ENJ333: Power Systems 1 2-7

Design and Analysis of Transmission Line

Team Number: 2-7

Team Members:

Yu Runle 201903201129 EE19-1

Qin Yingge 201903201219 EE19-2

Bian Jiaze 201903201102 EE19-1

Song Yuhui 201903201121 EE19-1

Jiang Lingfei 201903201112 EE19-1

Date: 2021/12/07
 ENJ333: Power Systems 1 2-7

Abstract
This paper needs to design a transmission line to connect a 180MW wind farm with 230kV
original system.
First of all, through consulting data, combined with Matlab calculation of transmission line
parameters, combined with Power System simulation, cost calculation, four design schemes are
selected. Furthermore, through SWOT analysis, the most appropriate scheme is selected among the
four schemes. The solution is to connect Bus5 by tower B with a radius of 21.0mm.
Secondly, the fault current at the end and in the middle of the circuit is calculated by the
standard unit method to analyze the safety of the circuit. The project decided on series reactors to
offset the reactive power of the wind farm and new transmission lines to solve the overload problem.
The scheme has been improved.
Then, the rationality of the final scheme is evaluated, and power loss analysis, power flow
analysis, described the situation of reducing power generation.
The final design is a transmission line with high security and high cost performance. In the end,
it analyzes the challenges encountered in the design process and how to overcome them. Finally, the
contribution of team members is stated.

Key words: Transmission Line Design; Power World; Fault current; Safety Analysis
 ENJ333: Power Systems 1 2-7

Content
1. Introduction...................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Design Method.......................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Overview of Wind Power..........................................................................................2
2. Design of Transmission Line........................................................................... 3
2.1 Conductor Selection of Transmission Line...............................................................3
2.1.1 Calculation of Current.................................................................................3
2.1.2 Selection of Conductor.......................................................................................... 3
2.2 Selection of Tower.................................................................................................... 4
2.3 scheme listing and Parameter Calculation................................................................ 5
2.3.1 List of Schemes........................................................................................... 5
2.3.2 Calculation of Parameters........................................................................... 5
2.3.3 Cost Calculation.....................................................................................................8
2.4 Simulation................................................................................................................. 8
2.5 Final Project Selection and Evaluation.....................................................................9
3. Fault current analysis.....................................................................................11
3.1 Introduction to Fault Current.................................................................................. 11
3.2 Calculation of Fault Current................................................................................... 11
4. Power system security analysis..................................................................... 14
4.1 Cause Analysis of Line Overload........................................................................... 14
4.2 Solutions to Safety Problems.................................................................................. 15
4.3 Cost Calculation of New Power System.................................................................16
5.Analysis and Evaluation of Design Scheme.................................................. 17
5.1 Rationality of The Design Scheme......................................................................... 17
5.2 Power Flow Analysis.............................................................................................. 17
5.3 Power Loss Analysis............................................................................................... 17
5.4 Reactive Power Analysis of Wind Farm.................................................................18
5.5 Analysis of Power Generation Reduction...............................................................18
5.6 Analyze the Urgent Problems To Be Solved In Wind Power Generation.............. 19
6. Summary.........................................................................................................19
7. Reflection........................................................................................................ 19
7.1 Challenges Encountered In The Design Process.................................................... 19
7.2 Difficult Solutions And Our Harvest...................................................................... 20
7.3 Contribution of Team Members..............................................................................20

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 ENJ333: Power Systems 1 2-7

Acknowledgment................................................................................................ 21
Reference.............................................................................................................21
Appendix............................................................................................................. 22

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 ENJ333: Power Systems 1 2-7

1. Introduction

1.1 Design method

This part mainly describes the design requirements of this project, and it also explains the
ideas and method of this design, and our team goal. Relevant Gantt chart, milestone, WBS and
network diagram are in Appendix A. In addition, The PPT of our project is in Appendix E. Our
Power World document in Appendix F.

1.1.1 Design requirements

The purpose of this design is to connect a 180MW wind farm to a 230kv circuit. The task to be
completed in this project is to design a new design circuit under the condition that it is not
overloaded and the voltage is within the range. And then, fault current analysis and safety analysis
are performed on it.
The goal of our team is reasonable, safe and economical design.

1.1.2 Design steps and method

Figure 1.1 The task process

Figure 1.1 mainly describes the work of this project. The steps and specific ideas of this design
are as follows:
(1) Analysis preparation. Learn about wind farms by consulting materials, field visits, and analyzing
specific plans.
(2) Transmission line design. First, the current on the transmission line is calculated and the
combination of conductor and tower that meets the requirements is selected. Then the parameters
of the line are calculated and simulated with Power System software. Finally, based on the cost
factor, choose the most appropriate combination.
(3) Analyze the scheme. Analyze the influence of power grid connection on power grid. The power
flow analysis was carried out. The reduction of power generation is analyzed.
(4) Calculate the fault current. This design uses the standard unit value method to calculate the
wind farm end and middle fault current.

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 ENJ333: Power Systems 1 2-7

(5) Analysis of security problems. If one line is disconnected during operation, it can overload the
rest of the grid. Therefore, this project provides three solutions.
(6) Final evaluation of the design. Combined with various factors, the rationality of the project
design is evaluated.
(7) Reflection and summary. Finally, we analyze the challenges encountered in this design, and the
challenges are analyzed and summarized. It also illustrates the contribution of each person on the
team to the project.

1.2 Overview of wind power

The basic principles of wind power generation and the current problems faced by the
development of new energy are introduced. Some problems may occur in practical operation, such
as the consumption of electricity.
Wind power generation is a kind of clean energy which can improve energy security and protect
ecological environment effectively. The main principle of wind power generation is to use wind
energy to drive the rotation of windmill blades, and convert the kinetic energy of wind into
mechanical energy, and then the mechanical energy into electrical energy. Then, adjust the
parameters of the electricity generated, so that it matches the parameters of the grid, and then can be
connected to the grid, power to the user.
Wind speed measurement and wind direction measurement device of wind generator are shown
in Figure 1.2. This adjusts the direction of the wind turbine so that it is directly in the direction of the
wind. And ensure that the wind turbine in the appropriate wind speed under the condition of
operation.

Figure 1.2 Wind turbine Figure 1.3 Wind farm control room
Our team visited a power plant in Shandong. Their control room is shown in Figure 1.3, where
you can see the value of the power generated by the wind turbine and its operating status. According
to local staff, the power plant will make certain regulations and adjustments to the amount of
electricity discharged according to users' electricity consumption to avoid power loss. This is the
problem of absorbing space. In addition, the automatic control and energy storage of the fan are also
being studied.

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 ENJ333: Power Systems 1 2-7

2. Design of Transmission Line

This part mainly introduces the selection process of transmission line conductor and
transmission tower, and calculates the line parameters (R C L G A B C D). Considering the
influence of cost, distributed capacitance, distributed inductance and line loss, as well as the
advantages of separate conductor, this design finally chooses the two separate conductor scheme
with wire diameter of 21.0mm and tower type B. Finally, the cost calculation is carried out.

2.1 Conductor Selection of Transmission Line

This part mainly describes the selection of conductor of transmission line. Firstly, the current
of the transmission line is calculated. Combined with the factors such as cost, several combination
schemes to be simulated are listed.

2.1.1 Calculation of Current

The active power given in this design topic is 180MW. Assuming that the three-phase system is
balanced, the power of each phase is 60MW. It is also known that the line voltage of the circuit is
230V, so the phase voltage is230/ , that is132.79kv, the formula is following:
180��
���� �ℎ���
���� �ℎ��� =
�����−�������
= 3
230�� = 450� (2-1)
3

The current of the transmission line is 450A. Therefore, the rated current of the transmission
line selected for the project shall be greater than 450A.

2.1.2 Selection of Conductor

There are five kinds of conductors available for this project, as shown in Table 3.1. It can be
found that for the same conductor, the rated current of the conductor in winter is greater than that in
summer. This is because the current the wire can pass through is related to the heat, the temperature
is high in summer, so the rated current is low

Table 2.1 Wire parameters

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 ENJ333: Power Systems 1 2-7

Combined with the calculated current of the transmission line, the conductor has the following
options, as shown in Table 2.2. That is, when the conductor does not split, select the conductor with a
diameter of 31.5mm is suitable.

Table 2.2Conductor scheme selection

In addition, split wires have the following benefits. Splitting the wire can make the transmission
line less reactance, better cooling, less corona effect and so on. According to experience, two bundle
conductors are generally used for transmission lines above 220kV.

2.2 Selection of Tower

This part mainly describes the influence of different tower types on transmission lines.
Different tower types affect the distance between wires, and then affect the distributed capacitance
and inductance of wires, resulting in different transmission losses. Therefore, this design is based
on this reason, cost and other factors to choose the tower.

Three types of corner towers are listed in this project. The main difference lies in the different
phase spacing, which affects the transmission line parameters, as shown in Table 2.3.

Table 2.3Tower parameter

type Phase Layout Phase Spacing Cost

Horizontal phasing 2.0m $62,000 per km

Vertical phasing 2.2m $74,000 per km

Triangle 3.1m $76,000 per km

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 ENJ333: Power Systems 1 2-7

2.3 scheme listing and Parameter calculation

This section first lists 48 combinations (different combinations of conductors and towers)
simulated in this project. Then, the transmission line parameters (R, C, L, G, A, B, C, D) and cost
are calculated according to the long line model and formula combined with Excel and MATLAB.
The Excel table and Matlab code are in Appendix B.

2.3.1 List of schemes

This part lists all schemes to be simulated. The schemes of this design project are the
arrangement and combination of different conductors and towers (48 kinds in total). The list of all
schemes is shown in table 2.4 below.

Table 2.4Scheme list

2.3.2 Calculation of parameters (Take the first option for example)

The calculation process of line parameters is as follows (1 split wire, wire diameter 31.5mm,
tower A as an example).
First, calculate the resistance, capacitance, inductance and conductance of the line. Refer to
Table in table 2.5 for the resistance values. Since this scheme is a two-split wire, that is to say, the
resistance value is the value after the parallel connection of the two wires, the calculation results are
as follows:
�0 × �0 0.11 × 0.11
�= = = 0.055 �/�� (2 − 1)
�0 + �0 0.11 + 0.11
Where R0 is the resistance per kilometer per wire.
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 ENJ333: Power Systems 1 2-7

Table 2.5Wire detail parameter

Before calculating the values of inductance and capacitance, it is necessary to calculate the
mean geometric radius (GMD) of the three-phase conductor and the mean geometric radius (rb) of
the split wire, as shown in FIGURE. 2.1. For the diallel traverse of tower B, the average geometric
radius is:

Figure 2.1 The mean geometric radius

3
��� = �12 �23 �13 = 2.5198421 �
�
�� = ��12 �13 �14 ···�1� = 0.01575 m
Calculate the value of inductance according to formula:
0.0556 0.0556
�= ��� = 2.51984 = 0.01095 ��/��
�� � ��
� 0.01575

Calculate the value of capacitance according to formula:

��� 2.5198421
� = 0.2�� = 0.2 × �� ��/��
�' 0.0012285

Since the conductance is very small, it is assumed to be zero in this design. When calculating
GMD parameters, the distances between wires are shown in the Figure below.
Calculate the reactance X and susceptance B of the circuit according to the formula:
� = �� = 2��� = 2� × 50 × 1.0647 = 0.3345 �/��
� = �� = 2��� = 2� × 50 × 0.01096 = 3.4417 × 10−6 �/��
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 ENJ333: Power Systems 1 2-7

In this design, the long line model as shown in Figure 2.2 is used to calculate the parameters Z
and Y of the line:

Figure 2.2

� + ��� 0.0493 + �0.334489926

�� = = = 312.59 − �22.912
� + ��� 0 + �3.441748293

�= (� + ���)(� + ���） = 0.0493 + �0.334489926 0 + �3.441748293

= 0.0001 + �0.0011

�' = �� sinh �� = �� ���ℎ 0.0001 + 0.0011� × 500 = 22.335 + �159.5

2 �� 2 （0.0001 + 0.0011�） × 500

�' = tanh = tan = 0.0000 + 0.0018�
�� 2 �� 2

Where L is the length of the wire.

The formula for current and voltage in this model is shown below. If such a matrix is used,
parameters A, B, C and D can be obtained by combining the formula.
�� = cosh �� �� + �� sinh (��)�� (2-1)
1
�� =
��
sinh �� �� + cosh (��)�� (2-2)
�� � � ��
= [ ]
�� � � ��
�' �' （2.2335 × 101 + 105950 × 102 i） × （0.0000 + 0.0018i）
� = � = 1+ = 1+
2 2
= 0.8594 + 0.0202�
� = �' = 2.2335 × 101 + 1.5950� + 02�
�' �' （2.2335 × 101 + 105950 × 102 i） × （0.0000 + 0.0018i）
� = �' 1 + = 1+
4 4
=− 0.0000 + 0.0016�
The calculation results of Bus5 are shown in Table 2.6. This table lists 4 combined transmission
line parameters, including resistance, inductance, capacitance, and A, B, C, and D in the long line
model. The calculation results of other combinations are shown in Appendix C.
Table 2.6 Calculation results of some parameters

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 ENJ333: Power Systems 1 2-7

2.3.3 Cost Calculation

In the engineering design stage, cost is also an important factor to consider. Therefore, we
calculated the costs of 48 alternatives, as shown in Table 2.7 below. These costs include the cost of
the wire, the cost of the tower, the cost of splitting the conductor. The cost of maintenance and
construction was not considered.
Table2.7 The cost calculation
Bundled
Tower Conductor Bus4 Bus5 Bus6 Bus8
conductor
A $62000 $16300 $30000 $54150000 $2707500 $32490000 $16245000

No bundling B $74000 31.5mm $16300 $30000 $60150000 $3007500 $36090000 $18045000

C $76000 $16300 $30000 $61150000 $3057500 $36690000 $18345000
A $62000 $18000 $35000 $53000000 $2650000 $31800000 $15900000
Bundling B $74000 21.0mm $18000 $35000 $59000000 $2950000 $35400000 $17700000
spacer-2
C $76000 $18000 $35000 $60000000 $3000000 $36000000 $18000000
A $62000 $20100 $40000 $54350000 $2717500 $32610000 $16305000
Bundling
spacer-3 B $74000 16.3mm $20100 $40000 $60350000 $3017500 $36210000 $18105000
conductors C $76000 $20100 $40000 $61350000 $3067500 $36810000 $18405000
A $62000 $26800 $45000 $56850000 $2842500 $34110000 $17055000
Bundling
spacer – 4 B $74000 16.3mm $26800 $45000 $62850000 $3142500 $37710000 $18855000
conductors C $76000 $26800 $45000 $63850000 $3192500 $38310000 $19155000

2.4 Simulation
This part mainly describes the simulation standards developed in this design to evaluate these
48 schemes in the same way. All the above 48 schemes are simulated. Except for the overload
condition of the scheme connected to BUS8, all the other requirements are met. The simulation
results of 48 schemes are in Appendix D.
The criteria of this design guideline are as follows: Assume that the wind farm generates
180MW of electricity at this time. The resistance, reactance, susceptance and other parameters of the
line are found in Appendix C. The scheme that meets the requirements should be the voltage with a
PU value between 0.95 and 1.05 and without overload.
The simulation diagram of a certain scheme (2 split wire, wire diameter 21.0mm, tower B) as an
example is shown in Figure 2.3. Combining the above criteria, it can be found that this situation is in
line with the requirements.

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 ENJ333: Power Systems 1 2-7

Figure 2.3 The simulation diagram

According to all the simulation results in Appendix D, except for the scheme connected to
BUS8 with overload, other schemes meet the requirements.

2.5 Final Project Selection and Evaluation.

In this part, based on the analysis, calculation and simulation results, and considering the
function, cost performance and other factors, four good schemes are selected to score and compare
them in detail with SWOT analysis. Finally, the two-split conductor with conductor diameter of
21.0mm and tower B were selected. The rationality evaluation, power analysis and power flow
analysis are carried out in chapter 5.
In combination with the above analysis, this project first excluded some schemes: because four
combinations of 12 schemes connected to Bus would lead to line overload, these schemes. The 24
options for connecting to Bus4 and Bus6 are excluded because they cost much more than the others.
Among the remaining schemes, considering cost, safety and other factors, we choose the
following four schemes for further evaluation. Evaluation includes distributed capacitance,
distributed inductance, system stability, safety, etc. The scoring of these four schemes is shown in
Table 2.8, and the SWOT analysis is shown in Table 2.9. From the point of view of score and
analysis, plan A scored higher. That's the final solution we chose.
Table2.8 Scheme evaluation

Plan Bundled conductor Conductor type Tower Conductor material System stability Security Cost Total

Plan No bundling/Bus
8 8.5 9 10 9 8.5 9.5 8.929
A 5/Tower C

2 Bundling
Plan
conductor/Bus 9 9 9 10 8.5 9 9 9.071
B
5/Tower B
2 Bundling
Plan
conductors/Bus 5 8.5 9 9 10 8.5 9 8.5 8.929
C
Tower C
Plan 3 Bundling 8.5 8.5 9 10 8 9 7.5 8.643

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 ENJ333: Power Systems 1 2-7

D conductors/Bus
5/Tower B
Table 2.9 SWOT analysis of scheme
SWOT Positive Negative

Plan A The cost is low One wire for each phase, high resistance

Low cost, two wires per phase, small reactance, good

Plan B Construction difficulty
cooling effect, less corona
Plan C Reactance is small Construction difficulty, large susceptance
Plan D Minimum reactance High cost and high susceptance

To sum up, the final scheme of the project is shown in the Table 2.10 below
Table 2.10 Detailed parameters of the final scheme

Figure
After a comprehensive
Tower evaluation, the score for
this part was 9.5
Phase Layout Vertical phasing
Phase Spacing 2.2m
Average
Cost $74,000 per km score: 9.17
Bus Name Bus5 After comprehensive (10 points
Bus Length 25km
evaluation, this part is scale)
rated 9.0
Code Name SATURN
X=0.263Ω/km
Parameter B=4.308 s/km After comprehensive
Conductor R= 0.055Ω/km evaluation, this part is
Bundled conductor Bundling spacer-2 rated 9.0
Overall diameter 21.0mm
Cost $9000*2/km
The total cost $2950000(Labor and later operation and maintenance costs are not included)

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 ENJ333: Power Systems 1 2-7

3. Fault current analysis

This part mainly introduces the harm of fault current, the purpose and method of calculating
fault current. In this project, the short-circuit current at the end and middle of the wind farm is
calculated by the per unit value method.

3.1 Introduction to fault current

The thermal and force effects of the electrical equipment caused by the short-circuit current
damage the equipment, and the voltage drop seriously affects the normal operation of non-fault
components, resulting in the current of other lines is far greater than its rated current. Therefore, it is
necessary to correctly select electrical equipment to meet the requirements of dynamic stability and
thermal stability of short-circuit current, and to take measures to limit short-circuit current.
The calculation of fault current can provide important data reference for power station design
and electrical wiring, and provide effective means for fault analysis in the later maintenance process.

3.2 Calculation of fault current

In this design, the unit value method is used to calculate the short circuit current at the end and
middle of the fresh air field. The reactance diagram of the whole system is shown in Figure 3.1. This
design studies the short circuit current and circuit capacity (SCC) of the middle (K0 point) and end
(K1 point) of the fresh air field, as shown in FIGURE. 3.2.

Figure 3.1 The simulation diagram

Figure 3.2 Partial circuit diagram

The calculation process is as follows:
Firstly, it is assumed that the reference capacity �� of the line is 100MW and the reference
voltage �� is 230kV, which is approximately equal to the short-circuit voltage �� . According to the

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 ENJ333: Power Systems 1 2-7

following formula (4-1 and 4-2), the reference current is 251.02a and the reference reactance is 529
Ω.
�� 100��
�� = = = 251.02A
3�� 3 × 230��
�� 230��
�� = = = 529�
3�� 3 × 251.02�
Calculate the unit value of motor reactance and transmission line reactance according to the
formula (4-3 to 4-5) :
�� 100
���(�) = = = 0.56
� 180
�0 ��� 0.2626 × 25 × 100
���(����) = = = 0.0124
�2� 2300
Where, Xpu(G) is the reactance per unit value of the wind turbine, Xpu(line)is the reactance per unit
value of the transmission line, and Xpuis the total per unit value.
Assumed that a fault occurs at K1, the unit value of the total reactance at the end of the line is:
��� = 0.56 + 0.0124 = 0.56
Therefore, the short-circuit current and short-circuit capacity are obtained:
Short circuit current:
�� 251.02
�= = = 438.539�
��� 0.5724
Short circuit capacity:
��� = 3��� = 3 × 230�� × 438.539� = 174.7���
Assumed that the system fails at K0, the unit value of the total reactance of the line is:
��� = 0.56
Therefore, the short-circuit current and short-circuit capacity are obtained:
�� 251.02
�= = = 438.539�
��� 0.5724
��� = 3��� = 3 × 230�� × 440.386� = 175.44���
Think about the whole system:
�� 251.02
��� = 0.17 �= = = 1476.588�
��� 0.17
��� = 3�� � = 3 × 230�� × 1476.588� = 588.23���
Table 3.1 Fault circuit calculation results

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4. Power system security analysis

This part mainly describes the importance of power grid security analysis and the causes of
line overload, focusing on the description of the three schemes we put forward to solve the power
grid security problem, as well as the comparison and selection of advantages and disadvantages.
Finally, we adopt scheme 2, which parallels a new transmission line at both ends of the overload
line to effectively solve the overload problem. The ultimate goal is to disconnect a line arbitrarily in
the circuit, and there is no overload in other parts of the circuit.
As shown in the Figure below, due to the disconnection of a line, the current in the line cannot
pass through this line, but flows to other transmission lines, resulting in excessive current of some
transmission lines and overload. As shown in the Figure 4.1below, it is assumed that the line between
bus7 and bus8 is disconnected. The current from bus7 can only flow to Bus5. This leads to excessive
current between Bus5 and bus7, resulting in overload. At the same time, the power output to the user
is fixed. At the same time, the current between Bus5 and bus4 is too large, resulting in overload.

Figure 4.1 Overload problem

4.1 Cause Analysis of Line Overload

When the load terminal is overloaded, the current on the line is too large. Too much current
causes the conductor to heat up and increase loss. At the same time, high temperature will also lead
to accelerated aging of transmission lines and higher maintenance costs. The project considers that
the causes of excessive current are as follows:
Cause 1: The line current is too high due to the reactive power loss of the line
During transmission, the generated reactive power will increase the current, increase the
apparent power of the circuit, and increase the capacity of electrical equipment and conductors.
Therefore, this project considers that the safety problem can be solved from the perspective of
reducing reactive power.
Cause two: The circuit is overloaded, resulting in excessive line current
In this project, as the client load increases, so does the power to be transmitted. When the load
increases to a certain extent, a voltage collapse occurs, resulting in a large current flow in the circuit.
Cause 3: Current cannot flow through the disconnected line from other lines

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When one part of the line is disconnected, current can only flow from somewhere else,
overloading the rest of the grid.

4.2 Solutions to Safety Problems

Based on the above analysis, the project proposes the following three solutions:
Scheme 1: shunt capacitor or reactor
Shunt capacitors or reactors to offset reactive power, reduce losses on the line, and solve
overload problems. It should be noted that reactive power should be compensated immediately and at
intervals of a distance to effectively reduce power loss and prevent excessive current.
The simulation results using this method are shown in Figure 4.2. However, it can be seen from
the Figure that this method is not very helpful to solve the overload problem, so this solution is
excluded.

Figure 4.2 Shunt capacitors solve overload problems

Scheme 2: Adjust user power consumption
As shown in Figure 4.3, increasing the capacity of Bus5 (that is, increasing the power
consumption of the user connected to Bus5) causes the current to be consumed on Bus5. This can
solve the problem of partial overload of the line. However, since the overload problem cannot be
completely solved and the user's power consumption changes randomly and cannot be controlled,
this scheme is excluded.

Figure 4.3 Adjust the power of Bus5

Scheme 3: build a new transmission line in parallel or change the diameter of the original
transmission line
This method can increase the capacity of the line to carry more current. That is to say, the wire
can be prevented from overheating, loss, overload and other problems by running a higher current

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rating than the previous one. The simulation shows that, as shown in Figure 4.4, the scheme can
effectively solve the overload problem.

Figure 4.4 New line in parallel

Finally, compared with the three schemes, scheme 1 and scheme 3 can not effectively solve the
overload problem. Therefore, scheme 2 is adopted in this design. A new transmission line is
connected in parallel between Bus5 and bus7, bus4 and Bus5, and the previous transmission line is
modified. The overload problem can be effectively solved, that is, if one line is arbitrarily
disconnected, other lines will not have overload problem. The simulation diagram of the final design
is shown in the Figure 4.4 below.

4.3 Cost Calculation of New Power System

In this part, two new parallel transmission lines are analyzed and calculated, and their costs
are obtained.
This design adds two new transmission lines and modifies the transmission line of an original
circuit. Therefore, this design needs to increase some costs to establish three new transmission lines.
Through simulation, it is found that the new transmission line adopts non split conductor, with wire
diameter of 9.0mm and tower a. the cost and total cost per kilometer are shown in the table below.
Table 4.1 Evaluation of final project
Bundled conductor Tower R(Ω/km) L(mH/km) C(F/m) XΩ/km

No bundling 0.0493 1.064714503 0.010955425 0.334489926

Bundled
B（s/km） Tower2 Conductor Cost per km Length Total Cost
conductor2

3.441748293 62000 4300 30000 96300 971955.9 2915867.7

In summary, the total cost of this project is $5865867.7

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5.Analysis and Evaluation of Design Scheme

This part analyzes and evaluates the final scheme of this report design. It mainly includes
rationality assessment, power flow analysis, power loss analysis, scheme of eliminating reactive
power of wind farm, situation and reason analysis of reducing power generation, and puts forward
some urgent problems to be solved by wind farm.
Figure 5.1 is the picture of the final system of this design. In order to solve the reactive power
generated by wind farm, series reactor is adopted in this project. In order to solve the safety problem,
a new power transmission line is connected in parallel to solve the overload problem.

Figure 5.1 Final scheme simulation

5.1 Rationality of the Design Scheme

The final selection of the scheme from the feasibility of the system, stability, security, economic
and other aspects of the comprehensive consideration, and through scientific, reasonable, detailed
calculation and simulation. His evaluation is shown in Table 5.1. To sum up, this project is
reasonable.
Table 5.1 Reasonableness assessment
Cost Safety Reactive power Power losses
Final design Good security, any disconnect a circuit, The reactor is connected in The power loss on the new
$5865867.7
scheme there will be no overload problem. series to offset the reactive loss. transmission line is only 1.6MVAR

5.2 Current Flow Analysis

Running the final design, it can be seen from the simulation that the wind farm and other
generators generate electricity, which passes through the transmission line and supplies power to the
user. Slack emits and absorbs equal power of 0MW.
Breaking a line in one place can affect the direction of current, causing it to flow somewhere
else. Adjusting Bus5 and Bus6, as well as the wind farm output, can also influence the direction of
the current. It can be found that Slack will automatically adjust the transmission power or absorption
power according to the state of the circuit.

5.3 Power Loss Analysis

As shown in Figure 5.2, the influence of new wind farm on network power loss. The added
wind farm generated a power loss of 0.846MW and a reactive power of 1.643MVAR.
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 ENJ333: Power Systems 1 2-7

Figure 5.2 Power loss

5.4 Reactive Power Analysis of Wind Farm

During the grid connected operation of the wind farm, power loss will occur. As shown in the
Figure 5.3 (left), the wind farm has 15MW reactive power. This will have a certain impact on the
transmission circuit. Therefore, it is necessary to connect a reactor in series to offset the reactive
power after the wind farm generates reactive power. After that, it is connected to the power grid for
transmission, so as to improve the efficiency and reduce the loss on the line. As shown in the Figure
5.3 (right), the simulation results after series reactors are shown in the Figure. It can be found that the
reactive power generated by the wind farm is zero at this time.

Figure 5.3 Counteracting reactive power

5.5 Analysis of Power Generation Reduction

The project believes that the situation of reducing power generation is that the power generation
needs to be restrained when users use less power.
That is, when the electricity that can be generated by the power system is much higher than the
user's electricity consumption, the power generation of the power plant should be restrained. For
example, when users use less electricity, although the power plant has the ability to generate 180MW
electricity, it may be necessary to shut down several wind turbines so that the power plant can only
generate 100MW electricity
The reason for this is that when the electricity is generated, the excess electricity will be lost on
the line, which will lead to a waste of energy. Therefore, it is very necessary to predict the power
consumption of users and adjust the power generation of each power plant in real time.

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5.6 Analyze the Urgent Problems to be Solved in Wind Power Generation

This part mainly analyzes the problems that need to be studied and solved in the future, which is
also the problems that need to be solved in new energy power generation such as wind power
generation in the future.
This part mainly analyzes the problems that wind power generation needs to be studied and
solved in the future, and also the problems that wind power generation and other new energy
generation need to be solved in the future.
Problem 1: Wind power is not as stable as other energy sources. Because the wind changes
randomly 24 hours a day. As a result, wind power may result in insufficient power supply to the grid.
Problem 2: Energy storage. Because wind power is unstable, it needs to be stored before it can
be reliably fed to the grid. However, the current energy storage technology is not very perfect, so the
development of energy storage technology is very important.
Question 3: the development of automatic control technology for new energy generation. When
the automatic control problem, how to make the circuit adjustment and normal operation is also an
urgent problem to be solved.

6. Summary
Through calculation of transmission line parameters, fault current calculation and safety
analysis, the project finally designed a transmission line connecting the wind power plant to the
original line. The end result of the design was to split the wire with a radius of 21.0mm and connect
the wire to Bus5 using tower B. The rationality evaluation, power flow analysis and power loss
analysis of the transmission line (series reactor, parallel new transmission line) are carried out.
Finally, the original design scheme is improved to design a transmission line with high security and
high cost performance. At the end of this paper, the design of a summary, described the challenges
encountered in the design, and explained the way to overcome the challenges, stated the team
members to the design of the contribution.

7. Reflection
This part mainly describes the various challenges encountered in the design process of the
project, analyzes the causes of these challenges, and expounds how to deal with these challenges
and what to learn from them. At the same time, the ideas of how to improve the design and the
contributions of team members are described.

7.1 Challenges Encountered in the Design Process

Challenge 1: A lot of computation. In the calculation of transmission line parameters, there are
many schemes, and the parameters are more difficult to calculate, resulting in a large amount of
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calculation. In addition, there are many mistakes in the calculation process.

Challenge 2: The design is complex and there are many influencing factors. When evaluating
the design, we need to calculate the fault current and consider the overload problem. These problems
are very complicated, and we refer to a lot of relevant materials to learn.
Challenge 3: There is a gap between theory and practice. This project is designed by using
simulation software, which cannot take into account various problems in actual production, such as
extreme weather and post-maintenance. Led to the design is not rigorous.

7.2 Difficult Solutions and Our Harvest

This section mainly introduces how we overcome the difficulties. And elaborated our harvest.
Challenge 1: In terms of calculation, this project combined Excel function formula and
MATLAB to carry out a large number of operations, which effectively improved the accuracy and
efficiency of operations. The results are verified to ensure the accuracy of the results.
Challenge 2: The design is complex and there are many influencing factors. We consulted a lot
of data and literature to find the factors that have the greatest impact on transmission lines and took
them into account in the design. The goal is to make our design more reasonable.
Challenge 3: There is a gap between using simulation software and actual production. We
visited a power plant in Shandong province (there are photos of the power plant we took in the
introduction) and consulted the relevant personnel there about the common problems in the actual
operation of wind farms. In the design, we also consider these issues, the purpose is to make our
design more reasonable.
Our harvest is that we have a basic understanding of the wind farm transmission line design of
the basic steps, through the analysis of fault current and safety issues, understand how to solve the
fault, protect the transmission line. Finally, through the communication with the wind farm staff, we
understand the problems that may occur in the actual operation.

7.3 Contribution of Team Members

Our team worked together on the project, although each member had a focus. But every part of
the project, every member is involved. All the results were reached after repeated discussion and
revision. In the face of challenges, team unity is very important. The contributions of team members
are shown in Figure 7.1.
Yu Runle is mainly responsible for the design of transmission lines and calculation problems in
the design.
Song Yuhui is mainly responsible for the simulation of the selected scheme.
Bian Jiaze is mainly responsible for the calculation of fault current.
Jiang Lingfei is mainly responsible for the analysis of safety issues.
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Qin Yingge is mainly responsible for the evaluation of the project.

Figure 7.1 Photos of team members

Acknowledgment
We would like to thank all those who helped us during the writing of this report.
First of all, We would like to thank Dr. Sarah Lyden for his help to us. Thank Dr. Sarah Lyden
for her patient live broadcast and video guidance, and for providing us with necessary materials and
valuable suggestions. It is Dr. Sarah Lyden's suggestions that let us notice some deficiencies and
promote our progress.
We would also like to thank Mr. Yao Fuqiang for his offline help and solving problems for us
face to face.
Finally, We would like to thank our team members for their unity and cooperation in this work,
helping each other to complete this report.

Reference
[1] Huang Zhongwen, Tang Mingzhe, Huang Zhao, Zhang Bowen, Wang Fafa. Modeling and
simulation analysis of micro wind turbine blades[J]. Mechanical Engineering and Automation,
2021, (06): 74-76.
[2] Hu Lanye, Jiang Wenbo, Li Yanting. Wind turbine fault diagnosis based on LightGBM[J]. Acta
Solar Energy, 2021, 42(11): 255-259.
[3] Huang Jundong, Xia Hongjian, Li Deyuan, Guo Kunxiang. Analysis of the influence of the swept
structure mode and flutter characteristics of wind turbine blades[J]. Acta Solar Energy, 2021,
42(11): 273-279.
[4] The pitch system of wind turbines[J]. New Energy Technology, 2021, (11): 41.
[5] Yang Xingxiong, Sun Shiyun, Huang Kehao. Wind farm output transformer fault identification
based on BP neural network model[J]. Electric Power Science and Engineering, 2021, 37(11):
23-31.

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Appendix

Appendix A:
This section contains four charts: WBS, network diagram, Gantt chart and milestones. This
shows our work plan, process arrangement and decomposition of project tasks.

Work Breakdown Structure diagram (WBS)

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Appendix B:
Matlab code:
function [A,B,C,D, zc, y, Z, Y] = parameter(RX,B,l)
%This code is used to calculate the various parameters of the
%transmission line.
zc = sqrt((RX)/(B*10^-6));
y = sqrt((RX)*B*10^-6);

Z = zc*sinh(y*l);
Y = 1/zc*tanh(y*l/2)*2;

A = 1+Z*Y/2;
B = Z;
C = Y*(1+Z*Y/4);
D = 1+Z*Y/2;
end

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Appendix C:
The calculation results of 48 combination parameters.

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 ENJ333: Power Systems 1 2-7

Appendix D:
48 combinations of simulation results.

Bus4:

Bundling Towe Bundling Tower

Simulation results Simulation results
pattern r type pattern type

Type
Type A
A

Bundling
No Type
spacer – 2 Type B
bundling B
conductors

Type
Type C
C

Type
Type A
A

Bundling Bundling
Type
spacer – 3 spacer – 4 Type B
B
conductors conductors

Type
Type C
C

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 ENJ333: Power Systems 1 2-7

Bus 5:

Bundling Towe Bundling Tower

Simulation results Simulation results
pattern r type pattern type

Type
Type A
A

Bundling
No Type
spacer – 2 Type B
bundling B
conductors

Type
Type C
C

Type
Type A
A

Bundling Bundling
Type
spacer – 3 spacer – 4 Type B
B
conductors conductors

Type
Type C
C

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 ENJ333: Power Systems 1 2-7

Bus 6:

Bundling Tower Bundling Towe

Simulation results Simulation results
pattern type pattern r type

Type A Type A

Bundling
No
Type B spacer – 2 Type B
bundling
conductors

Type C Type C

Type A Type A

Bundling Bundling
spacer – 3 Type B spacer – 4 Type B
conductors conductors

Type C Type C

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 ENJ333: Power Systems 1 2-7

Bus 8:

Bundlin
Bundling Tower Towe
Simulation results g Simulation results
pattern type r type
pattern

Type A Type A

Bundling
No
Type B spacer – 2 Type B
bundling
conductors

Type C Type C

Type A Type A

Bundling Bundling
spacer – 3 Type B spacer – 4 Type B
conductors conductors

Type C Type C

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 ENJ333: Power Systems 1 2-7

Appendix E:
Our PPT (Double-click the icon below to open our PPT, which is a PDF file)

Appendix F:
Our Power World document (Double-click the icon below to open our PPT, which is a PDF file)

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