Calculus Ch3 Answer

3 ADDITIONAL DERIVATIVE TOPICS
EXERCISE 3-1
2. A  3, 000e0.07(10)  6, 041.26
50, 000
4. 50, 000  Pe0.054(7) ; P   34, 261.53
e0.378
10, 000  10, 000 
6. 10, 000  7,500e0.085t , e0.085t  , 0.085t  ln   , t  3.38
7,500  7,500 
4,660  4,660 
8. 4,660  3,450e3.75r , e3.75r  , 3.75r  ln   , r  0.08
3,450  3,450 
10. A = $10,000e0.1t
When t = 10, A = $10,000e(0.1)10 = $10,000e1 = $27,182.82.
When t = 20, A = $10,000e(0.1)20 = $10,000e2 = $73,890.56.
When t = 30, A = $10,000e(0.1)30 = $10,000e3 = $200,855.37.
12. 14. 2 = e0.09t

Take the natural log of both sides of this equation
ln(e0.09t) = ln 2
0.09t ln e = ln 2
0.09t = ln 2 (ln e = 1)
ln 2
t=  7.70
0.09
16. 2 = e18r 18. 3 = e0.08t

ln(e18r) = ln 2 ln(e0.08t) = ln 3
18r = ln 2 0.08t = ln 3
ln 2 ln 3
r=  0.04 t=  13.73
18 0.08
20. 3 = e20r
ln(e20r) = ln 3
20r = ln 3
ln 3
r=  0.05
20
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3-1
3-2 CHAPTER 3: ADDITIONAL DERIVATIVE TOPICS
22. s (1 + s)1/s
0.01 2.70481
–0.01 2.73200
0.001 2.71692
–0.001 2.71964
0.0001 2.71815
–0.0001 2.71842
0.00001 2.71827
–0.00001 2.71830
 
0 e = 2.7182818…
24. s 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001

s
 1 1.270982 1.047232 1.006933 1.000921
1  
s
s
 1
lim 1   = 1
s 0  s
 2 n
26. The graphs of y1 = 1   ,
 n
y2 = 7.3890560999 ≈ e2 for 1 ≤ n ≤ 50 are given at the right.
28. (A) A = Pert = $10,000e0.0164(3) (B) 11,000 = 10,000e0.0164t

= $10,000e0.0492 e0.0164t = 1.1
= $10,504.30 0.0164t = ln 1.1
ln1.1
t= ≈ 5.81 years
0.0164
30. A  Pert
$35,000  Pe(0.057)5  Pe0.285
Therefore,
$35, 000
P  0.285  $35, 000e0.285  $26,320.50
e
32. 195,000 = 99,000e15r

e15r ≈ 1.97
ln(1.97)
r = ≈ 0.0452 or 4.52%
15

EXERCISE 3-1 3-3
34. P = 10,000e-0.08t = 5,000

e-0.08t = 0.5
–0.08t = ln(0.5)
ln(0.5)
t=– ≈ 8.66 years
0.08
36. 2 P  Pe0.07t 38. 2 P  Per (21)
e0.07t  2 ln(er (21) )  ln 2
ln(e0.07t )  ln 2 21r  ln 2
0.07t  ln 2 ln 2
r  0.0330 or 3.3%
ln 2 21
t  9.90
0.07
30,000
40. The total investment in the two accounts
is given by
A = 5,000e0.088t + 7,000(1 + 0.096)t
0 10
On a graphing utility, locate the intersection point of
y1 = 5,000e0.088x + 7,000(1 + 0.096)x and y2 = 20,000.
0
The result is: x = t ≈ 5.7 years.
42. (A) A = Pert; (B)

2P = Pert
2 = ert; Although t could be any positive number, the restrictions on t are
rt = ln 2; reasonable in the sense that the doubling times for most investments
ln 2 would be expected to be between 1 and 20 years.
r=
t
ln 2
(C) t = 2; r = ≈ 0.347 or 34.7%
2
ln 2
t = 4; r = ≈ 0.173 or 17.3%
4
ln 2
t = 6; r = ≈ 0.116 or 11.6%
6
ln 2
t = 8; r = ≈ 0.087 or 8.7%
8
ln 2
t = 10; r = ≈ 0.069 or 6.9%
10
ln 2
t = 12; r = ≈ 0.058 or 5.8%
12

44. Q = Q0e-0.0001238t
1
Q = Q0e-0.0001238t
2 0
1
e-0.0001238t =
2
1
ln(e-0.0001238t) = ln   = ln 1 – ln 2
2
–0.0001238t = –ln 2 (ln 1 = 0)
ln 2
t= ≈ 5,599 years
0.0001238
46. Q = Q0ert (r < 0)
1
Q0 = Q0er(90)
2
1
e90r =
2
1
ln(e90r) = ln   = ln 1 – ln 2
2
90r = –ln 2 (ln 1 = 0)
ln 2
r=– ≈ –0.0077
90
Thus, the continuous compound rate of decay of the strontium isotope is approximately –0.0077.
48. P  P0 ert 50. 2 P0  P0 er (200)

2 P0  P0 e0.016t or e0.016t  2 e 200 r  2
Thus, ln(e0.016t )  ln 2 ln(e200 r )  ln 2
and, 0.016t  ln 2 200r  ln 2
ln 2 ln 2
Therefore, t   43.3 years r  0.0035 or 0.35%
0.016 200
EXERCISE 3-2
1
2. y  log 4 64 , 4  64, y  3
y
4. log10 x  3, x  103   0.001
1000
6. ln x  4, x  e 4 8. ln e x  x ln e  x
10. ln xy  ln x  ln y
u4
12. ln 3 2
 ln u 4  ln v 3 w2
vw
 4ln u  (ln v3  ln w2 )  4ln u  3ln v  2ln w

EXERCISE 3-2 3-5
14. f(x) = –7ex – 2x + 5 16. f(x) = 6 ln x – x3 + 2

f ´ (x) = –7ex – 2 1
f ´ (x) = 6   – 3x2 =
6
– 3x2
x x
18. f ( x)  8e x  7 x 6 20. f(x) = ln x + 2ex – 3x2

f ( x)  8e x  42 x5 1
f ´ (x) = + 2ex – 6x
x
22. f(x) = ln x8 = 8 ln x 24. f(x) = 4 + ln x9 = 4 + 9 ln x

1 8 1 9
f ´ (x) = 8   = f ´ (x) = 9   =
x x x x
26. f ( x)  ln x12  3ln x  12 ln x  3ln x  9 ln x f '( x )  3ex e1  2e x

1 9
f  ( x)  9   
x x
30. f ( x )  e e x , f '( x )  e e x ,
32. f(x) = 2 ln x
1 2
f ´ (x) = 2   =
x x
2
For x = 1, the slope of the tangent line is m = f ´ (1) = = 2, and f(1) = 2 ln 1 = 2(0) = 0. So, the equation
1
of the tangent line at x = 1 is: y – 0 = 2(x – 1) or y = 2x – 2.
34. f(x) = ex + 1
f ´ (x) = ex
For x = 0, m = f ´ (0) = e0 = 1 and f(0) = 2, so the equation of the tangent line at x = 0 is: y – 2 = 1(x – 0) or
y = x + 2.
36. f(x) = 1 + ln x4 = 1 + 4 ln x
1 4
f ´ (x) = 4   =
x x
4
For x = e, m = f ´ (e) =and f(e) = 1 + 4 ln e = 5, so the equation of the tangent line at x = e is:
e
4 4
y – 5 = (x – e) =   x – 4 or y = (4e-1)x + 1
e e
38. f(x) = 5ex

f ´ (x) = 5ex
For x = 1, m = f ´ (1) = 5e and f(1) = 5e, so the equation of the tangent line at x = 1 is:
y – 5e = 5e(x – 1) or y = (5e)x
40. f  x  ex
f   x  e x
For x = 1, f  1  e1  e and f(1) = e, so the equation of the tangent line at x = 1 is:

y – e = e(x – 1) or y = ex. This line passes through the origin.

There is no other tangent line that will pass through the origin, since for any other value of x, the y-
intercept of the tangent line will not be 0.
42. f  x   ln x
1
f   x 
x
1
For x = e, f  e   and f(e) = ln e = 1, so the equation of the tangent line at x = e is:
e
1 x
y  1   x  e  or y  . This line passes through the origin.
e e
There is no other tangent line that will pass through the origin, since for any other value of x, the y-
intercept of the tangent line will not be 0.
1 46. f ( x)  8 x  7 ln 6 x
44. f(x) = 2 + 3 ln
x  8 x  7(ln 6  ln x)
-1
= 2 + 3 ln x  8 x  7 ln 6  7 ln x
= 2 + 3(-1) ln x 1 7 8x  7
= 2 – 3 ln x f  ( x)  8  7    8  
x x x
1 3
f ´ (x) = –3   = –
x x
48. y = 3 log5 x 50. y = 4x

dy  1 1 3 dy
=3   = = 4x ln 4 = (22)x ln 22 = (22x)2 ln 2
dx  ln 5 x  x ln 5 dx
= 22x+1 ln 2
52. y = log x + 4x2 + 1 54. y  8 x  88

dy 1 1 1  8 x 2 ln10 dy
 8 x ln 8  8 x 7
= ꞏ + 8x =
dx ln10 x x ln10 dx
56. y = –log2 x + 10 ln x 58. y = e3 – 3x

dy 1 1 1  1  1 dy
=– ꞏ + 10   = 10   = –3x ln 3
dx ln 2 x x  ln 2  x dx
60. On a graphing utility, graph y1 = e x and y2 = x 5 . Rounded off to two decimal places, the points of
intersection are: (1.30, 3.65), (12.71, 332,105.11).
62. On a graphing utility, graph y1  (ln x) 4 and y2  4 x. Rounded off to two decimal places, the points of
intersection are: (0.34, 1.36), (19.61, 78.43), (187.87, 751.47).
64. On a graphing utility, graph y1  ln x and y2  x1/3 . Rounded off to two decimal places, the points of
intersection are: (6.41, 1.86), (93.35, 4.54).
66. f(x) = ecx

Step 1. f(x + h) = ec(x+h) = ecx ꞏ ech
Step 2. f(x + h) – f(x) = ec(x+h) – ecx = ecx ꞏ ech – ecx = ecx(ech – 1)

EXERCISE 3-2 3-7
f ( x  h)  f ( x ) ecx (ech  1)  ech  1 

Step 3. = = ecx  
h h  h 
 ech  1  ch
cx lim e  1 = ecx(c) (by problem 61)
Step 4. f ´ (x) = lim ecx   = e
h 0  h  h 0 h
= cecx
68. R(t) = 20,000(0.86)t

R'(t) = 20,000(0.86)t ln (0.86)
R' (1) = 20,000(0.86) ln(0.86) ≈ –2,594
The rate is $2,594 after 1 year.
R' (2) = 20,000(0.86)2 ln(0.86) ≈ –2,231
The rate is $2,231 after 2 years.
R' (3) = 20,000(0.86)3 ln(0.86) ≈ –1,919
The rate is $1,919 after 3 years.
70. A(t )  2, 000  23t  2, 000  8t

A (t )  2, 000  8t ln 8
A (1)  2, 000  8ln 8  33,271
A (5)  2, 000  (8)5 ln 8  136,278,281
72. P(x) = 17.5(1 + ln x), 10 ≤ x ≤ 100

 1  17.5
P' (x) = 17.5   =
x x
Given P' (x) = 0.3, we will solve the following equation for x:
17.5 17.5
0.3 = or x = ≈ 58 lb
x 0.3
74. N(t) = 10 + 6 ln t, t ≥ 1
6
N '(t) = N'
t
6
N ' (10) = = 0.6
10
6
N ' (100) = = 0.06
100
After 10 hours of instruction and practice, the rate of learning is 0.6 words/minute per hour of instruction
and practice.
After 100 hours of instruction and practice, the rate of learning is 0.06 words/minute per hour of
instruction and practice.
76. P (t )  25,000 e0.084 t , P '(t )  2,100 e0.084 t
(A) P '(2)  2,100 e0.084(2)  2,484.17 ; $2,484.17 per year.

(B) First solve 25,000 e0.084 t  30,000 for t:
30,000 6
e0.084 t  
25,000 5
0.084t  ln (6 / 5)
ln (6 / 5)
t  2.17
0.084
P '(2.17)  2,100 e0.084(2.170494724)  2,520.00 ; $2,520.00 per year.
EXERCISE 3-3
 3
2. y  sin x is decreasing on  ,  . 4. y  cos x is increasing on ( , 2 )
2 2 
 3
6. y  cos x is concave up on  ,  8. y  sin x is concave up on   ,0 
2 2 
d d
10. 12sin x   12 cos x 12. sin 12 x   12 cos 12 x 
dx dx
d t  t  d t 
14.
d
dx
 
cos x 4  16   sin x 4  16 
d 4
dx
x  16    16.
dt
cos     sin    
 2   2  dt  2 
t   
  sin  x  16 4 x 
4 3
  sin    
 2  2 
 4 x3 sin  x  16
4
 t 
 sin  
2  2 
d  d  d
18. u cos u =  u  cos u + u cos u
du  du  du
= cos u + u(–sin u) = cos u – u sin u
d  d 
cos x  sin x   sin x  cos x
d cos x  dx   dx   sin x  sin x  cos x  cos x sin 2 x  cos 2 x
20. = = =  =
dx sin x (sin x) 2 (sin x) 2 (sin x) 2
1
 =  csc 2 x
(sin x) 2
d d 
22. (cos x)9 = 9(cos x)8  cos x  = 9(cos x)8(–sin x) = –9(cos x)8 sin x
dx  dx 
d d 1 d  1 1  sin x
24. cos x = (cos x)1/2 = (cos x)–1/2  cos x  = ꞏ (–sin x) =
dx dx 2  dx  2 (cos x)1/2 2 cos x
d d  d  1  cos x cos x
26. sin x = (cos x ) x  = (cos x )  x1/ 2  = (cos x )  x 1/2  = =
dx  dx   dx  2  2x1/2
2 x
28. f ( x)  cos x, f  ( x)   sin x

EXERCISE 3-3 3-9
   3
The slope of the graph of f at x = is: f    = –sin = – .
3 3 3 2
      
30. f is decreasing on  ,   and  ,   (f ' (x) < 0); f is increasing on   , 
 2 2   2 2
 
(f ' (x) > 0); f has a local minimum at x = – and a local maximum at x = ;
2 2
the graph of f is concave upward on [–π, 0] (f ' is increasing on [–π, 0]); the graph
of f is concave downward on [0, π] f ' is decreasing on [0, π]); f(x) = sin x,
f '( x )  cos x.
d d
32. sec  x     tan  x    sec  x     x     tan  x    sec  x   1
dx dx
 tan  x    sec  x   
d d
34. tan  2 x   sec2  2 x   2 x   sec2  2 x  2   2 sec2  2 x 
dx dx
36.
d
dx
 
sin xe x  cos xe x   
d
dx
xe x
 
d
 cos xe x   x  e x  x
 dx
d x 
dx
e 

 
 cos  xe   e
x x
 xe x 
  x  1 e x cos xe x  
d d
38. cot ( x 4 )   csc 2 ( x 4 ) x 4   csc 2 ( x 4 )(4 x3 )  4 x3 csc 2 ( x 4 )
dx dx
40. f(x) = ex cos x

d  d 
f'(x) =  e x  cos x + ex  cos x 
 dx   dx 
= e cos x + e (–sin x) = e cos x – ex sin x = ex(cos x – sin x)
x x x
d  d
f"(x) =  e x  (cos x – sin x) + ex (cos x – sin x)
 dx  dx
= ex(cos x – sin x) + ex(–sin x – cos x)
= ex(cos x – sin x – sin x – cos x)
= –2ex sin x
sin x
42. y = –x cos πx; 44. y= ;
0.5 x
0 ≤ x ≤ 9, –9 ≤ y ≤ 9 0 ≤ x ≤ 8, –2 ≤ y ≤ 3

46. y = e–0.2x cos πx,

0 ≤ x ≤ 10, –1 ≤ y ≤ 1
t
48. R(t) = 4 – 3 cos , 0 ≤ t ≤ 24
6
 t   d t   t    t
(A) R'(t) = –3   sin    =  3sin    = sin , 0 ≤ t ≤ 24
 6   dt 6   6 6 2 6
   1 
(B) R'(1) = sin = ꞏ = ≈ 0.79 million or $790,000 per month
2 6 2 2 4
 6  
R'(6) = sin = sin π = (0) = 0 or $0 per month
2 6 2 2
 11   1  
R'(11) = sin =   =–
2 6 2  2 4
≈ –0.79 million or –$790,000 per month
 t
(C) R'(t) = sin = 0, 0 < t < 24
2 6
t
sin =0
6
Therefore, the critical values are:
t t t
= π or t = 6; = 2π or t = 12; = 3π or t = 18.
6 6 6
Now,
2 t
R"(t) = cos
12 6
2 2
R"(6) = cos π = – <0
12 12
2 2
R"(12) = cos 2π = >0
12 12
2 2
R"(18) = cos 3π = – <0
12 12
Thus,
t R(t)
6 $7,000,000 Local maximum
12 $1,000,000 Local minimum
18 $7,000,000 Local maximum
(D) t R(t)
0 $1,000,000 Absolute minimum
6 $7,000,000 Absolute maximum
18 $7,000,000 Absolute maximum

EXERCISE 3-3 3-11
(E) The results in part (C) are

illustrated by the graph of f shown
at the right.
n
50. P(n) = 1 + cos , 0 ≤ n ≤ 104
26
 n   d n   n      n
(A) P'(n) =   sin    =   sin    =– sin , 0 ≤ n ≤ 104
 26   dn 26   26   26  26 26
 13   
(B) P'(13) = – sin =– sin = – ≈ –0.12 tons per week
26 26 26 2 26
 26  
P'(26) = – sin =– sin π = 0 tons per week
26 26 26
 30  15
P'(30) = – sin =– sin ≈ 0.06 tons per week
26 26 26 13
 n
(C) P'(n) = – sin = 0, 0 < n < 104
26 26
n
sin =0
26
Therefore, the critical values are:
n n n
= π or n = 26; = 2π or n = 52; = 3π or n = 78.
26 26 26
Now,
2
  n   n
P"(n) = – ꞏ cos = –   cos
26 26 26  26  26
2 2
   
P"(26) = –   cos π =   > 0
 26   26 
2 2
   
P"(52) = –   cos 2π = –   < 0
 26   26 
2 2
   
P"(78) = –   cos 3π =   > 0
 26   26 
Thus,
n P(n)
26 0 Local minimum
52 2 Local maximum
78 0 Local minimum
(D) n P(n)
0 2 Absolute maximum
26 0 Absolute minimum
78 0 Absolute minimum

(E) The results in part (C) are

illustrated by the graph of f shown
at the right.
EXERCISE 3-4
2. F ( x)  x3 , S ( x)  x3 ; F ( x) S ( x)  x 6 ,  F ( x) S ( x)  '  6 x5
F '( x)  3 x 2 , S '( x)  3 x 2 ; F '( x) S '( x)  9 x 4
4. F ( x)  x  1, S ( x)  x8 ; F ( x) S ( x)  x9  x8 ,  F ( x) S ( x)  '  9 x8  8 x 7
F '( x)  1, S '( x)  8 x 7 ; F '( x) S '( x)  8 x 7

'
T ( x) x8  T ( x) 
6. T ( x)  x , B( x)  x ;
8 2
 2  x6 ,    ( x 6 ) '  6 x5
B ( x) x  B ( x) 
7
T '( x) 8 x
T '( x)  8 x 7 , S '( x)  2 x;   4 x6
H '( x) 2 x
'
T ( x) 1  T ( x) 
8. T ( x)  1, B( x)  x ;  9  x 9 , 
9 9
  ( x ) '  9 x
10
B( x) x  B ( x ) 
T '( x) 0
T '( x)  0, S '( x)  9 x8 ;   0.
H '( x ) 9 x8
10. f(x) = 5x2(x3 + 2)
f ꞌ(x) = (5x2)'(x3 + 2) + 5x2(x3 + 2)' (using product rule)
= 10x(x3 + 2) + 5x2(3x2) = 10x4 + 20x + 15x4 = 25x4 + 20x
12. f ( x)  (4 x  5)(6 x  7)
f  ( x)  (4 x  5) (6 x  7)  (4 x  5)(6 x  7)  (using product rule)
 4(6 x  7)  (4 x  5)(6)  24 x  28  24 x  30  48 x  2
3x
14. f(x) =
2x 1
(3 x) (2 x  1)  (2 x  1) (3 x)
f ꞌ(x) = (using quotient rule)
(2 x  1) 2
3(2 x  1)  (2)(3 x) 6x  3  6x 3
= 2
= 2
=
(2 x  1) (2 x  1) (2 x  1) 2

EXERCISE 3-4 3-13
3x  4
16. f(x) =
2x  3
(3x  4) (2 x  3)  (2 x  3) (3x  4)
(2 x  3) 2
3(2 x  3)  2(3x  4) 6x  9  6x  8 17
= 2
= 2
=
(2 x  3) (2 x  3) (2 x  3) 2
18. f(x) = x2ex

Use product formula to find f ´ (x):
f ´ (x) = x2(ex)' + (x2)'ex = x2ex + 2xex = x(x + 2)ex
20. f(x) = 5x ln x
Using product formula:
f ´ (x) = 5[x(ln x)' + (x)' ln x]
 1 
= 5  x    (1) ln x  = 5(1 + ln x)
 x 
22. f(x) = (3x + 5)(x2 – 3)

f ꞌ(x) = (3x + 5)'(x2 – 3) + (3x + 5)(x2 – 3)' (using product rule)
= 3(x2 – 3) + (3x + 5)(2x) = 3x2 – 9 + 6x2 + 10x = 9x2 + 10x – 9
24. f(x) = (0.5x – 4)(0.2x + 1)

f ꞌ(x) = (0.5x – 4)'(0.2x + 1) + (0.5x – 4)(0.2x + 1)' (using product rule)
= 0.5(0.2x + 1) + (0.5x – 4)(0.2) = 0.10x + 0.5 + 0.10x – 0.8 = 0.20x – 0.30
3x  5
26. f(x) =
x2  3
(3x  5) ( x 2  3)  ( x 2  3) (3 x  5)
( x 2  3) 2
3( x 2  1)  2 x(3x  5) 3 x 2  9  6 x 2  10 x 3x 2  10 x  9
= = =
( x 2  3) 2 ( x 2  3) 2 ( x 2  3) 2
28. f(x) = (x2 – 4)(x2 + 5)

f ꞌ(x) = (x2 – 4)'(x2 + 5) + (x2 – 4)(x2 + 5)' (using product rule)
= 2x(x2 + 5) + (x2 – 4)(2x) = 2x3 + 10x + 2x3 – 8x = 4x3 + 2x
x2  4
30. f(x) =
x2  5
( x 2  4) ( x 2  5)  ( x 2  5) ( x 2  4)
( x 2  5) 2
2 x( x 2  5)  (2 x)( x 2  4) 2 x3  10 x  2 x3  8 x 18 x
= 2 2
= 2 2
=
( x  5) ( x  5) ( x  5)2
2

1  ex
32. f(x) =
1  ex
Use quotient formula to find f ´ (x):
(1  e x ) (1  e x )  (1  e x ) (1  e x )  e x (1  e x )  e x (1  e x )
f ´ (x) = x 2
=
(1  e ) (1  e x ) 2
e x  e2 x  e x  e2 x 2e x
= =
(1  e x ) 2 (1  e x ) 2
2x
34. f(x) =
1  ln x
Use quotient formula:
1
2(1  ln x)    (2 x)
(2 x ) (1  ln x)  (1  ln x) (2 x) x 2  2 ln x  2 2 ln x
f ´ (x) = 2
= 2
= 2
=
(1  ln x) (1  ln x ) (1  ln x) (1  ln x) 2
36. h(x) = x2f(x)

h'(x) = 2xf(x) + x2f ꞌ(x) (Product Rule)
f ( x)
38. h(x) =
x
xf '( x)  f ( x)
h'(x) = (Quotient Rule)
x2
f ( x)
40. h( x ) 
x4
x 4 f  ( x)  4 x3 f ( x)
h  ( x)  (Quotient Rule)
x8
x2
42. h(x) =
f ( x)
2 xf ( x)  x 2 f '( x)
h'(x) = (Quotient Rule)
( f ( x)) 2
ex
44. h(x) =
f ( x)
(e x )  f ( x)  f  ( x)(e x ) e x f ( x)  e x f  ( x) e x ( f ( x)  f ( x))
h’(x) = = =
( f ( x)) 2 ( f ( x)) 2 ( f ( x)) 2
f ( x)
46. h(x) =
ln x
1
f  ( x) ln x    f ( x)
f  ( x) ln x  (ln x)  f ( x) x f  ( x) x ln x  f ( x )
h’(x) = 2
= 2
=
(ln x) (ln x) x(ln x) 2

EXERCISE 3-4 3-15
48. y = (x3 + 2x2)(3x – 1)

y' = (x3 + 2x2)'(3x – 1) + (x3 + 2x2)(3x – 1)' = (3x2 + 4x)(3x – 1) + (x3 + 2x2)(3)
= 9x3 + 12x2 – 3x2 – 4x + 3x3 + 6x2 = 12x3 + 15x2 – 4x
d
50. [(3 – 0.4t3)(0.5t2 – 2t)]
dt
d  d 
=  (3  0.4t 3 )  (0.5t2 – 2t) + (3 – 0.4t3)  (0.5t 2  2t )  = –1.2t2(0.5t2 – 2t) + (3 – 0.4t3)(t – 2)
 dt   dt 
4 3 4 3 4 3
= –0.6t + 2.4t + 3t – 6 – 0.4t + 0.8t = –t + 3.2t + 3t – 6
3x 2
52. f(x) =
2x 1
(3x 2 ) (2 x  1)  (2 x  1) (3 x 2 ) 6 x(2 x  1)  2(3x 2 ) 12 x 2  6 x  6 x 2 6 x2  6 x
f ꞌ(x) = = = =
(2 x  1) 2 (2 x  1) 2 (2 x  1) 2 (2 x  1) 2
w4  w3
54. y=
3w  1
 d   d 
 ( w4  w3 )  (3w  1)   (3w  1)  ( w4  w3 )
dy  dw   dw  (4w3  3w2 )(3w  1)  (3)( w4  w3 )
= 2
=
dw (3w  1) (3w  1)2
12w4  4w3  9 w3  3w2  3w4  3w3 9 w4  10 w3  3w2
= 2
=
(3w  1) (3w  1)2
56. y = (1 + et)ln t
Use product formula:
dy 1 1  et 1  et  (t ln t )et
= (1 + et)(ln t)’ + (1 + et)’ ln t = (1 + et)   + et ln t = + et ln t =
dt t  t t
1
58. f ( x) 
x2
d d
x2
( 1)  ( 1) ( x 2 )
dx dx 2x 2
(A) f '( x )  2 2
 4  3
(x ) x x
1 2
(B) f ( x )  2   x 2 , f '( x )  2 x 3  3 (power rule)
x x
2
60. f ( x)   2 x 3
x3
d d
x 3 (2)  2 ( x 3 )
dx dx 6 x 2 6
(A) f '( x )    4
( x 3 )2 x6 x
2 6
(B) f ( x )  3  2 x 3 , f '( x )  6 x 4  4 (power rule)
x x
62. f(x) = (7 – 3x)(1 + 2x)
First find f ꞌ(x):
f ꞌ(x) = (7 – 3x)'(1 + 2x) + (7 – 3x)(1 + 2x)' = –3(1 + 2x) + (7 – 3x)(2) = –3 – 6x + 14 – 6x = –12x + 11

An equation for the tangent line at x = 2 is:

y – y1 = m(x – x1)
where x1 = 2, y1 = f(2) = 5, and m = f ꞌ(x1) = f ꞌ(2) = –13.
Thus, we have:
y – 5 = –13(x – 2) or y = –13x + 31
2x  5
64. f(x) =
2x  3
First find f ꞌ(x):
(2 x  5) (2 x  3)  (2 x  3) (2 x  5) 2(2 x  3)  2(2 x  5) 4 x  6  4 x  10 4
f ꞌ(x) = 2
= 2
= 2
=
(2 x  3) (2 x  3) (2 x  3) (2 x  3) 2
An equation for the tangent line at x = 2 is:
y – y1 = m(x – x1)
where x1 = 2, y1 = f(2) = –1, and m = f ꞌ(x1) = f ꞌ(2) = 4.
Thus, we have:
y + 1 = 4(x – 2) or y = 4x – 9
66. f(x) = (x – 2)ln x
1 x2
f ´ (x) = (x – 2)(ln x)’ + (x – 2)’ ln x = (x – 2)   + (1)ln x = + ln x
x x
22
For x = 2, m = f ´ (2) = + ln 2 = ln 2 is the slope of the tangent line at x = 2. Since f(2) = 0, the
2
equation of the tangent line at x = 2 is: y – 0 = (ln 2)(x – 2) or y = (ln 2)x – 2 ln 2
68. f ( x)  (2 x  9)( x 2  54)

f  ( x)  (2 x  9) ( x 2  54)  (2 x  9)( x 2  54) 
 2( x 2  54)(2 x  9)(2 x )
 2 x 2  108  4 x 2  18 x  6 x 2  18 x  108
To find the value(s) of x where f  ( x)  0, set
f  ( x)  6 x 2  18 x  108  0
or x 2  3x  18  0
( x  6)( x  3)  0
Thus, x = –6, x = 3.
x
70. f(x) = 2
x 9
( x ) ( x 2  9)  ( x 2  9) ( x) x 2  9  (2 x)( x) x2  9  2 x2 9  x2
f ꞌ(x) = = = =
( x 2  9) 2 ( x 2  9) 2 ( x 2  9) 2 ( x 2  9) 2
To find the value(s) of x where f ꞌ(x) = 0, set

9  x2
f ꞌ(x) = 2 = 0 or 9 – x2 = 0,
( x  9) 2
(3 – x)(3 + x) = 0.
Thus, x = –3, x = 3.

EXERCISE 3-4 3-17
72. f(x) = x4(x3 – 1)

First, we use the product rule:
f ꞌ(x) = (x4)'(x3 – 1) + x4(x3 – 1)' = 4x3(x3 – 1) + x4(3x2) = 4x6 – 4x3 + 3x6 = 7x6 – 4x3
Next, simplifying f(x), we have f(x) = x7 – x4.
Thus, f ꞌ(x) = 7x6 – 4x3.
x4  4
74. f(x) =
x4
First, we use the quotient rule:
( x 4  4) ( x 4 )  ( x 4 ) ( x 4  4) 4 x3 ( x 4 )  (4 x3 )( x 4  4)
f ꞌ(x) = =
( x 4 )2 x8
4 x 7  4 x 7  16 x3 16x3 16
= 8
= 8
=–
x x x5
4
Next, simplifying f(x), we have f(x) = 1 + = 1 + 4x-4.
x4
16
Thus, f ꞌ(x) = 4(–4x-5) = –16x-5 = – 5 .
x
76. g(w) = (w – 5)log3 w
Use product formula:
 1 1 w5
g’(w) = (w – 5)(log3 w)’ + (w – 5)’ log3 w = (w – 5)    + (1)log3 w = + log3 w
 ln 3 w  w ln 3
w  5  w(ln 3)(log3 w) w  5  w ln w
= =
w ln 3 w ln 3
d d  d 
78. [(4x1/2 – 1)(3x1/3 + 2)] =  (4 x1/2  1)  (3x1/3 + 2) + (4x1/2 – 1)  (3 x1/3  2) 
dx  dx   dx 
= (2x -1/2 )(3x1/3 + 2) + (4x1/2 – 1)(x-2/3 )
= 6x-1/6 + 4x-1/2 + 4x-1/6 – x-2/3 = 10x-1/6 + 4x-1/2 – x-2/3

10 4 1 10 x  4 x 2/3  x1/2
= + – =
x1/6 x1/2 x 2/3 x 7/6
10 x
80. y=
1  x4
dy (10 x ) (1  x 4 )  (1  x 4 ) (10 x ) 10 x (ln10)(1  x 4 )  (4 x3 )10 x 10 x [(1  x 4 ) ln10  4 x3 ]
= = =
dx (1  x 4 ) 2 (1  x 4 ) 2 (1  x 4 ) 2

2 x 2 x1/2
82. y= 2
= 2
x  3x  1 x  3x  1
(2 x1/2 ) ( x 2  3 x  1)  ( x 2  3x  1) (2 x1/2 ) x 1/2 ( x 2  3x  1)  2(2 x  3) x1/2
y' = =
( x 2  3 x  1) 2 ( x 2  3 x  1) 2
( x 2  3x  1)  2 x(2 x  3) x 2  3x  1  4 x 2  6 x 3 x 2  3 x  1
= = =
( x 2  3 x  1) 2 x1/2 ( x 2  3 x  1) 2 x1/2 ( x 2  3 x  1) 2 x1/2
0.05t 2
84. h(t) =
2t  1
(0.1t )(2t  1)  (2)(0.05t 2 )
h'(t) = (Quotient Rule)
(2t  1) 2
0.2t 2  0.1t  0.1t 2 0.1t 2  0.1t
= =
(2t  1) 2 (2t  1) 2
86. Use product formula:

d d d  1 1
[10t log t] = 10t [log t] + (log t) [10t] = 10t   + (log t)(10t ln 10)
dt dt dt  ln10 t 
10t  10t t (log t )(ln10) 2 10t (1  (ln10) 2 t log t ) 10t (1  (ln10)t (ln10 log t ))
= = =
t ln10 t ln10 t ln10
t
10 (1  t ln t (ln10))
=
t ln10
88. f ( x )  ( x 4  x 2  1)( x 2  1)
f '( x )  ( x 4  x 2  1)( x 2  1) ' ( x 2  1)( x 4  x 2  1) '

 ( x 4  x 2  1)(2 x)  ( x 2  1)(4 x 3  2 x)  6 x 5
g (t )  (t  1)(t  t  t  t  1)
4 3 2
90.
g '(t )  (t  1)(4t 3  3t 2  2t  1)  (t 4  t 3  t 2  t  1)(1)  5t 4
u 2 eu
92. y=
1  ln u
dy (u 2 eu ) (1  ln u )  (1  ln u ) (u 2 eu )
=
du (1  ln u ) 2
1
(u 2 (eu )   (u 2 )  eu )(1  ln u )    (u 2 eu )
u 
= (using product formula)
(1  ln u ) 2
(u 2 eu  2ueu )(1  ln u )  ueu
= (factor ueu)
(1  ln u ) 2
ueu [(u  2)(1  ln u )  1] ueu [u  2  (u  2) ln u  1] ueu [(u  2) ln u  u  1]
= = =
(1  ln u ) 2 (1  ln u ) 2 (1  ln u ) 2

EXERCISE 3-5 3-19
180t
94. N(t) =
t4
180(t  4)  180t 180t  720  180t 720
(A) N '(t) = 2
= 2
=
(t  4) (t  4) (t  4) 2
180(16) 720
(B) N(16) = = 144; N '(16) = = 1.8;
16  4 (16  4) 2
after 16 months, the total number of subscribers is 144,000 and is increasing at a rate of 1,800 subscribers
per month.
(C) The total subscribers after 17 months will be approximately 145,800.
100 p
96. x= , 10 ≤ p ≤ 70
0.1 p  1
dx 100(0.1 p  1)  0.1(100 p ) 10 p  100  10 p 100

(A) = = =
dp (0.1 p  1) 2 (0.1 p  1) 2 (0.1 p  1) 2
100(40) 4, 000
(B) x(40) = = = 800;
0.1(40)  1 5
dx 100 100
40 = 2
= =4
dp (0.1(40)  1) 25
At a price level of $40, the supply is 800 DVD players and is increasing at the rate of 4 players
per dollar.
(C) At a price of $41, the demand will be approximately 804 DVD players.
 x
98. T(x) = x2 1   , 0 ≤ x ≤ 7
 9
 x  1 2 1 1
(A) T'(x) = 2x 1   + x2    = 2x – x2 – x2 = 2x – x2;
 9  9 9 9 3
1 2 1 5
(B) T ' (1) = 2(1) – (1) = 2 – =   degrees per mg of drug;
3 3 3
1
T ' (3) = 2(3) – (3)2 = 6 – 3 = 3 degrees per mg of drug;
3
1
T '(6) = 2(6) – (6)2 = 12 – 12 = 0 degrees per mg of drug.
3
EXERCISE 3-5
2. f ( x)  5  6 x 5 , f '( x)  30 x 4
4 2/3
4. f ( x)  15 x 3  4 3 x  15 x 3  4 x1/3 , f '( x)  45 x 4  x
3
6. f ( x)  12e x  11x e , f '( x)  12e x  11 e x e 1

5
8. f ( x)  5ln x  x ln 5, f ( x)   ln 5
x
d
10. (–2); (5 – 2x)6 = 6(5 – 2x)5(–2) = –12(6 – 2x)5
dx
d
12. 6x; (3x2 + 7)5 = 5(3x2 + 7)4(6x) = 30x(3x2 + 7)4
dx
d 4x-2 d
14. 4; e = e4x-2 (4x – 2) = e4x-2(4) = 4e4x-2
dx dx
2
16. 1 – 3x2;
d
ln(x – x3) =
1 d
(x – x3) = 1 (1 – 3x2) = 1  3x
dx x  x3 dx x  x3 x  x3
18. f(x) = (9 – 5x)2

f ꞌ(x) = 2(9 – 5x)(9 – 5x)' = 2(9 – 5x)(–5) = –10(9 – 5x)
20. f(x) = (6 – 0.5x)4

f ꞌ(x) = 4(6 – 0.5x)3(6 – 0.5x)' = 4(6 – 0.5x)3(–0.5) = –2(6 – 0.5x)3
22. f(x) = (5x2 – 3)6

f ꞌ(x) = 6(5x2 – 3)5(5x2 – 3)' = 6(5x2 – 3)5(10x) = 60x(5x2 – 3)5
24. f ( x)  18e 3 x
f ( x)  18e 3 x (3 x)  18e 3 x (3)  54e 3 x
2
26. f(x) = ex +3x+1
2 2 2
f ´ (x) = ex +3x+1(x2 + 3x + 1)ꞌ = ex +3x+1(2x + 3) = (2x + 3)ex +3x+1
28. f(x) = (4x + 3)1/2

1 1 2
f ꞌ(x) = (4x + 3)-1/2(4x + 3)' = (4x + 3)-1/2(4) = 2(4x + 3)-1/2 =
2 2 (4 x  3)1/2
30. f(x) = (x5 + 2)-3

15 x 4
f ꞌ(x) = (–3)(x5 + 2)-4(x5 + 2)' = (–3)(x5 + 2)-4(5x4) = –15x4(x5 + 2)-4 = –
( x5  2) 4
32. f(x) = 2 ln(x2 – 3x + 4)

 1   2x  3  2(2 x  3)
f ´ (x) = 2  2 ( x 2  3 x  4)   = 2  2  = 2
 x  3x  4   x  3x  4  x  3x  4
34. f(x) = (x – 2 ln x)4

 2 4( x  2)( x  2 ln x)3
4f ´ (x) = 4(x – 2 ln x)3(x – 2 ln x)’ = 4(x – 2 ln x)3 1   =
 x x

EXERCISE 3-5 3-21
36. f ( x)  (7 x  6)5
f ( x)  5(7 x  6) 4 (7)  35(7 x  6) 4
Tangent line at x = –1: y – y1 = m(x – x1) where x1 = –1,
y1 = f(–1) = (7(–1) + 6)5 = –1, m = f ꞌ(1) = 35(7(–1) + 6)4 = 35.
Thus, y – (–1) = 35(x – (–1)) or y = 35x + 34.
The tangent line is horizontal at the value(s) of x such that f ꞌ(x) = 0:
35(7 x  6) 4  0
7x  6  0
6
x
7
38. f(x) = (2x + 8)1/2

1 1
f ꞌ(x) = (2x + 8)-1/2(2) = (2x + 8)-1/2 =
2 (2 x  8)1/2
Tangent line at x = 4: y – y1 = m(x – x1) where x1 = 4,
1 1
y1 = f(4) = [2(4) + 8]1/2 = 4, m = f ꞌ(4) = 1/2
= .
[2(4)  8] 4
1 1
Thus, y – 4 = (x – 4) or y = x + 3.
4 4
The tangent line is horizontal at the value(s) of x such that
f ꞌ(x) = 0.
1
f ꞌ(x) = ≠ 0, so there is none.
(2 x  8)1/2
40. f(x) = ln(1 – x2 + 2x4)

(1  x 2  2 x 4 )  2 x  8 x3 2 x(4 x 2  1)
f ´ (x) = = =
1  x2  2 x4 1  x2  2 x4 2x4  x2  1
Tangent line at x = 1: y – y1 = m(x – x1) where x1 = 1,
y1 = f(1) = ln(1 – (1)2 + 2(1)4) = ln(2), m = f ꞌ(1) =


2 1 4 1  1 6
2
  3.

2 1  1  1 2
4 2
Thus, y – ln(2) = 3(x – 1) or y = 3(x – 1) + ln(2).

The tangent line is horizontal at the value(s) of x such that
f ꞌ(x) = 0.
2 x(4 x 2  1)
f ꞌ(x) = = 0.
2 x4  x2  1
2 x(2 x  1)(2 x  1)
=0
2 x4  x2  1
1
x  0, 
2
42. y = 2(x3 + 6)5

y' = 2(5)(x3 + 6)4(3x2) = 30x2(x3 + 6)4

d 6(3t 2  2t )
44. [3(t3 + t2)-2] = 3(–2)(t3 + t2)-3(3t2 + 2t) =
dt (t 3  t 2 )3
46. g(w) = 3 3w  7 = (3w – 7)1/3

dg 1 1
= (3w – 7)-2/3(3) = (3w – 7)-2/3 =
dw 3 3
(3w  7) 2
e2 x
48. h(x) =
x2  9
( e 2 x ) ( x 2  9)  ( x 2  9) ( e2 x ) 2e2 x ( x 2  9)  2 xe2 x 2e2 x [( x 2  9)  x] 2e2 x ( x 2  x  9)
h '( x )  = = =
( x 2  9) 2 ( x 2  9) 2 ( x 2  9) 2 ( x 2  9) 2
50. Use product formula:

d d d 1
[ x ln(1  e x )]  x [ln(1  e x )]  ln(1  e x ) ( x)  x (e x )  ln(1  e x )(1)
dx dx dx 1  ex
xe x xe x  (1  e x ) ln(1  e x )
 x
 ln(1  e x ) 
1 e 1  ex
52. G(t) = (1 – e2t)2
G’(t) = 2(1 – e2t)(1 – e2t)ꞌ
= 2(1 – e2t)(–2e2t)
= –4e2t(1 – e2t) = 4e2t(e2t – 1)
54. y = [ln(x2 + 3)]3/2
3 3 ( x 2  3)  3 2x
y’ = [ln(x2 + 3)]1/2[ln(x2 + 3)]ꞌ = [ln(x2 + 3)]1/2 ꞏ 2
= [ln(x2 + 3)]1/2 ꞏ 2
2 2 x 3 2 x 3
2 12
3 x[ln( x  3)]
=
x2  3
d  1  d 24w5
56.  6 4
 ( w6  5) 4  (4)  ( w6  5)5 (6w5 )  24w5 ( w6  5) 5  6
dw  ( w  5)  dw ( w  5)5
58. f(x) = x2(1 – x)4

f ꞌ(x) = (x2)'(1 – x)4 + x2[(1 – x)4]' = 2x(1 – x)4 + x2[4(1 – x)3(–1)] = 2x(1 – x)4 – 4x2(1 – x)3
= 2x(1 – x)3[(1 – x) – 2x] = 2x(1 – x)3(1 – 3x) = 2x(1 – 3x)(1 – x)3
An equation for the tangent line to the graph of f at x = 2 is:
y – y1 = m(x – x1) where x1 = 2,
y1 = f(2) = (2)2(1 – 2)4 = 4, m = f ꞌ(2) = 2(2)[1 – 3(2)](1 – 2)3 = 20.

Thus, y – 4 = 20(x – 2) or y = 20x – 36

EXERCISE 3-5 3-23
x4
60. f(x) =
(3 x  8) 2
( x 4 ) (3 x  8) 2  [(3x  8) 2 ] ( x 4 ) 4 x3 (3x  8) 2  [2(3 x  8)(3)]x 4 4 x3 (3 x  8) 2  6 x 4 (3 x  8)
f ꞌ(x) = 4
= 4
=
(3 x  8) (3x  8) (3 x  8) 4
2 x3 (3 x  8)[2(3 x  8)  3x] 2 x3 [6 x  16  3 x] 2 x3 (3 x  16)
= = =
(3x  8) 4 (3 x  8)3 (3 x  8)3

y – y1 = m(x – x1) where x1 = 4,
(4) 4 44 2(4)3 [3(4)  16] 8(4)3
y1 = f(4) = = = 42 = 16, m = f ꞌ(4) = = = –8.
[3(4)  8]2 42 [3(4)  8]3 (4)3
Thus, y – 16 = –8(x – 4) or y = –8x + 48.

x
62. f(x) = e
 1 1 2  e x
f ´ (x) = e x
( x )’ = e x
(x1/2)’ = e x
 x  =
2 2 x
e
For x = 1, m = f ´ (1) = is the slope of the tangent line at x = 1. Since f(1) = e, the equation of the
2
tangent line at x = 1 is:
e e e e e e
y – e = (x – 1) or y – e =   x – or y=  x+ = (x + 1)
2 2 2 2 2 2
64. f(x) = x3(x – 7)4

f ꞌ(x) = (x3)'(x – 7)4 + x3[(x – 7)4]' = 3x2(x – 7)4 + x3[4(x – 7)3(1)] = 3x2(x – 7)4 + 4x3(x – 7)3
= x2(x – 7)3[3(x – 7) + 4x] = x2(x – 7)3[3x – 21 + 4x] = x2(x – 7)3(7x – 21) = 7x2(x – 3)(x – 7)3
The tangent line to the graph of f is horizontal at the value(s) of x such that f ꞌ(x) = 0. Thus, we set
7x2(x – 3)(x – 7)3 = 0 and x = 0, x = 3, x = 7.

x 1
66. f(x) =
( x  3)3
( x  1) ( x  3)3  [( x  3)3 ] ( x  1) ( x  3)3  [3( x  3)2 (1)]( x  1) ( x  3)3  3( x  3) 2 ( x  1)
f ꞌ(x) = = =
( x  3)6 ( x  3)6 ( x  3)6
( x  3) 2 [( x  3)  3( x  1)] [ x  3  3 x  3] 2 x
= = 4
=
( x  3) 6
( x  3) ( x  3) 4
The tangent line to the graph of f is horizontal at the value(s) of x such that f ꞌ(x) = 0. Thus, we set –2x =
0 and x = 0.
68. f(x) = x 2  4 x  5 = (x2 + 4x + 5)1/2

1 x2
f ꞌ(x) = (x2 + 4x + 5)-1/2(2x + 4) = 2
2 ( x  4 x  5)1/2
The tangent line to the graph of f is horizontal at the value(s) of x such that f ꞌ(x) = 0. Thus, we set
x2
=0
( x  4 x  5)1/2
2
x+2=0 and x = –2

1
70. f ꞌ(x) = (1)ln(x + 1) + (x + 1)ꞏ – 1 = ln(x + 1)
x 1
1
g'(x) = (x + 1)-2/3
3
which are not the same function. All four functions appear in the view window 0 ≤ x ≤ 5, 0 ≤ y ≤ 3.
72. f (u )  eu , domain of f : (, ); g ( x)  x , domain of g : [0, )

m( x)  f [ g ( x)]  e x , domain of m : [0, ).
74. f (u )  u , domain of f : [0, ); g ( x)  e x , domain of g : (, )

m( x)  f [ g ( x)]  e x , domain of m : (, ).
76. f (u )  ln u , domain of f : (0, ); g ( x)  3 x  12, domain of g : (, )

m( x)  f [ g ( x)]  ln (3 x  12), domain of m : ( 4, ).
1
78. f (u )  , domain of f : all real numbers except x  0; g ( x )  x 2  9, domain of g : ( , )
u
1
m( x )  f [ g ( x )]  2 , domain of m : all real numbers except x  3, 3.
x 9
d d  d 
80. [2x2(x3 – 3)4] =  (2 x 2 )  (x3 – 3)4 + 2x2  ( x3  3) 4  = 4x(x3 – 3)4 + 2x2[4(x3 – 3)3(3x2)]
dx  dx   dx 
= 4x(x3 – 3)4 + 24x4(x3 – 3)3 = 4x(x3 – 3)3[(x3 – 3) + 6x3] = 4x(x3 – 3)3(7x3 – 3)
d  d 
(3 x 2 )  ( x 2  5)3   ( x 2  5)3  (3 x 2 )
d  3 x 2   dx   dx  6 x( x 2  5)3  [3( x 2  5) 2 (2 x)](3 x 2 )
82.  2  = =
dx  ( x  5)3  ( x 2  5)6 ( x 2  5)6
6 x( x 2  5)3  18 x3 ( x 2  5) 2 6 x( x 2  5) 2 [( x 2  5)  3 x 2 ] 6 x(5  2 x 2 ) 30 x  12 x3
= = = =
( x 2  5)6 ( x 2  5)6 ( x 2  5) 4 ( x 2  5) 4
d 1 1 1 3x 2
84. log(x3 – 1) = ꞏ 3 (3x2) = ꞏ 3
dx ln10 x  1 ln10 x  1
d 1-2x2 2 2
86. 8 = 81-2x (–4x)(ln 8) = –4x 81-2x (ln 8)
dx
d 2 1 1 2
88. log5(5x -1) = ꞏ 2 [5x -1(2x)(ln 5)] = 2x
dx ln 5 5 x 1
or
d 2 d d 2
log5(5x -1) = [(x2 – 1)log55] = (x – 1) = 2x
dx dx dx
d 1 ln10 ln x
90. 10ln x = 10ln x   (ln 10) = 10
dx x x

EXERCISE 3-5 3-25
92. C(x) = 6 + 4 x  4 = 6 + (4x + 4)1/2, 0 ≤ x ≤ 30
1 2
(A) C'(x) = (4x + 4)-1/2(4) = 2(4x + 4)-1/2 =
2 (4 x  4)1/2
2 2 1
(B) C'(15) = 1/2
= = = 0.25 or $25.
[4(15)  4] 8 4
At a production level of 15 cameras, total costs are increasing at the rate of $25 per camera; also,
the cost of producing the 16th camera is approximately $25.
2 2
C'(24) = = = 0.2 or $20.
[4(24)  4]1/2 10
At a production level of 24 cameras, total costs are increasing at the rate of $20 per camera; also, the
cost of producing the 25th camera is approximately $20.
94. x = 1,000 – 60 p  25 = 1,000 – 60(p + 25)1/2, 20 ≤ p ≤ 100.
dx 1 30
(A) = –60   (p + 25)-1/2 =
dp 2 ( p  25)1/2
(B) x(75) = 1,000 – 60(75 + 25)1/2 = 1,000 – 600 = 400

dx 30 30
75 = 1/2
= = –3
dp (75  25) 10
At a price of $75, the demand is 400 bicycle helmets and is decreasing at the rate of 3 helmets per
dollar.
96. C(t) = 250(1 – e-t), t ≥ 0

(A) Cꞌ (t) = 250e-t
Cꞌ (1) = 250e-1 ≈ 92 Cꞌ
Cꞌ (4) = 250e-4 ≈ 4.6
Thus, at the end of 1 minute concentration is increasing at the rate of 92 micrograms/milliliter per
minute; At the end of 4 minutes the concentration is increasing at the rate of 4.6 micrograms/milliliter
per minute.
(B) Cꞌ (t) = 250e-t > 0 on (0, 5)

t C (t )
0 0
1 158.03
4 245.42
5 248.32
98. T(t) = 30e-0.58t + 38, t ≥ 0

T' (t) = 30e-0.58t(–0.58) = –17.4e-0.58t
T' (1) = –17.4e-0.58(1) ≈ –9.74°F per hour.
T' (4) = –17.4e-0.58(4) ≈ –1.71°F per hour.

EXERCISE 3-6
4 2
2. 4 x 2  3 y  12; 3 y  4 x 2  12, y  x 4
3
1 1
4. 4 y 2  x 2  36; y 2  (36  x 2 ), y   36  x 2
4 2
6. 2ln y  y ln x  3 x, impossible, cannot be solved for y.
e x  e2 x  4 x 3
8. y 2  e x y  x 3  0, y  (quadratic formula)
2
10. 2x + 9y = 12
(A) Implicit differentiation: (B) 9y = –2x + 12
2 4
d d d y= x
(2 x)  (9 y )  (12) 9 3
dx dx dx
2
2  9y '  0 y' =
9
2
y'  
9
12. x5  y 5  1
(A) Implicit differentiation: (B) y  (1  x5 )1/5
d 5 d d
( x )  ( y5 )  (1) y 
1
(1  x 5 ) 4/5 ( 5 x 4 )
dx dx dx 5
5x4  5 y 4 y '  0 x4 x4
4  5 4/5

x (1  x ) y4
y'  
y4
14. 4 x 2  e y  10
(A) Implicit differentiation (B) y  ln(4 x  10)
2
d d d 1
(4 x 2 )  (e y )  (10) y'  (8 x )
dx dx dx 4 x 2  10
8x  e y y '  0 8x 8x
  y
8x 10  4 x 2
e
y'  y
e
16. x 3  ln y  2
(A) Implicit differentiation (B) y  e2 x

3
d d d y  e
2  x3
(3x 2 )  3x 2 y
( x3 )  (ln y )  (2)
dx dx dx
1
3x 2   y  0
y
y   3 x 2 y

EXERCISE 3-6 3-27
20. y2 + x3 + 4 = 0
d 2 d 3 d d
(y ) + (x ) + (4) = (0)
dx dx dx dx
2yy' + 3x2 + 0 = 0
2yy' = –3x2
3x 2
y' = –
2y
3(2) 2 12
y' ( 2,2) = – =– = –3
2(2) 4
22. y2 – y – 4x = 0
d 2 d d d
(y ) – (y) – (4x) = (0)
dx dx dx dx
2yy' – y' – 4 = 0
y'(2y – 1) = 4
4
y' =
2 y 1
4
y ' (0,1) = =4
2(1)  1
24. 3xy – 2x – 2 = 0
d d d d
(3xy) – (2x) – (2) = (0)
dx dx dx dx
3y + 3xy' – 2 – 0 = 0
3xy' = 2 – 3y
2  3y
y' =
3x
2  3(1) 1
y' at (2, 1) = =–
3(2) 6
26. 2y + xy – 1 = 0
d d d d
(2y) + (xy) – (1) = (0)
dx dx dx dx
2y' + y + xy' – 0 = 0
y'(x + 2) = –y
y
y' = –
x2
1
y' at (–1, 1) = – = –1
1  2
28. 4 x 4 y  3x 4  5  0
d d d d
(4 x 4 y )  (3x 4 )  (5)  (0)
dx dx dx dx
16 x3 y  4 x 4 y   12 x3  0  0
4 x 4 y   12 x3  16 x3 y
12 x3  16 x3 y 3 4y
y  4

4x x
3  4(2)
y' at (–1, 2) = =5
1

30. x2 – y = 4ey 32. ln y = 2y2 – x

d 2 d d
(x ) – (y) = (4ey) d
(ln y) =
d
(2y2) –
d
(x)
dx dx dx dx dx dx
2x – y' = 4eyy' 1
ꞏy' = 4yy' – 1
y'(1 + 4ey) = 2x y
y' =
2x y' = 4y2y' – y
1  4e y y'(4y2 – 1) = y
2(2) 4 y
y' at (2, 0) = 0
= y' =
1  4e 5 2
4y 1
1 1
y' at (2, 1) = 2
=
4(1)  1 3
34. xey – y = x2 – 2
d d d 2 d
(xey) – (y) = (x ) – (2)
dx dx dx dx
ey + xeyꞏy' – y' = 2x – 0
y'(xey – 1) = 2x – ey
2x  e y
y' =
xe y  1
2(2)  e0 4 1
y' at (2, 0) = = =3
0
2e  1 2 1
36. x3 – tx2 – 4 = 0
d 3 d d d
(x ) – (tx2) – (4) = (0)
dt dt dt dt
3x2x' – x2 – 2txx' – 0 = 0
x'(3x2 – 2tx) = x2
x2 x
x' = =
x(3 x  2t ) 3 x  2t
2 2
x' at (–3, –2) = = , so x' is not defined at (–3, –2)
3(2)  2(3) 0

EXERCISE 3-6 3-29
38. (x – 1)2 + (y – 1)2 = 1.

Differentiating implicitly, we have:
d d d
(x – 1)2 + (y – 1)2 = (1)
dx dx dx
2(x – 1) + 2(y – 1)y' = 0
x 1
y' = –
y 1
To find the points on the graph where x = 0.2, we solve the given equation for y:
(y – 1)2 = 1 – (x – 1)2
y – 1 = ± 1  ( x  1) 2
y=1± 1  ( x  1) 2
Now, when x = 0.2, y = 1 + 1  0.64 = 1 + 0.36 = 1 + 0.6 = 1.6

and y = 1 – 0.36 = 1 – 0.6 = 0.4. Thus, the points are (0.2, 1.6) and (0.2, 0.4). These values can be
verified on the graph.
0.2  1 0.8 4
y' (0.2,1.6) =– = =
1.6  1 0.6 3
0.2  1 0.8 4
y' (0.2,0.4) =– =– =–
0.4  1 0.6 3
40. 3x + xy + 1 = 0
When x = –1, 3(–1) + (–1)y + 1 = 0, so y = –2. Thus, we want to find the equation of the tangent line at
(–1, –2).
First, find y'.
d d d d
(3x) + (xy) + (1) = (0)
dx dx dx dx
3 + y + xy' + 0 = 0
xy' = –(y + 3)
y3
y' = –
x
2  3
y ' ( 1,2) = – =1
1
Thus, the slope of the tangent line at (–1, –2) is m = 1. The equation of the line through (–1, –2) with slope
m = 1 is: y + 2 = (x + 1) or y = x – 1.
42. xy2 – y – 2 = 0
When x = 1, y2 – y – 2 = 0
(y + 1)(y – 2) = 0
y = –1 or 2

Thus, we have to find the equations of the tangent lines at (1, –1) and (1, 2). First find y':
d d d d
(xy2) – (y) – (0) = (0)
dx dx dx dx
y2 + 2xyy' – y' – 0 = 0
y'(2xy – 1) = –y2
y2
y' =
1  2 xy
(1) 2 1
y' (1, 1) = =
1  2(1)(1) 3
1
The equation of the tangent line at (1, –1) with m = is:
3
1 1 4
y + 1= (x – 1) or y= x–
3 3 3
(2)2 4
y ' (1,2) = = – [slope at (1, 2)]
1  2(1)(2) 3
4
Thus, the equation of the tangent line at (1, 2) with m = – is:
3
4 4 10
y–2=– (x – 1) or y = – x +
3 3 3
44. Since y appears in two places as polynomial of degree one and as exponent we cannot express y as an
explicit function of x. We need to use implicit differentiation to find the slope of the tangent line to the
graph of the equation at the point (0, 1).
x3 + y + xey = 1
d 3 d d d
(x ) + (y) + (xey ) = (1)
dx dx dx dx
3x2 + y' + ey + xey ꞏy ‫ = ׳‬0
y'(xey + 1) = –(ey + 3x2)
e y  3x 2
y' = –
xe y  1
e1  3(0) 2
y' (0,1) =– = –e
0e1  1
46. (y – 3)4 – x = y
d d d
(y – 3)4 – (x) = (y)
dx dx dx
4(y – 3)3y' – 1 = y'
y'[4(y – 3)3 – 1] = 1
1
y' =
4( y  3)3  1
1 1
y' ( 3,4) = 3
=
4(4  3)  1 3

EXERCISE 3-6 3-31
48. (2x – y)4 – y3 = 8

d d 3 d
(2x – y)4 – (y ) = (8)
dx dx dx
4(2x – y)3(2 – y') – 3y2y' = 0
[4(2x – y)3 + 3y2]y' = 8(2x – y)3
8(2 x  y )3
y' =
4(2 x  y )3  3 y 2
8(2(1)  (2))3 8(0)3

y' ( 1, 2) = = =0
4(2(1)  (2))3  3(2) 2 4(0)3  12
50. 6 y 3  1 – 2x3/2 – 2 = 0
6(y3 + 1)1/2 – 2x3/2 – 2= 0

d d d d
(6(y3 + 1)1/2) – (2x3/2) – (2) = (0)
dx dx dx dx
1
6   (y3 + 1)-1/2(3y2y') – 3x1/2 – 0 = 0
2
9y2(y3 + 1)-1/2y' = 3x1/2
x1/2 x1/2 ( y 3  1)1/2

y' = =
3 y 2 ( y 3  1) 1/2 3y2
41/2 (23  1)1/2 (2)(3) 1

y' (4,2) = 2
= =
3(2) 12 2
52. e xy  6 x  2 y  5
d xy d d d
(e )  (6 x)  (2 y )  (5)
dx dx dx dx
e xy ( y  xy  )  6  2 y   0
ye xy  xy e xy  6  2 y 
y  ( xe xy  2)  6  ye xy
6  ye xy 6  0e 0
y  ; y (1,0) =  6
xe xy  2 1e0  2
54. First find the point(s) on the graph of the equation with y = –1:
Setting y = –1, we have
(–1)3 – x(–1) – x3= 2

–1 + x – x3 = 2
x3 – x + 3 = 0
Graphing this equation on a graphing utility, we get x ≈ –1.67.

Now, differentiate implicitly to find the slope of the tangent line at the point (–1.67, –1):
d 3 d d 3 d
(y ) – (xy) – (x ) = (2)
dx dx dx dx
3y2y' – y – xy' – 3x2 = 0
(3y2 – x)y' = y + 3x2
y  3x 2
y' =
3y2  x
1  3(1.67) 2
y' ( 1.67, 1) = ≈ 1.58
3(1) 2  (1.67)
Tangent line: y + 1 = 1.58(x + 1.67) or y = 1.58x + 1.64
56. x  5, 000  0.1 p 2

d d d
( x)  (5, 000)  (0.1 p 2 )
dx dx dx
dp dp
1  0  0.2 p  0.2 p
dx dx
Thus,
dp 1 5
p' = =  .
dx 0.2 p p
58. x = 60 p  50  300  60( p  50)1/2  300
d d d d
( x )  [60( p  50)1/2 ]  (300)  60 ( p  50)1/2
dx dx dx dx
dp
1  30 ( p  50) 1/2
dx
Thus,
dp ( p  50)1/ 2 p  50
p'   
dx 30 30
60. (L + m)(V + n) = k
d d
((L + m)(V + n)) = (k)
dL dL
dV
V + n + (L + m) =0
dL
dV (V  n)
=–
dL ( L  m)

EXERCISE 3-7 3-33
m1m2
62. F G
r2
d d  mm 
 F    G 1 2 2 
dF dF r
d
dF
 F   Gm1m2
d 2
dF
r  

1  Gm1m2 2r 3 
dr
dF
2Gm1m2 dr
1 
r3 dF
dr r3

dF 2Gm1m2
m1m2
64. F G
r2
d d  m1m2 
F    G 2 
dr dr r
d
dr
d
 F   Gm1m2 r 2
dr
 
dF
dr

 Gm1m2 2r 3 
dF 2Gm1m2
 This is the reciprocal of the answer to Problem 58
dr r3
EXERCISE 3-7
2. A   r 2   (400) 2  160, 000  502, 655 m 2
4. a 2  b 2  c 2 , a  54, b  69; c  (54) 2  (69) 2  7677  88 ft.

4 4
6. V   r 3   (3)3  36  113.1 m3
3 3
375 375
8. V   r 2 h and r  2h; 4 h3  375, h3  , h3 , h  3.10 m, r  6.20 m
4 4
10. y  x3  5
Differentiating with respect to t:
dy dx
= 3x 2
dt dt
dx
Given: = –1 when x = 4. Thus, we have
dt
dy
= 3(4)2(–1) = –48
dt

12. x2 + y2 = 4

dx dy
2x + 2y =0
dt dt
dy
Given: = 5 when x = 1.2 and y = –1.6. Therefore
dt
dx
2(1.2) + 2(–1.6)(5) = 0
dt
dx
2.4 = 16
dt
dx 16 160 20
= = =
dt 2.4 24 3
14. x 2  4 xy  y 2  4

dx dx dy dy
2x –2 y – 4x – 2y =0
dt dt dt dt
dy
Given: = –2 when x = 1 and y = –3. Therefore
dt
dx dx
2(1) –4 (–3) – 4(1)(–2) – 2(–3)(–2) = 0
dt dt
dx dx
2 + 12 + 8 – 12 = 0
dt dt
dx
14 =4
dt
dx 2
=
dt 7
16. 16 x 2  9 y 2  160
Differentiate with respect to t:
dx dy
32x + 18y =0
dt dt
dx
Given: = –18 when x = 1 and y = 4. Therefore
dt
dy
32(1) (–18) + 18(4) =0
dt
dy
−576 + 72 =0
dt
dy
72 = 576
dt
dx
=8
dt
The y coordinate is increasing at 8 units per second.

EXERCISE 3-7 3-35
18. z = rope From the triangle,

x2 + y2 = z2
y = 4
or x2 + 16 = z2, since y = 4.
x
dx dz
2x = 2z
dt dt
dx dz
or x =z
dt dt
dx
Given: = –3.05 when x = 10 and z = 100  16 ≈ 10.77.
dt
Therefore,
dz
10(–3.05) = 10.77
dt
dz 30.5
=– ≈ –2.83 feet per second.
dt 10.77
20. Circumference: C = 2πR 22. Surface area: S  4 R 2
dC dR dS dR
= 2π = 8πR
dt dt dt dt
dR dR
Given: = 2 ft/sec Given: = 6 cm/min
dt dt
dC dS
= 2π(2) = 4π ≈ 12.56 ft/sec = 8πR(6) = 48πR
dt dt
dS
 48 (25)  1, 200
dt R  25 cm
 3,770 cm 2 /min
24. VP = k
dV dP
P+V =0
dt dt
dV
Given: = –5 in3/sec, V = 1,000 in3, P = 40 pounds per square inch.
dt
dP
Thus, we have (–5)(40) + 1,000 =0
dt
dP 200
= = 0.2
dt 1, 000
Pressure increases at 0.2 pound per square inch per second.
26. By the Pythagorean theorem,
z2 = (300)2 + y2 (1) z
y
dz dy 300
z =y
dt dt

dz y dy dy dz 5y
Therefore, = . Given: = 5. Thus, = .
dt z dt dt dt z
From (1), z2 = (300)2 + y2 = (300)2 + (400)2 = 250,000 when y = 400.
dz 5(400)
Thus, z = 500 when y = 400, and = = 4 m/sec.
dt (400,500) 500
A
28. y = length of shadow
x = distance of man from light
20
z = distance of tip of shadow from light ft
C
dy 5 ft
We want to compute . Triangles ABE and CDE are similar triangles; thus, the B D E
dt y
x
ratios of corresponding sides are equal. z
z y x y y
Therefore, = or = [Note: z = x + y]
20 5 20 5
1
or x + y = 4y or y = x
3
dy 1 dx
=
dt 3 dt
dx dy 5
Given: = 5. Thus, = ft/sec.
dt dt 3
30. Observe that

z2 = x2 + 1
dz dx (0,1)
z =x z
dt dt
1
dz
z x point
x = dt
dx
dt
dx
Given: = 5, z = x 2  1 .
dt
1 dz
Thus, x = x2  1 (1)
5 dt
dz
From (1), for = 2, we have:
dt
2 4( x 2  1) 4
x= x 2  1 or x2 = or 21x2 = 4, x2 = , x ≈ 0.4364
5 25 21
dz
From (1), for = 4, we have
dt
4
x= x 2  1 or 25x2 = 16(x2 + 1)
5
16 4
9x2 = 16, x2 = ,x= = 1.3333
9 3

EXERCISE 3-7 3-37
dz
From (1), for = 5, we have x = x 2  1 which is impossible.
dt
Therefore, the distance from (0, 1) is never increasing at ≥ 5 units per second.
dy dx
32. x3 + y2 = 1; = 2, =1
dt dt
dx dy
3x2 + 2y =0
dt dt
or
3x2(1) + 2y(2) = 0 or 3x2 + 4y = 0 [Note: this equation has a solution
for x only when y ≤ 0.]
From x3 + y2 = 1, y = – 1  x3 and hence

3x2 – 4 1  x3 = 0
3x2 = 4 1  x3
9x4 = 16(1 – x3)
9x4 + 16x3 – 16 = 0
Using a graphing utility, we find x ≈ 0.875 and x ≈ –2.

Therefore the points at which the x coordinate increasing at a rate of 1 unit per second are: (0.875, –0.574)
and (–2, –3). [Note: For x = 0.875, y = – 1  x3 = –0.574 and for x = –2, y = – 1  x3 = –3.]
34. C = 72,000 + 60x (1)

x2
R = 200x – (2)
30
P=R–C (3)
(A) Differentiating (1) with respect to t:
dC dx
= 60
dt dt
dC  dx 
Thus, = 60(500)   500 
dt  dt 
= $30,000 per week.
Costs are increasing at $30,000 per week at this production level.

(B) Differentiating (2) with respect to t:
dR dx 1 dx
= 200 – x
dt dt 15 dt
 x  dx
=  200  
 15  dt
dR  1,500   dx 
Thus, =  200   (500)  x  1,500,  500 
dt  15  dt 
= $50,000 per week.
Revenue is increasing at $50,000 per week at this production level.

(C) Differentiating (3) with respect to t:

dP dR dC
= –
dt dt dt
Thus, from parts (A) and (B), we have:
dP
= 50,000 – 30,000 = $20,000
dt
Profits are increasing at $20,000 per week at this production
level.
36. S = 50,000 – 20,000e-0.0004x

Differentiating implicitly with respect to t, we have
dS dx dx
= –20,000e-0.0004x (–0.0004) = 8e-0.0004x
dt dt dt
dx
Now, for x = 2,000 and = 300, we have
dt
dS
= 8e-0.0004(2000)(300) = 2,400e-0.8 ≈ 1,078
dt
Thus, sales are increasing at the rate of $1,078 per week.
38. x  800  36 p  20  800  36( p  20)1/ 2

dx d d dp 18 dp
 (800)  36 ( p  20)1/ 2  18( p  20) 1/ 2 
dt dx dt dt ( p  20)1/ 2
dt
dp
Now, for p = 124 and  3 , we have
dt
dx 18 18
 1/ 2
(3)   4.5
dt 144 4
Thus, the demand is decreasing at the rate of 4.5 ovens per week.
40. 
R ( p )  p 800  36 p  20 
 18  dp
dR
dt
 p 
  800  36 p  20
p  20  dt
dp
dt


dR
Setting p  124, dp / dt  3, we have  124(3 / 2)(3)  [800  36(12)](3)  546 ,
dt
revenue is increasing at the rate of $546 per week.

EXERCISE 3-7 3-39
dx dp
42. x  3 p 2  2 p  500,  (6 p  2)
dt dt
dx
Setting p  38, p '  1.50 , we have  339 . The demand is decreasing at the rate of 339 bushels
dt
per week.
dy 5 dx
44. y  20  5 ln x,  .
dt x dt
dy 15 5
Setting x  12, dx /dt  3, we have    1.25. The polling percentage will increase by 1.25 points
dt 12 4
per week.
46. Price p and demand x are related by the equation

x2 + 2xp + 25p2 = 74,500 (1)
dx dx dp dp
2x +2 p + 2x + 50p =0 (2)
dt dt dt dt
dp
 ( x  25 p)
dx dt
(A) From (2), =
dt x p
Setting p = 30 in (1), we get
x2 + 60x + 22,500 = 74,500
or x2 + 60x – 52,000 = 0
Thus, x = –30 ± (30) 2  52, 000 = –30 ± 230 = 200, –260
Since x ≥ 0, x = 200
dp
Now, for x = 200, p = 30 and = 2, we have
dt
dx  (200  25(30))(2) 1,900
= =– ≈ –8.26
dt 200  30 230
The demand is decreasing at the rate of 8.26 units/month.
dx
( x  p)
dp dt
(B) From (2), = 
dt x  25 p
Setting x = 150 in (1), we get
(150)2 + 2(150)p + 25p2 = 74,500
22,500 + 300p + 25p2 = 74,500
or p2 + 12p – 2,080 = 0
and p = –6 ± 36  2080 = –6 ± 46 = 40, –52
Since p ≥ 0, p = 40.

dx
Now, for x = 150, p = 40 and = –6, we have
dt
dp (150  40)(6)
=  ≈ 0.99
dt 150  25(40)
Thus, the price is increasing at the rate of $0.99 per month.
 1 
48. T = 6 1   = 6(1 + x–1/2)
 x
dT  1  dx  dx
= 6    x-3/2   = –3x-3/2
dt  2  dt  dt
or
dT 3 dx
= – 3/2 ꞏ
dt x dt
dx
Given: = 6, x = 36. Therefore,
dt
dT 3 18 1
=– 3/2
(6) = – =– of a minute/hour.
dt (36) 216 12
EXERCISE 3-8
125  p
2. p  125  0.02 x, 0  x  6,250; x  f ( p )   6250  50 p, 0  p  125 .
0.02
180  p
4. p  180  0.8 x 2 , 0  x  15; x2   225  1.25 p,
0.8
x  f ( p )  225  1.25 p , 0  p  180.
x
6. p  45  e x /4 , 0  x  12; e x /4  45  p,  ln (45  p ), x  4ln (45  p)
4
x  f ( p )  4ln (45  p ), 45  e3  p  44 or 24.9  p  44.
500  e p
8. p  ln (500  5 x ), 0  x  90; e p  500  5 x, x   100  0.2e p
5
x  f ( p )  100  0.2e p , ln 50  p  ln 500 or 3.91  p  6.21 (approximately)
10. f  x   60 x  1.2 x 2 12. f  x   15  3e0.5 x

f   x   60  2.4 x f   x   1.5e0.5 x
f   x 60  2.4 x f   x 1.5e0.5 x
 
f  x 60 x  1.2 x 2
f  x 15  3e0.5 x

EXERCISE 3-8 3-41
14. f  x   25  2 ln x 16. f  x   580

2 f   x  0
f   x 
x f   x 0
2  0
f   x f  x 580
x 2
 
f  x  25  2 ln x 25 x  2 x ln x f  300
0
f 300
18. f  x   500  6 x 20. f  x   500  6 x

f   x   6 f   x   6
f   x 6 f   x 6
 
f  x 500  6 x f  x 500  6 x
f   40 6 3 f  75 6 3
   0.023    0.12
f  40 500  6  40 130 f 75 500  6 75 25
22. f ( x)  5 x3  4 ln x 24. f ( x)  5 x3  4 ln x
4 4
f  ( x)  15 x 2  f  ( x)  15 x 2 
x x
2 4 2 4
15 x  3 15 x  3
f  ( x)
 3 x  15 x  4 f  ( x)
 3 x  15 x  4
f ( x) 5 x  4 ln x 5 x 4  4 x ln x f ( x) 5 x  4 ln x 5 x 4  4 x ln x
f  (4) 15(4)3  4 f  (10) 15(10)3  4
  0.760   0.300
f (4) 5(4) 4  4(4) ln(4) f (10) 5(10) 4  4(10) ln(10)
26 . f  x   75  110 x 28. f  x   75  110 x

f   x   110 f   x   110
f   x 110 f   x 110
 
f  x 75  110 x f  x 75  110 x
f   4 110 f  16 110
100   100   21.4% 100   100   6.00%
f  4 75  110  4 f 16 75  110 16
30. f  x   3, 000  8 x 2 32. f  x   3, 000  8 x 2

f   x   16 x f   x   16 x
f   x 16 x f   x 16 x
 
f  x 3, 000  8 x 2 f  x  3,000  8 x 2
f  12 16 12 f  18 16 18
100   100   10.4% 100   100   70.6%
f 12 3, 000  8 12
2 f 18 3000  8 18
2
34. f  p   10, 000  190 p 36. f  p   8, 400  7 p 2

f   p   190 f   p   14 p
pf   p  190 p pf   p  14 p 2
E  p    E  p   
f  p 10, 000  190 p f  p 8, 400  7 p 2

38. f  p   160  35ln p

35
f   p 
p
 35 
p
pf   p   p  35
E  p    
f  p 160  35ln p 160  35ln p
A '(t ) 104 e0.052 t 104

40. A(t )  2,000 e0.052 t , A '(t )  104 e0.052 t ,  0.052 t
  0.052
A(t ) 2,000 e 2,000
A '(t ) 216 e0.24 t 216

42. A(t )  900 e0.24t , A '(t )  216 e0.24 t ,    0.24
A(t ) 900 e0.24 t 900
f ( x) x3e x  3 x 2 e x x3  3 x 2 x  3
44. f ( x)  x3e x , f ( x)  x3e x  3 x 2 e x ;   
f ( x) x 3e x x3 x
f '( x ) 1  ln x
46. f ( x )  x ln x, f '( x )  1  ln x; 
f ( x) x ln x
48. x = f(p) = 1,875 – p2

 pf '( p )  p (2 p) 2 p2
E(p) =  
f ( p) 1,875  p 2 1,875  p 2
2(15) 2
(A) E(15) = = 0.27 < 1; INELASTIC
1,875  (15) 2
2(25) 2
(B) E(25) = = 1; UNIT ELASTICITY
1,875  (25) 2
2(40) 2
(C) E(40) = = 11.64 > 1; ELASTIC
1,875  (40) 2
50. x = f(p) = 875 – p – 0.05p2

 p(1  0.10 p ) p  0.10 p 2
E(p) = 
875  p  0.05 p 2 875  p  0.05 p 2
50  0.10(50) 2
(A) E(50) = = 0.43 < 1; INELASTIC
875  50  0.05(50) 2
70  0.10(70) 2
(B) E(70) = = 1; UNIT ELASTICITY
875  70  0.05(70)2
100  0.10(100) 2
(C) E(100) = = 4; ELASTIC
875  100  0.05(100) 2

EXERCISE 3-8 3-43
52. p + 0.04x = 32, 0  p  32

32 1
0.04x = 32 – p, x = – p = 800 – 25p, 0 ≤ p ≤ 32
0.04 0.04
p (25) p 28
E(p) =  = ; E (28)   7 , 7(6%) = 42% increase.
800  25 p 32  p 4
p 16
54. From Problem 52, E ( p )  ; E (16)   1; 1(9%)=9% decrease.
32  p 16
p
56. Demand is inelastic if E ( p )  1;  1 implies p  32  p which gives p  16.
32  p
The demand is inelastic on (0, 16).
58. E ( p)  1 on (16,32). Therefore, a decrease in price will increase the demand.
60. x  f  p   480  8 p, 480  8 p  0, so 0  p  60.

 pf '( p )  p  8 p
E  p   
f ( p) 480  8 p 60  p
p
E(p) = > 1 implies that p > 30. Thus, Elastic on (30, 60) and Inelastic on (0, 30).
60  p
62. x  f  p   2, 400  6 p 2 , 2, 400  6 p 2  0, so 0  p  20.

 pf '( p )  p  12 p  12 p 2 2 p2
E  p    
f ( p) 2, 400  6 p 2 2, 400  6 p 2 400  p 2
2 p2 20  20   20 
E(p) = > 1 implies that p > . Thus, Elastic on  , 20  and Inelastic on  0, .
400  p 2
3  3  3
64. x = f(p) = 324  2 p 324 – 2p ≥ 0 or 0 ≤ p ≤ 162

1 
 p  (2)(324  2 p ) 1 2 
 pf '( p)  2  p
E(p) = = =
f ( p) (324  2 p)12
324  2 p
p
E(p) = > 1 implies that p > 108. Thus, Elastic on (108, 162) and Inelastic on (0, 108).
324  2 p
66. x = f(p) = 3, 600  2 p 2 , 3,600 – 2p2 ≥ 0, 0 ≤ p ≤ 30 2

1 
 p  (4 p )(3, 600  2 p 2 )1 2 
 pf '( p) 2  2 p2
E(p) = = =
f ( p) (3, 600  2 p 2 )1 2 3, 600  2 p 2

2 p2
E(p) = > 1 implies that 2p2 > 3,600 – 2p2
3, 600  2 p 2
or 4p2 > 3,600 or p2 > 900 or 30 < p < 30 2
Therefore, Elastic on (30, 30 2 ) and Inelastic on (0, 30).

68. x = f(p) = 10(16 – p), 0 ≤ p ≤ 16
R(p) = px = p[10(16 – p)] = 160p – 10p2.
R'(p) = 160 – 20p
R(p) is a parabola and its graph over [0, 16] is given below.
Note: R'(p) > 0 (R(p) increasing) on (0, 8) corresponds
to Inelastic and R'(p) < 0 (R(p) decreasing) on (8, 16)
corresponds to Elastic.
70. x = f(p) = 10(p – 9)2, 0 ≤ p ≤ 9

R(p) = px = 10p(p – 9)2
R'(p) = 10(p – 9)2 + 20p(p – 9) = 10(p – 9)[p – 9 + 2p] = 10(p – 9)(3p – 9)
R'(p) > 0 for 3p – 9 < 0 or p < 3 and R'(p) < 0 for 3p – 9 > 0
or p > 3. (Note that p – 9 ≤ 0).
The graph of R(p) is:
Note: R'(p) > 0 on (0, 3),
thus Inelastic.
R'(p) < 0 on (3, 9),
thus Elastic.
72. x = f(p) = 30 – 5 p ≥ 0 implies 0 ≤ p ≤ 36

(30 – 5 p ≥ 0 or p ≤ 6 or p ≤ 36)
R(p) = px = p(30 – 5 p ) = 30p – 5p3/2
15 1/2 15 1/2
R'(p) = 30 – p > 0 if 30 > p or
2 2
p1/2 < 4 or p < 16. Thus R'(p) > 0 (or Inelastic) on (0, 16) and
R'(p) < 0 (Elastic) on (16, 36).
The graph of R(p) is:

EXERCISE 3-8 3-45
74. p = g(x) = 70 – 0.2x

g'(x) = –0.2
g ( x) 70  0.2 x 350
E(x) = – =– = –1
xg  ( x) 0.2 x x
350 7 2
For x = 250, E(250) = –1= –1= .
250 5 5
76. p = g(x) = 20 – x
1
g'(x) = –
2 x
20  x 20  x 2(20  x )
E(x) = –  
 1  1 x
x  x
 2 x  2
2(20  10)
For x = 100, E(100) = =2
10
78. p  g  x   640  0.4 x, 640  0.4 x  0 so 0  p  1, 600.

g '  x   0.4
g  x 640  0.4 x 1, 600  x
E  x    
xg '  x  x 0.4 x
1, 600  x
E(x) = > 1 implies that x < 800. Thus, Elastic on (0, 800) and Inelastic on (800, 1,600).
x
80. p  g  x   540  0.2 x 2 , 540  0.2 x 2  0 so 0  p  30 3.

g '  x   0.4 x
g  x 540  0.2 x 2 2, 700  x 2
E  x    
xg '  x  x  0.4 x  2x2
2, 700  x 2
E(x) =
2 x2
 
> 1 implies that x < 30. Thus, Elastic on (0, 30) and Inelastic on 30,30 3 .
82. x = f(p) = Ae-kp

 pf '( p)  p   kAe kp  kApe kp
E(p) = = = = kp
f ( p) Ae kp Ae  kp
84. (0.80)(45) = $36 per day
86. x = 3,000 – 400p

 p (400) 2p
E(p) = 
3, 000  400 p 15  2 p
2  4 8
E(4) =  1
15  2  4 7
Thus, a 10% increase in the price will result in a decrease in revenue.

88. x = 2,500 – 1,000p

 p (1, 000) 2p
E(p) = 
2,500  1, 000 p 5  2 p
2 1.29  2.58
E(1.29) =  1
5  2 1.29  2.42
Thus, a 10% decrease in the price will result in an increase in revenue.
90. From Problem 83, we have

R(p) = p(2,500 – 1,000p) = 2,500p – 1,000p2
2,500
R'(p) = 2,500 – 2,000p = 0, p = = 1.25
2, 000
Thus, p = $1.25 will maximize the revenue from selling fries.
92. f (t )  1.14t  32.4

f  (t )  1.14
f  (t ) 1.14

f (t ) 1.14t  32.4
f  (t ) 114
p(t )  100  
f (t ) 1.14t  32.4
3.06
94. b(t )  14.63  3.06 ln t , b  (t )   ,
t
3.06

b  (t ) t 3.06
 
b(t ) 14.63  3.06 ln t 14.63t  3.06t ln t
b  (20) 3.06
For 2019/20, t = 20, and   0.028.
b(20) 14.63(20)  3.06(20) ln(20)
CHAPTER 3 REVIEW
1. A(t) = 2000e0.09t
A(5) = 2000e0.09(5) = 2000e0.45 ≈ 3136.62 or $3136.62
A(10) = 2000e0.09(10) = 2000e0.9 ≈ 4919.21 or $4919.21
A(20) = 2000e0.09(20) = 2000e1.8 ≈ 12,099.29 or $12,099.29 (3-1)
d 1 d x
2. Since ln x 3  3ln x, (ln x )  and (e )  e  x then
dx x dx
d d d 3
(ln x 3  2e  x )  3 (ln x )  2 (e  x )   2e  x (3-2)
dx dx dx x
d 2x–3 d
3. e = e2x–3 (2x – 3) (by the chain rule)
dx dx
= 2e2x–3 (3-5)

CHAPTER 3 REVIEW 3-47
4. y = ln(3x + 4)
1
y  (3) ( by the chain rule)
3x  4
3
 (3-5)
3x  4
5. f ( x)  ln (e 2 x  e x  4)
1
f ( x)  2 x  (2e 2 x  e x ) (by the chain rule)
(e  e x  4)
2e 2 x  e x
 (3-5)
e2 x  e x  4
d d
6. cos m = –sin m (3-3) 7. sin u = cos u (3-3)
dm du
d d
8. sin(x2 – 2x + 1) = cos(x2 – 2x + 1) ( x 2  2 x  1) = (2x – 2)cos(x2 – 2x + 1) (3-3)
dx dx
d 4 d d d d
9. Take derivatives on both sides, ( y )  (ln x )  (2 x )  (8)  (0) ,
dx dx dx dx dx
1 dy 1x  2 dy 1  2x
4 y 3 y    2  0 this implies  and  y 
x dx 4 y3 dx 4 y3
dy 1  2 1 1
 3
 = (3-6)
dx (1,1) 4 1 1 4
10. y = 4x3 + 5
dy d (4 x3 ) d (5)
= 
dt dt dt
dy dx
= 12x2
dt dt
dx
x = 4; =3
dt
dy
= 12ꞏ16ꞏ3 = 576 (3-7)
dt
11. 2 p  0.01x  50, x  f ( p )  5, 000  200 p (3-8)
12. From Exercise 8, x  f ( p)  5, 000  200 p, f ( p )   200

pf ( p ) 200 p 200 p p
Elasticity of demand: E ( p )      (3-8)
f ( p) 5, 000  200 p 5, 000  200 p 25  p
p
13. From Exercise 9, elasticity of demand is E ( p )  .
25  p
15
At p  15, E (15)   1.5.
25  15
If the $15 price is increased by 5%, then the demand will decrease by approximately 1.5(5%) = 7.5%.
(3-8)

p
25  p
Demand is elastic when E(p) > 1:
p p 25  p 2 p  25
 1,   0, 0
25  p 25  p 25  p 25  p
Testing around critical values of p = 12.5 (2p – 25 = 0) and p = 25 (25 – p = 0) yields the interval
(12.5, 25).
Thus, demand is elastic for 12.5 < p < 25 or (12.5, 25). (3-8)
p
25  p
9
At p  9, E (9)   0.56.
25  9
Because 0 < E(9) < 1, demand is inelastic; therefore a price increase will increase revenue. (3-8)
16. y = ln x5
1 5
y   5 (5 x 4 )   y (1)  5 (3-2)
x x
17.
n 1000 100,000 10,000,000 100,000,000
2
 2
1   7.374312 7.388908 7.389055 7.389056
 n
n
 2
lim 1   ≈ 7.38906 (5 decimal places);
n  n
n
 2
lim 1   = e2 (3-1)
n  n
d d d d d 1 7
18. [(ln z)7 + ln z7] = [ln z]7 + 7 ln z = 7[ln z]6 ln z + 7 ln z = 7[ln z]6 
dz dz dz dz dz z z
6 6
7(ln z )  7 7[(ln z )  1]
= = (3-5)
z z
d 6 d d 6 1
19. x ln x = x6 ln x + (ln x) x = x6   + (ln x)6x5 = x5(1 + 6 ln x) (3-4)
dx dx dx x
d x d 6
x6 e  ex x
d  ex  dx dx x 6 e x  6 x5 e x xe x  6e x e x ( x  6)
20.  6 
= = 12
= 7
= (3-4)
dx  x  6
(x ) 2
x x x7
21. The derivative of a function of a function is obtained by the Chain rule therefore,
1 12 x5  e x
y  6 x
(12 x5  e x )  (3-5)
2x  e 2 x6  e x

3 2
22. f(x) = ex – x
3 2
f '(x) = ex – x (3x2 – 2x)
3 2
= (3x2 – 2x)ex – x (3-5)
23. y = e–2x ln 5x
dy  1  1  1  2 x ln 5 x
= e–2x   (5) + (ln 5x)(e–2x)(–2) = e–2x   2 ln 5x  = (3-5)
dx  5x  x  xe2 x
24. f(x) = 1 + e–x

f '(x) = e–x(–1) = – e–x

y – y1 = m(x – x1),
where x1 = 0, y1 = f(0) = 1 + e0 = 2, and m = f ʹ(0) = –e0 = –1.

Thus, y – 2 = –1(x – 0) or y = –x + 2.
An equation for the tangent line to the graph of f at x = –1 is:
y – y1 = m(x – x1),
where x1 = –1, y1 = f(–1) = 1 + e, and m = f ʹ(–1) = –e. Thus,
y – (1 + e) = –e[x – (–1)] or y – 1 – e = –ex – e and y = –ex + 1. (3-5)
25. y = cos x, y' = –sin x

 2
y  x  /4 = –sin   = – (3-3)
4 2
26. x2 – 3xy + 4y2 = 23

Differentiate implicitly:
2x – 3(xy' + yꞏ1) + 8yy' = 0
2x – 3xy' – 3y + 8yy' = 0
8yy' – 3xy' = 3y – 2x
(8y – 3x)y' = 3y – 2x
3y  2x
y' =
8 y  3x
3  2  2(1) 8
y' =  [Slope at (–1, 2)] (3-6)
( 1, 2) 8  2  3(1) 19
27. Differentiate the function implicitly and making use of the product rule differentiation we get;
12t 2 x 2  4t 3  2 x  x   2 x  x   0  0
(8 xt 3  2 x) x   12t 2 x 2
12t 2 x 2 6t 2 x
x  
(2 x  8 xt 3 ) 1  4t 3
6
x  ( 1,1)  (3-6)
5

28. x – y2 = e y
1 – 2yy' = e y y'
1 = e y y' + 2yy'
1 = y'(e y + 2y)
1
y' = y
e  2y
1
y' = =1 (3-6)
(1,0) e0  2  0
29. ln y = x2 – y2
y'
= 2x – 2yy'
y
1 
y'   2 y  = 2x
y 
1  2 y2 
y'   = 2x
 y 
2 xy
y' =
1  2 y2
2 1 1 2
y' = 2
 (3-6)
(1,1) 1  2(1) 3
d d d 2
30. ( x 2  1) sin x = (x2 – 1) sin x + sin x (x – 1) = (x2 – 1)cos x + 2x sin x (3-3)
dx dx dx
d d
31. (sin x) 6 = 6(sin x)5 sin x = 6(sin x)5 cos x (3-3)
dx dx
d d 1 d cos x
32. 3
sin x = (sin x) 1/3 = (sin x) -2/3 sin x = (3-3)
dx dx 3 dx 3(sin x )2/3
A '(t ) 19.6 e0.049t 19.6

33. A(t )  400 e0.049t , A '(t )  19.6 e0.049t ; logarithmic derivative:    0.049.
A(t ) 400 e0.049t 400
(3-8)
f '( p) 3
34. f ( p )  100  3 p, f '( p)  3; logarithmic derivative:  . (3-8)
f ( p ) 100  3 p
f '( x) 2x  ex
35. f ( x)  4  x 2  e x , f '( x)  2 x  e x ; logarithmic derivative:  . (3-8)
f ( x) 4  x 2  e x
36. Differentiate the implicit function 3 y 2  40 x 2  16 with respect to t to get;

dy dx
6y + 80x =0
dt dt

dy
Given that = 2 when x = 2 and y = 2 since the rate of change of the y coordinate is positive that is
dt
increasing, therefore
dx
6  2  2  80  2  0
dt
dx 622 3
 
dt 80  2 20
3
The y coordinate is decreasing at 20 units per second because of the negative sign. (3-7)
37. From the figure, x2 + y2 = 172.

dx dy dx dy
2x + 2y = 0 or x +y =0
dt dt dt dt
dx
We are given = –0.5 foot per second. Therefore,
dt
dy dy 0.5x x
x(–0.5) + y = 0 or = =
dt dt y 2y
Now, when x = 8, we have: 82 + y2 = 172

y2= 289 – 64 = 225
y = 15
dy 8 4 (3-6)
Therefore, =  ≈ 0.27 ft/sec.
dt (8,15) 2(15) 15
38. Let A and C be the area and circumference of the circle respectively, then
dA dC
A   r 2 , C  2 r. Given  30 square inches per minute. Required is
dt dt
Differentiate A with respect to t;
dA dr
 2 r 
dt dt
Differentiate C with respect to t;
dC dr
 2 
dt dt
dC dC dr dr 1 dA 30
Now,    2     3 square inches per minute. (3-7)
dt dr dt dt r dt r r 10
39. x = f(p) = 20(p – 15)2 0 ≤ p ≤ 15

f ' (p) = 40(p – 15)
pf '( p ) 40 p( p  15) 2 p
E(p) = – = 
f ( p) 20( p  15) 2
p  15
2 p
Elastic: E(p) = >1
p  15
–2p < p – 15 (p – 15 < 0 reverses inequality)
–3p < –15
p > 5; 5 < p < 15

2 p
Inelastic: E(p) = <1
p  15
–2p > p – 15 (p – 15 < 0 reverses inequality)
–3p > –15
p < 5; 0<p<5 (3-8)
40. x = f(p) = 5(20 – p) 0 ≤ p ≤ 20

R(p) = pf(p) = 5p(20 – p) = 100p – 5p2
R'(p) = 100 – 10p = 10(10 – p)
Critical values: p = 10 Test Numbers
Sign chart for R'(p): p R '( p)
5 50 ()
R'(p) + + + 0 - - -
15 50 ()
x
R(p) 0 10 20 (3-8)
Increasing Decreasing
Demand: Inelastic Elastic
41. Here we use the fact that e ln x  x,

(A) y  w2  e 4u  e 4(ln x )  x 4
dy dy dw du 1
(B)     2w  2e 2u   4 x 2 (3-5)
dx dw du dx x
d d
cos u sin u  sin u cos u
d d sin u du du cos u (cos u )  sin u ( sin u )
42. tan u = = =
du du cos u [cos u ]2 cos 2 u
[cos u ]2  [sin u ]2 1
= = = [sec u]2 (3-3)
[cos u ]2 [cos u ]2
d cosx2 2 d 2 d 2 2 2
43. e = ecosx cos x2 = ecos x (–sin x2) x = ecosx (–sin x2)2x = –2x sin x2ecosx
dx dx dx
(3-3)
2
4
44. Take the ln on both sides of y  7 2 x to get, ln y  (2 x 2  4) ln 7
1 dy
Differentiating both sides with respect to x,  4 x  ln 7 and therefore
y dx
dy 2
 y  4 x  ln 7  7 2 x  4  4 x  ln 7 . (3-5)
dx
d 1 1 d 2 1 2x  1
45. log5(x2 – x) = 2   (x – x) =  (3-5)
dx x x ln 5 dx ln 5 x2  x

46.
d
dx
ln(e 2 x  4 x 2  3) 
2 x
1
2
2 ln(e  4 x  3)
d
dx

ln(e 2 x  4 x 2  3) 
1 1 d 2x
 2x 2
(e  4 x 2  3)
2 ln(e 2x 2
 4 x  3) ( e  4 x  3) dx
(2e 2 x  8 x)
 (3-5)
2 ln (e 2 x  4 x 2  3) (e 2 x  4 x 2  3)
47. exy = x2 + y + 1
d xy d 2 d d
e = x + y+ 1
dx dx dx dx
exy(xy' + y) = 2x + y'
xexyy' – y' = 2x – yexy
2 x  ye xy
y' =
xe xy  1
2  0  0  e0
y' = =0 (3-6)
(0,0) 0  e0  1
48. A = πr 2 , r ≥ 0
dA dr dr
= 2πr = 6πr since =3
dt dt dt
The area increases at the rate 6πr. This is smallest when r = 0; there is no largest value. (3-7)
49. y = x1/2
Differentiate with respect to t, we get
dy 2 dx
= 1/2
dt x dt
dx dx x1/2 dy
Solving for , we get = 
dt dt 2 dt
dx x1/2 dy
= (3) since =3
dt 2 dt
dx 3 x1/2
=
dt 2
dx dy
To find where > , we solve the equation
dt dt
3 x1/2
3
2
x1/2  2
x4 (3-7)
50. (A) The compound interest formula is: A = P(1 + r)t. Thus, the time for P to double when r = 0.05
and interest is compounded annually can be found by solving
2P = P(1 + 0.05)t or 2 = (1.05)t for t.

ln(1.05)t = ln 2
t ln(1.05) = ln 2
ln 2
t= ≈ 14.2 or 15 years
ln(1.05)
(B) The continuous compound interest formula is: A = Pert. Proceeding as above, we have
2P = Pe0.05t or e0.05t = 2.
ln 2
Therefore, 0.05t = ln 2 and t = ≈ 13.9 years (3-1)
.05
51. A(t) = 100e0.1t

A'(t) = 100(0.1)e0.1t = 10e0.1t
A'(1) = 11.05 or $11.05 per year
A'(10) = 27.18 or $27.18 per year (3-1)
52. P (t )  12,000 e0.0395t .

First solve 12,000 e0.0395t  25,000 for t:
25,000 25
e0.0395t  
12,000 12
0.0395t  ln (25 / 12)
ln (25 / 12)
t  18.58
0.0395
P '(18.58)  474 e0.0395(18.58)  987.50 ; $987.50 per year. (3-2)
53. p(x) = 3000(0.998)x

R(x) = xp(x) = 3000x(0.998)x
R'(x) = 3000[(0.998)x + x(0.998)x log(0.998)] = 3000x(0.998)x[1 + x log(0.998)] (3-5)
54. x = (3000 – 4p5)1/2

Differentiate implicitly with respect to x:
1 dp
1= (3000 – 4p5)–1/2 (–20p4)
2 dx
10 p 4 dp
1=
(3000  4 p 5 )1 2 dx
dp (3000  4 p 5 )1 2
= (3-6)
dx 10 p 4
x2 dx
55. Given: R(x) = 750x – and = 3 when x = 40.
30 dt
dR dx 1 dx dx x dx
= 750 – (2x) = 750 – 
dt dt 30 dt dt 15 dt
dR 40
Thus, dx = 750(3)   3  $2, 242 (3-7)
dt x  40 and
dt
3 15

56. p = 38.2 – 0.002x

38.2 1
x = f(p) =  p  19,100  500 p
0.002 0.002
f '(p) = –500
 pf '( p ) 500 p 5p
Elasticity of demand: E(p) = = 
f ( p) 19,100  500 p 191  5 p
105 105
E(21) =  1
191  105 86
Demand is elastic, a (small) price decrease will increase revenue. (3-8)
57. f(t) = 1,700t + 20,500

f '(t) = 1,700
f '(t ) 1, 700
Relative rate of change: =
f (t ) 1, 700t  20, 500
1, 700
Relative rate of change at t = 35: ≈ 0.02125 (3-8)
1, 700(35)  20,500
58. C(t) = 5e–0.3t

C' (t) = 5e–0.3t(–0.3) = –1.5e–0.3t
After one hour, the rate of change of concentration is

C' (1) = –1.5e–0.3(1) = –1.5e–0.3 ≈ –1.111 mg/ml per hour.
After five hours, the rate of change of concentration is

C' (5) = –1.5e–0.3(5) = –1.5e–1.5 ≈ –0.335 mg/ml per hour. (3-5)
dA
59. Given: A = πR2 and = –45 mm2 per day (negative because the area is decreasing).
dt

dA dR
= π2R
dt dt
dR
–45 = 2πR
dt
dR 45
=–
dt 2R
dR 45 3
=  ≈ –0.477 mm per day (3-7)
dt R 15 2  15 2 
60. N(t) = 10(1 – e–0.4t)

(A) N'(t) = –10e–0.4t(–0.4) = 4e–0.4t
N'(1) = 4e–0.4(1) = 4e–0.4 ≈ 2.68.
Thus, learning is increasing at the rate of 2.68 units per day after 1 day.
N'(5) = 4e–0.4(5) = 4e–2 = 0.54
Thus, learning is increasing at the rate of 0.54 units per day after 5 days.

(B) We solve N'(t) = 0.25 = 4e–0.4t for t:

0.25
e–0.4t = = 0.0625
4
0.4t = ln(0.0625)
ln(0.0625)
t= ≈ 6.93
0.4
The rate of learning is less than 0.25 after 7 days. (3-5)
 1  dx
61. Given: T = 2 1  3 2  = 2 + 2x–3/2, and = 3 when x = 9.
 x  dt
dT  3  dx dx
= 0 + 2   x 5 2  = –3x–5/2
dt  2  dt dt
dT 1
dx = –3(9)–5/2(3) = –3 ꞏ 3–5 ꞏ 3 = –3–3 = ≈ –0.037 minute per operation per hour.
dt x  9 and
dt
3 27
(3-7)

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3 ADDITIONAL DERIVATIVE TOPICS

12. 14. 2 = e0.09t

16. 2 = e18r 18. 3 = e0.08t

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24. s 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001

28. (A) A = Pert = $10,000e0.0164(3) (B) 11,000 = 10,000e0.0164t

32. 195,000 = 99,000e15r

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34. P = 10,000e-0.08t = 5,000

42. (A) A = Pert; (B)

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48. P  P0 ert 50. 2 P0  P0 er (200)

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14. f(x) = –7ex – 2x + 5 16. f(x) = 6 ln x – x3 + 2

18. f ( x)  8e x  7 x 6 20. f(x) = ln x + 2ex – 3x2

22. f(x) = ln x8 = 8 ln x 24. f(x) = 4 + ln x9 = 4 + 9 ln x

26. f ( x)  ln x12  3ln x  12 ln x  3ln x  9 ln x f '( x )  3ex e1  2e x

38. f(x) = 5ex

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y – e = e(x – 1) or y = ex. This line passes through the origin.

48. y = 3 log5 x 50. y = 4x

52. y = log x + 4x2 + 1 54. y  8 x  88

56. y = –log2 x + 10 ln x 58. y = e3 – 3x

66. f(x) = ecx

Step 2. f(x + h) – f(x) = ec(x+h) – ecx = ecx ꞏ ech – ecx = ecx(ech – 1)

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f ( x  h)  f ( x ) ecx (ech  1)  ech  1 

68. R(t) = 20,000(0.86)t

70. A(t )  2, 000  23t  2, 000  8t

72. P(x) = 17.5(1 + ln x), 10 ≤ x ≤ 100

76. P (t )  25,000 e0.084 t , P '(t )  2,100 e0.084 t

(A) P '(2)  2,100 e0.084(2)  2,484.17 ; $2,484.17 per year.

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(B) First solve 25,000 e0.084 t  30,000 for t:

P '(2.17)  2,100 e0.084(2.170494724)  2,520.00 ; $2,520.00 per year.

28. f ( x)  cos x, f  ( x)   sin x

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40. f(x) = ex cos x

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46. y = e–0.2x cos πx,

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(E) The results in part (C) are

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(E) The results in part (C) are

F '( x)  1, S '( x)  8 x 7 ; F '( x) S '( x)  8 x 7

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18. f(x) = x2ex

22. f(x) = (3x + 5)(x2 – 3)

24. f(x) = (0.5x – 4)(0.2x + 1)

28. f(x) = (x2 – 4)(x2 + 5)

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36. h(x) = x2f(x)

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48. y = (x3 + 2x2)(3x – 1)

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An equation for the tangent line at x = 2 is:

68. f ( x)  (2 x  9)( x 2  54)

To find the value(s) of x where f ꞌ(x) = 0, set

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72. f(x) = x4(x3 – 1)

= 6x-1/6 + 4x-1/2 + 4x-1/6 – x-2/3 = 10x-1/6 + 4x-1/2 – x-2/3

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86. Use product formula:

f '( x )  ( x 4  x 2  1)( x 2  1) ' ( x 2  1)( x 4  x 2  1) '