Petroleum Refining

The Petroleum Industry

• Industry Drivers

Search for Whale Oil Substitute (Kerosene)

Spread of Automobiles (Gasoline)

Environmental Laws
The Petroleum Industry
• Sectors of the Industry

Upstream Downstream

•Exploration •Refining
•Extraction •Product
•Transport transport
•Bitumen •Retail
upgrade to
synthetic crude
The Petroleum Industry

Overview of Petroleum Refining Processes

Raw Materials
Natural Gas

Field Crude Oil

Separator

Natural Gas Water

Crude Oil
Raw Materials
Crude Oil

Field Condensates
Separator

Natural Gas Water

Crude Oil
Raw Materials
Crude Oil Condensates

Naphtha
Naphtha
Kerosene

Diesel Hg –
Kerosene biological
and catalytic
poison;
present in
Asia-Pacific
Residue Diesel condensates

Residue
Overview of Petroleum Refining Processes
Raw Materials
Crude Oil
– Fossil Fuel from Decaying
Plants & Animals
Crude Oil Content

White Products
LPG, GASOLINE
Light Crudes
JET FUEL & - more expensive
KEROSENE
Contain more Gasoline, Kero/Jet &
DIESEL Diesel
Products Heavy Crudes
FUEL OIL - less expensive
Black

Contain more Fuel Oil

Types of Crude Oil according to the U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency
Class A: Light, Volatile Oils
Class B: Non-Sticky Oils
Class C: Heavy, Sticky Oils
Class D: Nonfluid Oils
Products
Light
Ends Fuel Gas

LPG

Distillation
Naphtha
Kerosene
Diesel /
Gas Oil
Residue /
Bottoms
Sources of Crude Oil
Oil Companies
Crude oil Consumption
Raw Materials
• Constituents of Crude Oil

Sulfur Nitrogen
Hydrocarbons
Compounds Compounds

Oxygenated Metal
Compounds Constituents
Raw Materials
• Hydrocarbons in Crude Oil

Paraffins Iso-Paraffins Olefins

Naphthenes Aromatics
Raw Materials
• Sulfur Compounds in Crude Oil

Non-acidic
Acidic Organic Inorganic Sulfur
Organic Sulfur
Sulfur Compounds Compound
Compounds
• Methyl • Dimethyl sulfide • Hydrogen sulfide
mercaptan • Dimethyl
• Phenyl disulfide
mercaptan • Thiocyclohexane
• Cyclohexathiol • Thiophene
• Benzothiophene
Raw Materials
• Sulfur Compounds in Crude Oil

•may cause problems to certain

! catalytic processes

•promote corrosion
!

•cause pollution problems

!
Raw Materials
• Nitrogen Compounds in Crude Oil

•neutral or basic
!

•some are catalyst poisons

!

•lower the heating value of fuels

!

Overview of Petroleum Refining Processes

Raw Materials
• Oxygenated Compounds in Crude Oil

Alcohols Aldehydes Acids

Ketones Peroxides

Overview of Petroleum Refining Processes

Raw Materials
• Metal Constituents
Iron Barium Phosphorus
Calcium Boron Lithium
Magnesium Cobalt Chlorine
Aluminum Zonc Beryllium
Vanadium Molybdenum Bismuth
Nickel Lead Germanium
Copper Tin Silver
Manganese Sodium Gallium
Strontium Potassium Gold
Overview of Petroleum Refining Processes
Products
Crude Oil Cut Refinery Blend Consumer Product
Gases Still gases Fuel gas
Propane / butane LPG
Light / Heavy
Motor fuel Gasoline
naphtha
Aviation turbine Jet fuel
Kerosene No. 1 fuel oil Kerosene
Light Gas Oil Diesel Auto Diesel
No. 2 fuel oil Home heating oil
Commercial heating
Heavy Gas Oil No. 4 fuel oil
oil
No. 5 fuel oil Industrial heating oil
Bright stock Lubricants
Residuals No. 6 fuel
Overview oil Refining ProcessesBunker
of Petroleum CFocus)
(with Process oil