Chemy310

Analytical Chemistry for Chemical Engineering

Experiment No. 2

Uv-spectrophotometry
Lab report

Nasser Anwar Mohammed

202006287
Sec 03
Aim:
To determine the amount of cobalt and nickel in a given mixture using
UV spectrophotometry.

Introduction:
There are many types of analysis in analytical chemistry, UV
spectrophotometry is one of such. It is the study of the behavior of
matter when interacted to light. Revealing the molecule’s structure is
one of the applications of absorption spectrophotometry. Also, the
amount of light absorbed in a certain wavelength is used to calculate
the concentration of the molecule in the solution. Traditional
techniques of simultaneous determination are not suitable in many
cases, as a result of the overlap that happens in the absorption spectra
which does not suit simultaneous quantitate analysis. Derivative
spectrophotometry is a useful technique for simultaneous determining
of binary mixtures, this technique’s Uv region is useful determining a
single component’s concentration in a binary/ ternary mixture of
components whose spectra has shown considerable overlap. The cobalt
and nickel determination in varies samples which is found in low levels
requires a sensitive procedure. Therefore, we will use in this
experiment Uv spectrophotometry in order to determine the amount of
cobalt and nickel present in a mixture simultaneously. The wavelength
in which Co2+ was absorbed is 510nm, whereas the wavelength for the
Ni2+ absorption was 395nm. By recording the derivative spectra of the
analytes at wavelengths when one of the components exhibits no signal,
the zero-crossing derivative spectrophotometry mode enables the
resolution of binary mixtures of analytes. Therefore, the concentration of
each component of the mixture determines the zero crossing
measurements for only that component.
Material:
- Distilled water.
- 25 mL volumetric flask.
- Mixture of unknown concentration
- Concentrated Co+2 .
- Concentrated Ni+2
- Sample cell.
- Spectrophotometry device.

Method:
I determined the wavelength to be between 395 and 510 nm. After
that, I measured the absorbance of the water blank and the cobalt
standard solutions. In addition, I filled the cuvette with Nickel standard,
filled it with water, and measured its absorbance. The unknown
absorbance was then measured at wavelengths of 395 nm and 510 nm.
The absorbance versus concentration was shown as a final step.
Results and Calculations:

Ni2+ std solution Co2+ std solution

Std A at λ=510 A at Std A at A at

solution λ=395 solution λ=510 λ=395

0.0375M 0.006 0.190 0.0375M 0.190 0.032

0.075M 0.009 0.389 0.075M 0.350 0.039

0.1125M 0.023 0.579 0.1125M 0.545 0.086

0.15M 0.018 0.719 0.15M 0.681 0.053

T1 0.241 0.147 T1 0.134 0.274

Unk1 Unk2

T2 0.242 0.148 T2 0.137 0.276

T3 0.241 0.148 T3 0.136 0.275

For Co2+

At 510 nm y = 4.448x + 0.0245

At 395 nm y = 0.2933x + 0.025

For Ni2+

At 510 nm y = 0.1333x + 0.0015

At 395 nm y = 4.7387x + 0.025

For Co2+ For Ni2+

510 ε1= 4.448 ppm-1 cm-1 ε2= 0.1333 ppm-1 cm-1

395 ε1′= 0.2933 ppm-1 cm-1 ε2′= 4.7387 ppm-1 cm-1

A1 = 𝜀1𝑏𝐶1 + 𝜀2𝑏𝐶2 [(at 510 nm) b=1]

A2 = 𝜀1′𝑏𝐶1 + 𝜀2′𝑏𝐶2 [(at 395 nm) b=1]

Where C1 = Concentration of Co2+, and C2 = Concentration of Ni2+

Trail 1

Unk1: λ395 = 0.147 λ510 = 0.241

Unk2: λ395 = 0.274 λ510 = 0.134

For Unk 1:

λ = 395

0.147 = 0.2933 C1 + 4.7387 C2

C1= (0.147 −4.7387 𝐶2) / 0.2933

λ = 510

0.241 = 4.448 C1 + 0.1333 C2

0.241 = 4.448 ((0.147 −4.7387 𝐶2) / 0.2933) + 0.1333 C2

0.241 = 4.448 (0.501 −16.156 𝐶2) + 0.1333 C2

0.241 = 2.228 −71.862 𝐶2 + 0.1333 C2

0.241 = 2.228 −71.728 𝐶2

0.241 - 2.228 = −71.728 𝐶2

-1.987=-71.728 C2

C2=0.02770 ppm

C1= (0.147 −4.7387 (0.02770)) / 0.2933= 0.05366 ppm

For Unk 2:

λ = 395

0.274= 0.2933 C1 + 4.7387 C2

C1= ( (0.274−4.7387 𝐶2)/ (0.2933) )

λ = 510

0.134= 4.448 C1 + 0.1333 C2

0.134= 4.448 ( (0.274−4.7387 𝐶2)/ (0.2933) ) + 0.1333 C2

0.134= 4.448 (0.9342−16.1564 𝐶2) + 0.1333 C2

0.134= 4.1553−71.8636 𝐶2 + 0.1333 C2

0.134= 4.1553−71.7303 𝐶2

0.134 - 4.1553= −71.7303 𝐶2

-4.0213= −71.7303 𝐶2

C2= 0.05606 ppm

C1= (0.274−4.7387 (0.05606))/ (0.2933) = 0.02846 ppm

Trail 2:

Unk1: λ395 = 0.148 λ510 = 0.242

Unk2: λ395 = 0.276 λ510 = 0.137

For Unk 1:

λ = 395

0.148 = 0.2933 C1 + 4.7387 C2

C1= (0.148 −4.7387 𝐶2) / 0.2933

λ = 510

0.242 = 4.448 C1 + 0.1333 C2

0.242 = 4.448 ((0.148 −4.7387 𝐶2) / 0.2933) + 0.1333 C2

0.242 = 4.448 (0.504 −16.156 𝐶2) + 0.1333 C2

0.242 = 2.242 −71.862 𝐶2 + 0.1333 C2

0.242 = 2.242 −71.728 𝐶2

0.242 - 2.242 = −71.728 𝐶2

-2 =-71.728 C2

C2=0.02788 ppm

C1= (0.148 −4.7387 (0.02788)) / 0.2933= 0.05416 ppm

For Unk 2:

λ = 395

0.276= 0.2933 C1 + 4.7387 C2

C1= ( (0.276−4.7387 𝐶2)/ (0.2933) )

λ = 510

0.137= 4.448 C1 + 0.1333 C2

0.137= 4.448 ( (0.276−4.7387 𝐶2)/ (0.2933) ) + 0.1333 C2

0.137= 4.448 (0.9410−16.1564 𝐶2) + 0.1333 C2

0.137= 4.1856−71.8636 𝐶2 + 0.1333 C2

0.137= 4.1856−71.7303 𝐶2

0.137 - 4.1856= −71.7303 𝐶2

-4.0486= −71.7303 𝐶2

C2= 0.05644 ppm

C1= (0.276−4.7387 (0.05644) )/ (0.2933) = 0.02914 ppm

Trail 3

Unk1: λ395 = 0.148 λ510 = 0.241

Unk2: λ395 = 0.275 λ510 = 0.136

For Unk 1:

λ = 395

0.148 = 0.2933 C1 + 4.7387 C2

C1= (0.148 −4.7387 𝐶2) / 0.2933

λ = 510
0.241 = 4.448 C1 + 0.1333 C2

0.241 = 4.448 ((0.148 −4.7387 𝐶2) / 0.2933) + 0.1333 C2

0.241 = 4.448 (0.504 −16.156 𝐶2) + 0.1333 C2

0.241 = 2.242 −71.862 𝐶2 + 0.1333 C2

0.241 = 2.242 −71.728 𝐶2

0.241 - 2.242 = −71.728 𝐶2

-2.001=-71.728 C2

C2=0.02789 ppm

C1= (0.148 −4.7387 (0.02789)) / 0.2933= 0.05399 ppm

For Unk 2:

λ = 395

0.275= 0.2933 C1 + 4.7387 C2

C1= ( (0.275−4.7387 𝐶2)/ (0.2933) )

λ = 510

0.136= 4.448 C1 + 0.1333 C2

0.136= 4.448 ( (0.275−4.7387 𝐶2)/ (0.2933) ) + 0.1333 C2

0.136= 4.448 (0.9376−16.1564 𝐶2) + 0.1333 C2

0.136= 4.1704−71.8636 𝐶2 + 0.1333 C2

0.136= 4.1704−71.7303 𝐶2

0.136 - 4.1704= −71.7303 𝐶2

-4.0344= −71.7303 𝐶2

C2= 0.05624 ppm

C1= (0.275−4.7387 (0.05624) )/ (0.2933) = 0.02896 ppm

 Unk 1 Unk2

C1 C2 C1 C2

No. of 1 0.05366 0.02770 0.02846 0.05606

trail

2 0.05416 0.02788 0.02914 0.05644

3 0.05399 0.02789 0.02896 0.05624

average 0.05366 + 0.05416 + 0.05399 0.02782 0.02885 0.05625

3
=0.05394
Discussion:
The Beer-Lambert law describes how the characteristics of the medium
through which light flows affect how much light is attenuated. The law
is widely applied in physical optics and chemical analysis measurements
to comprehend the attenuation of photons, neutrons, and rarefied
gases. In mathematical physics, the BGK equation has this law as a
solution. In this experiment, the concentrations of cobalt [Co2+] and
nickel [Ni2+] in a specific combination were determined using two
samples using the beer's law (A = b C), where l is the length of the
route, which in this case is 1 cm, and is the molar absorptivity.
According to Beer's law, the relationship between concentration and
molar absorptivity is directly proportionate (A b C), and since the route
length (b) is constant and equal to 1 cm, the relationship between
absorption and concentration can be represented as (A C). Since more
molecules are absorbing light while the absorption is high, and vice
versa, the concentration will also be high. However, since the
absorption for a pure solvent will be equal to zero, we are using that as
a reference. When the absorption is plotted against the concentration,
a straight line is produced with a slope equal to the molar absorptivity.
The experiment's outcomes were anticipated. The wavelength of 510
nm will have a higher absorption for cobalt [Co2+]. At a wavelength of
395 nm, nickel [Ni2+] will have a greater absorption value. To
determine the concentration of heavy substances like cobalt and nickel,
there are additional techniques that can be utilized. For instance, mass
spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) employing
flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry, etc. Personal errors and
other mistakes can occur in the lab, just like they might in any
experiment. A mistake could be made, for instance, by touching the
area where the light passes in the cuvette during the sample test.
Additionally, the solvent could absorb light if there are any
contaminants present, which could be another source of mistake.

Conclusion:
The UV/Vis spectrophotometry method was successfully used in this
experiment to determine the concentrations of Co+2 and Ni+2 in the
given mixtures. The results showed that the concentrations were,
respectively, 0.05394 ppm and 0.02782 ppm in Unk 1 and 0.02885 ppm
and 0.05625 ppm in Unk 2.

Reference:
- 310 lab manuals.
- UV-Visible Spectroscopy
- website Chemistry Libre Texts website.
- website Beer’s Law, SPIE