪ ( Transport Layer‬و طﺑﻘﺔ اﻹﻧﺗرﻧت ‪Internet Layer‬‬
‫و طﺑﻘﺔ دﺧول اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ‪Network Access Layer‬وﺗؤدي‬
‫‪Network Access Layer‬‬ ‫ھذه اﻷرﺑﻊ طﺑﻘﺎت ﺑﺷﻛل ﻋﺎم اﻟﻣﮭﺎم اﻟﻣطﻠوﺑﺔ ﻣن ﻧﻣوذج اﻟـ‬
‫‪OSI‬‬

TCP/IP Model
Application /Process Layer
Host to Host Layer
Internet Layer

‫‪1. Network Access Layer‬‬
‫‪Application /Process Layer‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘوم ھذه اﻟطﺑﻘﺔ ﺑﺈﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﺑروﺗوﻛوﻻت‬
‫اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﺗوﻓﯾر اﻟﺧدﻣﺎت اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ذات‬
‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺗوﺻﯾل واﻟدﺧول ﻟﻠﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﻣن ﻗﺑل‬
‫‪Host to Host Layer‬‬ ‫اﻟﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﻣرﺗﺑط ﺑﮭﺎ واﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﺑروﺗوﻛوﻻت‬
‫اﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ واﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻹﻧﺷﺎء اﻹطﺎرات اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻺرﺳﺎل واﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﺗﻣد ﻋﻠﻲ ﻧوع اﻟﺗﻘﻧﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﺔ ﻣﺛل ﺑروﺗوﻛول اﻟﺗﻘﻧﯾﺔ‬
‫‪Internet Layer‬‬ ‫‪ Ethernet‬أو ﺑروﺗوﻛول اﻟﺗﻘﻧﯾﺔ ‪Token‬‬
‫‪ Ring‬وﻏﯾر ذﻟك وأﯾﺿﺎ ﺗﺣوﯾل اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬
‫اﻟرﻗﻣﯾﺔ إﻟﻲ إﺷﺎرات ﻛﮭرﺑﯾﺔ أو‬
‫‪Network Access Layer‬‬ ‫ﻛﮭروﻣﻐﻧﺎطﯾﺳﯾﺔ أو ﺿوﺋﯾﺔ ﺣﺳب ﻧوع ﻗﻧﺎة‬
‫اﻟﺗراﺳل اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪2. Internet Layer‬‬
‫‪Application /Process Layer‬‬
‫ھذه اﻟطﺑﻘﺔ ھﻲ اﻟﻣﺳﺋوﻟﺔ ﻋن إﻣﻛﺎﻧﯾﺔ اﻹﺗﺻﺎل ﺑﯾن‬
‫اﻷﺟﮭزة ﺳواء ﻛﺎﻧت ﺗﻠك اﻷﺟﮭزة ﻣوﺟودة ﺑﺷﺑﻛﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺣﻠﯾﺔ أو ﻋدة ﺷﺑﻛﺎت ﺑﺈﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﻣوﺟﮭﺎت‬
‫‪ Routers‬أو ﺑواﺑﺎت اﻟﻌﺑور ‪ Gateways‬وھﻲ‬
‫‪Host to Host Layer‬‬
‫أﯾﺿﺎ ﻣﺳﺋوﻟﺔ ﻋن ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﻌﻧوﻧﺔ و اﻟﺗوﺟﯾﮫ ﺣﯾث‬
‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ﺑروﺗوﻛول ‪ IP‬ﻟﻠﻌﻧوﻧﺔ وإرﺳﺎل اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ‪.‬‬
‫أﯾﺿﺎ ﺗﻛون ھذه اﻟطﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﺳﺋوﻟﺔ ﻋن ﺗوﻓﯾر اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟطﺑﻘﺔ اﻟوﺻول ﻟﻠﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﻟﻛﻲ ﺗﺗﻣﻛن ھذه‬
‫‪Internet Layer‬‬ ‫اﻷﺧﯾرة ﻣن إرﺳﺎل إطﺎراﺗﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ اﻟﻣﺣﻠﯾﺔ‬
‫وﺗﺗﻣﺛل ھذه اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت ﻓﻲ ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﺗوﻓﯾر اﻟﻌﻧﺎوﯾن‬
‫اﻟﻔﯾزﯾﺎﺋﯾﺔ ‪ MAC Address‬ﻟﻸﺟﮭزة ﺑواﺳطﺔ‬
‫‪Address‬‬ ‫إﺳﺗﺧدام ﺑروﺗوﻛول ﺣل اﻟﻌﻧﺎوﯾن‬
‫‪Network Access Layer‬‬ ‫)‪ Resolution Protocol (ARP‬واﻟذي ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم‬
‫ﻟﺗرﺟﻣﺔ ﻋﻧوان اﻟـ ‪ IP‬إﻟﻲ ﻋﻧوان اﻟـ ‪. MAC‬‬
TCP/IP Model
2. Internet Layer
‫أﯾﺿﺎ ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ھذه اﻟطﺑﻘﺔ اﻟﺑروﺗوﻛول‬
Reverse Address Resolution
‫ واﻟذي ﻣﮭﻣﺗﮫ‬Protocol (RARP)
Host to Host Layer
‫ إﻟﻲ‬MAC ‫ﺗﺣوﯾل أي ﻋﻧوان ﻓﯾزﯾﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫ ﻛﻣﺎ ﺗوﻓر ھذه اﻟطﺑﻘﺔ إﻣﻛﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬، IP ‫ﻋﻧوان‬
‫ﺗﺑﺎدل اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت ﺣول ﻣﺷﺎﻛل أو أﻋطﺎل‬
Internet Layer ‫اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ وﻓﺣﺻﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺣدوث ذﻟك‬
‫واﻟﺑروﺗوﻛول اﻟﻣﺳؤول ﻋن ھذه اﻟﻣﮭﻣﺔ‬
‫ھو ﺑروﺗوﻛول اﻟﺗﺣﻛم ﻓﻲ رﺳﺎﺋل‬
Network Access Layer Internet Control ‫اﻹﻧﺗرﻧت‬
. Message Protocol (ICMP)
TCP/IP Model
2. Internet Layer
IP Address
‫ ﺑت‬32 ‫ ھو ﻋﻧوان طوﻟﮫ‬IP Address 
‫ﯾﻌطﻲ ﻷﺟﮭزة اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﺑﺣﯾث ﯾﻣﯾز ﺗﻠك‬
Host to Host Layer . ‫اﻷﺟﮭزة ﺑﺷﻛل ﻓرﯾد ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻧظﺎم اﻟﻌﺷري‬IP Address ‫ﯾﻛﺗب اﻟـ‬
‫ وﯾﺗﻛون ﻣن أرﺑﻌﺔ أﻗﺳﺎم وﯾﺳﻣﻲ‬Decimal
Internet Layer IP ‫ أي أن اﻟـ‬Octet ‫ﻛل ﻗﺳم ﻣﻧﮭم ﺑـ‬
.32 bit , 4 octet ‫ ﻋﺑﺎرة ﻋن‬Address
192 . 168 . 0 . 1
Network Access Layer octet octet octet octet
Octet = 8 bit
TCP/IP Model
2. Internet Layer
IP Address
‫ ﻣن ﺟزﺋﯾن ﺟزء‬IP Address ‫ﯾﺗﻛون اﻟـ‬
‫ وﺟزء ﯾﻣﯾز‬Network ID ‫ﯾﻣﯾز اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ‬
Host to Host Layer . Host ID ‫اﻟﺟﮭﺎز‬
192 . 168 . 0 . 1
octet octet octet octet
Internet Layer
Network ID Host ID
‫ﻻ ﯾﺻﺢ ﺗﻛرار‬
‫ﻛل اﻷﺟﮭزة اﻟﻣوﺟودة ﻋﻠﻲ ﻧﻔس اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ‬
Host ID ‫اﻟـ‬
Network Access Layer Network Id ‫ﻻﺑد أن ﯾﻛون ﻟﮭﺎ ﻧﻔس اﻟـ‬
‫ﻟﺟﮭﺎزﯾن ﻋﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻔس اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ‬

TCP/IP Model
2. Internet Layer
IP Address
‫ ﻧظرا ﻹﺧﺗﻼف أﺣﺟﺎم اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎت وإﺧﺗﻼف‬
‫اﻹﺣﺗﯾﺎﺟﺎت ﺑﯾن اﻟﻧﺎس ﺗم وﺿﻊ ﻓﺋﺎت‬
Host to Host Layer 5 ‫ ﺣﯾث ﯾوﺟد‬IP Address ‫ اﻟـ‬Classes
‫ و‬B ‫ و‬A ‫ وھﻣﺎ‬IP Address ‫ﻓﺋﺎت ﻣن اﻟـ‬
.E‫و‬D‫و‬C
Internet Layer A N H H H 1 - 126
B N N H H 128 - 190
C N N N H 191 - 223
TCP/IP Model
2. Internet Layer
IP Address
‫ ھو ﺑﺎرﻣﯾﺗر وظﯾﻔﺗﮫ ﺗﺣدﯾد أي‬Subnet mask 
‫اﻟﺑﺗﺎت ﻣﻣﯾز ﻟﻠﺷﺑﻛﺔ وأﯾﮭﺎ ﻣﻣﯾز ﻟﻸﺟﮭزة وھو ﻋﺑﺎرة‬
Host to Host Layer ‫ ﻓﮭو ﻋﺑﺎرة ﻋن‬Zeros and Ones ‫ﻋن ﺟزﺋﯾن‬
‫ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣن اﻟوﺣﺎﯾد اﻟﻣﺗﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﯾﻠﯾﮭﺎ ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣن‬
‫اﻷﺻﻔﺎر اﻟﻣﺗﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﺣﯾث ﺗﻌﺑر اﻟوﺣﺎﯾد ﻋن ﻗﺳم اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ‬
. ‫وﺗﻌﺑر اﻷﺻﻔﺎر ﻋن ﻗﺳم اﻷﺟﮭزة‬
Internet Layer
IP 192 . 168 . 0 . 1
1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 0000 0000
SM
Network ID Host ID

TCP/IP Model
2. Internet Layer
IP Address
‫ ھو ﺑﺎرﻣﯾﺗر وظﯾﻔﺗﮫ ﺗﺣدﯾد أي‬Subnet mask 
‫اﻟﺑﺗﺎت ﻣﻣﯾز ﻟﻠﺷﺑﻛﺔ وأﯾﮭﺎ ﻣﻣﯾز ﻟﻸﺟﮭزة وھو ﻋﺑﺎرة‬
Host to Host Layer ‫ ﻓﮭو ﻋﺑﺎرة ﻋن‬Zeros and Ones ‫ﻋن ﺟزﺋﯾن‬
‫ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣن اﻟوﺣﺎﯾد اﻟﻣﺗﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﯾﻠﯾﮭﺎ ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣن‬
‫اﻷﺻﻔﺎر اﻟﻣﺗﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﺣﯾث ﺗﻌﺑر اﻟوﺣﺎﯾد ﻋن ﻗﺳم اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ‬
. ‫وﺗﻌﺑر اﻷﺻﻔﺎر ﻋن ﻗﺳم اﻷﺟﮭزة‬
Internet Layer A N H H H 255.0.0.0
B N N H H 255.255.0.0
C N N N H 255.255.255.0
TCP/IP Model
2. Internet Layer
IP Address
IP . 168 . 0 . 1
192
Host to Host Layer SM 255 . 255 . 255 . 0

IP 192 . 168 . 0 . 2
SM 255 . 255 . 255 . 0

192 . 168 . 0 . 3
Internet Layer
IP
SM 255 . 255 . 255 . 0
IP 192 . 168 . 0 . 4
SM 255 . 255 . 255 . 0

TCP/IP Model
2. Internet Layer
IP Address
IP . 168 . 0 . 1
192

IP 192 . 168 . 0 . 2
SM 255 . 255 . 0 . 0
192 . 168 . 0 . 3
Internet Layer
IP
SM 255 . 0 . 0 . 0
IP 192 . 168 . 0 . 4
SM 255 . 255 . 255 . 0

TCP/IP Model
2. Internet Layer
IP Address
IP . 168 . 0 . 1
192

IP 192 . 168 . 1 . 2
SM 255 . 255 . 255 . 0

192 . 198 . 0 .3
Internet Layer
IP
SM 255 . 255 . 255 . 0
IP 191 . 168 . 0 . 4
SM 255 . 255 . 255 . 0

TCP/IP Model
2. Internet Layer
IP Address
IP . 168 . 0 . 1
127

IP 0 . 168 . 0 . 2
SM 255 . 255 . 255 . 0

255 . 255 . 255 . 255
Internet Layer
IP
SM 255 . 255 . 255 . 0
IP 0 . 0 . 0 . 0
SM 255 . 255 . 255 . 0

TCP/IP Model
2. Internet Layer
IP Address
IP 10 . 168 . 0 . 1
IP 240 . 168 . 0 . 1
SM 255 . 255 . 255 . 0
Internet Layer
IP 192 . 168 . 0 . 255
SM 255 . 255 . 255 . 0
Network Access Layer IP 192. 168 . 0 . 0
SM 255 . 255 . 255 . 0
TCP/IP Model
2. Internet Layer
IP Address
IP 128. 168 . 255 . 255
IP 128 . 168 . . 0 . 0
SM 255 . 255 . 0 . 0
Internet Layer
IP 192 . 168 . 0 . 1
SM 255 . 255 . 0 . 0
Network Access Layer IP 10 . 168 . 0 . 1
SM 255 . 255 . 0 . 0
TCP/IP Model
2. Internet Layer
IP Address
IP 10. 255 . 255 . 255
IP 10 . 0 . 0 . 0
SM 255 . 0 . 0 . 0
Internet Layer
IP 192 . 168 . 0 . 1
SM 255 . 0 . 0 . 0
Network Access Layer IP 128 . 168 . 0 . 1
SM 255 . 0 . 0 . 0
‫‪3. Host to Host Layer‬‬
‫ﺗﻘوم ھذه اﻟطﺑﻘﺔ ﺑﺗﻘدﯾم اﻟﺧدﻣﺎت اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﺗوﻓﯾر‬
‫اﻹﺗﺻﺎل اﻟﻣوﺛوق ﺑﯾن اﻷﺟﮭزة ﻛﻣﺎ أﻧﮭﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺿﻣن ﻧﻘل وﺗوﺻﯾل اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﺑﺻورة ﺧﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﻣن‬
‫‪Host to Host Layer‬‬ ‫اﻷﺧطﺎء ‪ .‬ﺗﻘدم ھذه اﻟطﺑﻘﺔ ﻧوﻋﯾن أﺳﺎﺳﯾﯾن ﻣن‬
‫اﻟﺧدﻣﺔ ‪ :‬اﻷوﻟﻲ ﺗﺗﻛون ﻣن اﻹﺗﺻﺎل اﻟﻣوﺛوق‬
‫ﻟﻧﻘل اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت واﻟﺗﻲ ﯾوﻓرھﺎ اﻟﺑروﺗوﻛول ‪TCP‬‬
‫‪Internet Layer‬‬
‫واﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﺗﺗﻛون ﻣن ﻧﻘل اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﺑﺈﺳﻠوب ﯾﺳﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻋدﯾم اﻹﺗﺻﺎل واﻟﺗﻲ ﯾوﻓرھﺎ ﺑروﺗوﻛول اﻟـ‬
‫‪ UDP‬واﻟذي ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ﻓﻲ اﻟﺗطﺑﯾﻘﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺣﺗﺎج ﺳرﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻘل اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ووﺛوﻗﯾﺗﮭﺎ ﻟﻛﻧﮭﺎ‬
‫‪Network Access Layer‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﺗﺷﻣل ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﺗﺣﻛم ﻓﻲ اﻷﺧطﺎء أو ﺗدﻓق‬
‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ‪.Flow Control‬‬
‫ﺑروﺗوﻛول اﻟـﺗﺣﻛم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻧﻘل ‪TCP‬‬
‫‪Transmission Control Protocol‬‬
‫‪Host to Host Layer‬‬ ‫ﯾﻘوم ھذا اﻟﺑروﺗوﻛول ﺑﺗوﻓﯾر ﺧدﻣﺎت ﺗﻌﺗﻣد ﻋﻠﻲ‬
‫اﻹﺗﺻﺎل ﺑﯾن أﺟﮭزة اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﺣﯾث ﻻ ﺗﺗم ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﺑﺎدل‬
‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﺑﯾن اﻻﺟﮭزة إﻻ إذا ﻛﺎن ھﻧﺎك إﺗﺻﺎل ﻣﺳﺑق‬
‫ﺑﯾﻧﮭم وﻣن ﻣﮭﺎم ھذا اﻟﺑروﺗوﻛول ﻣﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Internet Layer‬‬ ‫‪ .1‬ﺗﺟزﺋﺔ وﺗﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬
‫‪ .2‬اﻹﺷﻌﺎر ﺑﺎﻹﺳﺗﻼم‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺗﺣدﯾد ﻣﻧﺎﻓذ ﻋﺑور اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ‪Ports‬‬
‫اﻟﻛﺷف ﻋن اﻷﺧطﺎء ‪Error Detection‬‬ ‫‪.4‬‬
‫‪Network Access Layer‬‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺣﻛم ﻓﻲ ﺟرﯾﺎن أو ﺗدﻓق اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ‪Flow Control‬‬ ‫‪.5‬‬
‫‪ .6‬ﺗرﻗﯾم اﻟرزم ‪Packets Numbering‬‬
TCP/IP Model
3. Host to Host Layer
TCP ‫ﺑروﺗوﻛول اﻟـﺗﺣﻛم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻧﻘل‬
Transmission Control Protocol
Host to Host Layer ‫ﺳﻼم ﻋﻠﯾﻛم‬
Connection
Oriented
3 way handshake
‫ﻋﻠﯾﻛم اﻟﺳﻼم‬
Internet Layer
ACK 1
ACK ACK

TCP/IP Model
TCP ‫ﺑروﺗوﻛول اﻟـﺗﺣﻛم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻧﻘل‬
Transmission Control Protocol
Host to Host Layer 1
Connection
2
Oriented
3
Windowing
4
4
Internet Layer 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
5
6
6 Window Size = 3
6
Network Access Layer 7
8

‫ﺑروﺗوﻛول اﻟـﻣﺧطط اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺗﺧدم‬
‫)‪User Datagram Protocol (UDP‬‬
‫ﺗم ﺗﺻﻣﯾم ھذا اﻟﺑروﺗوﻛول ﻷداء ﻧﻔس ﻣﮭﺎم‬
‫‪Host to Host Layer‬‬ ‫اﻟﺑروﺗوﻛول ‪ TCP‬ﻓﻲ طﺑﻘﺔ اﻟﻧﻘل ﻟﻛن ﺑﺄﻛﺛر‬
‫ﺑﺳﺎطﺔ ﻣﻣﺎ ﯾؤدي إﻟﻲ ﺳرﻋﺔ ﺗﺑﺎدل اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﻋﺑر‬
‫اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ‪ .‬ﻟذﻟك ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ھذا اﻟﺑروﺗوﻛول ﺗﻘﻧﯾﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺳﯾطﺔ ﻟﻺﺗﺻﺎل ﺗﺳﻣﻲ ﻋدﯾم اﻹﺗﺻﺎل‬
‫‪Internet Layer‬‬ ‫‪ Connectionless‬أي ﻻ ﺗﺣﺗﺎج إﻟﻲ إﺟراء‬
‫إﺗﺻﺎل ﻣﺳﺑق ﻗﺑل اﻟﺑدء ﻓﻲ ﺗﺑﺎدل اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ‪ .‬ﻟذﻟك‬
‫ﻻ ﯾﺣﺗوي ھذا اﻟﺑروﺗوﻛول ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟوظﺎﺋف اﻟﺗﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺗﻣد ﻋﻠﻲ اﻹﺗﺻﺎل ﻣﺛل اﻹﺷﻌﺎر ﺑﺎﻹﺳﺗﻼم أو‬
‫‪Network Access Layer‬‬
‫اﻟﺗﺣﻛم ﻓﻲ ﺗدﻓق اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت وﻛﺷف اﻷﺧطﺎء وﻏﯾر‬
‫ذﻟك‪.‬‬
TCP/IP Model
Host to Host Layer
Internet Layer

TCP/IP Model
4. Application Layer
Host to Host Layer
Internet Layer

TCP/IP Model
4. Application Layer
Why
Host to Host Layer

MODBUS TCP
Not
Internet Layer
MODBUS UDP
Network Access Layer ?????

Industrial Ethernet

Industrial Ethernet

Industrial Ethernet
‫ وﺿﻌت ﺣﻠول ﻛﺛﯾرة وﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﻠﺧﯾص‬Real-Time ‫ ﻟﺗﺣﻘﯾق‬
: ‫اﻟﺣﻠول ﻓﻲ ﺛﻼث ﻧﻘﺎط‬
Real- ‫( إﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺑرﺗوﻛول‬On top of TCP/IP) 
‫ إﻟﻲ اﻟطﺑﻘﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﯾﺎ ﻣن ﻧﻣوذج‬Time Protocol
. TCP/IP ‫ ﺣﯾث ﻟم ﯾﺗم اﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾر ﻓﻲ ﻧﻣوذج‬TCP/IP
‫( إﺳﺗﺑدال ﻛل ﻣن‬On top of Ethernet) 
.‫ ﺑﺑروﺗوﻛوﻻت آﺧري‬UDP ‫ و‬TCP ‫ﺑروﺗوﻛوﻻت‬
TCP/IP Stack ‫( إﺳﺗﺑدال‬Modified Ethernet) 
. ‫ آﺧر‬Protocol Stack ‫ﺑـ‬

Industrial Ethernet

Industrial Ethernet

Industrial Ethernet

Industrial Ethernet

Industrial Ethernet

Industrial Ethernet

Industrial Ethernet

Industrial Ethernet

Industrial Ethernet

Industrial Ethernet

Industrial Ethernet

Industrial Ethernet

‫)‪Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺑﺎت ﻋدد ﻛﺑﯾر ﻣن اﻟﺷرﻛﺎت ﯾﻌﺗﻣد ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎت اﻟﻼﺳﻠﻛﯾﺔ ﻛﺑدﯾل‬
‫ﻟﻠﺷﺑﻛﺎت اﻟﻣﺣﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺳﻠﻛﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻘﻠﯾدﯾﺔ ﺑﻐﯾﺔ اﻟﺗوﻓﯾر ﻓﻲ اﻟوﻗت واﻟﺟﮭد‬
‫واﻟﺗﻘﻠﯾل ﻣن اﻟﻣﺷﺎﻛل اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻧﮭﺎ ھذه اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎت اﻟﺳﻠﻛﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﺑدو‬
‫أﻧﮭﺎ ﺗواﺟﮫ ﺧطر اﻟزوال أﻣﺎم زﺣف اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎت اﻟﻼﺳﻠﻛﯾﺔ ‪ .‬وﻣﺎ ﯾدﻋم‬
‫ھذه اﻟﻣﻘوﻟﺔ ھو أن اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎت اﻟﻼﺳﻠﻛﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗم ﻧﺷرھﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌض‬
‫اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎت ﺧﻼل اﻟﺳﻧوات اﻟﻘﻠﯾﻠﺔ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﯾﺔ أﺛﺑﺗت ﻓﺎﻋﻠﯾﺔ ﻛﺑﯾرة ﻣن ﺣﯾث‬
‫ﺧﻔض اﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﯾف ورﻓﻊ اﻹﻧﺗﺎﺟﯾﺔ‪ .‬وﺑﺎﻟﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻘﻧﯾﺎت اﻷﺧري ﻓﻘد‬
‫اﺳﺗطﺎﻋﺔ ﺗﻘﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎت اﻟﻣﺣﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﻼﺳﻠﻛﯾﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام إﺷﺎرات اﻟرادﯾو‬
‫)‪ (WLAN‬اﻟﺗﻐﻠب ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ ﻧﻘل اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت ﻻﺳﻠﻛﯾﺎ ﻟﻣﺳﺎﻓﺎت‬
‫ﺑﻌﯾدة ﻧﺳﺑﯾﺎ وﺑﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻌﺗدﻟﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻣﺛﻼ ﺗﻔوﻗت ﻋﻠﻲ ﺗﻘﻧﯾﺔ ﻧﻘل اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت‬
‫ﻋﺑر اﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺣت اﻟﺣﻣراء ﺣﯾث ﻛﺎﻧت ﻣﺣدودة ﻟﻣﺳﺎﻓﺎت ﻻ ﺗزﯾد ﻋن‬
‫‪ 20‬ﻣﺗرا وھﻲ ﻏﯾر ﻗﺎدرة ﻋﻠﻲ اﺧﺗراق اﻟﺣواﺟز‪.‬‬
‫ﯾﻌﻧﻲ ﻣﻌﮭد ‪ IEEE‬ﺑوﺿﻊ اﻟﻣواﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻘﯾﺎﺳﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺷﺑﻛﺎت اﻟﻣﺣﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﻼﺳﻠﻛﯾﺔ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ ،‬ﺣﯾث ﺑدأت ﻧﺷﺎطﮭﺎ ﺳﻧﺔ ‪ 1997‬ﺑوﺿﻊ اﻟﻧظﺎم ‪ 802.11‬واﻟذي ﯾﺳﻣﺢ‬
‫ﺑﺗﺑﺎدل اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت ﺑﺳرﻋﺔ ‪ 2‬ﻣﯾﺟﺎﺑﯾت ﻟﻛل ﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ ‪ ،‬ھذا اﻟﻧظﺎم اﻟﻘﯾﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫أﺿﯾﻔت إﻟﯾﮫ ﺑﻌض اﻟﺗﺣﺳﯾﻧﺎت ﻟﯾظﮭر ﻧظﺎﻣﺎن ﻗﯾﺎﺳﯾﺎن ﺳﻧﺔ ‪، 1999‬‬
‫اﻟﻧظﺎم ‪ 802.11b‬اﻟذي ﯾﻧﻘل اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت ﺑﺳرﻋﺔ ‪ 11‬ﻣﯾﺟﺎﺑت ﻟﻛل ﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬
‫واﻟﻧظﺎم اﻟﻘﯾﺎﺳﻲ ‪ 802.11a‬اﻟذي ﯾﻧﻘل اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت ﺑﺳرﻋﺔ ‪ 54‬ﻣﯾﺟﺎﺑت‬
‫ﻟﻛل ﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫أﻣﺎ اﻟﺟﮭﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺧﺗﺑر ﻣﺳﺗوي اﻟﺗﺷﻐﯾل اﻟﺗﺑﺎدﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺟﮭﯾزات اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎت‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫اﻟﻣﺣﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﻼﺳﻠﻛﯾﺔ ﻓﮭﻲ اﺗﺣﺎد ﺻﻧﺎﻋﻲ ﯾﻌرف ﺑﺎﺳم )‪ (WECA‬وﺗﺧﺗم‬
‫اﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺟﺗﺎز اﺧﺗﺑﺎرات ھذا اﻹﺗﺣﺎد ﺑﺧﺗم ‪Wireless Fidelity‬‬
‫‪ ، Wi-Fi‬وﺑذﻟك ﺗﺻﺑﺢ أﺟﮭزة اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدم اﻟﺗﻲ ﺑﮭﺎ ﺑطﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ اﻟﻼﺳﻠﻛﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻣن ﻣﻧﺗﺟﯾن ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﯾن ﺻﺎﻟﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻣل ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺿﮭﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫أﺣدﺛت ﺗﻘﻧﯾﺔ ‪ Wi-Fi‬ﺛورة ﻓﻲ ﻣﺟﺎل اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎت ﺣﯾث ﻗل ﻋدد اﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼت ﺑﺷﻛل ﻛﺑﯾر ﺟداً‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻣﻣﺎ أدي إﻟﻲ ﺳﮭوﻟﺔ اﻟﺗوﺻﯾل ﺑﯾن اﻷﺟﮭزة ﻟذﻟك ﺑدأت اﻟﺷرﻛﺎت ﺑﺗطوﯾر اﻟﺗﻘﻧﯾﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻼﺳﻠﻛﯾﺔ ﺣﯾث ﺗﻌددت اﻟﺗﻘﻧﯾﺎت اﻟﻼﺳﻠﻛﯾﺔ ﺑﻣﺧﺗﻠف ﺗردداﺗﮭﺎ ﻣﺛل ﺗﻘﻧﯾﺔ ‪ Bluetooth‬و‬
‫ﺗﻘﻧﯾﺔ ‪ GSM‬و ﺗﻘﻧﯾﺔ ‪ ،CDMA‬وﻟﻛن ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠك اﻷﺛﻧﺎء ﻛﺎﻧت ھﻧﺎﻟك اﻟﻛﺛﯾر ﻣن اﻟﺷرﻛﺎت‬
‫واﻟﻣؤﺳﺳﺎت ﺗﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻣن ﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ إﺳﺗﮭﻼك اﻟطﺎﻗﺔ وﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﻧﺎء اﻟﻣﺷﺎرﯾﻊ ﺑﮭذه اﻟﺗﻘﻧﯾﺎت ﻛﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧت ھﻧﺎﻟك ﺷرﻛﺎت وﻣؤﺳﺳﺎت ﺗﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻣن ﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ ﻛﺑﯾرة ﺟداً وھﻲ أن ﻋطل ﺟﮭﺎز‬
‫واﺣد ﯾؤدي إﻟﻲ ﺗوﻗف ﻋﻣل اﻷﺟﮭزة اﻷﺧرى‪ .‬وﻣن ذﻟك اﻟﻣﻧطﻠق ﺑدأ اﻟﺗﻔﻛﯾر ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﻧﯾﺔ‬
‫ﺟدﯾدة ﺑﺣﯾث ﺗﻛون ﻣﺳﺗﮭﻠﻛﺔ ﻟﻠطﺎﻗﺔ ﺑﻧﺳﺑﺔ طﻔﯾﻔﺔ وﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﺻﻧﯾﻌﮭﺎ رﺧﯾﺻﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ZigBee‬ھﻲ ﺗﻘﻧﯾﺔ رﺑط ﺷﺑﻛﻲ ﺻﻣﻣت ﺧﺻﯾﺻﺎ ﻟﻺﺳﺗﺧداﻣﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﺗﺎج إﻟﻰ رﺑط‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺷﺑﻛﻲ ﯾﻌﻣل ﻟﻔﺗرات طوﯾﻠﺔ دون اﻟﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﺗزوﯾد ﺑطﺎﻗﺔ ﻛﮭرﺑﺎﺋﯾﺔ ﺑﯾن ﻓﺗرات ﻗﺻﯾرة‬
‫ﺑﺷﻛل‬
‫ٍ‬ ‫ﺣﯾث زودت ھذه اﻟﺗﻘﻧﯾﺔ ﺑﺑطﺎراﯾﺎت ﻓﺗرة ﺣﯾﺎﺗﮭﺎ ﺗﺻل إﻟﻰ ‪ 360‬ﯾوﻣﺎ ﻣن اﻟﻌﻣل‬
‫ﻣﺗواﺻل دون اﻟﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﺷﺣﻧﮭﺎ وﻟو ﻟﻣرة واﺣدة ﻛذﻟك ﺻﻣﻣت ھذه اﻟﺗﻘﻧﯾﺔ ﺧﺻﯾﺻﺎ ً‬
‫ﻟﻺﺳﺗﺧداﻣﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﺗﺎج إﻟﻰ ﺗوﻓر اﻟﺧدﻣﺔ ﺑدرﺟﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﺑﺣﯾث ﯾﻛون ھﻧﺎﻟك ﺑدﯾل ﻣﺑﺎﺷر‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎل ﺗﻌطل أﺣد اﻷﺟﮭزة وﺗﻧدرج ھذه اﻟﺗﻘﻧﯾـﺔ ﺿﻣن اﻟﻣﻌﯾﺎر )‪(IEEE 802.15.4‬‬

Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)

Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)

Local Area Networks (LANs)



















































Contents
 Chapter one : Introduction To Industrial Networks
 Historical Overview of Industrial Networks.
 Types of Networks.
 Characteristic of Industrial Networks.
 Protocol and Protocol Stack.
 Hierarchical Levels in industrial Networks.
 Field Level Networks.
 Control Level Networks.
 Information Level Networks.
 Data Transmission Methods In Communication Networks.
 Physical Transmission Media in Communication Networks.
 Error Control ( Error Detection and Error Correction ) in

Communication Networks.
 Open System Interconnection ( OSI )
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Contents
 Chapter two : Local Area Networks
 Types of Networks.
 Network Topology.
 Internetwork Connection.
 Media Access Control Methods.
 LAN Technologies.
 TCP/IP Model.
 Industrial Ethernet.
 Wireless Local Area Network.

‫اﺳم اﻟدورة ﻋﻠﻲ ﻗﻧﺎة اﻟﯾوﺗﯾوب‬
‫اﺳم اﻟﻘﻧﺎة ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﯾوﺗﯾوب‬
‫ﯾﻣﻛن ﻣﺷﺎھدة ﻓﯾدﯾوھﺎت ﺷرح اﻟدورة ﻋﻠﻲ ﻗﻧﺎة اﻟﯾوﺗﯾوب‬
‫إﺿﻐط ﻋﻠﻲ راﺑط اﻟدورة ﻋﻠﻲ ﻗﻧﺎة اﻟﯾوﺗﯾوب‬
‫‪https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLRLTfp5JUl6RG2A96qbXSd5H_EmtPGuU8‬‬
‫‪10/10/2017‬‬ ‫‪Industrial Network | ENG/Ahmed Gamal Abo-Zied‬‬ ‫‪170‬‬

Local Area Networks
ENG / Ahmed Gamal Abo-Zied

CH 2 - Local Area Networks

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Industrial Networks

ENG / Ahmed Gamal

10 October 2017 Industrial Networks | ENG/Ahmed Gamal Abo-Zied 1

 Local Area Networks LANs

 Control level Protocols

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2 Data Link Frame

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100110101 1 Physical 100110101

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Frame 2 Data Link

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2 Data Link Frame

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100110101 1 Physical 100110101

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Frame 2 Data Link

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2 Data Link Frame

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100110101 1 Physical 100110101

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Frame 2 Data Link

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2 Data Link Frame

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100110101 1 Physical 100110101

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‫ﯾﺗﺿﻣن اﻟﻣوﺟﮫ ﺟداول ﺗﺳﻣﻲ ﺟداول اﻟﺗوﺟﯾﮫ واﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻲ‬

2 Data Link Frame

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Packet 3 Network Packet

Frame 2 Data Link Frame

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Packet 3 Network Packet

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Frame 2 Data Link

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2 Data Link Frame

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