Determine Aircraft Functions – Example for Workshop

1. Control Aircraft
1.1. Control Speed
1.2. Lateral Control
1.3. Vertical Control
1.4. Provide Data For Aircraft Control
1.4.1. Provide Altitude Data
1.4.2. Provide Attitude Data
1.4.3. Provide Flight Phases Data (Cruise, Climb, Descent)
1.4.4. Provide Powerplant Data (Engine / Fuel Data)
1.4.5. Provide (Display) Air Speed Data
1.4.6. Provide Vertical Speed Data Evaluate this
1.4.6. Provide Aerodynamic Data function
1.4.7. Provide Mass And Centre Of Gravity Data

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Collect Common Data

Example - Flight Phases and Associated Risk Times

Risk
Flight Phase Description
Time
The aircraft is moving under the power of its engines on paved runways, with guidance provided by the
pilot(s). This includes all movements from the end of the landing until the aircraft is stationary, and from
Taxi 15 min
stationary until the aircraft starts the take-off. There may be intermediate stops during the taxi phase.
Includes taxi back and U-Turns manoeuvres.
This phase starts with the aircraft at zero or low speed at the start of the runway. The aircraft
accelerates along the runway under engine power in a nominally straight line. Take-off is complete when
Takeoff 2 min
all the wheels leave contact with the runway, the gear has been selected to the UP position, and the
retraction sequence is complete; i.e. all uplocks are in place.
Climb is the period of flight when the aircraft is gaining altitude as part of transiting from the low level of
Climb the take-off to the cruise. This may be a continuous process, or it may be interspersed with periods of 20 min
level flight.
This is all flight between the completion Climb and the start of Descent. It will be generally at constant
Cruise altitude, but may involve one or more changes of flight level. 120 min

This phase is the period from the end of cruise whilst the aircraft is descending to lower altitude near
Descent the destination airport. It may include one or more periods at an intermediate altitude including in a 20 min
holding pattern.
This phase covers the period from the end of descent to the beginning of landing, and can include the
Approach 6 min
initial selection of flaps to a down position.
This phase starts when the gear is selected to the Down position, and continues while the aircraft
Landing contacts the ground, and until the aircraft has been brought to a low speed under control, in a manner 0.5 min
that taxiing can commence.

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Collect Common Data

Example of Operating Conditions

Condition Description
VFR Flight Visual Flight Rules: Visual flight rules (VFR) are a set of regulations which allow a pilot
to operate an aircraft in weather conditions generally clear enough to allow the pilot to
see where the aircraft is going.
IFR Flight Instrument Flight Rules: Rules and regulations established by the Authority to govern
flight under conditions in which flight by outside visual reference is not safe. IFR flight
depends upon flying by reference to instruments in the flight deck, and navigation is
accomplished by reference to electronic signals
Icing Icing conditions are those atmospheric conditions that can lead to the formation of
Condition water ice on the surfaces of an aircraft, or within the engine as carburetor icing.
Runway Runway condition describes a runway's current status in relation to current
Condition meteorological conditions and air safety.
Dry: the surface of the runway is clear of water, snow or ice.
Wet: the surface of the runway is soaked but there is no significant patches of
standing water.
Flooded: there is extensive standing water.

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 Function

Failure Condition

Phases / Conditions

Effect of FC on
Aircraft/ Crew/
Passenger

Crew Detection
Functional Hazard Assessment

Crew Action

4
Classification
Identify FCs for “Provide/display airspeed function”

Supporting Materials

Verification

FDAL
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 Functional Hazard Assessment

Phases / Conditions
Failure Condition

Crew Detection
Aircraft/ Crew/
Effect of FC on

Classification
Crew Action

Verification
Supporting
Passenger

Materials
Function

FDAL
Effect: Major Confirm crew FTA B, A
physical sensation
Before V1, flight is cancelled as speed data is necessary for CCA
of the aircraft
take-off and rotation. Significant increase in workload
speed on ground
(Major).
Hazardous with external
After V1, impossible for crew to perform the RTO. Crew has to visibility.
1.4.5.TL01 to estimate the A/C speed to continue the the take-off Catastrophic
Taxi, take- Confirm that crew
Total loss of off, landing leading to a risk to rotate aircraft to early or to late. Large can detect the loss
airspeed data reduction of safety margins.
of speed data at
Crew Detection: Loss of indication (diplay data, alarms, take-off.
1.4.5.
structure vibrations, crew physical sensation)
Provide
Alarm?
Airspeed Data
Crew Action: -

Effect: Crew is unable to determine correct airplane Identification of FTA A

airspeed. Potential stall or over speed resulting in loss of alarms associated
Climb, CCA
airplane (speed protection?). with loss of air
1.4.5.TL02 cruise, speed data.
Catastrophic
descent, Crew Detection: Loss of indication (diplay data, structure
Total loss of approach vibrations, crew physical sensation)
airspeed data
(IFR) Alarm?

Crew Action: -

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Functional Hazard Assessment

Failure Condition

Crew Detection
Aircraft/ Crew/
Effect of FC on

Classification
Crew Action

Verification
Supporting
Conditions

Passenger

Materials
Function

Phases /

FDAL
1.4.5.1.LF1 Effect: Crew is unable to determine correct airplane FTA, A
airspeed using flight deck instruments resulting in loss of CCA
Loss of all
airplane
airspeed
Catastrophic
display Crew Detection: Obvious to crew
information In-flight
(including Crew Action: -
standby
airspeed)
1.4.5.1

Display 1.4.5.1. LF2 Effect: Significant increase in crew workload. Crew must C
rely on standby instrument for airspeed reference
Airspeed Data Loss of primary
information.
airspeed
display Crew Detection: Obvious to crew
information to
In-flight Crew Action: - Major
both pilots

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Functional Hazard Assessment

Crew Action

Classificatio
on Aircraft/

Verification
Effect of FC

Supporting
Conditions

Passenger

Detection
Condition

Materials
Function

Phases /
Failure

Crew/

Crew

FDAL
n
1.4.5.1MF1 Effect: Erroneous speed data may lead crew to guide the FTA, A
A/C according a wrong speed information resulting in CCA
Erroneous
loss of aircraft.
airspeed
Catastrophic
displayed to In-flight Crew Detection: -
both pilots
Crew Action:
simultaneously.
(Crew
unaware)
Erroneous Effect: Significant increase in crew workload. Crew must Major
airspeed use cross-side display and standby airspeed instrument to
display recognize condition.
1.4.5. 1 In-flight
information to
Crew Detection: Cross check with Standby (Alarm?)
Display one pilot
Crew Action: Apply procedure
Airspeed Data

1.4.5.1MF2 Effect: If failure is detected, repercussions are identical to Simulator: FTA, B, A

the loss of speed data. Excessive crew workload. Crew Validate CCA
Erroneous
must use cross-check with other means (Standby) if there Classificati
airspeed
is any trustable means to manage condition. on
displayed to
Hazardous
both pilots In-flight Study:
to Catastrophic Assess
(Crew aware) Crew Detection: Alarm?
historical
Crew Action: Emergency Procedure? accidents
common to
FC
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Functional Hazard Assessment

Phases / Conditions
Failure Condition

Crew Detection
Aircraft/ Crew/
Effect of FC on

Classification
Crew Action

Verification
Supporting
Passenger

Materials
Function

FDAL
1.4.5.1MF3 Effect: Crew is unable to determine correct FTA, A
airplane airspeed using flight deck instruments resulting CCA
Erroneous
standby in loss of airplane .
airspeed Catastrophic
display Crew Detection: -
combined with In-flight Crew Action: -
airspeed
miscompare on
1.4.5. 1 primary
displays
Display
1.4.5.1MF4 Effect: Significant increase in crew workload. C
Airspeed Data Crew must use cross check with primary displays to
Erroneous recognize condition..
airspeed
displayed
on standby In-flight Crew Detection: Alarm? Major
instrument
Crew Action: -

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